Forgotten Aesthetics in Public Space: A Needed or Tolerated Experience. by Darren Smith

Fig 1. Forgotten Aesthetics in Public Space: A Needed or Tolerated Experience. Cover Artwork. Image of Case Study 4 with title overlaid.

Abstract

This text presents the findings of an investigation into the negative public perception and use of poor quality public space in inner cities within the UK.

The primary aims were to develop our understanding of the nature and social importance of neglected spaces in cities and to explore whether criteria could be drawn up that would guide the selection of space which should be preserved for appraisal.

Considering whether the existing structure applied by English Heritage guidelines to the management of the high quality built environment should be also used to value the opposite end of the spectrum.

It establishes precedents for the appreciation of poor space with examples of niche groups and organisations from around the globe. It attempts through the review of existing guidelines and various topics such as; Relevance, Usage, Population, Land Ownership, Social Implications, and Recording Methods all key in understanding perceive quality within space to generate new criteria for the selection of poor quality space. III

Contents

Chapter

Cover Image

............................................ I

Abstract

............................................ III

Contents

............................................ IV

Acknowledgments

............................................ VI

List of Illustrations

............................................ VII

Introduction

............................................ 1

1.1

Introduction

Existing Knowledge

2.1

Overview

2.2

The Term ‘Forgotten Public Spaces’

2.3

Relevance

2.4

Use of Outdoor Space

2.5

Population Growth, Reduced Inner City Spaces, and Land Ownership

2.6

Social Implications

2.7

Discussion of Existing Bodies and Guidelines

2.8

Value of Contemporary Recording Methods

Methodology

3.1

Overview

3.2

Case Study Comparison Method

3.3

Mapping Exercise

3.4

Criteria for the Selection and Appraisal of Space

3.5

Recording Methods used

Case Studies

4.1

Aims

4.2

Case Study 1: Royal Liverpool University Dental Hospital

4.3

Case Study 2: Liverpool City Council Mount Pleasant Car Park.

4.4

Case Study 3: Back Seel Street

4.5

Case Study 4: Liverpool Queensway Tunnel Entrance

............................................ 4

............................................ 28

............................................ 37

Chapter

Conclusion

............................................ 72

5.1

Overview

5.2

Conclusion and Key findings

Bibliography

Appendices A1:

............................................ 77

Communication: Letter Sent to Head Office of English Heritage

B1:

Date, Day, Time, and Weather Conditions of Site Visits: Key

B2:

Date, Day, Time, and Weather Conditions of Site Visits: Case Study 1

B3:

Date, Day, Time, and Weather Conditions of Site Visits: Case Study 2

B4:

Date, Day, Time, and Weather Conditions of Site Visits: Case Study 3

B5:

Date, Day, Time, and Weather Conditions of Site Visits: Case Study 4

Acknowledgments

With special thanks to those whom without their guidance and assistance this would not have been possible.

Jack Dunne, Dissertation Supervisor, University of Liverpool, School of Architecture. Mark Swenarton, University of Liverpool, School of Architecture. Benedict Horsman Shirley Baxter Donna Lee VI

List Of Illustrations

Forgotten Aesthetics in Public Space: A Needed or Tolerated Experience. Cover Artwork. Image of Case Study 4 with title overlaid. Authors Photograph, altered by Author.

Still taken at 2:54 from A Clockwork Orange (1971) directed by Stanley Kubrick.

Still taken at 3:07 from A Clockwork Orange (1971) directed by Stanley Kubrick.

Still taken at 3:31 from A Clockwork Orange (1971) directed by Stanley Kubrick.

Still taken at 8:30 from This Is England (2006) directed by Shane Meadows.

Still taken at 59:13 from This Is England (2006) directed by Shane Meadows.

Still taken at 59:54 from This Is England (2006) directed by Shane Meadows.

Still taken from Empty Homes Spotter mobile application (Channel 4 Television Corporation, 2011).

Still taken from [im]possible living mobile application ([im]possible living, 2012).

Still taken from English Heritage mobile application (Sarah-Jane Morris, nd, 2012.).

Still taken from Nash mobile application (Electric Mapping Company, 2010).

VII

Still taken from Nash mobile application (Electric Mapping Company, 2010).

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Graphic representation of the relationship between the quality of outdoor spaces and the rate of occurrence of outdoor activitiesâ&#x20AC;? (Gehl, 2006, P.11).

