Technology Report by Daniel Rymer Trenholme

INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE HEYGATE ARCOLOGY - THE PEOPLE’S EXCHANGE TECHNOLOGY REPORT

Dan Rymer Trenholme Unit 6 000579364 BA (Hons) Architecture University of Greenwich

‘ARCOLOGY’

is Paolo’s Soleri’s concept of cities which embody the fusion of architecture with ecology.

ARCOLOGY

The concept proposes a highly integrated and compact three dimensional form that is the opposite of the existing urban sprawl.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Construction Principles

3.9 Construction material choices 4.0 Construction material choices for refurbishing the existing Ashenden Building The Brief for Unit 6 4.1 Issues Relating to Reburbishment of The Ashenden Building Introduction to Heygate Arcology - The People’s Exchange 4.2 Refurbishing the Ashenden Block in correspondence with Part L of the Building Regulations 4.3 Cross Section of Suspended Market Pod and Roof Canopy (Showing Construction) SECTION 1 - Urban Context & Site Analysis 4.4 1:20 Construction Detailing of Cable Suspended Market Pod 4.5 Material Choices for the Market Pod 1.1 Historical Development 1.2 Site plan in context Environmental Principles 1.3 Site Plan 4.6 Natural Thermal Mass 1.4 Photographs of the site 4.7 Building Regulations Part L - Conservation of Fuel and Power 1.5 Site and context mapping 4.8 CHP - Combined Heat and Power 1.6 Sun Path Analysis 4.9 Ventilation and Heating Strategy for Cable Suspended Market Pod 1.7 Shadow Analysis 5.0 U - Values for Cable Suspended Market Pod 1.8 Wind Analysis 5.1 BREEAM Information Introduction

SECTION 2 - The Design Project Concept Drawings 1.9 Scheme General Arrangement 2.0 Model Photographs 2.1 Ground Floor General Arrangment 2.2 First Floor General Arrangment 2.3 Second Floor General Arrangment 2.4 Design Precedents SECTION 3 - Professional Practice & Procedures 2.5 The Client - Ambitions and Requirements 2.6 Planning Issues, UDP Policies and other approvals 2.7 Design Team and Consultants 2.8 Project Procurement Method SECTION 4 - Structure / Construction / Environment Structural Principles 2.9 The Exisitng Heygate Structure 3.0 The Jacobsen ‘Large Prefabricated’ Panel System 3.1 Re-inforcing the Heygate Structure 3.2 Structural Intevention into the Ashenden Building 3.3 The Use of Steel and it’s Properties 3.4 Isometric Idea Sketch of the Arcology Market Building 3.5 Pile Foundations 3.6 Main Market Cross Section - Steel Structure 3.7 Steel Frame Structure of Suspended Market Pod and Roof Canopy 3.8 Structural Detailing

Apendices Left Photo Right Photo References List of Figures and Images

UNIT 6 THE PLEASURE OF RUINS From the Ruins of London to a ‘New Concrete Jerusalem’ Long we have been fascinated with ruins. They evoke a multitude of meanings: death, life, fear, the wilderness, the past, the present, the future, the temporal and the incomplete. In 1953, Rose Macaulay wrote ‘The Pleasure of Ruins’, a study of the aesthetics and power of ruins:

‘Ruin must be a fantasy, veiled by the mind’s dark imaginings.’

In the 18th century, ‘ruin lust’ had reached it’s height as architects, artists and patrons sought to create their own mythologies and to propel their visions centuries hence: Hubert Robert painted the Louvre in ruins while Joseph Gandy (at the instruction of his architect Sir John Soane) presented the new Bank of England and a ruin of antiquity. Most notoriously Albert Speer’s concept of ‘ruin value’ imagined the picturesque decay of Welthauptstadt Germania - Hitler’s proposed remodelling of Berlin as ‘World Capital Germania’. As Brian Dillon writes in his essay ‘Decline and Fall’: ’... Ruins seem, in fact, intrinsic to the projects of modernity and, later, modernism. Whether found or fabricated, the ruin related the present to a particular past, imagined or real. It evokes a lost idyll that would never be repeated, transfer gravitas and authority from one era to another, or suggest that the successes of the present would surpass those of the past. Ruins are richly suggestive they can imply potential as well as loss. To contemplate the past is to imagine the future, and ruination is often a precursor to change.’ Jonathan Hill

Unit 6 will focus on the concrete ruins of the London’s Heygate Estate. We will explore the inherent quality of the ruin as a time-travelling device, looking back into the past but at once, looking far beyond into the future. The Heygate Estate: ‘What we found there was an amplified materiality...The Heygate became as a crucible that concentrates our mind in its materials...The Heygate Estate could have been seen as, a place of material disintigration, idealogical failure, or death, but “Heygate for Life” sees beauty, love, sex, energy, life, the soul, in its Now-ness-in its state possibilty, in a moment without past, or future, anarchic space, un designated, un-defined.’ (Bonnie Camplin, describing ‘Heygate for Life ‘, 2011) The Heygate Estate is a contemporary ruin. Completed in 1974, this neoBrutatlist estate housed 3,000 residents in the still then heavily war damaged ‘Elephant’ district of London, an area formerly dubbed ‘The Piccadilly of the South’. Only 39 years later it stands empty - except for one resident - it’s former tenants forced out to pave the way for regeneration. Although used frequently as a grimy backdrop for dystopian films and increasingly boarded up and out of bounds, the estate has developed a second life. It attracts a second generation of inhabitants - urban gardeners, graffiti artists and wanderers, lured by the spell of contemporary ruin. Dense copses of trees and greenery thrive amongst the Heygates rectilinear blocks, reclaiming the walkways, buildings and pavements and creating a wilderness in the centre of London. ‘...Ruins that have been such for ages, whose tenants have been long been swept away, recall ideas of persons and times so far back that we have no sypthathy with them at all; but if you for a sight of all that is melancholy, all that is desolate, visit a modern ruin.’ (Landsdown, Recollections , of the Late William Beckford, 1893) The Heygate Estate is in stasis - out of time - and speaks of a recent past, the present and an awaited near future. It evokes the temporal. Unit 6 will propose an alternative future for the proposed development of the housing estate. Rather than accepting the estate’s projected fate of large-scale demolition, we will propose amongst this ruined landscape - a series of life support machines - to reinvent and re-appropriate the ruin, embracing the temporal nature of the site. Our new architecture will exist in this landscape through dextrous adaption, reuse and reworking of the exisitng. We will propose programmes that will augment, counter and heighten the exisitng programmes on the site. We will imagine the Heygate and it’s buildings as a system to be reordered, peeled away and encrusted with the new.

Fig 2: Ashenden Block on the Heygate Fig 1 : The Bank of England in Ruins, Joseph Micheal Gandy, 1830

Project Name: Heygate Arcology - The People’s Exchange Client Name: Delancy Real Estate Development and APG (Joint Venture Partnership) and Southwark Council Project Description The Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre is scheduled for redevelopment in 2014 to make way for a new proposal for the shopping centre. The diverse trading community that currently reside within the shopping centre have their content daily routines and their established businesses. However their livelihoods are under threat from the redevelopment scheme as the force of redevelopment and gentrification causes the rents to increase and become unaffordable for the trading community to stay there.

