#PeaceTech

THE ROLE OF TECH IN CREATING OR SUSTAINING PEACE

Authors: Christina Dahl Jensen & Stina Amnebjer

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By Christina Dahl Jensen The peacebuilding sector is waking up to the 4th industrial revolution and is realising the potential in the rapid advances in information and communication technology which have a profound impact on political, economic and social life. Technologies such as remote sensing, big data, internet of things (IoT), facial recognition, blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) are already or are rapidly becoming relevant for the peacebuilding community. The aim of this publication is to contribute to a better understanding of the multi-disciplinary and cross sectoral work on peace and technology (PeaceTech), the possibilities of applying technology in peace work and highlighting good practises already going on.

Danmission has worked with innovation as part of our program work since 2014, but not before 2017 did we realise how much the peacebuilding sector lagged behind when it came to using technology to support peacebuilding efforts. We as many other organisations and peacebuilding actors had not been enough aware of the technological advances and its impact on not just everyday life, but also in fostering co-existence and building peace. In 2017, we started to take technology into the core of Danmission’s ambitions to innovate our peacebuilding programmes and realised the need of using technology at a whole new scale.

Still many contributors toward peace find it difficult to grasp how to introduce and apply innovation and technology in their work. I hope that a wide range of peacebuilders, civil society actors, technology experts, technology developers, governments, companies and activists can use this publication as a starting point for their PeaceTech journey.

The intention with this publication is not to provide an exhaustive list of PeaceTech work, but rather to contribute with annotated deep-dives into PeaceTech which can be used for increased understanding of the diverse role of technology in peacebuilding.

A special thanks to Helena Puig Larrauri and Maude Morrison from Build Up, and the Danmission team for providing critical reflections and input which helped shape the publication. Also, thanks to the Copenhagen TechFestival for letting us echo principles and graphics from The Copenhagen Catalog, a catalogue containing 150 principles for a new direction in tech.

Christina Dahl Jensen Senior Innovation Advisor, Danmission

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Danmission is a 200-year-old faith-based organisation supporting interreligious dialogue, peacebuilding, civil society development and innovation across 12 partner countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. In Danmission we work systematically on integrating innovation and PeaceTech in our work streams. Danmission’s innovation initiatives strive to; 1. Promote new methods of peaceful coexistence through peace-building, dialogue and preventing violent extremism; and 2. Through new ways, to protect basic civil rights by protecting the rights of minorities and freedom of religion and belief.

Danmission is part of a growing global PeaceTech community focused on addressing complex issues through complex solutions supported by technology. www.danmission.com

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FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2 ABOUT DANMISSION .................................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 WHEN IMPLEMENTING PEACETECH ................................................................................................................... 7 GUIDING ETHICAL PRINCIPLES ......................................................................................................................... 8 AVENUES OF PEACETECH ......................................................................................................................................... 9 AVENUE 1 - Sound business environment......................................................................................................... 11 Deep-dive 1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Global challenges for avenue 1 ........................................................................................................................... 13 AVENUE 2 - High levels of human capital ......................................................................................................... 17 Deep-dive 2................................................................................................................................................................ 18 Global challenges for avenue 2 .......................................................................................................................... 19 AVENUE 3 - Free flow of information ................................................................................................................ 22 Deep-dive 3 .............................................................................................................................................................. 23 Global challenges for avenue 3 ..........................................................................................................................24 AVENUE 4 - Good relations with neighbours ................................................................................................. 26 Deep-dive 4................................................................................................................................................................27 Global challenges for avenue 4 ......................................................................................................................... 28 AVENUE 5 - Acceptance of the rights of others .............................................................................................. 31 Deep-dive 5............................................................................................................................................................... 32 Global challenges for avenue 5 ......................................................................................................................... 33 MORE PEACETECH INITIATIVES ......................................................................................................................... 36 PEACETECH ACTORS TO KEEP AN EYE ON .................................................................................................... 38 End notes ........................................................................................................................................................................ 39

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Throughout history technology has driven medicinal and industrial advances for the development and common good of the human civilization. But it has also driven warfare and international security agendas. Most of the technology used has been for the privileged, for states and industrial companies. Now advanced technology has also become available for the masses giving new opportunities but also risks and uncontrollable challenges. The addition of online technology has fundamentally altered how conflicts develop and play out, and how peacebuilders prevent and mitigate violence. An example of this is cyber-attacks turning digital space into a tool of war itself. The fact that conflicts no longer are confined to the psychical world changes the dynamics of conflict.

Today, individuals are empowered by technology to have a voice in international affairs and instantly connect with people on issues that converge or divergei. But information and communications technology (ICT) are also tools for propagating hate speech and has lowered the barriers for establishing rebel groups and increased their impactii. A branch of the peacebuilding community has started to strategically make use of technology to present new opportunities for conflict management and peacebuilding. From South Sudan to Colombia, Yemen to Malaysia, technology is being used in innovative ways to help build peace and prevent violent conflict, but technology also brings new challenges to conflict. PeaceTech is thus both about utilizing tech to build peace, prevent conflict and about tackling the negative effects of tech on conflict dynamics.

PeaceTech is an emerging body of tech aiming at contributing to building peace or sustaining peace in a given context. PeaceTech can be defined as “an emerging body of peacebuilding practice, which includes a technological component that is of strategic importance to its objectives”iii. PeaceTech combines technical and social disciplines and brings together product developers, engineers and activists with conflict experts, social scientists and data scientists to design, develop, and adapt new solutions for building and sustaining peace. In this publication peacebuilding is defined as a practice that “(…) achieves positive peace by creating structures and institutions of peace based on justice, equity and cooperation, thus addressing the underlying causes of conflict”iv. A definition created by Johan Vincent Galtung (born 24 October 1930) a Norwegian sociologist, mathematician, and the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies.

Preventing violent conflict and fostering peaceful societies is one of the essential elements for successfully delivering the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Many regions of the world continually suffer from violent conflicts, from election and gender violence to resource shortages and inter-ethnic tension. The SDG 16 focusses on the exact challenge of fostering peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development. The global goals recognise that creating peace is not just a question of absence of violence, but a question of complex interdependent social dynamics. Not all these dynamics are included in the SDGs thus, while we should all work toward achieving the SDGs, we must also look more concretely into the ecosystem of peace if we are to work within a framework for positive peace.

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Positive Peace The positive peace approach is developed by The Institute of Economics and Peace, a world leading think tank dedicated to developing metrics to analyse peace and to quantify its economic value, and identifies 8 pillars of peacev which must be in balance with each other in order to have a vibrant, peaceful society. The pillars describe important elements of a democratic and peaceful society such as free flow of information, acceptance of the rights of others and a sound business environment.

In this report we call the pillars for avenues to peace and have chosen to highlight five of them.

To give more practical input the report also provides an ethical guide to creating PeaceTech and innovation in general and some consideration on global challenges within peace and tech. In the following sections a more in-depth introduction to the positive peace framework is given.

Thereafter the report focusses on one avenue at a time touching upon relevant examples and providing deep dives into specific cases and challenges. At the end of the document additional PeaceTech examples are listed including central stakeholders and actors for reference.