Ambiguous duck/rabbit figure (Winters, 2007, P.121).

The Place Diagram (Project for Public Spaces, n.d.) which shows the four main criteria surrounding a place, a middle ring showing intuitive or qualitative aspects by which to judge a place; the final outer ring shows the quantitative aspects that can be measured by statistics or research.

Still taken from Openpaths mobile application (New York Times Company, 2012).

Screen shot of dots indicating high volume areas of location data captured between the 18th September 2012 and 31st December 2012 using Openpath (New York Times Company, 2012) overlaid on Google Earth (Tele Atlas, 2009) map of Liverpool (scale 1:12,500) to aid in establishing catchment area for case studies as shown in Fig 21.

Figure Ground Map of Liverpool (scale 1:12,500) showing catchment parameters established in Fig 20, dots highlighting initial forgotten spaces and case studies 1-4 found within (Ordnance Survey, 2011), altered by Author.

Photographs of space facing north during the day stitched together using Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe, 2012), Authors Photograph, altered by Author.

View of space facing west at night. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing west during the day from steps. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing north east during the day from over the road. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing east during the day. Authors Photograph.

View facing east of space at night. Authors Photograph.

Mirroring space east of site during the day showing access ramp. Authors Photograph.

View facing space from east during the day showing CCTV pole. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing west during the night. Authors Photograph.

View of medical practise adjacent the space. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing west during the day. Authors Photograph.

VIII

View of space facing east during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of the space from over the road at night. Authors Photograph.

Figure Ground Map of Case Study 1 area (scale 1:1250) taken from Ordnance Survey (Ordnance Survey, 2011) highlighting site and points of photographs, altered by Author.

Figure Ground Map of Case Study 1 area (scale 1:500) taken from Ordnance Survey (Ordnance Survey, 2011) highlighting site and points of photographs, altered by Author.

Photographs of space facing south during the day stitched together using Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe, 2012), Authors Photograph, altered by Author.

Photographs of space facing north during the day stitched together using Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe, 2012), Authors Photograph, altered by Author.

View of space facing south west from over the road during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing west at night showing one of the perceived routes. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing west during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing east during the day. Authors Photograph.

View from within overhang of interaction as people leave the car park. Authors Photograph.

View of rubbish storage to the west of the space during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing west during the day from path. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing east at night under overhang. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing south east at night from over the road. Authors Photograph.

View from underneath the overhang at night. Authors Photograph.

Figure Ground Map of Case Study 2 site (scale 1:1250) taken from Ordnance Survey (Ordnance Survey, 2011) highlighting site and points of photographs, altered by Author.

Figure Ground Map of Case Study 2 site (scale 1:500) taken from Ordnance Survey (Ordnance Survey, 2011) highlighting site and points of photographs, altered by Author.

Photographs of space from centre during the day stitched together using Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe, 2012), Authors Photograph, altered by Author.

Photographs of entrance to space from east side during the day stitched together using Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe, 2012), Authors Photograph, altered by Author.

View of space facing west during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing east during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing west at night part of the way down. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing east at night. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing west during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing west at night. Authors Photograph.

View of entrance to space from east side during the day. Authors Photograph.

Seel Street businesses which back onto the space. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing east during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing east at night. Authors Photograph.

Figure Ground Map of Case Study 3 site (scale 1:1250) taken from Ordnance Survey (Ordnance Survey, 2011) highlighting site and points of photographs, altered by Author.

Figure Ground Map of Case Study 3 site (scale 1:500) taken from Ordnance Survey (Ordnance Survey, 2011) highlighting site and points of photographs, altered by Author.

Photographs of space from centre during the day stitched together using Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe, 2012), Authors Photograph, altered by Author.

Photograph of steps leading to space and the front of the tunnel entrance during the day stitched together using Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe, 2012), Authors Photograph, altered by Author.

View of space facing west during the day from on top of platform. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing south at night from top of steps. Authors Photograph.

View of path in space facing south during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of path in space facing north during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing east during the day from over the road. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing north at night from on top of platform. Authors Photograph.

View of path in space facing south at night. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing west during the day from path. Authors Photograph.

View of steps leading towards car park facing east during the night. Authors Photograph.

View from path in space facing north during the day. Authors Photograph.

View of space facing north during the day from over the road. Authors Photograph.