The project proposal reflects the growing issues of urban gentrification and mitigates the problems of eviction that the Elephant and Castle shopping centre community will face by relocating them to the Heygate Estate to continue their daily businesses. As well as serving as a public amenity, the project also aims to operate as a whole self sustaining resource for the rest of London through the methods of localised production including food growth, local trading and self sustained energy production. This will improve the economics of the Elephant and Castle area and bring in new employment. All of these sustainable methods reflect the concept of Paolo Solari’s concept of ‘arcology’ which combine architecture and ecology together to create an environment for a dense population to both live and work at. The project will consist of a main trading market building dominating the majority of the Ashenden building to the north of the Heygate Estate. It will also include research and educational centres which will be located to the south of the market building, poultry farming facilities and allotments within the south open grounds for food growth. All of the existing maisonettes will be reinstated with grounds keepers and workers maintaining the allotments and plant machinery that keep the Heygate Arcology consistently functioning.

SECTION 1 THE URBAN CONTEXT & SITE ANALYSIS

1.1 Historical Development of Elephant and Castle

Decline

Origins

Although Elephant and Castle thrived in the late 19th and early 20th century, many of the issues it faces today have their origins in this period. Slum developments grew up to house the expanding population and many residents faced increasingly poor living conditions.

The place we now call Elephant and Castle started life as two prosperous villages, Walworth and Newington, set among market gardens, fields and open marshland. 18th century Walworth was a prosperous suburb, but by Victorian times slums had swallowed up the commons. Even in the 18th century it was an important transport hub and an obvious place to establish a smithy, later becoming an inn, which was eventually renamed ‘Elephant and Castle’. In common with many other parts of London, the 19th century was a period of rapid growth. The population boomed, increasing by eightfold and bringing with it significantly more housing, commerce and above all, traffic (Make Developers, 2011).

These problems were exacerbated in the 1940s, when the area was bombed extensively and devastated in the London Blitz. In 1946, 50 acres were identified for redevelopment. High density slab-block estates and a large gyratory system replaced the terraced streets, and the Faraday monument, housing an electricity substation for the Bakerloo Line, replaced the dance hall at the Northern Roundabout’s centre. In the early 1960s the Shopping Centre was built, the first of its kind in Europe (Make Developers, 2011).

Fig 6 - The areas origin, an important transport hub for South London

Heyday Between the 1890s and the 1940s, Elephant and Castle came to life. The area was home to a diverse mix of people, living in everything from modest almshouses (some on St George’s Road, on the site of the London College of Communications) to traditional terraces (along New Kent Road). For most residents, quality of life was good.

Life in the Elephant by photographer Bert Hardy in 1948

Top quality entertainment was on the doorstep – the Elephant and Castle Theatre, the Trocadero and the 4,000-seater South London Palace of Varieties played host to the stars of the day, including Dan Leno and Marie Lloyd. Other entertainment and leisure facilities included dance palaces, ‘penny gaff’ theatres, the Royal Surrey Gardens Music Hall, and the Coronet, which opened as the Theatre Royal in 1872. Commerce boomed, with grand new department stores like Rabbit’s Shoes, Hurlock’s and William Tarn & Co. Religion and welfare were originally centred on the ancient church of St Mary in Newington. Nearby, a huge Baptist church – the Metropolitan Tabernacle – was built for CH Spurgeon, ‘the prince of preachers,’ while the Lock Hospital for Lepers was located near Lock Fields,the site of the present day Heygate Estate. Housing included the Drapers Almshouses in Cross Street, terraces of townhouses on New Kent Road and elegant mansions, some of which still exist in Marlborough Place.

Fig 7 - The areas heyday, 1890’s to the 1940’s, a key Central London destination Fig 3 - Cockney life at the Elephant and Castle

Best of all, Elephant and Castle was easy to get to. 1829 had seen the arrival of the horse bus, along with the first overland rail link in 1862. In 1890, London Underground’s Northern Line reached the area and was quickly followed by electric trams in 1903, motorbuses in 1904 and the Baker Street and Waterloo (now Bakerloo) Lines in 1906 (Make Developers, 2011).

Fig 4 - A man climbs on a milkcart in Southwark Street

Fig 5 - Evacuee children during World War II at Elephant and Castle

Fig 8 - The areas decline, poor living conditions were exacerbated by bomb damage

Westminster Abbey

The Site

1.2 Site Plan in Context

Site Location: Heygate Estate New Kent Road London SE1 4AG Local Authority:

Fig 9: Map of Central London

Southwark Council

London Bridge

Borough Market

Shopping Centre

Fig 10: Aerial photograph of Elephant and Castle

Fig 11: Map of Elephant and Castle

1.3 Site Plan

Site - Heygate Estate

Proposal Site Area - Arcology Market Building

1.4 Photographs of the site

2 4 5 1

5 13

1.5 Site and Context Mapping

1.6 Sun Path Analysis

The Site

1.7 Shadow Analysis

January 1st, 2014

April 1st, 2014

July 1st, 2014

October 1st, 2014

7.00 am

12.00 am

17.00 pm

1.8 Wind Analysis

These diagrams below show the seasonal prediction of hourly distribution of wind speed and direction at a reference height of 300m for the South East London area. The inner contour represents the wind speed exceeding 1% of the time within a 10 degree sector centred in that direction. The outer contours represent possible levels of wind of 0.1% and 0.001% respectively. Data taken from www.timeanddate.com

40m

Spring Winds

Summer Winds

Autumn Winds

40m

Winter Winds

This is a plan showing the airflow of the South Westerly wind around the existing buiildings of the Heygate Estate

This is a section showing the airflow of the South Westerly wind around the buildings of the Heygate Estate.

Wind Zone

The Heygate Estate consists of tall block buildings which exceed 30 meters in height which means that the speed of the south westerly wind is reduced. The wind however is channelled between the smaller lower maisonette buildings which causes the wind in small areas to accelerate creating an unbalanced level of wind across the whole site.

SECTION 2 The Design

This is the first concept collage showing a palimpsest of the historical aspects of the Elephant and Castle area focusing on the positive historical elements of the Heygate Estate.

This is a mapping diagram showing the relationships and links between the Elephant and Castle shopping centre and the Heygate Estate. 23

A relationship diagram in perspective showing the Elephant and Castle shopping centre in itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing state on the left and a future perspective of it on the right hand side.

