Interactive playground

PLAYGROUND FOR

INTERACTION

ESZTER CHROBACSINSZKY GIULIO BARBERO DANNY NEDKOVA

FIND INSIDE

01.

I T O U T O

N R D C I N

02.

T E P O U T

H R D C

03.

P R O D U C T A S SESS MENT

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P O U T O

R D C I N

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I P E E T T O

M L M N A I N

A P N I

P E D X

WHO ARE WE?

We are a team of three Industrial Design Engineers, from The Hague University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands that is working on playground project for refugee camps. As the crisis with refugees is becoming more crucial every day, we are focusing on designing a disaster relief product to put intuitively in the refugee camp environment.

INTRODUCTION DESIGN BRIEF BACKGROUND CRITERIA LIST

01

Our product is a playground of interaction that has as an aim to promote interaction and communication as well as develop self-reflection and awareness in children. The playground is specifically designed to fit the concrete circumstances and offers customizable features that will incorporate more the involvement of the community in the project. ‘Playground for Interaction’ has as a goal to gather the community together into first assembling the playground and then maintaining it and changing it in a way it maintains its function in the community.

B A C K G R O U N D

On April 2011, the first wave of refugees fled from Syria due to fighting in Talkalakh. This was the beginning of the actual crisis that involved the whole world in a big debate involving hospitality, empathy, but also hatred and fear.

Since 2011, large numbers of women and children began their long and tiring journey to cross the borders in search for hope towards their future. The first countries involved were Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Iraq, who immediately set up refugee camps across their borders with Syria.

The number of refugees dramatically increased in those years, reaching 2 million people fleeing their home country and being hosted in camps.

Pressure on the local governments grew fast

due to new xenophobic movements, unstable economic resources and overcrowding. In the largest refugee camp, Za’atari in Jordan, life conditions eroded quickly causing several protests and riots. Water and electricity are not secured for everyone.

Children are usually the most influenced part of the population. That’s why the UN convention about the Right of the Child had global governments vow for protective rights of children. This document outlines the basic rights which they require in order to grow up in peace, free from trauma and violence. Regardless, children in Syria are denied these opportunities, they live in fear and exposed to violence.

CONTEXT// In this whole tragic frame, the weakest members of society are the most endangered ones; children. Almost half of the refugees are under 18 years old. Their lives are continuously compromised by horrors such as rape, loneliness, hunger and violence.

In January 2013 UNICEF launched the campaign #childrenofSyria to raise the global attention on these themes. Moreover there are no organised educational programs in refugee camps and many children will lack minimum scholastic skills.

The risk is that they are going to be transformed in what is defined as “lost generation”.

A generation that sees its possibilities extremely reduced for the whole life, leading to a regional future even darker then our present.

However, many children’s lives are already shattered by many traumas and losses. They can easily show increased fear and anxiety following sudden and violent events. Generally, this provokes psychological issues that involve mutism and self-isolation or an extremely aggressive attitude. The recovery process is very long, difficult and often painful. Another possible risk is for them to develop a Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

The lack of perspectives and the poor and desperate conditions make this whole situation worse and make the children feel abandoned and alone in a destroyed world that doesn’t belong to them anymore.

SYRIAN CRISIS

April 2011 the Syrian Civil war reached every part of the country pushing many people to migrate to find a safer place. The first locations were the countries around, like Lebanon, Iraq and Jordan.

This was the first refugee stream of this tragedy.

The second influenced country was Turkey, after the several battles in the North of Syria. Almost at the end of 2011, both Turkey and Jordan started to prepare themselves to welcome Syrians. However, the situation became unsustainable soon, especially for Jordan. Other countries needed to start to build refugee camps, such as the Domiz camp in Iraq. This would soon become the largest refugee camp, and the location of severe tension and fights.

In 2014 ISIS attacks increased the number of people fleeing. This alarmed European countries, and they started to put more efforts into creating structures and communitarian plans to host refugees.

This didn’t last long. Because of the exponentially increasing flux many borders were closed, including the one with Jordan.

The current situation in existing camps is tragic. Resources are lacking and also there are hardly any job opportunities for people hosted in the facilities. Generally, it is very difficult to recreate a sort of routine and life. Violence With the UN ceasefire the stream of refugee grew. and conflicts on the streets are really common After the first big attacks to Aleppo many left to and worsen the already damaged context. move to Turkey and then to Europe. In 2012 UNHCR opened the camp of Za’atari in Jordan in order The continued expansion of those structures to provide for the enormous flux of people fleeing makes their maps really precise, main streets from Syria. In the same year and in the same camp crossing each other at 90° angles. Streets are tension continuously exploded in riots to protest broad, but the ground is usually not paved. about the poor services and conditions. There was The general location provides a lot of space a general lack of potable water and electricity and but also semi-desert environment that strikes many families had to live in the same small tent. with a really warm and dry atmosphere.

In 2013 refugee camps continued to grow; some of them are even bigger now than the closest towns. The number of refugees reached 2 million, half of which are children. By the end of the year Germany agreed to host 5000 refugees. This was the largest plan for Syrian resettlement ever seen. Consequently, also other European countries started to worry about the situation and started to host them in their facilities. On the other hand, many other countries decided to push back refugees like Greece and Bulgaria. At the same time the lack of food in refugee camps caused an emergency for children’s health. In 2014 UNICEF launched a campaign to solve the problem.

This is not the only issue for children in refugee camps. The educational structures are not able to work with such a huge number of people and the youngest generation is at risk to become a “lost generation” without a proper education. Moreover, many illnesses are actually spreading in refugee camps, such as polio in Iraq and Jordan. To add to this danger, rapes and violence are starting to be common in those locations, especially towards children.

DESIRED SITUATION In this tragic context and situation, children have no choice but to embody themselves as refugees, living in harsh conditions that constitute in a lifestyle surrounded by fear trauma and unfamiliarity. Surrounded by chaos, children are desperate for distraction. Play, as an interaction with other children, occupying their minds, forgetting reality is a good approach to improve a child’s current situation.

Create a saf e separated environment where childr en are given the opportunity to interact, grow, learn and play wit h each other.

•

THE ACT OF PLAY ‘Play allows children to use their creativity while developing their imagination, dexterity, and physical, cognitive, and emotional strength. Play is important to healthy brain development. It is through play that children at a very early age engage and interact in the world around them.

