E- MAGAZINE
Introduction………………...3 Simple past………………… 4 Activity ………………...10 Present perfect…………….. 11 Activity ………………...22 Present perfect continuous.. ..23 Activity ………………...27 Past perfect continuous……..28 Activity ...…………….. 34 Future continuous………..… 35 Activity .……………... 44 Conclusion…………………...45
INTRODUCTION Here you got a helpful magazine that will help you to know how to use some grammar topics that are often used. Every topic comes with the explanation, examples and activities that can help you to improve in your English
Simple Past Form [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples: •You called Debbie. •Did you call Debbie?
•You did not call Debbie.
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples: •I saw a movie yesterday. •I didn't see a play yesterday.
•Last year, I traveled to Japan. •Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
•Did you have dinner last night?
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples: •I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. •He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. •Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
USE 3 Duration in Past The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. Examples: •I lived in Brazil for two years. •Shauna studied Japanese for five years. •They sat at the beach all day. •We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. •A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour.
USE 4 Habits in the Past The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples: . •I studied French when I was a child. •He played the violin. •Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? •She worked at the movie theater after school. •They never went to school, they always skipped class
USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to.“ Examples: •She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. •He didn't like tomatoes before. •Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
•People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
http://www.curso-ingles.com/ejercicios-test-ingles/pasado.php
Present Perfect Form [has/have + past participle]
Examples: •
You have seen that movie many times.
•
Have you seen that movie many times?
•
You have not seen that movie many times.
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now We used to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
You CAN NOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc.
Examples: •I have seen that movie twenty times. •I think I have met him once before. •There have been many earthquakes in California.
•People have traveled to the Moon. •People have not traveled to Mars.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
TOPIC 1 Experience You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. Examples: •I have been to France. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times. •I have been to France three times. You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
•I have never been to France. This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples: •You have grown since the last time I saw you. •The government has become more interested in arts education. •Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. •My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. Examples: •Man has walked on the Moon. •Our son has learned how to read. •Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. •Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. Examples: •James has not finished his homework yet. •Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. •Bill has still not arrived. •The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. Examples: •The army has attacked that city five times.
•I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. •We have had many major problems while working on this project.
•She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
. Examples:
•I went to Mexico last year. I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one. •I have been to Mexico in the last year. I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
Examples: •Have you been to Mexico in the last year? •They have had three tests in the last week. •She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far. •My car has broken down three times this week
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. Examples: •I have had a cold for two weeks.
•She has been in England for six months. •Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
http://www.curso-ingles.com/ejercicios-testingles/present-perfect.php
Present Perfect Continuous Form [has/have + been + present participle] Examples: •You have been waiting here for two hours. •Have you been waiting here for two hours? •You have not been waiting here for two hours.
USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous. Examples: •They have been talking for the last hour. •She has been working at that company for three years. •What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? •James has been teaching at the university since June.
USE 2 Recently, Lately
You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning. Examples:
•Recently, I have been feeling really tired. •She has been watching too much television lately. •Have you been exercising lately? •Mary has been feeling a little depressed. •Lisa has not been practicing her English.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect.
Examples: •Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct •Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
http://www.curso-ingles.com/ejercicios-test-ingles/presentperfect-continuous.php
Past Perfect Continuous Form [had been + present participle] Examples: •You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. •Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
•You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past. Examples • She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business. • James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia. • A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past
Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.
Examples: •Jason was tired because he had been jogging. •Sam gained weight because he had been overeating. •Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous If you do not include duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference. Examples: •He was tired because he was exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment. •He was tired because he had been exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain noncontinuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect. Examples: •The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct •The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
•You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived. •Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common. Examples: •Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. Active •The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. Passive
NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common.
http://www.curso-ingles.com/ejercicios-test-ingles/pastperfect-continuo.php
Future Continuous Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable. Form Future Continuous with "Will“ [will be + present participle] Examples:
•You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. •Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? •You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Future Continuous with "Be Going To “ Form [am/is/are + going to be + present participle] Examples: •You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. •Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? •You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses. Examples: •I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. •I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. •I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples: •Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. I will be in the process of eating dinner. •At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert. We will be in the process of driving through the desert.
REMEMBER In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action. Examples: •Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner. I am going to start eating at 6 PM. •Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. I am going to start earlier and I will be in the process of eating dinner at 6 PM.
USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples: •I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner. •Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. •While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television. Notice "is reading" because of the time clause containing "while."
USE 4 Atmosphere in the Future In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.
Example: •When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used.
Examples: •While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct •While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct
AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Future.
Examples:
•Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct •Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct
Activity http://www.curso-ingles.com/ejercicios-test-ingles/futurecontinuous.php
Conclusion For me grammar II, was a helpful course, it really helped me to improved my fluency and my grammar skills are getting better, now I can understand more difficult words when I’m reading a text or a book. In my listen I’m well, for me, I never had problem with that but there's some words that sounds similar and you can’t understand them, but I’m improving in that, I hope it not takes me so long to speak this language, because ! I love it!