Photographic research of all the existing traders and businesses that currently reside within the Elephant and Castle shopping centre 25

This is schedule of accommodation for the Heygate Arcology shown in plan. This schedule shows the facilities needed in order for the trading strategy of the Arcology to perform

A larger scale schedule of accommodation focusing in on the main market building that will wrap around and utilise the existing Ashenden building on the estate 27

This is a 1:500 master plan of the whole scheme and how the Heygate Arcology will function in itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s whole entirety. 28

This is a 1:200 refined schedule of accommodation focusing on each and individual facility and their location within the main market building 29

1.9 General Arrangement of the Project Design

Existing Ashenden Building

Main Heygate Arcology Market Building (Section containing management and office spaces)

Farming facilities adjacent to the maisonettes

All maisonette houses re-instated and inhabitated by the arcology grounds people to maintain the plant equipment

Various production plant and ground water extractors within the open grounds of the site

Educational dome centres around the plant production areas

The rest of the open area contains other agricultural elements such as allotments

Main Heygate Arcology Market Building (Section contains main market traders including meat and fish and fruit and vegetable markets

2.0 Model Photographs

View over the main market building

View over the farming facilities

Elevational view of the production area and the main market building

Close view at the production elements in the open grounds 31

2.4 Design Precedents

Fig 12 : Paolo Soleri’s ‘Arcosanti’

Fig 14 : ‘Drop City’

Fig 13 : ‘Christiania’ in Copenhagen

Fig 15 : Recycable construction by Architectecten

Fig 16 : Contant Nieuwenhuys ‘New Babylon’

SECTION 3 Professional Practice and Procedures

2.5 The Client - Ambitions and Requirements

There are essentially two clients involved in the process of this project and they are as follows; Delancy Real Estate Development Delancey is a specialist real estate investment and advisory company that recently bought the Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre in December 2013 . Fig: 17 Delancy Real Estate

APG One of the worlds largest leading real estate investors, this company are a private investor that went into an agreement joint venture with Delancy Real Estate to buy the Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre. Southwark Council This is the local governing authority that cover a region of South London and predominately the Elephant and Castle Area. Delancy Real Estate Development and APG have visions of updating the shopping centre and improving the overall conditions for the current traders and businesses that reside within the Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre. Information from http://www.elephantandcastle.org.uk/

Fig:18 APG Real Estate Investors

There is liaison occurring with Southwark Council in gaining planning permission to re-instate the Heygate Estate and alter the change of use so a planning consultant is currently working with the planning department in order to get approval for the project. Information on this is under the Southwark Council UDP guidlines.

Fig: 19 Southwark Council

2.6 Planning Issues, UDP Policies and other approvals

The Heygate Arcology is a self sustainable community project which will aim to improve local economic growth to the Elephant and Castle Area. As this is a major project in scale there are a range of statutory approvals that have to be met in order to gain planning permission to re- inhabit the Heygate Estate. Additionally to this point, the Heygate Arcology project is proposing to change the environmental qualities of the site by transforming the ground conditions to accommodate particular plant equipment that will service the main market building and all of the existing maisonettes that will be re-instated and reinhabitiated. The main argument for gaining planning permision for the project is; To provide a public amenity of a new shopping facility, and education and research facilties,reinstating the existing housing and improving the local economy of the Elephant and Castle Area. This project will also aim to bring in and increase the employment of the area of Southwark and the rest of London.

Fig: 20 Southwark Councils Ownership of the Heygate Estate

To the left are a list of objective clauses from the Southwark Unitary Development Plan (UDP) emphasising the needs and requirements of the Elephant and Castle area and how the Heygate Arcology project can meet that criteria. The Clauses are as follows;

Southwark Council’s UDP Objective Clause

UDP clause met by project proposal

OBJECTIVE C.1: ‘TO FACILITATE A SATISFACTORY ALLOCATION OF LAND AND PREMISES TO PROVIDE COMMUNITY FACILITIES IN ACCESSIBLE LOCATIONS TO SERVE SOUTHWARK’S POPULATION’

PROPOSAL OBJECTIVE The project will facilitate a majority of the Heygate Estate which will be accessible to the local residents as well as serving as a resource to the rest of London.

OBJECTIVE H.1: ‘TO MAINTAIN AND INCREASE THE AMOUNT AND RANGE OF GOOD QUALITY HOUSING ACCOMMODATION THROUGH RETENTION OF EXISTING ACCOMMODATION AND NEW HOUSE BUILDING, TO MEET HOUSING NEED AND TO ADDRESS THE STRATEGIC REQUIREMENT FOR ADDITIONAL DWELLINGS OVER THE PERIOD’

PROPOSAL OBJECTIVE The project will re-instate the exisitng housing on the Heygate Estate and updated to current building regulations.

OBJECTIVE B.1: ‘TO MAINTAIN AND PROTECT EXISTING BUSINESS, INDUSTRIAL AND STORAGE USES, IN ORDER TO PRESERVE A RANGE OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOCAL PEOPLE’

PROPOSAL OBJECTIVE The project will relocate the deposed people of the current Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre to the Heygate Estate to carry on with and improve their livelihoods and businesses which will also increase employment.

OBJECTIVE B.2: ‘TO ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT IN LAND AND BUILDINGS FOR BUSINESS, INDUSTRIAL AND STORAGE ACTIVITIES, IN ORDER TO SECURE A WIDE RANGE OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOCAL PEOPLE’

PROPOSAL OBJECTIVE The proposal will develop over it’s life cycle which will help the educational facilities of the proposal to develop which creates further collaboration amongst the local community.

OBJECTIVE S.1: ‘TO ENSURE THAT ALL RESIDENTS OF SOUTHWARK HAVE ACCESS TO A RANGE OF SHOPS TO MEET THEIR REGULAR SHOPPING NEEDS’

PROPOSAL OBJECTIVE One of the primary main objectives for the project is to provide a central shopping hub for the local residents as well as the rest of London.

OBJECTIVE S.2: ‘TO IMPROVE THE VARIETY OF SHOPPING PROVISION AVAILABLE TO RESIDENTS’

PROPOSAL OBJECTIVE The proposed shopping market building will be developed and improved.

OBJECTIVE S.3: ‘TO IMPROVE THE SHOPPING ENVIRONMENT FOR THE BENEFIT OF ALL SHOPPERS AND TRADERS’

PROPOSAL OBJECTIVE The environmental aspects of the project will be significantly improved providing a more secured and controlled environment for all shoppers and traders.

Information above from www.southwark.gov.uk

Legal Approvals

Building Control Approval

As previously stated, planning permission must be approved in order to for construction stages to commence on site. A planning application must be submitted to Southwark council. The diagram below shows the planning application process.

Building control promotes all of the minimum standards for most aspects of a buildings construction. All current buildings that are designed must get approval from building control to ensure that the building is environmentally safe and sufficient. Building control contains a list of approved documentation are known as the building regulations. The list is as follows; Part A - Structural Safety

Application Form

Part B - Fire Safety Part C - Resistance to contaminants and moisture

Validation Process This checks that all the right documents have been checked and the correct fees for the projects have been supplied.

Part D - Toxic Substances Part E - Resistance to sound Part F - Ventilation

Registration When the application is complete it will be entered on the statutory register

Part G - Sanitation, Hot Water Safety, Water Efficiency Part H - Drainage and Waste Disposal Part L -Conservation of Fuel and Power Part M - Access to and Use of Buildings

Consultation

Part N - Glazing Safety (Only relevant to Wales) Administration gives details of where the application can be inspected and a date by when comments should be made.

Part P - Electrical Safety Part 7 - Workmanship and Materials

Site Visit

Information above from http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/

A site officer will visit the site and make an assessment of the impact the proposal will have on the site and context.

Enviromental Agency Application Negotiation

Amendments

As the proposal of the project is creating an environmental impact to the local area of Elephant and Castle licences and approvals will have to gained from the environmental agency on a number of matters such as local food growth, waste management, and water etc. Below is one of the essential permits; Environmental Permitting

Decision The application is reported and a final decision is made by Southwark Council

This permit covers all waste installations, water discharge and ground water activities. Information above from http://www.defra.gov.uk/

RIBA Plan of Works

Appraisal

Identification of clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs and objectives, business case and possible constraints on development. Preparation of feasibility studies and assessment of options to enable the client to decide whether to proceed.