Play allows children to create and explore a world they can master, conquering their fears while practicing adult roles, sometimes in conjunction with other children or adult caregivers. As they master their world, play helps children develop new competencies that lead to enhanced confidence and the resiliency they will need to face future challenges. Undirected play allows children to learn how to work in groups, to share, to negotiate, to resolve conflicts, and to learn selfadvocacy skills. When play is allowed to be child driven, children practice decision-making skills, move at their own pace, discover their own areas of interest, and ultimately engage fully in the passions they wish to pursue� (Ginsburg, 2007).’ These aspects (using creativity, conquering fears, enhanced resiliency, resolving conflicts) are even more important for children who have experienced trauma in the Syrian conflict.

Our playground fulfils several functions, such as providing challenges, choices, activities, a safe hiding place and the opportunity for self-expression. It is a complex space for play in the broadest sense of the word.

What these children need is a safe place, dedicated specifically for their use, where they can be calm and happy. They should be able to express themselves and learn important social and practical skills for their lives. Social interaction will be the key element of this environment, in order to eliminate loneliness and create a solid structure and network of the people throughout their stay in the refugee camp. This will help them identify and grow as individuals. In addition to this, traumatic experiences can have an influence on their psychological development. Because of the chaos and distractions surrounding them, there should also be space to allow internal connection with themselves. Therefore, this whole system should allow both active and passive interaction.

The product should ideally rely on the resources available to them, in order to make production easier and low - cost. Cultural background has to be taken into account, in order to create something that will be accepted by society.

G

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FEASIBILITY

Max platform height 1 meter

No sharp edges

No loose/ingestible parts

Materials resistant to corrosion Modular

Max weight 300 kg

Locally produced or involve in correlated beneficial market

Materials without high heat absorption

No water used

No electricity used

No internet connection used

Max 10 steps to assemble basic structure

Resilient materials

Long-lasting materials

VIABILITY

With interactions’ height of maximum 2 m Max dimensions 200x150x150 (average tent dimensions)

CRITERIA//

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I

D

E

VIABILITY

Shading part

Min height 80 cm

Filtered with a barrier from the rest of the world

Partially visible from outside

Usage of flexible customization structure

DESIRABILITY

Stimulates self-expression

Personally involves participants

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Simple, geometrical shapes Easy to understand for children Max price 300 euros per unit No maintenance needed (in standard situations) No usage costs Scenic object are culturally relevant for children Partially customisable Links can be moved by one person (max 5 kg) Minimum three kids can stay at the same time on a same platform Split between bottom and top part Diffused reality

DESIRABILITY

Stimulates self-awareness

Stimulates empathy

Creates an interactive environment

Elicits positive emotions

Encourages acceptance

Inspires imagination

Involves the community in the construction

Involves the community in the customisation process

S

E

E

K

VIABILITY

At least 85% wood

Interesting for children Reachable

DESIRABILITY

Encourages kids to develop their expression skills

Be appealing for children

Use bridges and other adventure games

Stimulates social interaction

Builds the community within children - Inspires imagination Stimulates play with scenic objects

THE IDEA The Interactive playground is a project that aims to create a diffused reality, where children are given the opportunity to interact, grow, learn and play with each other. The playground is a space where children can distance themselves from the vulnerable and unstable circumstances they are put in.

HIDE and SEEK In order to further develop this project in the best way possible, two concepts were merged together. The HIDE and SEEK concept creates separate spaces, where children can interact in a passive or active way. The HIDE concept promotes self-improvement and reflection, whereas The SEEK concept stimulates a more active interaction. The HIDE space occupies the bottom part of the platform, where the children can attach wooden tiles in order to express themselves. From there on the child can climb up to the top of the platform and use the scenic objects to play. In order to pass to another platform, the child has to use one of the linkers: the bridge, the zip line or the blocks. The playground provides various scenarios and diversity.

THE PRODUCT COMPONENTS IN USE KEY SPECIFICATIONS

02

Playground for Interaction is a creative space designed for disaster relief situations in the developing world. Its main context of usage belongs in refugee camps, where the act of play remains an unmet need for the children living in this temporary accommodation.

A Playground for Interaction is a modular playground, with elements designed to encourage direct social and passive interaction. The playground consists of as many platforms as desired. The platforms are elevated off of the ground, giving children a sense of safety and significance. Elements of the playground, such as bridges, could be easily attached and detached with a mechanism. This element is the core of encouraging interaction. By giving children the option of attaching the means of crossing platforms themselves, they also require the help of other children in order to cross from platform to platform. By also providing abstract scenic objects, this will enhance the imagination of play. This upper part of the platform is named the SEEK part and is aimed at actively involving children in the act of play and teaching them about the properties of collaboration and social involvement.

Underneath the SEEK part, we find the HIDE part, designed especially for self-reflection and expression. The bottom part of the playground consists of a flexible rope system that is easy to customize to everyone’s personal preferences and has the possibility to connect to the upper part of the structure. What is more, children are presented with the opportunity to color and draw on the expression tiles hanging from the ropes and are encouraged to design their own diffused reality. Providing the children with a place for self-expression will give them space for self-growth and social awareness.

Why should it be customizable?

People that live in refugee camps reuse most of the items they use on a daily basis and attribute different functions to them. We strive to design a simple, customizable and sustainable playground that is not invasive and involves the community in the building process.

By engaging the community, we create greater value for the playground, which will reduce vandalism and give the community a sense of belonging and restore the feeling of being a member of society.

PRODUCTIVITY GRAPH

TEAM EVALUATION

*Detailed plan included in the appendix

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I N T ENSITY

PL A NN defi ING ne del ive

Our team has again a new formation, however, we have settled very fast and well I the new environment. The team dynamics are defined by the equal distribution of task per each member and with bigger fluctuations throughout the weeks. This is due to the planning that we made at the beginning of DP3 in order to start out with the more uncertain aspects and leave the documentation part for the later weeks. By doing this we leave a margin of error that we can compensate during the final weeks.

We are a team of three Industrial Design Engineers, from The Hague University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands that is working on playground project for refugee camps. As the crisis with refugees is becoming more crucial every day, we are focusing on designing a disaster relief product to put intuitively in the refugee camp environment.

Starting from this module, we had a new member in Derisa’s place, namely Eszter.

An advantage to the new addition of the group is the fresh overview that the team receives and Eszter’s background in business. The last aspect proved especially beneficial and came in handy many times throughout DP3. As we planned to use most of our time for completing the assessment prototype and the final one, we managed our working hours in a way that at least 2 people are available when we need to purchase materials, transport them and shape them in the desired way.

