DANIEL FLESHER PORTFOLIO - 2014
INTEGRATED RESEARCH AND INNOVATION CENTER UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO
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The Integrated Research and Innovation Center (IRIC) is a building to be built on the University of Idaho campus in Moscow, ID. The proposed building was originally designed by NBBJ, but our professor tasked us with redesigning the building as a net-zero energy building with a wood structure. The dynamic, flowing form of the gridshell roof showcases wood as an innovative building material, reflecting the ethos of a multi-disciplinary research facility as well as providing shade to the building and shelter to pedestrians outside.
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The gridshell was modeled parametrically, using a grasshopper script to determine its shape. The skylights that puncture through the gridshell form were the only elements to be modelled by hand.
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PARAMETRIC MODELLING OF GRIDSHELL
Two polylines (yellow) were drawn by hand with a rough idea of what I was looking for in the final form.
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These polylines are run through a simple Grasshopper script, with adjustments sliders to create catenary lines (red) which are lofted into a single surface (white).
The loft is run through another Grasshopper script, which creates the gridshell members and connection hardware.
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SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS
Bioswale mitigates site storm water to prevent flooding.
25,000sf roof area is capable of harvesting 300,000 gallons of rainfall each year. 8
Flexible PV panels installed onto 25,000sf gridshell roof generate
100,000 gallon underground cistern sized to provide water through drought.
East and west windows are shaded by fritted glass designed with a subtle wood grain pattern.
The wind assisted HVAC system reduces power consumption by 50%, with a heat exchanger recovering 80% of the energy of outgoing air.
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FINAL PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS Base Design
Base Energy Use = 2,500,000 kWh / year Insulation Increase
Increased Insulation = -1,106,000 kWh / year Wall and ceiling insulation increased from R21 to R70. Windows increased from R2.5 to R4. Kalwall clerestories R12.
Lighting Design
More Efficient Lighting = -120,000 kWh / year Direct DC powered LEDs are twice as efficient as fluorescent lights. BMS controls lighting in daylit and unoccupied spaces.
Wind Cowl
Wind Assisted Ventilation = -86,000 kWh / year Wind cowls reduce electrical load of HVAC system by 50%. BMS controls air flow rate to unoccupied rooms.
Redesign Energy Requirements = 1,142,000 kWh / year 10
ON SITE ZERO CARBON ENERGY PRODUCTION Redesign
Redesign Energy Requirements = 1,142,000 kWh / year Photovoltaic Array
Electricity Production = -200,000 kWh / year 25,000sf roof mounted array is conservatively estimated to operate at 5% efficiency, producing 8W per square foot.
Steam Plant
Carbon Neutral Heat = -530,000 kWh / year The University of Idaho steam plant produces steam by burning locally sourced wood waste.
Chilled Water Plant
Chilled Water Energy= -415,000 kWh / year Centrally chilled water is produced by low-carbon energy and is more efficient because of its size.
Total Annual Energy Consumption
43,000 kWh / year 11
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PUBLIC LIBRARY MOSCOW, IDAHO
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A view of the atrium from the 2nd floor. 14
This expansion to the Moscow Public Library is designed as a contemporary incarnation of the iconic grain elevators that give the Palouse region its character. The design addresses current and future needs to provide lending services to Latah County. The design implements many sustainable strategies including an array of 342 solar panels capable of generating 410kWh per day. The new circulation hall and staff buildings use a green roof to mitigate heat-island effect and manage precipitation on-site. The result is an exciting place where people of all ages will come to meet, read, and grow together.
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GROUND FLOOR PLAN AND SITE
The addition is separated from the Carnegie Library, allowing both parts to be individually iconic. The entry to the West allows for patrons of all physical abilities to approach the library in a dynamic and engaging way, including places to sit and enjoy the Moscow summers. The parking lot to the East includes two planters where people can sit in the shade away from traffic to wait for their ride.