Design Brief

Development if initial statement of requirements into the Design Brief by or on behalf of the client confirming key requirements and constraints. Identification of procurement method, procedures, organisational structure and range of consultants and others to be engaged for the project.

Concept

Implementation of Design Brief and preparation of additional data. Preparation of Concept Design including outline proposals for structural and building services systems, outline specifications and preliminary cost plan.

Design Development

Development of concept design to include structural and building services systems, updated outline specifications and cost plan. Completion of Project Brief.

Technical Design

Preparation of technical design and specifications, sufficient to co-ordinate components and elements of the project and information for statutory standards and construction safety.

Production Information

Preparation of production information un sufficient detail to enable a tender or tenders to be obtained. Application for a statutory approvals. Preparation of further information for construction required under the building contract.

Tender Documentation

Preparation and/or collation of tender documentation in sufficient detail to enable a tender or tenders to be obtained for the project.

Tender Action

Identification and evaluation of potential contractors and/or specialists for the project. Obtaining and appraising tenders; submission of recommendations to the client.

Mobilsation

Letting the building contract, appointing the contractor. Issuing of information to the contractor. Arranging site hand over to the contractor.

Preparation

Design

Pre - Construction

Construction & Use

Construction to Practical Completion

Post Practical Completion

Administration of the building contract to Practical Completion. Provision to the contractor of further Information as andwhen reasonably required. Review of information provided by contractors and specialists. Administration of the building contract after Practical Completion and making final inspections. Assisting building user during initial occupation period. Review of project performance in use.

Information above from http://thd.com.np/

Project Costing

Consultant % Costing for the Project Based on Construction Costs

As with any major project, costing and pricing are one of the main issues that determines the efficiency and sustainablilty of the whole design and construction process of a project. Designing and developing a large project in a prime location of South London such as Elephant and Castle means that there are many incurring costs that will have to be administrated and managed in order for the whole project to run succesfully. As with any large development project, a large amount of costing takes place at the appraisal and design brief stages of the RIBA plan of works where planning and consultant’s fees are determined. There are a number of cost elements that are involved in this project proposal and they are as follows; •

Land Costs

Architect

12% to 15 % percent of construction costs to the architect as they have maximum input

Structural Engineer

5% of construction costs

Environmental Engineers

5% of construction costs

Quantity Surveyor

3% of construction costs

Landscape Architect

5% of construction costs

Arboriculturalist

3% of construction costs

Agriculturalist

3% of construction costs

CDM Co-ordinator

2% of construction costs

This is one of the largest costs involved in the project that the client (Delancey & APG) have full control over. The Heygate is currently valued at around £50m as it is a prime location spot in the central area of South London. Information above www.peoplesrepublicofsouthwark.co.uk

•

Statutory Approval Costs

All prelimnary approvals such as planning and building control will incur a particluar fee. The planning and building control departments within Southwark Council would have to be paid by the developer, (client) to ensure that the correct legal processes of building control and planning are followed. •

Consultants Fees & Costs

Each consultant that are involved and intergrated within the design team will each have a fee that would to be paid to them for the professional service that they contribute to the project. The consultants fees are calculated to a percentage which is releative to the amount of input that they provide and also the percentage cost of the construction. The perceptage breakdown of the consultants fees are shown on the diagram to the right;

Total % cost to consultants : 41% of construction costs.

All information above from www.out-law.com

Construction Costing There are many interventions within the project that involves a complex scope of work. The Heygate Arcology project proposal plans to adapt many of the existing buildings on the Heygate Estate which means there will be many alternating costs regarding this. As well as the on site construction costs, there are also external incurring costs. The Heygate Estate site itself is situated in a very dense and built up area of South London. So therefore costs regarding accessibility to the site during the projects development will also be an incurance. Many of the renovation work for the project involves re-instating and adapting the Heygate Estate’s two - storey maisonettes and the two storey flat apartments that are in the high rise Ashenden building which is located on the north face of the site. This existing housing would ultimately qualify under the low cost bracket of the housing market which is approximatively £1000 per square meter. Depending on the condition and location of the existing flat, this price can fluctuate between £1000 and £5000 per square meter. The following list oulines all of the construction costs that will incur during the whole development process of the Heygate Arcology project. General Materials There is a wide range of materials that are being used to construct the market building. The materials used are as follows:

Specialised Elements and Materials Particular elements of the project require specialised materials to be manufactured off site and transported to site. The top of the market building accommodates a rain roof canopy (see page 64 for details) which is made up of different specialised materials which are as follows; •

Glulam Timber

These strips of timber that are bonded together with adhesive would need to be manufactured off site so that they arrive on site in the best possible condition. This reduces the holistic on site cost however increases transportation costs for the glulam timber to be delivered. •

‘Curved’ Glass

This material is also specified in the rain roof canopy that would also be manufactured off site. •

Modular Cable Suspended Market Pod

These market pods provide the trading spaces for the traders to carry out their businesses. These modular hanging pods are made up of conventional construction materials and are assembled off site in a factory. Once the pods are completed they are then transported to the site via transport lorry. As there are many of these market pods required for the market building the transportation and site security costs would increase. Residential Restriction Costs

• Steel A relatively cheap and sustainble material that is commonly used to construct large commmercial builings. Bespoke circular steel members will be used to form and construct the main market building and the educational centres.

As there are a number of current residents that still inhabit the Heygate, they will still be accommodating the site when construction works commence so therefore sections of the construction work would have to be phased in order to keep existing residents safe and secure during construction works.

• Poured in-situ concrete This type of concrete will be needed to re-enforce and underpin the existing foundations of the Ashenden building. This is generally a more expensive method the the prefabricated method.

Refurbishment Costs

• Prefabricated Concrete Slabs These floor slabs will be needed for the walkway gantry platforms that will form the main market area. These concrete slabs are manufactured off site which will reduce the construction and trasport costs.

Many of the existing flats that will be adapted will need refurbishment and repair work carried out on it. Many of the existing buildings have been derelict for a number of years so therefore it is to be expected that an amount of material degradation would have occurred such as eroded concrete and rusted steels etc. Methods of repair work such as hydro-demolition would have to be carried out on these areas of work. Additionally there will be further insurance in cost regarding updating the existing buildings to the current standards and regulations. Part L of the governing building regulations state that all existing buildings must be updated for efficient and safe use to comply and meet the standards required set in the building regulations. All information from www.building.co.uk

2.7 Design Team & Consultants

Contractual Relationship

Client - Delancy Real Estate Development and APG (Joint Venture Partnership) and Southwark Council

Design Team Consultants Roles Planning Consultant As this is complex project, a planning consultant must be involved in the planning process in order to liaise with Southwark Council in order to gain planning permission of the Heygate Estate.

The Design Team

Architect (Lead Consultant)

Planning Consultant

Max Fordham Environmental Engineers These consultants are also referred to as building services engineers and fit all the of services required into the building project such as heating, electrical and mechanical systems.

Structural Engineer

Quantity Surveyor This consultant is also known as the cost manager and is in control of the entire cost budget for the project.

Environmental Engineer Fig: 21 Max Fordham

Landscape Architect

Agriculturalist As there are allotments and farming facilities for the project, an agricultural consultant would need to be appointed to provide expertise to the type of farming that would be suitable to occur on the site.