Based on the acquired knowledge and feedback from last module, we established a new group mentality in our team, namely to test and experiment every doubtful element and to not self-restrict ourselves to experiment and take advantage of newly arisen possibilities. As a result of this we took on a new approach and changed relatively a substantial part of the design aesthetics of our project.

T IME SPAN

DESIGN PROCESS

We, then, elongated the poles and used rectangular standardised beams to replace them (drawing 4). This change dramatically lowered the price of the whole playground. Also the top part improved and the customisability of the product was implemented with three more supports for ropes.

1

4.

We started our project with the concept from DP2. The rounded shape (drawing 1) was interesting but created production, cost, logistic and stylistic issues. The stability, with just one pole, was compromised. This meant that we would need concrete to fix it and the costs would rise.

The dimensions (150x150 cm) were not standardised. We need two boards to build one platform, wasting material, further hindering the stability and raising, again, the costs.

The circular shape is, historically, strongly characterising.

Even if such a geometry can be of extreme use (in graphic design there are many examples that use the circle as focus point), in our case we need to create a free customisable environment.

1.

5. ace

p ws

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scr

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However we didn’t solve the problem of board support. In the next step we tried to use square hollow profiles to give space for screws that would have sustained the board (drawing 5).

Even solving the first problem, such a solution would have increased the cost in manufacturing (the profiles needed to be precisely created).

For these reasons we changed the board into a square shape of 120x120 cm (drawing 2). This solved some issues but others persisted.

Our final idea borrowed from and merged the previous ones (drawing 6). We designed a frame created with standardised beams that is interlocking with a standard board. Support beams under the board then provide the definitive shape. More beams on top (of the same shape of support beams) can be used to hang blankets from, implementing the customisability of the project.

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3.

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To increase stability we moved towards a four-legs structure (drawing 3). The stability increased but was not perfect yet. The board was indeed not supported adequately and the top part was poorly designed.

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components

BEAMS The dimensions of the beams are 10cm X 10cm. and fullfil the purpose of a framework for the whole construction.There are two types of beams used per platform.

Some of the most essential components are the beams that keep the platform elevated from the ground, the board itself and the customization elements that stimulate personal involvement.

4 X BASE The base beams are 200cm long and go all the way through the board leaving 97.5cm for the HIDE part and 100 cm for the SEEK part. The upper part of the beams has 2 holes each, that supplement the customization.

BOARD The dimensions of the board are 120cm X 120cm. The purpose of the board is to provide stability and space for creative thinking and interaction. The board also has the function to link to other platforms and to enable a customizable rope variation. This is possible through the use of holes along three of the sides of the board. Additionally, the board provides an easy detachable connection to scenic objects. The use of these design features will be further explained in this chapter.

7 X SUPPORT The support beams are all with the same dimensions (80 x 10 x 10), but are placed in different positions in order to stabilize and provide additional balance.

80

100

120

97.5

Wooden tiles

Pickets

LINKERS

We assumed that the 3 major points in making this playground will be to create Climbing ropes a superficial barrier that separates the outer world from the HIDE values of selfexpression and development, butIMAGINE to not fully isolate that space. After considering tires and bars, we came up with the idea of customizable ropes that are going to be hooked through the top and bottom part, creating different possibilities for assembling. In comparison to the tires and bars, the ropes are more flexible and can make up different forms. There the children can hang wooden tiles, on which they can write, draw, paint and co-create. This was an important decision. We started with the idea of a chalkboard and moved on to the tiles that can be attached on any rope and is limitedto byelicit the dimensions the platform. expression A not project positive of emotions, toMoreover, meet, tothe play and totiles engage the community in theDowels design process and increase the value of the product.

2.5cm board

PLAY

100

A PLAYGROUND FOR INTERACTIONS A PLAYGROUND FOR INTERACTIONS

Pickets Climbing ropes

PLAY

reflect to meet, to play and to A project to elicit positive emotions,

IMAGINE

Bridge structure Ø

A

1.

5

EXPRESS YOURSELF

A

Ø

1.

100

5

Cypress wood

Cypress wood

100

97.5

200

Scenic objects

Screws

Expression tiles

A

Bridge structure

reflect Scenic objects

Screws

A

200

Dowels

97.5

EXPRESS YOURSELF

2.5cm board 2.5cm board

10

Expression tiles

100

Wooden tiles

100

120

10

Boxes 120

120

10

An important feature of the playground are the linkers between the platforms, which enable the interaction between different platforms and diversify the act of play.

To transfer from one place to otherWooden the tiles children will use a wooden bridge and a construction of boxes with different heights.

Wooden tiles

Pickets Climbing ropes Pickets Climbing ropes

scenic

CUSTOMIZATION ELEMENTS Customization is implemented in many different elements in the playground. By setting up the playground themselves, the community is customizing the entire play space for the children. Children themselves also have many forms of customization; the choice of linkers, the scenic objects, the plywood boards, the rope construction, and most importantly their imagination.

PLAY objects PLAY

IMAGINE IMAGINE

Another main aspect that will promote interaction is the use of scenic objects.

We decided that not defining a specific shape will increase creativity and stimulate children’s imagination. This resultDowels Dowels ed in 3 main topics: nature,Bridge animal and structure Bridge structure home/building represented on a blank space in an abstract shape. This will give EXPRESS YOURSELF freedom to paint their own perception EXPRESS YOURSELF of those items.

Expression tiles Expression tiles

Scenic objects Scenic objects

reflect Ă˜

A

1.

5

in use

Screws

100

To give a better impression of the playground in its use, we created different scenarios of how the playground could be used. Whereas, the first rendering shows the scenery from the perspective of the user, the second variation expresses the creative opportunities that lay behind this concept.

The interactive playground in its core promotes change and encourages imagination and creativity in the community.

A

97.5

200

Cypress wood

100

120

10

2.5cm board

Wooden tiles

Pickets Climbing ropes

PLAY

IMAGINE

1

fications r

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2

Attach base beams at the bottom of the long beams in the same way you attached the support beams.

te

3

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Insert the four long beams in the square holes of the board until they reach the indicated line (1 meter height)

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Connect the four beams with support beams. Use the indicated small holes to insert screws and lock them.

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4

5

5.

15 cm

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2

4.