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History has shown that while technological advancements have had a democratising effect and provided new ways of solving problems, uncritical and irresponsible application of the same technologies might rapidly lead to the creation of new problems. Being aware of both the possibilities and risks of technology is important for responsible, ethical and equitable utilisation.

Regardless that PeaceTech tools are designed to improve peacebuilding outcomes, their blind adoption without accounting for local context can make conflicts worse by exacerbating intergroup inequalities, allowing authorities to pinpoint vulnerable groups, promoting misinformation, or being used in ways not intended by the developers that are otherwise conflict promotingvi. For example, many social media tools were celebrated as providing the kindling for Arab Spring democracy movements, but the Syrian, Egyptian and Libyan governments have all since used these same networks, apps and tools to track down and punish activists and dissidents who used these services through their digital footprintsvii.

To address the ethical dimension of technology and innovation the global collaborative organisation Response Innovation Lab have developed a set of guiding principles for how to work with humanitarian innovationviii,ix. The guidelines emphasise the importance of humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence and dignity when working with innovation and technology in these settings. It also highlights the importance of implementing standards for risk analysis, mitigation and data security, and addressing the unequal global distribution of innovation and technology. All innovation projects should focus on providing meaningful, equitable and useful innovations for the most marginalized people in the world, including sensitivity to age, gender and disability.

The focus on mitigating crises, always seeing to the most vulnerable and following the fundamental human rights principle of ‘do no harm’ makes the ethical guiding principles for humanitarian innovation equally applicable to innovations in peacebuilding.

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1. Design together with the user Always start with the user, defining the needs and the context. Include users in planning, development, implementation and assessment of the solutions and make sure to do it in a step-by-step and iterative manner. Make sure that the solutions are targeted to the specific user group and sensitive to age, gender and disabilities.

2. Understand the existing ecosystem Join relevant networks, conferences and knowledge sharing activities with other PeaceTech practitioners and actors. Make sure to stay up to date with relevant policies and regulatory frameworks.

3. Be collaborative Have an interdisciplinary approach to your work and collaborate across sectors and industries to create more sustainable and holistic solutions. Document your work and share learnings with your network.

4. Innovate for local levels or for scale – make a strategic choice Make at strategic choice of whether you need to innovate solely for the local level or for scale. If innovating for scale think scale from the start and try to reduce and mitigate factors that might limit the ability to scale the solution to other countries and contexts.

Have a system thinking approach to the innovation process no matter if you

innovate for the local levels or for scale, taking the whole ecosystem into account and make sure to be able to demonstrate actual impact before scaling a solution.

5. Build for sustainability Engage the local communities and government to bring about long-term financial sustainability. Identify key strategic partnerships and stakeholders early in the innovation process and invest in their time.

6. Be data driven Make sure that the impact of your solutions can be measured, monitored and evaluated.

Focus on outcomes rather than outputs and let the data insights inform decisions throughout the innovation process.

7. Use open standards, open data, open source and open innovation Sharing is caring. View your solutions as a public good and develop software solutions that are open source and accessible by the larger community. Always adopt existing open standards and if possible, try to expand them.

8. Reuse and improve Try to constantly develop your solution and modify and improve existing tools, platforms and frameworks regularly. Make use of new information and go for flexible approaches rather than uniform or static alternatives.

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In our hyper-connected world, we face multidimensional and global challenges that often are unprecedented in their complexity and scope. New challenges require new ways of thinking and an understanding of the factors that create and sustain peaceful societies.

The Institute of Economics and Peace provide an analytical framework for researchers, policymakers and organisations to monitor and evaluate initiatives that contributes to building and sustaining peacex. The framework differentiates between Positive and Negative Peace where Negative Peace is merely the absence of violence or fear of violence and Positive Peace is “the attitudes, institutions and structures that create and sustain peaceful societies.�xi. As such, in addition to reducing violence and the level of grievances, Positive Peace also promotes robust and sustainable human developmentxii.

Positive Peace model from the Institute of Economics and Peace.

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Drawing on data from many sources including the World Bank, Gallup World Poll, the United Nations, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development the Positive Peace framework was empirically derived by the institute through an extensive comparative analysis of the relationship between cross-country measures of economic and social progress and peace. The initiatives that had a statistically significant relationship with peace, measured by the Global Peace Index (the world’s leading measure of global peacefulness created by the Institute for Economics and Peace), were selected for the framework. This resulted in a Positive Peace Index, consisting of eight pillars that are deemed crucial for achieving Positive Peace.

In this publication, five of the eight pillars in the Positive Peace framework function as the thematic avenue for exemplifying PeaceTech initiatives. The framework has provided a comprehensive and structured approach to categorising and analysing different actors and initiatives that contribute to Positive Peace. Each pillar is defined through a set of indicators that have been developed by the Institute for Economics and Peacexiii.

The five pillars have been selected due to their significance and technological relevance in work being done in the nexus between development and humanitarian work. This does not mean that the last three elements are less significant, on the contrary. All eight pillars are important parts of creating peaceful societies.

As a point of reference and before introducing the avenues, an infographic on the avenues of PeaceTech and the examples highlighted in the report has been inserted to give a visual overview of how examples and avenues connect to each other.

Overview of the selected avenues

AVENUE 1 – Sound business environment

AVENUE 2 – High levels of human capital

AVENUE 3 – Free flow of information

AVENUE 4 – Good relations with neighbours

AVENUE 5 – Acceptance of the rights of others

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Economic productivity and business competitiveness are important building blocks for peace building. A sound business environment is crucial for sustaining peace as businesses can have a large impact in creating both stability and resilience in areas affected by conflict.xiv While it may be difficult for independent organisations or businesses to influence the economic conditions and formal institutions of a country, there are other ways to contribute to a sound business environment. Companies can contribute to the stabilisation of fragile states and situations through inclusive employment, applying the highest international standards with regards to labour, environmental management as well as reinforcing local SMEs xv (small and medium sized enterprises), by introducing new business models that link sound business with conflict affected areas or by making it easier to track conflict and crises.xvi Here technology plays an important role in connecting across borders and making new business cases possible.

The private sector can also contribute by ensuring that their operations do not exacerbate tensions. This is applicable as much to extractive companies (e.g. oil companies in Nigeria affect social cohesion) as to tech companies (e.g. use of Facebook in Myanmar affects polarization). In the last part of this chapter a discussion on global challenges are raised including concerns about lack of regulation within the tech sector.

But before looking at some of the global challenges we will turn toward PeaceTech initiatives which contribute positively to the business environment in a range of conflict-stricken areas.

TaQadam - bringing AI-technology to conflict affected areas What? TaQadam, Arabic for ‘moving forward’, is a mobile application that makes visual data AI-ready through image annotation and management services. The organisation is on a social endeavour to bring diversity to building an AI-powered world and advocating ethics of AI. Why? Taqadam’s mission is to build sustainable peace by advancing economic opportunities to talented youth who are fleeing from conflict areas or trapped in a cycle of unemployment in their communities.