Arboriculturalist Fig: 22 Arup structural engineers

Agriculturalist

CDM Co-ordinator

Landscape Architect The project includes a lot of landscape rearrangement, particularly to the large open spaces on the site so a landscape architect would be appointed to re-design the natural aspects around the Heygate to accommodate facilities for the project. Arboriculturalist The Heygate Estate contains many existing trees that would have to be removed and re-planted in order to accommodate outside facilities such as allotments and plant equipment.

Quantity Surveyors

Arup - Structural Engineer This consultant liaises very closely with the architect to ensure that the overall design of the project works structurally.

CDM Co-ordinator A CDM (Construction Design Management) co-ordinator would need to be appointed to monitor all of the health and safety aspects on site during the construction stages of the project.

2.8 Project Procurement Method

Client - Delancy Real Estate Development and APG (Joint Venture Partnership) and Southwark Council

Contract

Design Team

Architect (Lead Consultant)

Contract

Planning Consultant

Structural Engineer

Contractor

Control and Liason

Contract

Suppliers

Sub Contractors

Environmental Engineer

Quantity Surveyors

Landscape Architect

Arboriculturalist

Agriculturalist

CDM Co-ordinator

Contracts Within the construction industry, there are different types of building contracts available however the two contracts that are most commonly used are Traditional Contract and Design and Build Contract. Choosing a type of contract is a big decision for the design team but before the contract is chosen, there are important aspects that must be carefully considered. They are as follows; • • • • •

The client’s requirements Time, Quality and Cost Contractor involvement Risk Analysis Partnering - Joint Venture

Traditional and Design and Build contract both have their benefits on building projects, and one type has an advantage over another. Below are the pros and cons to each type of contract.

Pros

• • • •

Cons

Traditional

Design is controlled Costs are determined early Large number of contracts available Simple contract links

• • •

Slow to commence construction Variations delay contract period Needs full design which requires clients input at the early stages

Design and Build

• • • •

Quick to commence construction Client input not so critical Fixed capped budget Ideas for simple construction

Information above from www.ribabookshops.com

• • •

Design complexity is compromised Prices tend to be higher as contractors price in risk Client may lose control to an extent

Fig: 23 JCT Contracts (Joint Contracts Tribunal) are the organisation that founded Traditional and Design and Build Contract.

Contract Timeline Overview

Traditional Contract

Design and Build Contract

Design Specification Production Tendering Negotiating & Reporting

Having analysed all of the different advantages and disadvantages for both of these contracts, this project will be under a traditional contract as their is a bespoke and complex nature of design to the project, so the architect as the lead consultant would need to be director of the overall design in close liasion with Delancy Real Estate Development and APG.

Construction

Information above from http://www.ribabookshops.

SECTION 4 Structure - Construction - Environment

Structural Principles

2.9 The Existing Heygate Structure

The Heygate Estate is constructed through a modular prefabrication method called the Jacobsen System. Prefabricated panels are essentially placed on top of each other to form the structure. In the early 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s at the time the Heygate Estate was constructed, this method of construction seemed like a suitable solution to build high rise residential blocks. However it was proven that this method of construction was fundamentally flawed when the tragedy at Ronan Point occurred when a gas explosion destructed one of the load bearing walls which caused the whole entire corner of the building to collapse like a house of cards killing four people and 17 injured. Information from news.bbc.co.uk However with the safety and sophistication of modern building techniques, this method has been superseded, particularly when it comes to the structural elements. The following diagrams show the existing basic principles of how the Heygate Estate is built and what structural re-enforcement alteration work needs to done to accommodate the proposal of the Heygate Arcology market building.

Fig 24: The Heygate Estate Inhabited back in the 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Fig 25: Destruction at Ronan Point

3.0 The Jacobsen ‘Large Prefabricated’ Panel System

3.1 Re-enforcing the Heygate Structure

3.2 Structural Intevention into the Ashenden Building

3.3 The Use of Steel and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Properties Structural Steel There are many advantages that steel offers to the construction industry and this material has long been recognised by designers and specifiers. The versatility of steel gives architects and designers the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions. Structural steelwork is an essential component of most large buildings such as shopping centres, commercial developments and steel cladding systems adorn iconic, landmark structures worldwide. As well as this steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development and construction. Building owners value the flexibility of steel buildings, and the value benefits they provide, such as the light, open, airy spaces that can be created, making it ideal for modernisation, reconfiguring, extending or adapting with minimal disruption, and without costly and sometimes harmful demolition and redevelopment. Even without these benefits, steel is often the first choice on the basis of cost alone. Many of the advantages of steel construction are applicable to all building types and sectors. Information from www.steelconstruction.info

Fig 26: Rapid Erection of Steel Frame

Fig 27: Assembled Steel Frame

Fig 28: Buckled steel in the event of a fire

Fig 29: Intumescent pain fire protection

Steel and Fire Even though steel is an effective material for forming structures, a problem with steel is how it behaves in fire. At around 300 degrees centigrade structural steel starts to lose itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strength at a steady rate up to 800 degrees centigrade. The structural steel then starts to melt at around 1500 degrees centigrade. Steel Protection Against Fire Steel can however can be protected against fire conditions with innovations such as off site application of in-tumescent paint wich is usually applied in a spray form. Information from www.steelconstruction.info

3.4 Isometric Idea Sketch of the Arcology Market Building

Section Diagram of in-site concrete pile foundations

3.5 Pile foundations The main reasons for using pile foundations for the Heygate Arcology market building are as follows;

Ground beam

Columns

• The site is located on brownfield London soil which could be highly contaminated so piling down deeper into the soil can mitigate erosion or other damage occurring to substructure. •

Pile cap

The market building is a high vertical structure over 30 meters high which means that deep pile foundations will be able to support it.

Loads imposed on the pile foundations •

Dead Loads are loads that are imposed for a constant amount of time such as the buildings structure itself and immovable objects such as walls etc.

•

Environmental Loads are natural occuring forces agaisnt the building such as weather conditions i.e wind, rain, snow and other natural causes.

•

Live Loads are additonal forces applied to the building which are often temporary and moving such as people.

Pile

Information taken from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/

In situ reinforced concrete piles are cast in a void within the ground using a auger drill machine. The process is as follows: Drilling point is positioned in place

The auger drills to the required depth

The reinforcement is positioned in the hollow stem and concrete is then pumped in the stem

The drilled auger is then extracted from the ground

Finished pile

Red Arrows : Dead Load Green Arrows : Environmental Load People : Imposed Load

Fig 30: Augered pile drilling process 62

3.6 Main Market Cross Section - Steel Frame Structure

BLUE AREA The top area contains more traders such as laptop computor repair stores which paralell gantry walkways which is covered by a retractable purpose manufactured roof canopy. The page overleaf shows a zoomed in section of this area the the structural make up of this top floor

(See section overleaf and page 74 for zoomed in construction section)

GREEN AREA The upper levels of the main market contain other facilities such as mobile phone unlocking shops, and computer repair stores. These facilities are lighter in weight therefore this upper structure consists of lighter weight steel construction

RED AREA The lower levels of the steel structure contain the meat and fish, fruit and vegetable stalls and small supermarkets which require larger support columns to take the overall load force of these spaces which then the weight is distributed into the pile foundations

GREY AREA The area marked grey indicates the space inside of the the existing structure

3.7 Steel Frame Structure of Suspended Market Pod and Roof Canopy

Note: See structural details overleaf

Design Precedents for the roof canopy

Fig 31: ‘Umbrella’ Culver City, California by Eric Owen Moss Architects

Fig 32 :‘Tropolism’ steel frame profile by Neil Denari

Fig 33: ‘Hanging Steel Frame Pods- Apartment and Office Building’ by Mei Architecten en Stedenbouwers

3.8 Structural Detailing

Fig 34: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;PAF interlocking industrial floor tilesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; which are durable for busy and commerce environments. 66

Fig 35: Acid etchedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; finish for a concrete surface 67

Construction Principles

3.9 Construction material choices Roof Canopy Materials Glulam Timber Glulam stands for ‘Glued Laminated Timber’. It is simply layers of timber that are bonded together with adhesive to make bigger pieces. It is a way of forming and manufacturing timber elements that cannot be easily sourced in solid sawn timber due to large size or unusual shape. Information from www.bucklandtimber.co.uk As seen on the previous drawing, a construction element of the roof canopy is the glulam beam. It can be seen that it is of a bespoke form and shape so Glulam would be the choice of method for this element.