3

Insert the four long beams in the square holes of the board until they reach the indicated line (1 meter height)

Connect the four beams with support beams. Use the indicated insert screws and lock them.

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key speci

Insert the four long beams in the square holes of the board until they reach the indicated line (1 meter height) e

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Connect the four beams with support beams. Use the indicated small holes to Use the indicated holes on the board to attach it to the support beams using Attach base beams at thescrews. bottom of the long beams in the same way you Dig a hole around 15 centimetres deep and place the playgro insert screws and lock them. attached the support beams.

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Insert the four long beams in the square holes of the board until they reach the indicated line (1 meter height) te r s

Connect the four beams with support beams. Use the indicated small holes to insert screws and lock them.

uare holes of the board until they reach

4

Connect the four beams with support beams. Use the indicated small holes to insert screws and lock them.

4

our long beams in the square holes of the board until they reach ed line (1 meter height)

Use the indicated holes on the board to attach it to the support beams using screws.

5

6

6.

attached the support beams.

15 cm

4

5

Use the indicated holes on the board to attach it to the support beams using screws.

Attach base beams at the bottom of the long beams in the same way you attached the support beams.

Dig a hole around 15 centimetres deep and place the playground inside.

15 cm

Use the indicated holes on the board to attach it to the support beams using screws.

6

Connect the four beams with support beams. Use the indicated small holes to Use the indicated holes on the board to attach it to the support beams using Attach base beams at the bottom of the long beams in the same way you Dig a hole around 15 centimetres deep and place the playground inside. insert screws and lock them. screws.

15 cm

3

3.

a hole around 15 centimetres deep 5Dig and place the playground inside.

15 cm

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6 Dig a hole around 15 centimetres deep and place the playground inside.

Put earth back covering the base beams.

The basic playground is not assembled.

FINAL PROTOTYPE//

CONCLUSIONS The expo gave us great oppertunities to present our product in its full glory. We ourselves as a team put a lot of effort to create a very calm, but fun zone, where everybody could join in and paint with us the expression tiles. We were very pleased with the positive comments and also took into consideration the constructive feedback. For example, we received a suggestion to make the joints of the construction in a way that it can be even assembled by children from our target group.

What was even more benefitial was the fact that we made connections with different parties interested in the project. We are now looking forward to the possibilities we have to sponsor this project, providinag that our connections have similiar interest.

Assessment prototypes

What is the purpose of our prototype (1:1 scale model)?

The first assessment prototype had the aim to test the attributes and features of the HIDE part of the product. Therefore, the dimensions were close to the ones planned in DP2. The prototype was built from a dissembled palate that the team found. The new construction represented an oval shape similar to the original design. As our funding was cut off, at that time, it was considered to compromise the purchase of new expensive material and reuse pallets and other left out wood boards and beams. Although, this initial decision changed, the planning of this product concept was well defined and managed.

What do we want to test with this prototype?

DESIRABILITY This assessment prototype focused at recreating the feeling of entering a refugee camp, so that the users had a clear overview of the context in use of the playground. The participants were asked to enter a low-lighted room and sit underneath the pallet platform to experience properly the HIDE part. The objective of the group was to test whether the bottom part gave a soothing feeling and set a self-reflective atmosphere. That was further supplemented by the ropes and tiles, attached to the ground. The participants were given markers and were asked to express themselves however they want on the tiles.

After the test the participants were asked to explain whether they felt safe and secure and would they keep their tile. With this the testers wanted to find out if the participants feel personally involved in keeping what they created. The insight we gained showed us that the bottom part fulfils fully its function to enhance self-awareness and creativity as well as a sense of belonging.

The results from the first assessment prototype were very satisfying and proved the desirability of the playground. However, during the design process, the product concept had to be optimized to dimension and form that will be also most viable and will increase the feasibility of the product.

This result in alterations in the aesthetical design of the playground. (chapter Design Processes)

PRODUCT

USERABILITY

ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS

03

The second prototype is way closer to the actual product than the first one. The resemblance is pretty significant as the test was conducted with children. Once more, the prototype consisted of only one half of the final product, as this is the most feasible test, considering the scale of the model.

The prototype was built of underlayment wooden board from the university workshop and pine wooden beams. We also used protected hooks and ropes. This prototype way better expresses the idea behind the HIDE part and comes very close to the actual dimensions of the playground.

This prototype turned out extremely practical, for it has being used for both assessment and is planned as an exaggerated model for the design exhibition.

The testing was conducted in a climbing gym and was aimed at children aged 6-12. We had 5 participants with the consent of their parents that were with them. What is more, we had one participant, whose age was younger than the age range of our target group – 2 and half years old, but surprisingly also contributed to the feedback we needed. During

Time: We spent around 2 and a half hours in front of the climbing gym testing. We went on Saturday and waited for the training to begin. Not only did we invite passing children to play but we also incorporated the playground into the gym routine. The prototyped proved to be durable and sustained the stress applied from all sides of the prototype.

The final prototype was put to the test during the exhibition and successfully passed the desirability check.

Material: The overall costs of the prototype accounted to 80 Euro. List of the materials used: 330cm beams (pine timber) – 6 Board Ropes Hooks x 9 ~40 screws Final prototype: The final prototype represented an improved version of the last assessment prototype and put into test the actual support for the board. The prototype was overall in a 1:1 scale, and 1:2 for all the beams. In comparison to the previous prototype this one has holes where the beam frame can be inserted. The final prototype is way easier transported and assembled after. What is more for this model we didn’t use pickets for attaching the rope, because we would have experienced difficulties attaching it directly t the ground, without a soil.

ENVIRONMENT OF OUR PRODUCT The playground is going to be installed in refugee camps in Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon and Iraq. These countries have a relatively hot climate with short, cool winters and some rainfall that comes in violent storms. The implication of this is that the soil is going to be hard and dry, making it hard to fix the playground to it, but in rainy season, the flood might wash this soil away.

The refugee camps are like vast cities, and a lot of people are cramped together in uncomfortable conditions, which leads to frustration and unrest. It is possible that our product will be vandalized at some point because it will be seen as external intrusion.

PRODUCT STANDARDS There are general guidelines concerning public playgrounds. They are intended for children to play with, without the certainty and guarantee of supervision. In the United States alone, there are more than 200,000 children who enter emergency rooms associated with public playground equipment. The most common injuries occur with children falling from the equipment to the ground. Considering this, there are important guidelines to follow. The following are one of the many guidelines provided as a safety checklist.