Website: www.taqadam.io/

Fori Mazdoori - bridging the gap between employers and blue-collared workers.

What? A Pakistani digital platform that helps reduce unemployment amongst non-formal professionals by matching them with employers looking for labour. Workers can register to the Fori Mazdoori platform at local retail stores, which means that individuals that do not have personal access to the internet are empowered through another form of digital inclusion. Why? Employment and economic empowerment are at the core of both individuals’ and nations’ well-being. Fori Mazdoori works to reduce unemployment in Pakistan by facilitating more effective and inclusive matchmaking between, previously unconnected, workers and

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employers. The business case includes building on a sharing economy model with modest service fees that drives exponential growth. Initial revenue from signup fess and recurring revenues from profile enhancements and updates.

Website: www.forimazdoori.com/

Red Crow - helping organisations and individuals mitigate risk in volatile political environments In the aftermath of the Arab Spring in 2011, the Palestinian intelligence start-up RedCrow was founded to use real-time data to better understand and mitigate conflict triggers in the MENA region. The rapid increase of communications technology had led to an increase in flow of information which meant that intelligence services needed new methods to provide proactive intelligence solutions. Through an automated web platform and a mobile application, the RedCrow combine social media, security and data skills to provide risk mitigation solutions to both organisations, companies and individuals in the MENA region. The automated platform systematically checks online resources an detects threats through keywords in a variety of languages and dialects.

The RedCrow’s mission is to provide professional, proactive and accurate risk mitigation solutions that enable their clients to maintain operations while being attentive of the health and safety of all involved individuals. The organisation provides real-time data of imminent and potential security threats ranging from roadblocks to natural disasters to civil unrest and militant hostiles, for actors operating in volatile environments. Their clients receive automated updates and reports which help them plan and avoid potential and current threats.

The majority of RedCrows’ clients are actors working with diplomatic security such as international NGOs and foreign embassies. However, their services are also used by journalists, private sector businesses and civilians operating in the MENA region. Looking forward, the company aims to provide a forecasting service that uses historically accumulated data to develop predictive models that foresees the type and likelihood of threats in specific regions.

Learn more: www.redcrow.co

Despite the fact that many companies and tools deriving from the private sector contribute positively to peacebuilding and that there is an increasing willingness to look at the challenges that new tech tools have created, global challenges remain.

One issue is the disruption of government. Some would sayxvii,xviii that Amazon, Google, Apple, Microsoft and Facebook are collectively more powerful than many governments, putting them in a position of shadow government. Governments are being disrupted by tech tools and

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platforms in areas where social life is difficult to regulate because the terms of regulation are set by tech companies. On the other hand, some governments take advantage of the nonregulated space or hard to regulate space and use it to promulgate misleading and divisive information against its own population. A prominent example of this is the Myanmar-Facebook case where Facebook was used as a driving factor of the Rohingya genocide and was unable and/or unwilling to react to the offensive use of their platform. Another example of the disrupted space is the discussion of whether Google should remove the controversial app, devised by the Saudi government to help citizens with routine administrative duties such as tracking female members of their families and controlling their movements through pre-set restrictions in the app. In the beginning of March 2019 Google ruled that the Saudi women control app did not violate any rules.

Another challenge is the legal regulation of cybersecurity and the prevention of cyberattacks or election interference. Some say states, the actors primarily responsible for arranging most other international regulatory regimes, have so far been incapable of reaching a consensus on how to govern international cyberspace. Many on the other hand would contest the premise that states are unable or unwilling to regulate global cybersecurity. The claim being that the international legal order, through frameworks such as human rights treaty and laws already provides a variety of protections to civilians from state-sponsored cyberattacks. By analogy, civilians ought to be protected from direct cyberattacks, as they are not involved directly in the conflict and therefore are not legitimate military objects. But the cases are not straight forward. For what does it mean to directly target a civilian using malware that is inherently indirect? Or would election interference be in violation of international human rights law? These are questions which seem difficult to answer and many serious and relevant actors from both state and private sector are trying to answer some of these questions. Tech companies are increasingly aware of the reputational risk of ignoring conflict on their platforms which could open a door for peacebuilders on the issue of collaboration.

Disregarding the challenges, the internet and new technological tools such as AI pose, other tools such as smartphones and GPS-tracking systems have opened new avenues for business in conflict areas, and for new types of business models giving livelihood opportunities and jobs to refugees which would have been unthinkable just 10 years ago. This could be by giving access to a global marketplace such as TaQadam and ForiMazdoori does. Or by mitigating risks for companies through better predictions of disturbances and attacks as RedCrow does.

In the next section relevant PeaceTech examples for high levels of human capital are explored.

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From the Copenhagen Catalog

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A poor economic and social environment is generally associated with higher risks of conflict and civil war. High levels of poverty, unemployment and a lack of quality education are therefore seen as some of the largest threats to peace. This because it depletes human capital and impedes development both on a societal and personal level. Unsurprisingly, providing decent education and employment opportunities to citizens are deemed to be cornerstones for achieving Positive Peace and creating an environment for human potential to flourish.xix Avenue 1 and 2 in some areas intersect on the issue of employment as a new business model connecting jobseekers and job providers across borders contributing to both a sound business environment and high levels of human capital. The vast spread and selection of online applications and technological tools have made it easier than ever before to obtain new knowledge and access quality education for citizens all around the world. We have zoomed in on some education initiatives that specifically focus on minority groups, peacebuilding and the acceptance of others - all using technology in one shape or form to achieve its objectives.

Sawa Shabab - radio show on peacebuilding in South Sudan What? A fictive radio show that follows the lives of a group of young people in South Sudan as they are faced with challenges while learning to become active peacebuilders. Why? The radio show aims to increase knowledge of different communities, repair damaged relations and encourage youth to take an active role in building peace in South Sudan. Sawa Shabab currently airs in both English and Arabic on 30+ radio stations in South Sudan www.usip.org/programs/sawa-shabab-peacebuilding-radio-drama-youth-south-sudan

MayMay - app for maternal and child health in Myanmar hat? An interactive smartphone app that provides information and advice on nutrition, pregnancy symptoms, clinic locations and much more to promote maternal and child health among women and children in Myanmar. Why? To reduce the circulation of myths and rumours of pregnancy and childbirth in Myanmar by providing pregnant women and their families access to accurate information and direct contact with doctors to help them have healthier pregnancies.

Website: www.koekoetech.com/maymay

Roshni Rides - empowering women in Pakistan through transportation What? Digital platform that facilitate affordable, reliable and safe transportation to and from work for women in the outskirts of the city Karachi in Pakistan. Why? Women in Pakistan are four times less mobile than men. Roshni Rides noticed this transportation problem and aims to fill the gap by providing a digital service where women and businesses can sign up for safe and affordable transportation to and from the city.

Website: www.roshnirides.com

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MarHub - virtual assistance for refugees in the resettlement process We are witnessing the highest levels of displacement on record.