Fig 36: Glulam beam trussing

Bespoke Glulam timber beam of the roof canopy

Fig 37: Curved Glass Canopy by Eric Owen Moss

Curved Glass Rain Sheet

Fig 38: Galvanised Steel Handrail

Galvanised Steel Handrail for the Walkway Gantry

Curved Glass The roof canopy is also made up of glass sheeting that is bent and curved so that the rain that is captured can run down the glass sheeting and onto the steel sheeting for it to then be collected in a gutter system. Runcorn Glass and Bending specialise in bespoke curved glass and offer a range of different glass finishes such as annealed, laminated, toughened/laminated and double glazed. Information from www. runcornglassandbending.co.uk

As the glass on the roof canopy is constantly exposed to exterior conditions, it would have to be toughened laminated a double glazed for it to be durable and withstand outside weather conditions for long periods of time. Flat Sheet Steel This material is used for providing a protective canopy over the gantry walkway particularly during harsher weather conditions. This material choice is rather common in commerce buildings and is simply manufactured by cutting thin steel sheets and forming and hammering them into the required shape for it’s purpose. Walkway Gantry Materials Galvanised and Powder-coated Steel Handrails These types of handrails are also common within commerce buildings. The manufacturing process involves hot dip galvanisation in order for the handrails to be rust proof and durable. They are then polyester power-coated for a smooth and vibrant painted finish. www.diometonline.co.uk

4.0 Construction material choices for refurbishing the existing Ashenden building

Although the existing Ashenden Building has been structurally amended to suit the operation of the market building, refurbishment works also need to be carried out to it as the use of the building is being altered form domestic living to mixed use commercial use. The government have recently made changes to Part L of the building regulations, particularly ensuring that existing buildings that are having renovation work carried out on them is at the required standard that is environmentally efficient. In order for the Ashenden building to be environmentally sufficent, alterations and amendements particularly need to be made to the concrete prefabricated panelling. The process of refurbishing the exisitng Ashenden building is as follows;

Fig 39: Damaged concrete

Fig 40: Sprayed Concrete Repairing

Fig 41: Hydro - demolition

Fig 42: Hydro - demolition

1. Before any repair work is carried out and completed on the existing Ashenden building, rigourous and thourough testing is required in order to determine the level of decay and damage that has coccured to it since it was made derelict. 2. Once the problem with the concrete has been idenified, then repair solutions can be carried and there are a range of repair techniques availble such as leak sealing, sprayed concrete, vacuum resin injection, pressure resin injection or a combination of the two. 3. Some areas of the concrete may be beyond repair which means that sections and areas of concrete may have to be replaced all together. If this the case then Hydro-demolition would be the solution as it is a safe and sufficient way in removing damaged concrete. Hydro-demolition uses high pressure jets of water which can be used small and large areas alike. It can remove coatings to the concrete which then makes it a suitable surface for new materials and coatings to bond to. As well as this, hydro-demolition doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cause dust or debris like other methods do, and cleans existing steel re-enforcement bars making it a much more effective way of carrying out demolition works. Information from freyssinet.co.uk/

(See page overleaf for refurbishment works to the Ashenden building)

Fig 43: Concrete Refurbishment and Enhancement

4.1 Issues Relating to the Reburbishment of the Ashenden Building

In order for the Ashenden Building to be rennovated and adapted to accomodate the market buildng, there are preliminainary issues to do with the original construction that will have to be mitigated before new construction is carried refurbishment work is carried out. Part L of the building regulations have recently particilarly stated that any updated construction work that is carried out on exisiting buildings must meet the regulations. The Ashenden building and all of the other buildings that form the Heygate Estate were built back in the early 1970’s so their will be a number of issues with these buildings that would have to be rememdied. The following issues are as follows: Section of The Ashenden Block •

General Concrete Degradation

• Out of Date Building Services • Out of date fixitures and fittings • All other materials such as insulation and flashings would have to be replaced

4.2 Refurbishing the Ashenden Block in correspondence with Part L of the Building Regulations Part L- (Conservation of Fuel and Power) of the building regulations covers all of the safety and environmental aspects of a building project combining it with structural and construction elements, ensuring that the building itself meets the standards and requirements that it is environmentally sufficient.

Prefabricated floor removed to accommodate interior market space

Part L of the Building Regulations have updated particular clauses relating to the construction refurbishment of existing buildings. Refurbishing the Ashenden building means that Part L would have to be adhered to for works to be carried out. The relative clauses are as follows; • Standards for work on the existing stock of buildings will be generally higher than in 2002: when building work is carried out on buildings with a floor area greater than 1000 m2, “consequential improvements” must also be made to the whole building where practical and cost-effective. Consequential improvements are improvements to the fabric of the rest of the building to improve its energy efficiency..’ Information from www.planningportal.gov.uk All construction refurbishment work carried out on the Ashenden building covers approximately 90m of existing building so therefore this clause applies to this area of the project. • Where more than 25% of the surface area of a “controlled element” (such as a wall elevation) is renovated, the energy efficiency of the whole element should be improved’.. Information from www.planningportal.

South facing facade to be removed to accommodate the proposed market building

North facing facade re- treated with Hydro demolition methods to re-surface damaged concrete

gov.uk

Areas of the existing elevation (such as the concrete) of the Ashenden building would need to be treated which relates to this latest clause in Part L. • ‘As part of a material alteration, any element that becomes part of the external envelope, where previously it was not, should be upgraded if its thermal performance is worse than a defined threshold’. This clause can relate to the alterations to the existing structure and the removal of the south facade and prefabricated floor panels to accommodate the proposed market building.

4.3 Cross Section of Suspended Market Pod and Roof Canopy (Showing Construction)

Construction Precedents for the cable suspended hanging pod

Fig 44: Construction detail of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hanging podâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in Rotterdam by Mei Architecten

Fig 45: Interior perspective view of the hanging pod designed by Mei Architecten

4.5 Material Choices for the cable suspended market pod The construction make up of the market pod is of a conventional method. The following elements that make up the wall construction are explained within the 1:5 scale wall detail.