1.“Make sure surfaces around playground equipment have at least 12 inches of

wood chips, mulch, sand, or pea gravel, or are mats made of safety-tested rubber or rubber-like materials.

2.Check that protective surfacing extends at least 6 feet in all directions from play

equipment. For swings, be sure surfacing extends, in back and front, twice the height of the suspending bar.

3.Make sure play structures more than 30 inches high are spaced at least 9 feet apart.

4.Check for dangerous hardware, like open “S” hooks or protruding bolt ends.

5.Make sure spaces that could trap children, such as openings in guardrails or between ladder rungs, measure less than 3.5 inches or more than 9 inches.

6.Check for sharp points or edges in equipment.

7.Look out for tripping hazards, like exposed concrete footings, tree stumps, and rocks.

First assessment prototype

Second assessment prototype

8.Make sure elevated surfaces, like platforms and ramps, have guardrails to prevent falls.

9.Check playgrounds regularly to see that equipment and surfacing are in good condition.

10.Carefully supervise children on playgrounds to make sure they’re safe.” (United States Consumer Product Safety Commission)

USER ANALYSIS Refugees generally are unable to bring much of their belongings when fleeing their country; they are leaving their entire lives behind, both mental and physical life. Children do not possess a lot of toys or belongings of their own.

Life as a refugee child is hard. Basic resources such as water and bread are scarce, and to support their families, children are often required to work long hours. In a camp such as Za’atari, there are only 3 school facilities within the whole camp of 60,000 children (Lemas, 2014). However, the balance between keeping up with essential tasks within the camp and attending class, can result in the children not even being able to attend school. Children start embracing more responsibility as they enter the camp; they start helping out with tasks that are essential to survive in the camp such as gathering water, taking care of siblings, cooking, etc.

These Syrian refugee children experience a much harsher reality change. Before the disaster causing them to displace into a camp, Syria had enjoyed untroubled, happy lives. This makes their fall much greater than countries where society and lives were conflicted due to certain events for the past decades (Lemas, 2014).

The children have a particular social need, where they are able to safely learn, grow, and just be children. This calls for time and space specified for children and interaction. Here, they should be able to explore their playing desires, their natural learning instincts, rehabilitation instincts, etc. They require a place where they can disconnect from being just refugees. A playground would be ideal for that, and on top of that, it brings an emotional growth to the children. With a playground, it gives them the setting to grow emotionally, have support from other children, being recognized as important, being needed; all of these are with no doubt, were obstructed with the events of Syria.

Extra benefits: releasing energy, a space to be active and passive (hide and seek) Being the main user, children also have many needs while playing, which reflect on the design of the product. For example, children love climbing, so whether there are 1, 3, or 5 children present, we believe that the platform must sustain at least 3 children standing on the platform (Design specification, 2).

The same goes for size and height, as further evaluated in the chapter section Ergonomic Analysis. In addition to that, because climbing around is a popular activity in the playgrounds (User Involvement Testing, Derisa, dp2), it must be made sure that there should be no sharp edges that could potentially harm them during play (Design specification, 3.2).

For children, especially the younger ones, precaution must be taken in the design, to prevent them from accidentally ingesting parts, which could cause a risk to their health (Design specification, 3.1).

Children also have a large range of imagination. When dealing with play, they show that they are capable of making something boring and not intended for play, into something magical and exciting with their imaginations.

By giving them elements in which they are able to customize themselves (Design Specification, 14), would be the beginning point of encouraging imagination. This way, the playground would be more durable, where children are less likely to get bored and run out of things to do as there are elements which trigger imagination to keep the interest going.

Because this playground can also be used for other benefits other than the play alone, this

will involve more people and create more of a sentimental value to it. Adults, parents and other refugees within the camp, are able to receive the product, and build the playground themselves.

This is a customization element, where it will create a value for the playground; where not only is the playground something for the children, but also is something the others are also proud of having. This will also be one of the things, that is not just donated or given to them by an organization, but it will be one of the things that everyone in the camp will have as a community. This is especially important for the children. Adults generally are the role models that children look up to. If they are brought together as a community and interact together in order to build this playground, this will set a good learning example for the children. For this, it must be designed so that non-professionals and just mere locals can easily assemble the playground (Design specification, 5).

1st and 2nd degree Syrian Refugee Children •6-12 years old •All genders •Displaced from Syria, home country •Experienced trauma •Possible loss of friends or family •Genuinely happy life before displacement •Do not possess many personal belongings 1st degree users 2nd degree users Installing the product Maintaining the product Repairs the product Sells the product Distributes the product

Children from ages 6-12 in refugee camps Children from ages 6-12 in refugee camps with more chores and responsibilities The Syrian refugee community: Adults, Young Adults, Parents, etc.

The Syrian Refugee community The Syrian Refugee community

Organizatinos/companies who are looking to invest in the better lives of the refugee children People around the product Family, Friends, Neighbors, and Adults for supervision

Syrian Refugee Children •6-12 years old •All genders •Displaced from Syria, home country •Experienced trauma •Possible loss of friends or family •Genuinely happy life before displacement •Do not possess many personal belongings

ADNAN AL-SHAMON 2nd degree user

Age: 9 years old Height: 133cm Weight: 27Kg Family: Mother/2 siblings (3yr &1 yr) Father died in a bombing Kids play everywhere. Most of them are filthy. Almost everyone wears plastic sandals, though some of the kids are barefoot. Virtually everyone has cuts or scabs on their fingers and toes. Snow will be coming soon, and nobody here has warm clothes or boots.