According to UNHCR more than 68,5 million people are currently forced from home due to war, violent conflict and climate change, among them over 25,4 million are refugeesxx. Despite efforts from governments, international organisations and NGOs, to respond to escalating humanitarian crises, many refugees are refused basic human rights and needs in exile and few have access to long-term solutions such as resettlement, integration or voluntary return to their home country.xxi One of the biggest barriers for refugees is the lack of access to reliable information and services.

Since the refugee crisis in Europe reached its peak in 2015, several apps and websites have been launched to fill this vacuum and help refugees in the resettlement process (see for example Migration Aid, Refugee.info and Refugermany). However, the information on these platforms are often found to be too general or outdated, and information from unreliable sources is not uncommon. The absence of reliable information fuels misinformation and refugees often become dependent on rumours which leads to confusion, stress and vulnerability.xxii Impactful solutions for both refugees and humanitarian organisations The chatbot, virtual assistant and humanitarian organisation engine ‘MarHub’ is designed to help refugees navigate the resettlement process; after answering a few questions the chatbot guides the asylum-seeker through the steps of preparing for different types of interviews, presenting their case and manage expectations. The online tool aims to empower refugees on their own terms - in their own language, on web platforms they use and at times that suit them.

MarHub also informs refugees of their rights in the resettlement process and connects them with legal support if needed. Humanitarian organisations can also benefit from MarHub as they assess high priority cases and connect refugees with appropriate NGOs. As such, Marhub’s platform enables humanitarian organisations to increase both efficiency, scale and quality of their services.

The tool was developed by MBA students at the University of California-Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, after realising that the lack of reliable information about the asylum process and their rights led refugees to take chances with smugglers rather than applying for asylum. They found that many refugees did not know that they had the right to review the transcript after an interview to make sure it was correct, ask for a translator that speaks their language or lacked knowledge of how to present their case.

Looking forward Over time, MarHub aims to use AI to learn to respond to a wider range of questions and expand the content and geographical scope of relevant information, organisations and services for refugees. Eventually, refugees will be able to rank what information they find helpful or unhelpful, ask volunteers to double-check information that seems inaccurate or outdated and rate services from humanitarian organisations. In the long term, the data collected through

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MarHub could be used as valuable feedback for organisations and governments that work to increase the efficiency of their humanitarian efforts.

Learn more: www.marhub.wixsite.com/website

Often there is a lot of focus on connectivity, the unconnected and the gender divide in tech. But another challenge when applying tech within a peacebuilding framework is the question on digital literacy levels.

Many of the examples given in this publication require a certain level of digital literacy for the receiver to benefit from the tech tool or platform. For the world to build comprehensive digital competency more efficiently and effectively, there is an urgent need for coordination and consensus on a global standard for digital literacy, skills, and readiness. UNESCO and DQ Institute (an institute for digital education, culture and innovation) have both tried to address this issue through a global standard framework.

UNESCO defines digital literacy as “the ability to access, manage, understand, integrate, communicate, evaluate and create information safely and appropriately through digital devices and networked technologies for participation in economic and social life. It includes competences that are variously referred to as computer literacy, ICT literacy, information literacy, and media literacy.”xxiii Competences which many people across developed and developing countries do not poses or have a lack of skills in.

Not knowing how to use the internet continues to be a significant barrier to digital inclusion, particularly for women and girls. Closing the digital literacy gap is crucial to closing the digital gender gap and achieving several of the Sustainable Development Goals including SDG 4, which seeks to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and to promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.” According to the OECD report “Bridging the digital gender divide” from 2018 the road to digital gender equality is uphill. Today worldwide some 327 million fewer women than men have a smartphone and can access the mobile Internet.”xxiv Some of the causes of digital exclusion are hurdles to access, affordability, (lack of) education and skills and technological literacy, and inherent gender biases and socio-cultural norms. An example of the possible effects of lack of digital integration is on mobile money accounts which offer an effective way to boost financial inclusion. Here it remains the case that fewer women are likely to own and use such an account even though we know that when women have control of household spending, the money goes toward more family-targeted goods. Creating more stability for the family and contributing to high levels of education among children. In future policy interventions addressing long-term structural biases are needed and enhanced, safer and more affordable access to digital tools should be created if we are to meet the digital gender challenge.

In the next section relevant PeaceTech examples for free flow of information are explored.

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From the Copenhagen Catalog

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Access to information is a fundamental freedom and a human right. Without it, governments and corporations cannot be held accountable for their actions, and actors of society become more receptive to misinformation, rumours and fake news. Free and independent information generates knowledge and help individuals, business and civil society make better and more informed decisions, especially in times of crises.xxv In a world where some governments are controlling access to internet platforms and monitoring citizens digital presence it is critical to actively promote and protect free flows of information.

With the introduction of social media and social platforms tools to restrict free flows of information, trustworthy information has been put under pressure. This specific topic will be discussed later in the chapter under the headline of global challenges for avenue 3.

We have mapped a selection of PeaceTech initiatives that safeguard this fundamental human right by challenging hate speech, tracking and verifying rumours and ensuring unrestricted information flows.

Zan TV - an all-female TV-station in Afghanistan What? Zan TV is made for, and solely run by, women to transform the view of and attitudes towards women in Afghanistan. Why? Women have been marginalised in Afghanistan for a long time. The TV station works to promote free and democratic information flows and to boost women’s courage in taking control over their own lives. Website: https://www.zantv.af/

Lexicon of Hate Speech Terms What? Online lexicons that identify, monitor and analyse online content and sources of influence used by extremist groups to radicalise individuals in South Sudan, Kenya and Nigeria. Why? Online hate speech is known to further violence in conflict. The hate speech lexicons are created to better understand how language is related to violence and to utilize social media monitoring to track hateful online narratives.

The lexicons are being used by locally-driven initiatives that work to build resilience and prevent radicalisation.

Websites: www.peacetechlab.org/hate-speech-in-south-sudan www.peacetechlab.org/kenya-ve-lexicon www.peacetechlab.org/lexicons/

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Intra - for safer and more open internet access What? An Android app that encrypts users’ connection to public Domain Name Servers (DNS) so that search results can’t be manipulated. It provides access to blocked websites and gives people a safer way to access the internet. Why? DNS manipulation is one of the most common types of online censorship. It is used to redirect people to fake websites or completely block access to certain websites, social media platforms and communication apps. Intra provides protection against DNS manipulation so that people can have both safer and more open access to the Internet worldwide. Website: www.getintra.org

WikiRumours - countering the spread of fake-news and false information The development and distribution of communications technology have made information more accessible than ever before. While this has empowered people to stand up for human rights and connect across geographical borders, it also comes with great risks. The rapid spread of information can be a significant threat to peace and stability as people act based on fakenews, misinformation and rumours.

A platform for reporting and verifying rumours To combat the propagation of inaccurate, incomplete or fabricated information, and instead make room for correct information, the Canadian non-profit, the Sentinel Project started the web- and mobile-based platform WikiRumours. WikiRumours’ main function is to counter the spread of misinformation by monitoring and verifying rumours that are reported to the platform. The service is open source and free of charge which means that it is available for both citizens, states and non-state actors to use. WikiRumours is built on community involvement, crisis moderation and transparency and encourages people to both report rumours and provide verifiable information on existing rumours. As such, WikiRumours is both a software and a workflow for checking and responding to critical rumours.

