Neo Planta, December 2018

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Microorganisms for you Pink Algae—

Dunaliella salina Medicinal Plants of the Month

Research Methodology— Survey of Algae

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ACETOBACTER ACETI It is a gram negative bacteria which moves with the help of peritrichous flagella. In 1864, Louis Pasteur proved it as the cause for converting ethanol to acetic acid. It is cosmopolitan in distribution. It lives wherever the sugar fermentation occurs.

The favorable temperature for growth is 25—30 ° C and Ph 5.4 to 6.3. For a very long period of time, the bacteria is being used in the fermentation industry to produce acetic acid from alcohol. It is an obligate aerobe which means that it need oxygen compulsorily for its growth. In vinegar production, this bacteria converts ethanol in wine to acetic acid which is the main component of vinegar.

ACETOBACTER PASTEURIANUS MICRO ORGANISMS FOR YOU

It is a gram negative bacteria. The cells are ovoid and can oxidize alcohol and sugars to acetic acid and corresponding organic acid when catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. The optimum pH for growth is 5.5—6.3 and temperature is 25—30 ° C. The preferred carbon sources for growth are glucose, mannitol and ethanol. Their growth and metabolism is markedly enhanced with the addition of oxygen to their environment.

ACETOBACTER FABARUM It is a cocoa specific acetic acid bacteria. The cells are gram negative, coccoid rods, approximately 0.8 μm wide and 1.2—3 μm long. The cells occur singly or in pairs. This is able to grow on methanol and D– xylose.

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ACETOBACTER TROPICALIS It is a gram negative bacteria. The cells are rod, circular or convex and form a shiny colony. This bacteria oxidizes ethanol to acetic acid. It also oxidizes acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water. The preferred temperature for growth is 20—37°C and pH is 3.5—8.0. it grows well in the presence of 5% D glucose and 2-7% ethanol. It produces 2 keto D gluconic acid from D glucose. It is unable to grow using ammonium as a nitrogen source and ethanol as carbon source. It can use both glycerol and maltose as carbon sources. In wine industry, it converts ethanol to acetic acid using acetaldehyde as an intermediate

“These minute organisms can perform

ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS It is a fungus, with saprophytic mode of nutrition. It is widespread in nature. It is typically found in soil and decaying organic matter like compost heap where it plays an essential role in carbon and nitrogen recycling. The favorable temperature for growth is 37—50°C.

majestic works that help the macro organisms”

ACETOMACULUM RUMINIS It is a gram positive bacterium and is isolated from the rumen of cattle. It utilizes formate, glucose and carbon dioxide. It grows as chemoautotroph with carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source and hydrogen to supply reducing equivalents for its reduction. The reduced product is acetate.

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ANNONA RETICULATA L. Family : Annona reticulata

Annonaceae Medicinal properties:

Medicinal plants of the Month

Fruits, leaves and barks of this plant exhibit medicinal properties. They possess antidysentric, anthelmintic and astringent properties. The fruits have anthelminthic and antidysentric properties.

The leaves and seeds are insecticidal in nature. The bark is astringent and is used in the treatment of inflammation of eye. Leaf decoction is given as vermifuge. For treatment of boils, abscesses and ulcers, crushed leaves or paste is applied as poultice.

The unripe fruits are dried, pulverized and used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Fragments of root bark is used in tooth ache. Root decoction is taken as febrifuge.

Phytochemicals reported from the plant: 1,2– disehydronorcoclaurine, anonaine, ascorbic acid, beta carotene, calcium, carbohydrates, coumarine, dopamine, hexadecanoic acid, iron, linoleic acid, muricinine, methionine, niacin, nicotinic acid, oleic acid, riboflavin and tannin.

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ANNONA SQUAMOSA L. Family : Annona squamosa

Annonaceae Medicinal properties:

Fruit is used as a good tonic in Ayurvedha as it enriches blood. It is used as an expectorant.

The fruit increases muscular strength, lessens burning sensation and tendency to biliousness. It is a sedative to heart and used to reduce vomiting. The bark of the plant is used as an astringent. The seeds are used to destroy lice in hairs.

In Unani system of medicine, the seeds are crushed and used to destroy worms in the wounds of cattle. The leaves are used as poultice over boils and ulcers. The leaves are also used to kill lice. The fruit is edible and used as flavoring agent in many desserts.

Phytochemicals reported from the plant: Vitamin A, alkaloids, beta caryophyllene, beta sitosterol, anonaine, glaucine, borneol.

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ARTABOTRYS HEXAPETALUS (L.F.)Bhandari Family : Annonaceae Medicinal properties: Cardiac stimulant, uterine stimulant, muscle relaxant. Fruit and bark are used to treat fever, diarrhea, dysentery, bruises, cuts, pains, sprain, inflammation, gout, leprosy. Skin diseases, wounds, ulcers, tumors, cough, asthma,bronchitis, flatulence, colic and constipation.

Phytochemicals reported from the plant:

“Plant based

Glycosides

medicinal systems are Ayurvedha, Siddha and Unani.�

Artabotrys hexapetalus

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POLYALTHIA LONGIFOLIA Thw. Family : Annonaceae Medicinal properties: Febrifuge Phytochemicals reported from the plant: Clerodane diterpenes, polyalthialdoic acid, kolavenic acid and various alkaloids.

Polyalthia longifolia

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PINK ALGAE- Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodor Lake Hiller is a saline lake found in Goldfields Esperance region of the shore coast of Western Australia. It is about 600 m in length and 250 m wide. The lake is surrounded by a sand ring and dense forest of paper boat and eucalyptus trees. The characteristic feature of the lake is its pink color. The pink colour is considered to be due the presence of the organism PINK ALGAE

Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodor. It is the only living organism in Lake Hiller.

Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodor is a type of halophile green micro-algae of class chlorophyceae. It is found in sea salt fields. Due to high Contents of carotenoids,

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the algae exhibit antioxidant ability. It is used in cosmetics and dietary supplements. To survive under high salt concentration , these organisms have high concentrations of β-carotene to protect against the intense light, and high concentrations of glycerol to provide protection against osmotic pressure.

The species lack both cell wall and contractile vacuole. It has two flagella of equal length and a single cup shaped chloroplast. The chloroplasts contain huge amount of beta carotene, which is responsible for its orange red color.

The organism reproduces asexually by fission and sexually by fusion of gametes.

Lake Hiller, RecherchĂŠ Archipelago, Australia

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Methodology in Terrestrial Algal survey

Research methodology

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MACRONUTRIENTS Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) Calcium chloride dehydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O) potassium hydrogen orthophosphate (K2HPO4) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) sodium chloride (NaCl) Dissolved in 400ml distilled water MICRONUTRIENTS Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) Dissolved in 1 litre distilled water

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10g 1g 3g 3g 7g 1g

50g 31g

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Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Dissolved in 1 litre distilled water

4.98g 1ml

Boric acid (H3BO3) Zinc sulphate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O) ManganousII chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2.4H2O) Molybdenum (MoO3) Cupric sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) Cobalt (CO(NO3)2.6H2O) Dissolved in 1 litre distilled water.

11.42g 8.82 g 1.44g 0.71g 1.57g 0.49g

10 ml macronutrients + 1 ml each micronutrients +936 ml deionized water altered to pH 7 by adding 0.1N NaOH.

Research methodology

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Darani Vasudevan daraniauthor.ga

Hi readers, I am a Botanist and writer. This magazine is an outcome of the topics that interested me a lot while doing my research works. I chose this magazine as a platform for sharing many interesting facts related to plant Science and microorganisms. Hope you will find it useful.