A day in the refugee camp • Wake 7am • Get water for family • Help take care of siblings • Football with friends/neighbours • Maybe school • Help cook • sleep

PERSONALITY// RESPONSIBILITY SOCIAL BOREDOM IN CAMP EXPRESS FEELINGS

ASSESSMENT HARRIS PROFILE

-1

VIABILITY

Shading part

Min height 80 cm

Filtered with a barrier from the rest of the world

Partially visible from outside

Usage of flexible customization structure At least 85% wood

Interesting for children Reachable With interactions’ height of maximum 2 m

Max dimensions 200x150x150 (average tent dimensions)

Simple, geometrical shapes

Easy to understand for children

Max price 300 euros per unit

No maintenance needed (in standard situations)

No usage costs

Scenic object are culturally relevant for children

Partially customisable

Links can be moved by one person (max 5 kg)

Minimum three kids can stay at the same time on a same platform

Split between bottom and top part

Diffused reality

-2

+1

+2

-1

-2

+1

+2

-1

-2

+1

+2

FEASIBILITY

Max platform height 1 meter

No sharp edges

No loose/ingestible parts

Materials resistant to corrosion Modular

Max weight 300 kg

Locally produced or involve in correlated beneficial market

Materials without high heat absorption

No water used

No electricity used

No internet connection used

Max 10 steps to assemble basic structure

Resilient materials

Long-lasting materials

DESIRABILITY

Stimulates self-awareness

Stimulates empathy

Creates an interactive environment

Elicits positive emotions

Encourages acceptance

Inspires imagination

Involves the community in the construction

Involves the community in the customisation process Encourages kids to develop their expression skills

Be appealing for children

Use bridges and other adventure games

Stimulates social interaction

Builds the community within children - Inspires imagination Stimulates play with scenic objects

THE COUNTRY The production plan is going to be executed in Turkey.

After Russia, Turkey has the second largest forest area and is the third largest producer of hardwood after Russia and Romania in the region.

Wood processing has a paramount role in Turkey’s economy by creating rural employment. The manufacturing industry encompasses industrial wood production, mainly focused on the manufacturing of wood-based panels (plywood, blockboard, particle board, medium density fiberboard, high density fiberboard and oriented strand board) and pulp.

Domestic hardwood production has to be supported by imports, as consumption of wood products is extremely high in Turkey. The wood market sector consists of a number of products including logs, sawn timber, veneers, panels, molding, doors and door frames, windows and window frames, flooring and other building components.

Turkey ranks eleventh in the export market of USA, accounting for approximately 1,28 % of market share and 0,8 % of Virginia’s. Virginia, in that manner, ranks sixth in the export values of wood products in USA. Wood production companies: DEMIRAGLAR ORMAN URUNLERI SAN ve TIC. LTD. STİ.

PRODUCTION MATERIAL COUNTRY COST ESTIMATION

04

COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL Cypress (Taxodium distichum) Cypress (Taxodium distichum) Common Name(s): Cypress, Baldcypress Scientific Name: Taxodium distichum Distribution: Southeastern United States Tree Size: 80-120 ft (24-37 m) tall, 3-5 ft (1-1.5 m) trunk diameter Average Dried Weight: 32 lbs/ft3 (515 kg/m3) Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .42, .51 Janka Hardness: 510 lbf (2,270 N) Modulus of Rupture: 10,600 lbf/in2 (73.1 MPa) Elastic Modulus: 1,440,000 lbf/in2 (9.93 GPa) Crushing Strength: 6,360 lbf/in2 (43.9 MPa) Shrinkage: Radial: 3.8%, Tangential: 6.2%, Volumetric: 10.5%, T/R Ratio: 1.6 Color/Appearance: Color tends to be a light, yellowish brown. Sapwood is nearly white. Some boards can have scattered pockets of darker wood that have been attacked by fungi, which is sometimes called pecky cypress.

Grain/Texture: Straight grain and medium texture to coarse texture. Raw, unfinished wood surfaces have a greasy feel.

Endgrain: Resin canals absent; earlywood to latewood transition abrupt, color contrast medium; tracheid diameter large to very large.

Rot Resistance: Old-growth Cypress is rated as being durable to very durable in regards to decay resistance, while wood from younger trees is only rated as moderately durable.

Workability: Sharp cutters and light passes are recommended when working with Cypress to avoid tearout. Also, the wood has been reported by some sources to have a moderate dulling effect on cutting edges. Cypress has good gluing, nailing, finishing, and paint-holding properties.

Odor: Cypress has a distinct, somewhat sour odor while being worked.

Allergies/Toxicity: Although severe reactions are quite uncommon, Cypress has been reported as a sensitizer. Usually most common reactions simply include respiratory irritation. See the articles Wood Allergies and Toxicity and Wood Dust Safety for more information.

Pricing/Availability: Prices ought to be in the mid-range for domestic woods, with clear, knot-free boards for woodworking applications costing more than construction-grade lumber.

Sustainability: This wood species is not listed in the CITES Appendices, and is reported by the IUCN as being a species of least concern.

Common Uses: Exterior construction, docks, boatbuilding, interior trim, and veneer.2

1Numbeo, 01/01/2016, Cost of Living in Syria. Retrieved from http://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result. jsp?country=Syria, 08/01/2016 2The Wood Database, n.d., Data about Cypress Wood. Retrieved from http://www.wood-da- tabase.com/lumber-identification/softwoods/cypress/, 20/10/2015 3Homewyse Calculator: Rubber Flooring prices, options and installation costs. (2016). Retrieved January 11, 2016, from http://www. homewyse.com/costs/cost_of_rubber_flooring.html ⁴ https://www.pontmeyer.nl ⁵ https://www.gamma.nl/assortiment/gamma-betonmortel-25-kg/p/B132446

*For mass production the costs will decrease and the shipment itself will be more cost efficient. /additional overview of the components is included in the Assembly Manual

Part

Cypress wooden beams

Cost (€)

Cypress wooden boards Cypress wooden blocks Wooden tiles/70 bags Ropes

Production costs within Turkey per item Remaining costs (due to independent assembly and construction by refugees and local production) 40 x screws

Total Cost:

58,44¹ 60² 30³ 20 20 0 8

150

20ft Shipping Container

Car Shipped by Sea Freight

33 Cubic Meters | 6.04m x 2.35m x 2.39m (l x w x h) See how much you can fit in a 20ft Container

Max Dimensions 5.75m x 2.2m x 2.2m (l x w x h) Base Price: £976 - £1079 Quarantine & Taxes: £1,000 - £2,500

Price: £976 - £1,079

Price: £1,976 - £3,579

Introduction Designing for the basis of the pyramid doesn’t usually mean charity: economically viable concepts are created and propelled to success every day. However, there are products that are simply not meant to generate profits, and a playground is one of them. The value of such a product is the distraction, exercise and interaction it provides to the children.

Therefore, our business model is not about making enormous profits, much more about creating an economically sound, affordable and sustainable way to give refugee children the same experience European children have when enjoying a playground.

IMPLEMENTATION MARKETING PLAN BUSINESS PLAN PRODUCTION STRATEGY

05

Key trends (SET-POG) Social Factors Refugee situation – As we are all aware, the refugee crisis originating from Syria has been going on for 5 years now. About 2 million people live in refugee camps in Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq.