How it works The platform consists of four key types of user profiles; community member, proxy, moderator and community liaison. The community members report new rumours and comments on existing rumours in the system. The proxy users work as a form of community ambassador and reports rumours on behalf of people who do not have direct access to the WikiRumours’ platform (SMS, face-to-face reports and phone calls). The moderator monitors the workflow of incoming rumours and assigns them to community liaisons who are responsible for updating and verifying the rumour status. All rumours are prioritized based on its probability to incite violence. Disproving rumours that may spur mistrust and violence is crucial for creating and sustaining peaceful environments. Since the launch of WikiRumours, over 2000 rumours have been reported and verified and approximately 20% of these have been confirmed as false or probably false by the platform.

Learn more: www.wikirumours.org

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The internet, we now recognize, can be a tool for either the oppressor or the oppressed – and with this recognition comes an understanding that intelligent and coordinated responses can shape the existing socio-political reality, online and off.

Just ten years ago it was not uncommon to hear stories about states shutting down the internet or mobile phone connections if they wanted to control information flows within or between countries. Now, in both authoritarian and democratic contexts, new forms of crack downs are carried out through distributed attacks which are often insidiously difficult to detect and just as effective, if not more, than the kinds of brute force state censorship that came beforexxvi.

The attacks aim at impacting the democratic discourse more broadly and weaken trust in institutions like the media, civil society, opposition voices, and even other governments. These strategies increasingly polarize and diminish the networked public sphere, resulting in a more dangerous and confined space for media and civil society to operate in.

According to the Center of International Media Assistance the applied techniques range from; “(…) the documented Russian campaign to spread disinformation and interfere in political systems globally, to selective throttling in Bahrain, to armies of trolls and bots deployed in contexts such as the Philippines, Turkey and Ukraine”xxvii. For many of these techniques the average person would not be aware of the interception going on irrespective their level of digital literacy.

These new refined forms of censorship do not necessarily focus on removing content as much as manipulating content. Rather, the new forms seek to disrupt the media ecosystem. This is done by overwhelming the eco-system with content, often with a variety of hyper-partisan stories and disinformation. More indirect methods are also chilling communication through slower internet speeds and self-censorship induced by overt surveillance. Over the last couple of years, the international community has become more aware of the global impact these new types of censorship and manipulation has on elections, public debates and polarisation issues including awareness of the incredible complexity of addressing these attacks.

In the next section relevant PeaceTech examples of good relations with neighbours are explored.

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From the Copenhagen Catalog

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You become who you surround yourself with. Having good relations, both between citizens and between states is critical for establishing and sustaining Positive Peace. In fact, peaceful relations between different groups within a country is just as important as peaceful relations between neighbouring countries. Countries that have stable internal and external relations tend to have better functioning institutions, be more politically stable and experience lower levels of violence.xxviii With new technologies we interact and create dialogue to achieve mutual understanding, solve conflicts or avoid the conflicts from even arising with people at fare distances or between people who have never met each other. But the very tools we are using to create dialogue is tooling us and impacting on discourses, changes our incentives and over time alters our identity.

This point will be discussed later in this chapter under global challenges for avenue 4.

There are plenty of organisations and initiatives that specifically focus on the social aspect of peacebuilding.

Soliya – a virtual exchange education program What? The aim is to empower young people to establish more effective, cooperative, and compassionate relations within and between their societies by providing high quality global education that combines the power of dialogue with the reach of new media technologies.

Why? Virtual exchanges make it possible for every young person to access high-quality international cross-cultural education. Through testing among virtual exchange participants and matched control groups, evaluations have already demonstrated that virtual exchange programs can increase participants’ empathy for other cultures and perspectives, develop their willingness to engage constructively with peers of diverse backgrounds and views, and provide participants with the experience of being heard and respected. Website: www.soliya.net/

The PeaceFactory - making peace viral through social media.

What? An online movement that work to connect people across the Middle East and promote peace in the region. Since its foundation in 2012, PeaceFactory have launched a variety of campaigns and movements for peace in Israel, Palestine and Iran. Why? The mission is to make peace viral by building bridges across borders through personal relationships that make individuals see each other as human beings rather than enemies. Website: www.thepeacefactory.org

The Sentry - follows the money that funds crimes against humanity.

What? The Sentry is a network of policy analysts, regional experts and financial forensic investigators that track and analyse how armed conflicts, genocide and atrocities are financed, sustained and monetised. Through open source data collection, field

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research and network technology data analysis, the organisation engages civil society and supports prosecutors, journalists and governments to act against these types of human rights violations. Why? The Sentry aims to disrupt the profit incentives behind some of Africa’s deadliest conflicts and create new leverage in support of peace efforts.

Website: www.thesentry.org

The Redirect Method - using tech to tackle violent extremism The digital era has democratized the space of peacebuilding as it provides tools and platforms that allow for instant contact and information sharing across the globe. The spread of social media has become a powerful source for non-state actors to act against authoritarian governments and to connect across conflict borders. However, increased connectivity is a two-sided coin since it also can be used to fuel conflict and extremism. One undeniable example is how the terrorist group Islamic State (ISIS) successfully use the internet and social media as a platform for finding and radicalising new recruits. By setting up central media outlets (see for example Al-Furan, Al-l’tisam, Al-Hayat and Ajnad) they have been able to create and distribute documentaries, leadership statements and videos of loyal recruits worldwide. ISIS have built a complex network of both targeted content and influential actors to leverage the power of technology to recruit new members. As such, ISIS is recognised as the first terrorist group to successfully occupy territory in both the physical and digital sphere.xxix, xxx

Targeted advertising help nudge aspiring ISIS recruits in another direction To address this problem, the Google-owned think tank and tech-incubator Jigsaw wanted to make sure that potential ISIS recruits who browse the internet with questions regarding the caliphate and violent extremism also were exposed to voices that disproves and challenges ISIS recruitment narratives. Therefore, they launched a program called the Redirect Method - a targeted advertising campaign that places curated videos that undermines ISIS’s claims alongside pro-ISIS content. In other words, the Redirect Method use a combination of Google’s search advertising algorithms and YouTube’s video platform to nudge potential ISIS recruits in another direction. More specifically, the anti-ISIS content is triggered based on certain keywords and phrases that people often use when looking for information of ISIS and violent extremism online.

The Redirect Method was developed after interviewing old ISIS recruits and people who had previously been convinced by ISIS rhetoric. In the interviews it became clear that outspoken anti-ISIS messages or content created by a Western tech-giant would not be the most effective way to influence aspiring ISIS recruits. Rather, the Redirect Method decided to use already existing, authentic online content that confronts ISIS’s claims and narratives. Example of content in the Redirect portfolio are original videos and messages from citizens criticizing ISIS, on the ground reports from people living in the caliphate and religious debates pointing out ISIS’s hypocrisy.