FLOOR AREA
LINEAR SHELVING
Adult Section 3949sf to 7830sf
Adult Books 3770’ to 4956’ 31% Increase
Children’s Section 2586sf to 3140sf Reading Areas ~200sf to 840sf Public Meeting Spaces 0sf to 2000sf
Children’s Books 813’ to 1200’ 48% Increase Total Shelving 4590’ to 6156’ 34% Increase
Computer Space ~120sf to 840sf Staff Areas 3082sf to 4600sf Total 9650sf to 20,000sf 17
The lowest level of the library has a carpeted children’s library and play area. In the basement of the Carnegie library the staff kitchen, lounge, and work spaces are all open to each other to encourage engagement between all staff and to give a greater sense of space where the ceilings are lower. The exit hallway can be closed off during off-hours to allow for art openings and exhibitions.
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LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN
A model of the building in the site . 19
A quiet reading area at the West end of the third floor provides a serene view of downtown Moscow. The vaulted ceiling is inspiring, encouraging pensive thought and reflection.
THIRD FLOOR PLAN
In the West end of the 2nd floor, a teen area provides a space where youth can come to do homework, play table tennis, and share reading lists with friends.
SECOND FLOOR PLAN 20
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The building is designed to maximize solar gain during the cool seasons while never allowing direct sunlight to fall on and fade the books. Southern shading doubles as light shelves, bouncing light high into the space. The central atrium brings light down from the clerestory windows to all levels.
EAST SECTION 22
NORTH SECTION 23
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A view of the circulation desk and front entrance. Thanks for coming! 25
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A NATURALLY DAYLIT ARTIFICIAL SKY UNIVERSITY
Oculus Ring Unit (typ.)
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IDAHO
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The naturally daylit artificial sky project started in 2011 under the direction of Bruce Haglund, professor of architecture at the University of Idaho. Since then over twenty students have worked on project. I was given the assignment to find a way to accurately measure the light distribution within the sky. There are two major problems with testing architectural models outside. First, there is rarely a perfect sky, whether clear or overcast. Second, the sky is dynamic, with a constantly moving sun and clouds. Because of this, the traditional method of manually taking measurements on a grid yields unreliable results.
Photo of an actual overcast sky.
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Analysis shows inconsistent light distribution
Hemispheric Sky - U Michigan
The traditional solution has been to use various artificial skies, which are electrically powered, to give constant light levels and distribution. While they are consistent, these systems are energy intensive and give off a different spectrum of light than natural daylight.
The three reasons to pursue a naturally daylit artificial sky are philosophical, qualitative and environmental. Using natural sunlight to test models will give the same quality of light without using any electricity, and will allow the testing of zero energy designs within a zero energy tool.
Mirror Box Sky - Seattle IDL
Cardiff Sky - 12.8kw
Great Court of the British Museum, Light Quality
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PROTOTYPING AND FINAL DESIGN Models for an artificial sky were designed, built and tested by University of Idaho students. The most promising design employed a single aperture at the top with a cone to distribute the light. The CIE standard states that light distribution within the sky should be 3:1, with the zenith being three times as bright as the horizon. The angle of the cone was iterated until this distribution was achieved. This model was then scaled up and built within the University of Idaho’s graduate studio space.
Model Artificial Sky and Interior Light Distribution
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Full Scale Naturally Daylit Artificial Sky, Complete
TESTING METHODOLOGY The major challenge when using natural daylight in testing architectural models is that you need to take measurements from all points within the space simultaneously in order to make accurate comparisons of luminance. In order to do this, I used a Nikon D5000 with a Sigma 180° fish eye lens to take a photo of all points within the artificial sky simultaneously. When properly calibrated, this method can give you accurate luminance readings in lumens or lux, making the camera a high resolution, per-pixel luminance meter. However, the brightness of photos altered by the camera’s lens and aperture geometry, resulting in what is known as vignetting, the darkening of pixels the further they are from the lens’ center. Nikon D5000 with Sigma 4.5mm f/2.8EX DC HSM Circular Fish eye Lens
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PHOTO CORRECTION In order to accurately correct the vignetting on the photos, I first had to find the light falloff curve for the sigma lens. The camera was aimed at an area of interest (highlighted in red), which had a measured 23fL of light falling on it. I would take a photo, then rotate the camera 5째 and take another photo. The photos were cropped to the area of interest and averaged. The value (lightness) of these images was then plotted in Excel and expressed as a quartic function.