The children in these camps are often bored, psychologically troubled from the trauma they experienced, and they lack opportunities to play, express themselves and interact with each other.

Economic Factors Aid money is one of the main sources of income for the refugee camps and their inhabitants.

About 200 NGOs are active, and in 2016 alone, more than 1 billion euros are dedicated to helping the refugees.

The employment conditions in refugee camps are far from ideal. Many refugees are skilled or even highly educated, yet they cannot work due to regulations or for lack of language skills.

This is a huge waste of human potential. Solving this situation would benefit both the receiving economies and the refugees themselves.

Production costs are much lower in these countries than in Western Europe, making outsourcing production a smart option.

Technological factors Lack of electricity in refugee camps means that we cannot implement anything that relies on power supply or requires power tools to assemble.

Many Syrian men are skilled with tools, because they are often required to build and repair their homes.

POG: A low-tech, locally manufactured playground that helps refugee children cope, express themselves and interact with each other.

market sizing The secondary users (children) are defined as inhabitants of refugee camps aged 6-12.

According to UNICEF, there are 2 million Syrian children in the camps. If we consider playtime to be between 8am and 8pm, the average time a child spends at a playground is an hour and taking into account that, in total, 18 children can play at our playground at the same time (3 under each platform, 2 per platform, 1 per linker), a minimum of 216 children can use the playground in one day.

Based on this and the number of children aged 5-11 (according to the Syrian Regional Refugee Response, there are 18 000 of them) at the Za’atari camp, our main testing ground, the recommended number of playgrounds to be set up would be 83.

MARKETING STRATEGY

As in many marketing cases, the decision maker and the user are not the same people.

Therefore, while the product must benefit the user (the refugees and ultimately the kids), the marketing must persuade the decision maker (the sponsor/NGO).

Our product is strictly bound to the presence of investors who can finance and spread it in the target locations. Moreover, it is fundamental to consider how our product is not profitoriented but socially aware. We, basically, can’t provide an immediate economical return; we deliver a solution to a problem. Our product is well-designed, has a strong concept and feasibility and can actually change children’s lives. It is a wonderful mix of conceptuality and pragmatism. Such an idea can interest both people who know the topic and see the real social value of the concept and people who see the symbolic characteristics that make our product stand out.

There are specificities of marketing for BoP products. One of the approaches describing these is the 4As by Coimbatore Krishnarao Prahalad. In our strategy, we divided these aspects according to who can best take care of them: ourselves, corporations or NGOs/ governments.

Awareness – we can do a lot to raise awareness, such as viral videos, entering in design competitions and creating a buzz. Once we have corporate sponsors, their marketing departments will assist us in this.

Access – this is best done by local NGOs, since they have experience in getting supplies to refugee camps.

Affordable – this is why we need corporate sponsorship, since the NGOs themselves will not have money to pay for it. However, we think it would be better if the refugees themselves would contribute to the financing.

Available – this is the shared job of everyone: the know-how is at the NGOs, the logistics, at the corporation, and the exact specification is with us.

Considering this, we defined two different directions. The first is represented by NGOs and governmental organizations. We need them to help us with access to the refugees and local know-how. This is not a money issue, so we have an easier job than if we wanted them to foot the bill. To this segment, we must emphasize the positive primary functions of our product: it stimulates social interactions, generate relationships, implement self-awareness and creates a safe, personal and “owned” place for children.

The second target segment consists in companies that can provide financing for the product and logistics for transport. They want to have a return in image. To them, we must highlight the conceptual and innovative value of the playground: it is a new idea, focusing on an underestimated issue, with powerful visual properties. Many profit-oriented organizations already have tried to develop such projects. Ikea, for instance, produced and provided lowcost houses for refugees and is still looking for new designs through Ikea Foundation.

Towards NGOs and governmental organizations, our tools would be direct marketing and a more emotional campaign using our expo video and testing observations with children.

We would approach corporations with CSR initiatives. Here we need to justify our proposal with hard facts and they will be very interested in the cost calculation.

CSR

This will be at the centre of our corporate marketing strategy and the source of our business success. Companies whose corporate identity matches with the refugee children’s cause include: - toy companies and child-focused companies (eg. LEGO, Mattel, Fisher Price, Disney) - woodworking companies (eg. IKEA) - large corporations with a diverse sponsoring portfolio (eg. Walmart, Citibank) Some of these companies are already sponsoring the efforts to help Syrian children, but there are others that might be looking for ways to be involved. The logical next step for us would be to contact as many of them as possible and offer a collaboration.

The advantage of CSR is that the company itself has an interest in promoting its involvement, therefore we do not have to spend on communication.

COMPETITION ANALYSIS Direct competition Catalytic Action playground, Bar Elias, Lebanon Playgrounds for Palestine playground, Ein el-Hilweh, Lebanon We beat our competition in every sense and on every aspect of the product. This is because we are the first one to use a playground (existing solution) focusing on this specific issue (new context).

Analysing step by step we find, as first competitors, other playgrounds in refugee camps.

These are playgrounds with wooden facilities such as basketball court, swing, etc... Costs, however, are absolutely different from the ones of our idea. The typical price is, for a very small playground, around 8000$ compared to the 100$ per platform of ours.

We don’t just outrun this competition for budget but also for product effectiveness: our product is tailored for the environment and the social context of refugee camps, it stimulates exactly the needed feelings and actions to solve a problem. The competition still uses a Western mindset to provide entertainment (basketball, swing), focusing more on the playground idea itself than on the problem solution.

Apart from the concept itself, our design is outstanding in that it uses local materials and expertise, minimizing transport costs and providing occupation for refugees in the camp.

Same category IDEO playgrounds in Uganda This design is culturally different than the above ones since it is adapted to another continent. As IDEO is well aware, these products cannot just be transported into another culture; adaptation is needed.

Generic competition Toys purchased by NGOs for refugee children Budget competition Food, books, clothes etc. sponsored by NGOs for refugee children Entertainment and general basic goods as food, water and clothes could look like a cheaper alternative to our product. However they are not even closely related to the problem we focused on.

Footballs and other small toys are already there and, even bringing some benefits and stimulat-

ing playful moments, can’t deal with the psychological implication of war. They can stimulate the generation of relationships but they can’t provide a personal space for children and neither self-awareness.