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The impact Measuring the results and actual effect of the campaign in redirecting potential ISIS recruits is difficult. However, when looking at user engagement the impact of the Redirect Method has been much greater than for a typical ad campaign. The click-through rate of searchers was found to be three or four times above average and the most effective playlists in the programme’s YouTube channel had more than twice as long viewing-time compared to the YouTube average.

Learn more: www.redirectmethod.org/

For a long time, there has been an underlying assumption that technology is neutral. That it is just a tool and what gives it purpose is how we decide to use it. But is this really the case? Is technology nothing but a tool, or are there ethical discussions to be had regarding the variety of strategic functions that technology can play?

Helena Puig Larrauri, co-founder and Director of Build Up raised these very relevant questions at the Build Peace 2018 conference in Belfast and pointed out that technology seizes to be just a tool when it starts to fundamentally alter the human experience and our actionsxxxi. She says:

“… If we have a change in our incentives and a change in how our discourses are built, this alters how we build our identities. We are beginning to see that a lot of teenagers who overuse digital technologies, and social media in particular, are more likely to be depressive. We know that political polarization is more prevalent as a result of how we’re constructing discourse. And, we’re beginning to understand that people who use digital technology more are less likely to be able to manage interpersonal conflict.”xxxii

Illustration from Build Peace Conference in Northern Ireland 2018, produced by Build Upxxxiii

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It is not just the tech tools that are influencing our identity formation. Online platforms are also affecting our identify formation through information targeting, algorithms which focus on giving us more of the same content with the consequence that we become alienated towards differences.

The issues on online polarisation is not just a question manipulating the individual. There is an increased interest in the effect of polarisation on democratic institutions and processes. A research study called “Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities” done by Jennifer McCoy on polarised democracies showed that polarisation processes divide societies into political “tribes” harming democracy. In the research polarization is defined as “… a process whereby the normal multiplicity of differences in a society increasingly align along a single dimension and people increasingly perceive and describe politics and society in terms of “Us” versus “Them.”xxxiv. The study identifies varying warning signs of democratic erosion and growing authoritarianism and argues that there are causal mechanisms linking polarization to harm to democracy and illustrates the common patterns and pernicious consequences for democracy.

In the next section relevant PeaceTech examples of acceptance of the rights of others are explored.

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From the Copenhagen Catalog

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The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is at the very centre of peacebuilding. Countries that have formal laws that guarantee these human rights, such as civil and political rights; freedom of speech and thought; equality before the law and the right to life and liberty, are generally shown to be more peacefulxxxv. However, the behaviour of citizens and governments are also connected to existing social and cultural norms, both within and across national borders. Protecting human rights globally has proven to be difficult. In times of war and conflict human needs and freedoms are often neglected and complicated to safeguard.

Even in post-conflict areas, or areas that are lagging behind in their adoption and acceptance of the UDHR, citizens become victims of states’ failure to guard them from harm.

Many are engaged in promoting and defending the basic human rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled. Both states and non-state actors have any important role to play, and new technologies are being adapted worldwide to speed up the process. Applying tech to this area of work can crowdsource information on human rights abuses in magnitudes which are unprecedented giving contributors such as the UN valuable information on where their resources are best spent. But does all human rights work benefit from tech being applied? This is discussed in this chapter under global challenges for avenue 5.

HarassMap to stop sexual harassment in Egypt What? A digital reporting and mapping tool for everyone in Egypt to anonymously share their stories of experiencing, witnessing, or intervening against sexual harassment. Why? HarassMap works to highlight the scope of the persistent problem of sexual harassment on the streets of Egypt. The mission is to engage citizens to create an environment that does not tolerate sexual harassment as well as to raise awareness on the fact that globally women are harassed disregarded their age, religion, etc.

Website: www.harassmap.org/en

Promoting democracy and protecting freedom of expression in Iraq What? TABIER is an open source data collection tool that crowdsources information on violations of freedom of expression in Iraq. Reports on violations ranging from digital attacks to physical violence can be uploaded by everyone via a smartphone, email or by submitting an online form. Why? To provide accessible data and form a collaborative network of individuals and civil society organisations that defend and protect freedom of expression.

Website: www.tabeiriraq.org/

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Media platform “Taadudiya” (meaning Pluralism in Arabic) Adyan, a faith-based organisation in the Middle East, launched a website in the beginning of 2017 that works on fostering the culture of accepting difference and valuing diversity with the aim of ensuring positive interaction, social cohesion and peaceful coexistence between the different components of society. This is done through a variety of online approaches one of them being linking public life values, such as justice, solidarity etc. with faithbased perspectives through online articles written by recognised Islamic scholars. This has tapped into a gap and a need among Arab youth, who in general used to know about these issues from traditional religious leaders who talk about religious social issues from a sectarian perspective. So far more than 1,6 million young people have engaged on 51 articles by either commenting, liking and/or sharing the articles which is just a part of a bigger online community which includes Facebook.

Social media gap on the issues of Religious Social Responsibility According to Adyan’s editorial policy of “Taadudiya”, the platform and its writers work on: First, providing the readers with a content that stimulates critical thinking, fosters religious freedom and honours religious, cultural and ethnic diversity. Second, disseminating knowledge on the religious and cultural heritage worldwide and in the Arab world specifically. Third, monitoring of the situation of living together locally, regionally and globally, and promoting models of youth and experts working on pluralism and on solidarity. The content is in Arabic and varied between text, photos and videos, in addition to an interactive space for the readers to share their opinion and raise a debate about several issues presented by the writers which contributes to the enhancement of the pluralistic thinking in the Arabic societies.

The articles are written by the members of the network, Religious Social Responsibility for Citizenship and Coexistence (RSRC) consisting of nine high-level Islamic scholars. The network works collectively on a Companion, an academic guide focusing on nine public life values based on faith-based perspectives. The Companion seeks to bridge the gap of how Islamic higher institutes can tackle and communicate public life values based on faith-based perspectives. The work was initiated due to prominent Islamic authorities issuing declarations, e.g. the Al-Azhar declaration on citizenship and coexistence in 2017, and the Marrakesh declaration on the status of minorities in Muslim majority countries in 2016. However, although these documents are highly significant in Muslim societies, yet the institutes of Islamic high learning (in Arab countries) do not have the resources to translate and implement such understandings into their curricula and include this new kind of religious interpretation in teaching. The Companion serves as a purpose to bridge this gap and aid teachers in Islamic higher institutes to tackle and communicate the messages of the declarations throughout the MENA region. By utilizing this content through an online platform, the dissemination of the project objectives and long-term goal have been highly overachieved and serves as a good example of how to integrate the use of social media into the design of the programmatic work to ensure greater outreach.

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The impact The reach of the platform content posted on social media is currently (February 2019): more than 30 million people from the different Arab countries, aged between 25 and 34 and with the ratio 35%F/65%M. Learn more: www.taadudiya.com/

Rapid developments in artificial intelligence, automation and blockchain raise serious questions about potential adverse human rights and conflict impacts.

