Neo Planta, January 2019 (1)

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J A N U A R Y

Microorganisms for you

Microbiology of chocolates

Medicinal Plants of the Month

Research Methodology— Survey of Plants

List of Microorganisms in Various industries

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ACETOBACTER SUBOXYDANS

ACETOBACTEIUM It is a gram positive anaerobic bacterium. The genus name is because the species are acetogens, predominantly making acetic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic bacterium. A.woodii can be employed in the conversion of tetra chloromethane to dichloromethane and carbon dioxide by reductive de chlorination. This reaction is of importance because the products carbon dioxide and dichloromethane are less toxic when compared to tetra chloromethane. A.woodii can reduce the effects of greenhouse gases because it can convert carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide into acetyl CoA which could then be used to make chemicals like ethanol and acetate. The ethanol production by Acetobacterium using chemo lithotrophic methods is gaining importance because ethanol can be used as a bio fuel.

ACETOBACTERIUM PALUDOSUM MICRO ORGANISMS FOR YOU

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It is an anaerobic, gram positive bacterium which exhibits RDX degradation. The bacterium cleaved the triazine ring resulting in the production of nitrous oxide.

The favourable temperature for growth is 20ยบC

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ACETOBACTER XYLINUM

ACETOHALOBIUM ARABATICUM The genus name Acetohalobium is derived from the Latin word- Acetum (Vinegar) and Greek words Halos (Salt) and Bios (Life) meaning acetate producing organism living in salt. A.arabaticum is the sole species of the genus.

ACETONEMA LONGUM It is the sole species of the genus Acetonema. It is a gram negative, anaerobic, endospore forming, rod shaped acetogenic bacterium that shows the H2 oxidizing and carbondioxide reducing abilities. This bacterium was isolated from the gut contents of the wood feeding termite Pterotermus occidentis. The optimum temperature and pH required for its growth is 30ยบ - 33ยบC and 7.8 respectively.

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CRATAEGUS OXYACANTHA L. Family : Rosaceae Medicinal properties: Coronary vasodilator, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, sedative to nervous system, diuretic, strengthens heart muscle without increasing the beat in coronary arteries. Oligomeric procyanidins Phytochemicals reported from the plant: Oligomeric procyanidins, Flavonoids.

Medicinal plants of the Month

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ROSA ALBA L. Family : Rosaceae Medicinal properties: Flower is used as a laxative and cooling agent; used to treat fever Phytochemicals reported from the plant: Stearoptene, citronellol

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POTENTIELLA ARBUSCULA D.Don Family : Rosaceae Medicinal properties: Root is used as anti diarrheal and also used in tooth powders for strengthening gum and teeth

POTENTIELLA NEPALENSIS Hook.

Family : Rosaceae Medicinal properties: Root is depurative and the ash of the root is mixed with oil and applied to burns

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PRUNUS AMYGDALUS Batsch Family : Rosaceae Medicinal properties: Kernals are nutritious, demulcent and stimulant thus used as a nervine tonic; valuable in diets for peptic ulcer; unripe fruits are astringent and applied to gums. Oil is nutritious, demulcent and slightly laxative Phytochemicals reported from the plant: Globulin, amandin.

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Microbiology of chocolates

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Microorganisms in Industries Sauerkraut Leuconostoc fallax Sourcream Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides Oncom Neurospora intermedia Rhizopus microspores

List of Microbes in various industries

Tempeh Rhizopus microspores Pulque Zymomonas mobilis The Nitrogen Fixers Azospirillum brasilense Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia Bradyrhizobium japonicum Burkholderia Clostridium Cyanobacteria Desulfovibrio Diazotrophs Frankia Gluconaacetobacter azotropicans Green sulphur bacteria Klebsiella Purple non sulphur bacteria Purple sulphur bacteria Rhizobium Sinorhizobium melilotis Anabaena

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The Phosphate Solubilizers Aspergillus awamori Bacillus polymyxa Gluconaacetobacter azotropicans Microbacterium laevaniformans Pantoea agglomerans Penicillium digitatum Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonas striata The Potassium Mobilizers Bacillus cereus Frateuria aurentia Klebsiella variicola Plant Growth promoting Rhizosphere Microorganisms Azoareus sp.

Burkholderia cepacia Gluconaacetobacter azotropicans Methylobacterium sp.

Paenibacillus sp.

Pantoea sp.

Pseudomonas fluorescens Biocontrol Agents Archrsonia sp.

Bacillus papillae Bacillus thuringensis Beauveria bassiana Caudovirales Coelomomyces sp.

Cordyceps sp.

Entomophthora muscae Erynia radicans Fluorescent pseudomonads Granulosis virus Lagenidium giganteum Metarhizium anisopliae Nomuraea rileyi Non inclusion virus Nosema locustae NPV or CPV (Nuclear or cytoplasmic polyhedral virus) Paecilomyces sp.

Rhizobium etli Tolypocladium sp.

Trichoderma

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Microorganisms in Industries

List of Microbes in various industries

Probiotics Acidophilus bifidus Bacillus coagulans Bifidobacterium adolescentis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium bifidum Bifidobacterium breve Bifidobacterium infantans Bifidobacterium lactis Bifidobacterium longum Enterococcus durans Enterococcus faecium Escherichia coli Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus brevis Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lactobacillus fermentum Lactobacillus johnsonii Lactobacillus paracasei Lactobacillus plantarum Lactobacillus reuteri Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactococcus lactis Lactococcus reuteri Saccharomyces boulardii Saccharomyces boulardii Streptococcus faecium Streptococcus thermphilus Tobacillus acidophilus Microorganisms used in Bioremediation and Biotransformation Acetobacterium paludosum Agrobacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis Bacillus Burkholderia

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Clostridium acetobutylium Coriolus versicolar Daedalea elegans Dechloromonas aromatica Deinococcus radiodurans Enterobacter Formitopsis palustris Methanococcus Methylibium petroleiphium Phanerochaete chrysosporium Pleurotus ostreatus Pseudomonas Pseudomonas putida Pyenoporus sanguineus Rhizobium Rhizobium meliloti Rhodococcus erythropolis Sphingomonas Acetogens Acetitomaculum ruminis Acetoanaerobium noterae Acetobacterium sp.