Basic needs donation, on the other hand, are fundamental for the functioning of the refugee camps. People there need, for example, food, water and clothes but those are usually collected through small private donations and government funds. It is important to point out how we also try to focus on companies looking for an image return. This has usually a strict division between funds for basic needs and funds for new products and project like ours. We, then, do not represent a direct competition to food donations, in fact, we try to explore very different markets, even if, apparently, close.

FOOD, WATER, TENTS CLOTHES

ENTERTAINMENT

PLAYGROUNDS

PLAYGROUNDS IN REFUGEE CAMPS

APPENDIX

PRODUCT STRATEGY

APPENDIX A//

Vision

Testing 15.02.2016.

To provide Syrian refugee children aged 6-12 an interactive experience where they can play with each other, seek safety or adventure, learn and express their creativity and altogether have a happier childhood, with the implementation of a carefully designed, locally produced playground.

Goals raise awareness about our product

among NGOs working in Syria

sponsors to build at least 50 playgrounds find local suppliers who are able to realize our design get the refugees involved in financing/assembly

get funding from

build

50 playgrounds for the children to play

Jonne Did you feel safer outside or under the platform?

Definitely under, because someone was there in the room taking pictures of me. Underneath it feels like a separate area. They can still see you, but you have a real territory.

Also, the tiles, the ropes mark the end of the territory. The tiles are fun, not sure if it makes you feel safe, but it is nice. Also because you can personalize it.

Last surprise, do you want to take your tile?

No, I want to leave it for other children.

Suzanne Where did you feel safer, outside or under the platform?

Under the platform.

What did you think about the express yourself on the tiles?

It was really cool. I like the way the ropes are made, that it is not random, and it feels like something solid. The drawing is fun, even though I didn’t know what to draw.

Do you want your tile?

No. Derisa Did you feel safer outside or under the platform?

I felt safer underneath. Do I have to say why? It made me feel more concealed, like I have my safe space. I didn’t have too much space above my head. Like when you build a blanket fort, everything is your space. Everything is within your reach. Unlike this room, where everything is so far, and it’s not personal. Basically it’s like a blanket wrapped around you.

Would you like to have your tile?

If I had a place to hang it, yes.

That’s up to you.

Femi Did you feel safer under the platform or outside?

I think safer under the platform, I guess. If something happened, I would be safer there.

What did you think about the expression tiles?

It gives you something to do while you are under there, and it’s nice to look at what other people drew as well.

APPENDIX B//

Week 2/3

3

Task Marketing plan Design the testing plan:  Find ropes  Put up the platform 1m high from the ground  Put the ropes on half of the surface of the pallette platform  Adjust length and tension in the rope system  Put tiles on each separate rope  Tape ropes to the ground Facilitating the testing plan:  Use Area 52 for storage and testing  Participants should be spontaneously introduced to the testing area and context.

Link playground-ground:  Check dimensions’ feasibility Materials research (experts):  Search for replacements of cypress wood  Ask for professional advice in the workshop  Find external help and advise Test ropes system Draw conclusions and insights Ask Meggie, Suzanne for kids:  Make an appointment and make preparations to make the test more child-friendly Design tiles and scenic objects:

Person Giulio Team

4

5

team

6

team

7

Team

8

team

team

 Have the exact dimensions for the shapes  Test 3 variations of the shapes and dimensions Material sourcing (video) Prototyping plan & updated requirements and improvements for the rope system Tiles, scenic objects Test with kids (platform, tiles) (video) Pole (holes, height) Installation at exhibition Start making final prototype Platform testing Assembly test Standing on platform test Exhibition posters Video making Visuals Presentation plan Make base for installation at expo Final report Finishing touches Assemble everything Final assessment

Team Team

Danny and Eszter team team team Team team team Team Danny Eszter Giulio team team team Team team team

APPENDIX C//

Assessment prototype: testing durability, desirability and usability

APPENDIX D//

1

2

3

e 1m

te r li n

e

s Insert the four long beams in the square holes of the board until they reach the indicated line (1 meter height)

Connect the four beams with support beams. Use the indicated small holes to insert screws and lock them.

Use the indicated holes on the board to attach it to the support beams using screws.

5

6

15 cm

4

Attach base beams at the bottom of the long beams in the same way you attached the support beams.

Dig a hole around 15 centimetres deep and place the playground inside.

Put earth back covering the base beams.

The basic playground is not assembled.

BIBLIOGRAPHY//

Save the Children – Corporate Partners [website]. Retrieved from: http://www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.6148397/k.C77B/Corporate_Partners.htm on 05.04.2016 A Playground for Refugee Children [Indiegogo campaign]. Retrieved from https:// www.indiegogo.com/projects/a-playground-for-syrian-refugee-children--2#/story on 05.04.2016.

Playgrounds for Palestine [website]. Retrieved from: http://www.playgroundsforpalestine.org/our-playgrounds.php?ID=9 on 05.04.2016.

Gill, Tom (03.06.2015.). Building playgrounds to change childhoods in refugee camps. [article]. Retrieved from: https://challenges.openideo.com/challenge/refugee-education/ ideas/building-playgrounds-to-change-childhoods-in-refugee-camps on 05.04.2016.

Syria Regional Refugee Response. Complete List of Partners. [website] Retrieved from: https://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/partnerlist.php# on 09.04.2016.

Financial Tracking Service [website]. Retrieved from: https://fts.unocha.org/pageloader. aspx?page=emerg-emergencyDetails&emergID=16589 on 09.04.2016.

UNICEF Syria Crsis Situation Report February 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.unicef. org/appeals/files/UNICEF_Syria_Crisis_Situation_Report_Feb_2016.pdf on 09.04.2016.

Syria Regional Refugee Response – Total Persons of Concern. Data updated on 04.04.2016.

Retrieved from: http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/settlement.php?id=176&country=1 07&region=77 on 09.04.2016.

Prahalad, C. K. (2012). Bottom of the Pyramid as a Source of Breakthrough Innovations.

Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(1), 6-12. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00874.x/pdf on 09.04.2016.

Ginsburg, K. R. (2007). The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds. Pediatrics, 119(1), 182-191.

Snyder, R.G. (1975). Physical Characteristics of Children. Bethesda, MD: US Consumer Product Safety Commission.

United StatesConsumer Product safety Commission. (n.d.). Public Playground Safety Checklist. Retrieved Nov 21, 2015, from CPSC.gov: http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Safety-Education/Safety-Guides/Sports-Fitness-and-Recreation/Playground-Safety/Public-Playground-Safety-Checklist/