Composite of All Photos, 0-90째
The quartic function was used to create a negative filter of the light falloff, which I used to correct the vignetting by placing it over the photos in photoshop as a linear dodge layer, which adds the brightness of the filter to the layer below.
Area of Interest, Highlighted in Red 32
y = -4E-08x4 + 6E-06x3 - 0.0002x2 + 0.0035x + 0.9486 Coefficient of Determination = 0.9845
Values of Area of Interest Plotted in Excel.
Filter created in Java to correct lens vignetting.
Area of Interest, Comparison of Exposures. 0-90째, Right to Left.
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VERIFICATION In order to verify the efficacy of the filter, I applied it to the composite photo of the areas of interest and then re-measured the brightness of the areas. I plotted the new measurements in Excel to compare them to the original image. While not perfect, the concept had worked and the filter appeared to be working.
Before Correction
Comparison Between Uncorrected and Corrected Images 34
After Correction
TESTING THE SKY Now that I had a way to create accurate photos, I could now test the performance of the artificial sky. The camera was mounted in a table inside the sky so that the lens pointed toward the zenith, with North as “up�. The table would allow students to place models over the camera to take photos through the floor of the model, and would ensure that the camera was mounted at the level of the horizon.
Inside Sky, Before Correction
Section Through Table Inside Artificial Sky
Inside Sky, After Correction 35
TESTING THE SKY The corrected photo was analyzed using grasshopper. This graph shows the potential of using photography as a light measuring tool, as 145 data points (shown to the right) were able to be taken simultaneously. The points were graphed in Excel. In the design of the sky we were aiming for a relative brightness of 3:1 from the zenith to the horizon. This test showed that the light falloff was linear, but was at a 2:1 ratio. Too much light was getting down to the horizon.
Grasshopper Script 36
Graphed Light Values
CONCLUSION Through these tests I was able to show that a camera can be a powerful tool for taking light measurements within a space, but the images must be properly adjusted first. I also was able to show that although the sky casts beautiful light, the design will need a few interventions to make it perform to the CIE standard 3:1 light distribution. This was a fantastic project to work on. I was able to find innovative solutions for measuring the light values of a space, with unprecedented speed and resolution.
Graph of Light Values in Cardinal and Ordinal Directions.
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LONDON AND PARIS SUMMER 2013
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TRIP SUMMARY JULY 2 JULY 3 JULY 4 JULY 5 JULY 8 JULY 9 JULY 10 JULY 11 JULY 12 JULY 16-21 JULY 22 JULY 23 JULY 24 JULY 25 JULY 26 JULY 30 JULY 31 AUG 1 AUG 2 AUG 3 AUG 4 AUG 5
Visit Edinburgh Castle Scottish Parliament - Glasgow School of Art - Mackintosh’s Lighthouse John Hope Gateway of the Royal Botanical Gardens - Queen Margaret University Tour Falkirk Wheel St. Paul’s Cathedral - Serpentine Pavilion ARUP Office Visit BedZED - Spamalot Laban Dance Center - Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre Chiswick Park - Proms at Royal Albert Hall Study of water treatment systems at the Center for Alternative Technology Oxford Visit Renewable Energy Systems Tour The Crystal Visit Anne Thorne Architects’ Eco Hub University of Nottingham Campus Tour Cullinan Studio Office Visit - London Eye Serpentine Pavilion Design Charette Charette Presentation at ARUP Office Kew Botanic Gardens La Tour Eiffel Musée d’Orsay - Château de Versailles Musée du Louvre - Musée de l’Orangerie - Arc de Triomphe de l’Étoile - Notre-Dame 41
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DESIGN CHARETTE - SERPENTINE PAVILION
This one day design charette was completed at BedZED with a team including myself and three others. The goal of the pavilion is to get visitors to have a subconscious emotional response to the temporary reality of our polar ice caps and mountain glaciers, to draw a connection between a heating planet and human activity, and to show how green technologies can be used as an alternative to the existing, culturally accepted energy sources that are heating our planet. Outside of the pavilion a large chunk of polar ice cap would be shipped to London and left as a melting art piece through summer. Within the pavilion, the walls and ceiling are made of ice, kept frozen by on-site energy produced by a highly efficient phase change cooler powered by a grid of solar panels on the roof.
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THANK YOU
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