In China for example, facial recognition technology has been converged with artificial intelligence to create a tool used to rank all the citizens of China based on their "social credit" by 2020. People can be rewarded or punished according to their scores. Like private financial credit scores, a person's social score can move up and down according to their behaviour. China has already started punishing people by restricting their travel. Nine million people with low scores have been blocked from buying tickets for domestic flightsxxxvi. In China, the system has the potential to socially control specific population groups - e.g. religious minorities and their right to freedom of assembly or to reward specific groups, increasing levels of inequality.

Although there are hundreds of blockchain initiatives aimed at social good, few have turned their attention to the ethical aspects of these promising technologies and what is being promised to vulnerable individuals in for example conflict related situations. Take the question of digital identity. Stakeholders such as UN agencies, NGOs and governments are working on creating safe and secure digital identities. But are they promising too much too soon? A concrete example is the Rohingya Project. While noble in its end goal the Rohingya Projectxxxvii, which aims to create the foundation for a viable economic and social future for the stateless Rohingya and connect them to opportunities to learn, equip and empower themselves, raises concerns about the application of blockchain for e.g. digital identity which is an integral part of the project.

Above all, it raises the question of expectations management. The Rohingya community are being asked to provide biometric data in exchange for the promise of a new form of identity.

Yet the subsequent rights that are associated with identity remain a long way off as the political reality for the Rohingya is rooted in historical and political conflicts.

It is not just blockchain technology which is being used for new forms of identification. In conflict situations iris scanning have for some years helped refugees to access digital money for the purpose of purchasing food and other necessities in specific shops. But who regulates the use of iris scanning of unaccompanied refugee children and who controls / owns the tracking data which becomes available when the iris scanning has been used? In general, there is an unresolved debate about data ownership and a key debate between advocates of data ownership and advocates of data rights. The debate is complex and can be divided into three main categories: ownership, consent and rights. The idea of owning data is challenging because data is not like other goods that we can own. Data is non-rivalrous. You can both give it to someone and still have it yourself without it costing you any of the original good. In addition, data can be about multiple people, breaking the link between the idea of data that is ‘about me’ 31

and data that I therefore ‘own’. A different approach is to place the focus on consent for data use in order to give individuals a sense of control. But many people may, for many understandable reasons, fail to make genuine use of opportunities to provide or withhold consent. One way to tackle some of the limitations of an approach based on data ownership or on consent is a conceptual foundation of a bundle of data rights. This approach holds that individuals have rights over data that is about them. This does not necessarily require that they have control over data in the same ways that individuals have control over property that they own. Rather, individuals might have a right to data about them being used in only fair and reasonable ways, or a right to have personal information anonymised in any aggregation that is publicly available. For more nuances in this debate a good resource is the publication “Data ownership, rights and controls: Reaching a common understanding” published by the British Academy, Royal Society and techUK in 2018.

In the following a list of more PeaceTech initiatives is given including a list of organisations to keep an eye on.

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From the Copenhagen Catalog

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The scope and number of PeaceTech actors and initiatives is anything but static. New actors and ideas emerge daily, keeping the industry in motion. The initiatives mentioned in this publication are non-exhaustive, but rather a taste of the variety of initiatives out there actively promoting peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development.

Want more? Check out these initiatives and list of PeaceTech actors to keep an eye on to stay up to date in the field. It is important to remember that not all the listed initiatives have gone beyond pilot stage. It is a classic problem for PeaceTech that much work stops at pilot stage and does not get past design.

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The Secrets of Arabia Felix

Yemen

Mobile game

Creating mobile games to promote peace in Yemen

https://play.google.com/store/apps/d etails?id=com.ButterflyWorks.TheSecre tsofArabiaFelix https://www.butterflyworks.org/stora ge/app/media/One%20pagers/BW_Ar abiaFelix.pdf

Activist Lab

Lebanon, Kosovo, SouthSudan, Netherlands

Wajenzi

D.R. Congo

Meet the Soldier

Uganda

Workshop package and toolkit to incorporate design thinking in peacebuilding

https://actie.paxvoorvrede.nl/actie/act ivist-lab/

Radio, TV, internet and mobile phones.

A mixed media platform for youth to share stories of peace and positive impact

https://www.youtube.com/channel/U CLzvmEV8EQLz1QSSR5kxONg

3D/Virtual Reality

Using 3D/Virtual Reality techniques to create understanding between enemies

https://www.humanityx.nl/projects/m eet-the-soldier/ http://meetthesoldier.com/

CreibleU

Worldwide

Social media bot

Open-source software that detects and address spread of fake news across social media.

https://www.humanityx.nl/projects/cr edibleu-fighting-fake-news/

Humanitarian Law through VR

Worldwide

Smartphone and virtual Reality

Virtual reality game for education on humanitarian law

https://www.humanityx.nl/projects/te aching-humanitarian-law-vr/

The Bigger Picture

Worldwide

Web platform

Website that brings together the worlds of photography, data analytics and storytelling to create understandings of conflict that goes beyond a photography.

https://thebiggerpicture.online/

Games for Peace

MENA region

Mobile game

Online games that aim to stimulate trust between children in conflict areas in the MENA region

http://gamesforpeace.org/

Hands-on Famagusta

Cyprus

Web platform

Web platform focused on visualizing a common urban future for a unified postconflict Cyprus

http://handsonfamagusta.org/

Nuba Reports

Sudan

Web platform

Credible news coverage of the conflict in the Nuba mountains and across Sudan where media access is cut off.

https://nubareports.org/

Hala Systems

Syria

Mobile application and AI

Warning system that protects civilians in Syria by predicting, identifying and validating threats and air strikes.

https://halasystems.com/

Robots for Peace

Worldwide

Twitter and Internet bots

Bots tweeting messages and images of peace with the hashtag #peaceday, with the aim of getting the hashtag trending on or around the UN International Day of Peace on September 21.

http://www.peacebots.org/

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PeaceTech Lab

United States

An independent non-profit organisation working to accelerate and scale innovative approaches to peacebuilding.

https://www.peacetechlab.org/

International Alert

United Kingdom

An international peacebuilding organisation working to address and prevent conflict through dialogue, training, research and advocacy in over 25 countries.

https://www.international-alert.org/

A global non-profit organisation that recognises and catalyses peacebuilding through thought leadership, training for local peacebuilders and the annual conference ‘Build Peace’.

https://howtobuildup.org/

Build Up

ICT4peace Foundation

Switzerland

An international foundation that focuses on policy and capacity-building within information and communication technologies for peacebuilding.

https://ict4peace.org/activities/

Alliance for Peacebuilding

United States

Global membership network with over 100 organisations with the aim to elevate peacebuilding through collaboration.

www.allianceforpeacebuilding.org

The Hague Humanity Hub

The Netherlands

Membership community with NGOs, academia, businesses and governmental bodies represented to work on innovations in peace, justice and humanitarian action.

https://www.humanityhub.net/community/

Digital Peace Now

United States

A global campaign, launched by Microsoft to encourage world leaders and decision-makers to achieve digital peace.

https://digitalpeace.microsoft.com/

Danmission

Denmark

An international NGO focussing on peacebuilding, interreligious dialogue, civil society development and innovation.