Waterproofing This is a plastic damp proof membrane is applied to the exterior side of a wall construction, usually covering the plywood from moisture and water damage. Insulation This material can come in different types of forms which serve the same purpose. It can either be applied in a foam form, wool form and a solid form such as Kingspan which is what is being used for the market pod. Insulation which applied to the cavity void in the wall absorbs and traps warm air and stops it escaping which results in heat being retained within the space as long as possible. The air pockets within the insulation gradually reduce over time increasing the rate of air that is passing through the insulation. The rate determined the walls overall U-value which is simply the measure in how quickly the wall construction looses heat. In principle the lower the U- value, the slower the heat is lost which means that less energy is required to heat a building. Information from uk.ask.com Vapour Barrier This works in a similar way to waterproofing, only that a vapour barrier is applied to inner side of the insulation rather than the outside to prevent condensation and moisture damage to the insulation itself which is caused by the interior heat inside the building. Information from www.ukworkshop.co.uk

Plywood This material is widely used in construction, both in domestic and commercial projects. It is made up of layer sheets of veneer and plywood is known for resistance against shrinking and cracking. Information from www.metsawood.com

Fig 46 : Interlocking exterior insulated panel manufactured by â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Panelprojectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

The image above shows how the interlocking insulated tile connects together. The panels fit together simply with an interlocking male / female slip joint, providing a flush finish with a 2-3mm gap for silicone sealing. Infomation from gilcrestmanufacturing.com

Environmental Principles

4.6 Natural Thermal Mass Summer Day

Summer Night

The shading cuts out the summer sun

During a summer day, the holistic thermal mass of the building is cooler in the morning and absorbs more heat during the day. This process helps keep the interior spaces of the building as cool as possible.

The windows within the building are installed with trickle ventilation which allows the building to be naturally vented at night.

During a summer night, the natural ventilation cools the building down and carries away the heat generated by the buildings thermal mass.

Winter Day

Winter Night

The shading allows the lower winter sun to penetrate the building

During a winters day, the thermal mass of the building absorbs the sun’s heat, and other heat sources such as people and equipment such as CHP (combined heat and power) sources.

During a winter night the building’s thermal mass looses it’s heat and keeps the interior warm.

4.7 Building Regulations Part L - Conservation of Fuel and Power Part L- (Conservation of Fuel and Power) of the building regulations takes into account all of the environmental aspects of a building project, ensuring that the building itself meets the standards and requirements that it is environmentally sufficient.

Important alterations to Part L in 2006 and 2013 that impacts the Heygate Arcology. Part L has had recent alterations made to it in 2006 and 2013 particulary to cover regulations of non - domestic buildings. As well as this, this has also impacted the regulations of rennovating existing stock buildings. The main market building of the Heygate Arcology specifically utilises the existing structure of the Ashenden block, so the the following alterations to the regulations specifically apply to this project. They are as follows; 1.‘Standards for work on the existing stock of buildings will be generally higher than in 2002: when building work is carried out on buildings with a floor area greater than 1000 m2, “consequential improvements” must also be made to the whole building where practical and cost-effective. Consequential improvements are improvements to the fabric of the rest of the building to improve its energy efficiency..’ Information from www.

planningportal.gov.uk

All of the alteration and rennovation work carried out on the market building covers approximatley 90m of exisiting building so therefore this clause applies to this area of the project. 2.‘Where more than 25% of the surface area of a “controlled element” (such as a wall elevation) is renovated, the energy efficiency of the whole element should be improved’.. Information from www.planningportal.gov.uk The whole existing elevation of the Ashenden building is being altered and re-enforced which relates to this clause in the regulations. 3.‘As part of a material alteration, any element that becomes part of the external envelope, where previously it was not, should be upgraded if its thermal performance is worse than a defined threshold’. This clause can relate to the alterations to the top of the exisitng structure and the proposed roof canopy that covers the top level walkway gantry. The section to the left corresponds with the alterating caluses made to Part L of the building regulations.

Green Zone Consequential improvements made to the whole existing structure relates to clause 1 also covering over a total of 1000m2 of calculated floor space.

BLUE ZONE Material alterations made to the overall external envelope, the thermal properties of the construction materials upgraded to exceed the prior performance of the external threshold between the interior and exterior zones.

RED ZONE Both of the existing walls are rennovated to withold a new energy effciency system (CHP). Therefore the whole existing zone is improved.

4.8 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) How â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;CHPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; works CHP stands for combined heat and power and integrates the production of usable heat and power (which is electricity) in one single and efficient process. Combined heat and power primarily generates electricity whilst capturing and storing the heat that is produced in the process. This method of energy production contrasts with conventional ways of generating electricity where large amounts of electricity is simply wasted. In many current coal and gas fired power stations, nearly up to two thirds of the overall energy is lost which is often seen as a cloud of steam rising fro cooling towers. Information from http://www.chpa.co.uk/

Fig 48 : Diagram showing the comparison between CHP energy production and conventional energy production

CHP plants provide local heat, electricity and sometimes even cooling to various types of environments. As the energy is produced locally, CHP has the added benefit of avoiding efficiency losses incurred through transmission and distribution of electricity through the National Grid and local distribution networks. Around 7% of energy would usually be lost when the network is used to transport energy from the generation source to the user. When taking account of these losses, the respective efficiencies of both coal and CCGT plant fall further at the point of use. Information from http://www.chpa.co.uk/ As the Heygate Arcology is an urban and local self sustaining project in the centre of South London, a combined heat and power system would be a suitable solution to this. The following page shows the main market cross section with a combined heat and power system integrated into it.

Fig 47 : Cooling Towers

As an energy generation process, CHP is neutral fuel. This means that a CHP process can be applied to both renewable and fossil fuels. The specific technologies employed, and the efficiencies they achieve will vary, but in every situation CHP offers the capability to make more efficient and effective use of valuable primary energy resources.

To the left tp is a diagram comparing the method of CHP energy production to conventional ways of energy production. Fig 49 : Diagram of how CHP works

Fig 50: Photograph of a CHP plant

Cross Section showing combined heat and power integrated into the market building

RED LINE Electrical energy output from the CHP system providing electricity for the buildings lighting. NOTE - FIRE In case of an occurring fire, a water sprinkler system is fitted to the CHP system to prevent a fire from spreading within the building.

BLUE LINE Bio energy output from the CHP system providing heat for the buildings heating systems.

This is the heat distribution unit which is connected to the main CHP system. This unit contains hot water to provide the heating to the building.

This is the CHP system located on the ground floor of the market which contains bio fuels that burn to produce energy. 84

5.1 BREEAM Information.

•

Energy : operational energy and carbon dioxide. (CO)2

BREEAM was first launched in 1990 and is one of the leading environmental assessment rating systems that have certified over 250.000 buildings.

•

Management : including management policy, commissioning, site management and procurement.

BREEAM pioneers and pushes the best practice in sustainable construction and design and is one of the most recognised measures for a building’s environmental impact and performance. BREEAM encourages architects and designers alike to be aware of low carbon and impact design and minimising the energy usage a building creates before designing and constructing it.

•

Health and Well-being: indoor and external issues (noise, air, light, quality etc).

•

Transport : transport related carbon dioxide and location related factors.

What BREEAM does.

• Water consumption and efficiency

BREEAM uses a simple scoring system that is easy understand, flexible and is supported by science based research and evidence and it helps to design and maintain high technical standards and pushing quality assurance within buildings.