Acetohalobium arabaticum Acetonema longum Bryantella formatexigens Butyribacterium methylotrophicum Caloramator fervidus Clostridium aceticum Eubacterium limosum Holophago foetida Moorella thermoautotrophica Natroniella acetigena Notronincola histidinovorans Oxobacter pfennigii Ruminococcus productus Sporomusa sp.

Syntrophococcus sucronurtam Thermoacetogenium phaeum Thermoanaerobacter kiruis Treponema primita Methanogens Methanobrevibacter wolinii Methanoculleus thermophilicus Methanosacta concilii Methanosarcina sp.

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Microorganisms in Industries Methanosareina thermophila Methanosphaera stadtmanii

List of Microbes in various industries

Microbial fuel cells Desulfuromonas acetoxidans Geobacter metallireducens Geobacter psychrophilus Geobacter sulfurreducens Geopsychrobacter Geothrix ferementens Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas sp.

Shewanella oneidenensis Shewanella putrefaciens Microdiesel Escherichia coli Single Cell Protein (SCP) Aspergillus oryzae Candida utilis Chlorella Fusarium venenatum Geotrichum candidum Pichia pastoris Polyporus Rhodobacter capsulatus Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sclerotium rolfrii Scytalidium acidophilum Spirulina Torulopsis Trichoderma Biodiesel Ankistrodesmus Botryococcus braunii Chlorella pyrenoidosa Crypthecodinium cohnii

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Cyclotella Dunaliella tertiolecta Gracilaria Hantzschia Nannochloris nannochloropsis Neochloris oleoabundans Nitzschia Phaeodactylum tricornutum Pleurochrysis carterae Sargassum Scenedesmus Schizochytricum Strichococcus Tetraselmis suecica Thalassiosira pseudonana Microorganisms used in Organic Acids production I. Citric Acid Aspergillus clavatus Aspergillus wentii Candida eatenula Candida guilliermondii Corynebacterium sp.

Penicillium luteum II. Gluconic acid Acetobacterr Aspergillus niger Gluconobacter suboxidans Penicillium Gliocladium Pseudomonas Vibrio III. Lactic acid Hetero fermentative bacteria Homo fermentative bacteria Lactobacillus amylophilus Lactobacillus bulgaricus Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lactobacillus lactis Lactobacillus leichamanni Lactobacillus pentous IV. Acetic acid Acetobacter aceti Acetobacter pasteurianus Gluconobacter

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Microorganisms in Industries Acetobacter peroxidise V. L- Ascorbic acid Acetobacter suboxydans Acetobacterr xylinum VI. Itacouic acid Aspergillus itoconicus Aspergillus terreus

List of Microbes in various industries

Live Bacteria in Vaccines Lactobacillus johnsonii Lactobacillus lactis Lactobacillus paracasei Lactobacillus plantanum Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus zeae Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella typhi Shigella flexneri Streptococcus gordonii Streptococcus mutans Vibrio cholera

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Steps in Phytochemical analysis of plants Collection of plants: Plants that has to be estimated are collected and must be devoid of toxic chemicals like pesticides.

Cleaning: After collection, the plants must be cleaned. The cleaning process involves cleaning, washing, peeling or stripping leaves from stems.

Drying: Next process is drying. The main purpose of drying is to remove water contents so that the plants can be stored. Plants have to be

Research methodology

dried as soon as possible. Drying can be of two types, 

Natural drying: Natural processes includes sun drying. But this process takes few weeks for complete drying.

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Artificial drying: In this process, drying is done with the help of artificial driers. This process will reduce the drying time to several hours or minutes.

After complete drying of plants, they have to be powdered for further analysis.

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Method of extraction: Dried or fresh parts of the plants are grinded in a binder to fine particles and put in a certain quantity of solvent and left for 24 hours after which the extract is filtered. For clarification of extract, centrifugation is carried out.

Serial exhaustive extraction: In this successive extraction with solvents of increasing polarity from a non polar (hexane) to more polar solvent (methanol) to ensure that a wide polarity range of compounds are extracted.

Maceration: In this whole or coarsely powdered plant drug is kept in contact with the solvent in a stoppered container for a defined period with frequent agitation until soluble matter is dissolved.

Decoction: The constituents from crude drug is extracted by boiling it in water for 15 minutes, cooling, straining and passing sufficient cold water through the drug to produce required volume.

Infusion: Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the solids for a short period of time with either cold or boiling water.

Percolation: This is mostly used to extract active ingredients in the preparation of tinctures

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and fluid extracts. A percolator (a narrow, cone shaped vessel open at both ends) is mostly used.

Sonication: The procedure involves the use of ultrasound with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to 2000 kHz, this increases the permeability of cell walls and produces cavitations.

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Save plants and Save earth

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Darani Vasudevan daraniauthor.ga

Hi readers, I am a Botanist and writer. This magazine is an outcome of the topics that interested me a lot while doing my research works. I chose this magazine as a platform for sharing many interesting facts related to plant Science and microorganisms.