www.danmission.org

United Global Pulse

Worldwide

A UN innovation initiative to promote the opportunities Big Data presents for peace, sustainable development and humanitarian action.

https://www.unglobalpulse.org

PeaceNexus

Switzerland

Peacebuilding foundation that provides tailored advice and expertise to organisations working with preventing conflict and building peace.

https://www.unglobalpulse.org/pulse-labs

Beyond Conflict

United States

Advisory and consulting firm helping governments, NGOs and corporations in the transition from conflict to peace in post-conflict zones worldwide.

https://beyondconflic.nt.org

Peace Innovation Institute and Innovation Lab

United States

A Stanford University institute consisting of researchers and practitioners from the fields of peacebuilding, behaviour design, innovation, social technologies and finance.

https://www.peaceinnovation.com/

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i

Gallagher, A. (2018). How 'Peace Tech' is Changing Global Conflict. [online] United States Institute of Peace. Available at: https://www.usip.org/publications/2018/05/how-peace-techchanging-global-conflict [Accessed 7 Apr. 2019]. ii Jenny, J., Greenberg, R. and Lowney, V. (2018). Harlander, J. (Ed.) MEDIATION PRACTICE SERIES 8. Peacemaking and new technologies. Dilemmas & options for mediators. (p. 11) [online] Hdcentre.org. Available at: https://www.hdcentre.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/12/MPS-8-Peacemaking-and-New-Technologies.pdf [Accessed 7 Apr. 2019]. iii Howtobuildup.org. (2018). INNOVATIVE PEACEBUILDING IN SYRIA II. An update on the strategic use of technology to build peace in the Syrian context. (p. 6). [online] Available at: https://howtobuildup.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/INNOVATIVE-PEACEBUILDING-INSYRIA-II.pdf [Accessed 7 Apr. 2019]. iv Galtung in Paffenholz, Civil Society & Peacebuilding: A Critical Assessment, 2010, page 45 v Visionofhumanity.org. (2013). Pillars of peace: Understanding the key attitudes and institutions that underpin peaceful societies (p. 4). [online] Available at: http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/04/Pillars-of-Peace-Report-IEP2.pdf [Accessed 7 Apr. 2019]. vi Engaging with Local Communities to Prevent Violence: What Role for ICTs?, C. Morrison, 2015 Brighton vii The Role of Social Media and User-generated Content in Post-conflict Peacebuilding, A. Comninos, 2013, World Bank. viii Response Innovation Lab, Ethical Standards and Principles. ix For more in-depth reading on ethical guidelines and good practices see: ICRC’s Professional Standards, the Principles for Digital Development, the Responsible Data Forum, and Signal Code. x Institute for Economics & Peace. Positive Peace Report 2018: Analysing the factors that sustain peace (Sydney, October 2018), p.7. Available from: http://visionofhumanity.org/reports xi Ibid., 4. xii Ibid., 36. xiii Ibid., 15. xiv Margarita Quihuis and Mark Nelson, Stanford Peace Innovation Lab, https://peaceinnovation.stanford.edu/about-2/ xv file:///C:/Users/cdj/OneDrive%20%20Danmission/DOWNLOADS/1805_Flyer_PeaceInvestmentFund_EN.pdf xvi Institute for Economics & Peace. Positive Peace Report 2018: Analysing the factors that sustain peace (Sydney, October 2018), p.8. Available from: http://visionofhumanity.org/reports xvii https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/152249 xviii https://www.npr.org/2017/10/26/560136311/how-5-tech-giants-have-become-more-likegovernments-than-companies?t=1554590625755

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xix

Institute for Economics & Peace. Positive Peace Report 2018: Analysing the factors that sustain peace (Sydney, October 2018), p.8. xx https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html xxi UNHCR, Figures at a Glance. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html xxii Adele Peters, This Chatbot Helps Refugees Prepare For Asylum Interviews, FastCompany 2017. Available at: https://www.fastcompany.com/40456557/this-chatbot-helps-refugeesprepare-for-asylum-interviews xxiii A Global Framework to Measure Digital Literacy. (2018). [Blog] UNESCO. Data for Sustainable Development. Available at: http://uis.unesco.org/en/blog/global-framework-measure-digitalliteracy [Accessed 7 Apr. 2019]. xxiv http://www.oecd.org/internet/bridging-the-digital-gender-divide.pdf xxv Institute for Economics & Peace. Positive Peace Report 2018: Analysing the factors that sustain peace (Sydney, October 2018), p.8. xxvi A New Wave of Censorship: Distributed Attacks on Expression and Press Freedom, Daniel Arnaudo, Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), 2018 xxvii A New Wave of Censorship: Distributed Attacks on Expression and Press Freedom, Daniel Arnaudo, Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), 2018 xxviii Institute for Economics & Peace. Positive Peace Report 2018: Analysing the factors that sustain peace (Sydney, October 2018), p.8. xxix Adam Gallagher, How 'Peace Tech' is Changing Global Conflict, May 2018, ReliefWeb. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/how-peace-tech-changing-global-conflict xxx Andy Greenberg, Google’s Clever Plan To Stop Aspiring ISIS Recruits, July 2016, Wired.

Available at: https://www.wired.com/2016/09/googles-clever-plan-stop-aspiring-isisrecruits/ xxxi“Is technology a tool, or is it tooling us?”, Opening remarks for the Build Peace 2018 Conference, Helena Puig Larrauri, co-founder and Director of Build Up. Available at: https://medium.com/@howtobuildup/is-technology-a-tool-or-is-it-tooling-us-openingremarks-for-the-build-peace-2018-conference-d4f2c0caf4e2 xxxii https://medium.com/@howtobuildup/is-technology-a-tool-or-is-it-tooling-us-openingremarks-for-the-build-peace-2018-conference-d4f2c0caf4e2 xxxiii https://medium.com/@howtobuildup/is-technology-a-tool-or-is-it-tooling-us-openingremarks-for-the-build-peace-2018-conference-d4f2c0caf4e2 xxxiv https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0002764218759576 xxxv Institute for Economics & Peace. Positive Peace Report 2018: Analysing the factors that sustain peace (Sydney, October 2018), p.8. and United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations, Paris 1948. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/universal-declarationhuman-rights/ xxxvi https://nordic.businessinsider.com/china-social-credit-system-punishments-andrewards-explained-2018-4?r=US&IR=T xxxvii http://rohingyaproject.com/

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Photo Credits Page 3: Danmission Page 9: Institute of Economics and Peace Page 10: Institute of Economics and Peace Page 15: Copenhagen TechFestival and “The Copenhagen Catalog” @ www.copenhagencatalog.org Page 19: Copenhagen TechFestival and “The Copenhagen Catalog” @ www.copenhagencatalog.org Page 23: Copenhagen TechFestival and “The Copenhagen Catalog” @ www.copenhagencatalog.org Page 26: Build Up Page 28: Copenhagen TechFestival and “The Copenhagen Catalog” @ www.copenhagencatalog.org Page 33: Copenhagen TechFestival and “The Copenhagen Catalog” @ www.copenhagencatalog.org

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