•

Materials : embodied impacts of buildings materials, including life-cycle impacts like embodied carbon dioxide

•

Waste : construction resource efficiency and operational waste management and minimisation

•

Pollution : external air and water pollution

•

Land use : type of site and building footprint

•

Ecology : ecological value, conservation and site enhancement

About BREEAM

For the project to be BREEAM assessed, it would be classified under ‘new build for non domestic projects’ intertwined with a further assessment as this project connects with a major volumn of existing structure within the Heygate Estate. BREEAM would then assess the whole design process of the project, from the design preliminary stages right through to the finished construction and into the stages of the buildings ocupancy. BREEAM awards points to the following environmental impacts shown on the right:

BREEAM state that : ‘The total number of points or credits gained in each section is multiplied by an environmental weighting factor which takes into account the relative importance of each section. Section scores are then added together to produce a single overall score.’ When the overall score of the building is determined, then this gets tranlated into a rating of the following: • • • • •

Pass Good Very Good Excellent Oustanding

Information taken from www.breeam.org Fig 51: Bletchley Leisure Centre by Holder Mathias Architects gained an ‘excellent’ BREEAM rating

Fig 52: Bletchley Leisure Centre interior by Holder Mathias Architects 87

Appendices

â&#x20AC;&#x153;If

we take care of our environment because such care is imposed by edict, the result might be order in appearance, death in substance. If we take care of only that portion of our environment which we own, the environment will be like a sea of litter and dread dotted with small island utopias whose segregated order is the true origin of chaos. This is a pretty close description of the urban-suburban situation today. If we take care of the environment because we have a sense reverence toward it, then the reverential fire will make the environment glow with the embers of the spiritâ&#x20AC;?.

Paolo Soleri

References

Reference List of Figures and Images Fig 1 - ‘The Bank of England in Ruins’.Available at: http://people.tribe.net/frederick/photos/b56e3f8c-e5c6-4e08-bed4-f64b1c641127 Fig 2 - ‘Ashenden Block’ Photograph by Craig Alexander, 2013 Fig 3 - ‘Cockney life at the Elephant and Castle’Available at: http://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/berthardy Fig 4 - ‘A man climbs on a milkcart in Southwark Street’ Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7844243.stm Fig 5 - ‘Evacuee children during World War II at Elephant and Castle’ Available at: http://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/berthardy Fig 6 - ‘The areas origin, an important transport hub for South London’ Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39234/39234-h/39234-h.htm Fig 7 - ‘The areas heyday, 1890’s to the 1940’s, a key Central London destination’ Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-15990563 Fig 8 - ‘The areas decline, poor living conditions were exacerbated by bomb damage’ Available at: http://www.bloodandfire.co.uk/db/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4985 Fig 9 - ‘Map of Central London’ from Bing Maps Fig 10- Aerial photograph of Elephant and Castle from Bing Maps Fig 11 - Map of Elephant and Castle from Edina Digimaps Fig 12 - Paolo Solari’s ‘Arcosanti’ Available at: http://commons.wikimedia.org Fig 13 - ‘Christiana’ in Copenhagen Available at:http://www.spatialagency.net/ Fig 14 - ‘Drop City’ Available at: http://www.spatialagency.net/ Fig 15 - ‘Recycable materials by Architecten’ Available at: http://www.spatialagency.net/ Fig 16 - ‘New Babylon’ Available at: http://cartellogiallo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/constant-nieuwenhuys.html Fig 17 - ‘Delancy Real Estate’ Available at:http://www.delancey.com/ Fig 18 - ‘APG Real Estate Investors’ Available at: http://www.apg.nl/ Fig 19 - ‘Southwark Council’ Available at:http://www.southwark.gov.uk/ Fig 20 - ‘Southwark Councils Ownership of the Heygate Estate’ Available at:http://www.urban75.org/ Fig 21 - ‘Max Fordham’ Available at: http://www.maxfordham.com/ Fig 22 - ‘Arup structural engineers’ Available at: http://www.arup.com/ Fig 23 - ‘JCT Contracts’ Available at: https://www.jctcontracts.com Fig 24 - ‘The heygate Inhabited back in the 1970’s’ Available at: http://southwarknotes.wordpress.com/ Fig 25 - ‘Destruction at Ronan Point’ Available at: news.bbc.co.uk Fig 26 - ‘Rapid Erection of Steel Frame’ Available at: http://www.solarcrete.com/ Fig 27 - ‘Assembled Steel Frame’ Available at: http://www.scottsdalesteelframes.com/ Fig 28 - ‘Buckled steel in the event of a fire’ Available at: http://www.steelconstruction.info/ Fig 29 - ‘Intumescent paint fire protection’ Available at: http://www.steelconstruction.info/ Fig 30 - ‘Augered Pile driling process’ Available at: http://www.zakladani.cz/en/piles Fig 31 - ‘Umbrella’ Culver City, California by Eric Owen Moss Architects’ Available at: http://ericowenmoss.com/project/umbrella/ Fig 32 - ‘Tropolism’ Steel Frame Profile by Neil Denari’ Available at: http://tropolism.com/archives/2006/09/denari-illuminated.php Fig 33 - ‘Hanging Steel Frame Pods- Apartment and Office Building’ by Mei Architecten en Stedenbouwers’ Available at: http://detail-online.com/ Fig 34 - ‘PAF interlocking industrial floor tiles’ which aredurable for busy and commerce environments’ Available at: http://www.paftektiles.co.uk/ Fig 35 - ‘Acid etched’finish for a concrete surface Available at: http://www.xmeasures.net/ Fig 36 - ‘Glulam beam trussing’ Available at: http://buildipedia.com/ Fig 37 - ‘Curved Glass Canopy by Eric Owen Moss’ Available at: http://www.photoree.com/ Fig 38 - ‘Galvanised Steel Handrail’ Available at: http://www.tauntonfab.co.uk/ Fig 39 - ‘Damaged Concrete’ Available at: http://freyssinet.co.uk/ Fig 40 - ‘Sprayed Concrete Repairing’ Available at: http://freyssinet.co.uk/ Fig 41 - ‘ Hydro Demolition’ Available at: http://freyssinet.co.uk/ Fig 42 - ‘Hydro Demolition’ Available at: http://freyssinet.co.uk/ Fig 43 - ‘Concrete Refurbishment and Enhancement’ Available at: http://freyssinet.co.uk/ Fig 44 - ‘Construction detail of the ‘hanging pod’ in Rotterdam by Mie Architecten PDF Scan Detail Magazine 2010 Fig 45 - ‘Interior perspective view of the hanging pod designed by Mei Architecten PDF Scan Detail Magazine 2010 Fig 46 - ‘Interlocking exterior insulated panel manufactured by ‘Panelprojects’ Available at: http://gilcrestmanufacturing.com/ Fig 47 - ‘Cooling Towers’ Available at: http://www.hamonusa.com/ Fig 48 - ‘Diagram showing the comparison between CHP energy production and conventional energy production’ Available at: http://www.chpa.co.uk/ Fig 49 - ‘Diagram of how CHP works’ Available at: http://www.proenviro.com/ Fig 50 - ‘Photograph of a CHP plant’ Available at: http://www.kleanindustries.com/ Fig 51 - ‘Bletchley Leisure Centre by Holder Mathias Architects gained an ‘excellent’ BREEAM rating’ Available at: http://www.holdermathias.com/ Fig 52 - ‘Bletchley Leisure Centre interior by Holder Mathias Architects’Available at: http://www.bdonline.co.uk/