View of the space at night. Authors Photograph.

View of steps leading to car park from space during the day. Authors Photograph.

Space during the day occupied by a homeless person. Authors Photograph.

Figure Ground Map of Case Study 4 site (scale 1:1250) taken from Ordnance Survey (Ordnance Survey, 2011) highlighting site and points of photographs, altered by Author.

Figure Ground Map of Case Study 4 site (scale 1:500) taken from Ordnance Survey (Ordnance Survey, 2011) highlighting site and points of photographs, altered by Author.

Chapter 1: Introduction

“Look around. The ordinary, everyday spaces between buildings may be more important than you think. These spaces are, or should be, the public city” (Ford, 2000, p.211).

1.1

Introduction

The first chapter of this dissertation sets out the primary aim of this investigation. Which is to develop understanding of public space of poor architectural merit and explore the feasibility of generating new guidance to protect them. I propose to analyse the leftover spaces in the rhetoric of public space, which I believe can become public spaces of counterculture. I argue that the idyllic splendour of any present and therefore future city would not be possible without architectural spaces of poor quality to generate a visible and emotional contrast. That we cannot progress without preserving and protecting the spaces widely considered poor space associated with negative connotations within the built environment as well as those considered the best of man’s achievements. This text discusses the idea of preserving a unique part of our architectural heritage including not only built architecture but the forgotten public space formed around it. Its aim to discuss the treatment of forgotten public space in cities, focusing on 1

Liverpool to generating general guidance for this case study.

This investigation began through my awareness of the growing interest in spaces of poor quality in recent years. This growth observed through emerging social networking groups such as Derelict England, one of many Facebook groups (Derelict England, 2012) and websites such as that of impossible living (impossible living, 2012) where photos of old, abandoned, derelict or demolished spaces are openly shared.

The emergence of these new groups merited the research into the appreciation of poor quality spaces as part of the fabric of contemporary city life. The aim, to consider whether the existing structure applied by English Heritage guidelines to the management of the high quality built environment should be also used to value the opposite end of the spectrum. It attempts through the alteration of existing guidelines currently used in the â&#x20AC;&#x153;listingâ&#x20AC;? of space within the United Kingdom to generate new criteria for the selection of poor quality space.

The second chapter explores the several topics which combine to play a part in the understanding of how we explore and value space asking how each relates to this work. Through poor design or circumstances such as political or social, space has always emerged within cities which become quickly discarded for their negative values in contemporary culture.

The third chapter sets out the methodology used in creating criteria for the selection and appraisal of case studies.

The fourth chapter is the analysis of four case studies.

The fifth and final chapter consists of the conclusions made from this work.

Note: This dissertation uses the Harvard Referencing System, as approved at the time the project was started.

Chapter 2: Existing Knowledge

2.1

Overview

This chapter is not intended as a traditional literature review; instead the main aspects, arguments and conclusions of the existing body of knowledge are grouped in distinct sections, each addressing a specific part of the topic.

The importance of public space is universally accepted and a lot has been written on the topic which highlights the several topics to be discussed. In Image of the Street: Planning, identity and control in public space by Nicholas R. Fyfe’s (Fyfe, 1998, preface) a British Geographer he states “The street has always held a particular fascination. The terrain of social encounters and political protest, sites of domination and resistance, places of pleasure and anxiety, the street is also the focus of many theoretical debates about the city concerning modern and post-modern urbanism.” A similar sentiment is expressed in the book Streets: Critical Perspectives on Public Space by Celik, Favro, and Ingersoll (Celik, Favro, and Ingersoll, 1994, p.1) three American Architects who state that “Streets are a primary ingredient of urban existence. They provide the structure on which to weave the complex interactions of the architectural fabric with human organization… Their conception ranges from the most incremental and spontaneous interventions, such as leftover space between buildings, to superbly contrived public works”.

The main topic discussed is how individual responses to space can be subjectively reviewed and measured. It could be disputed that I am romanticising the ideas of protecting bleak wasted space without a purpose in our cities. Gaston Bachelard (1994) was a French philosopher who shows us in his work The Poetics of Space how there is more beauty and meaning in a simple space than often given credit when first observed. For example, the creaking noise of one step as you travel up stairs and other details become clear with the prolonged interaction with those particular stairs during oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifetime are considered by each person creating the sense of familiarity and safety which could be reversed to those of negative thoughts for strangers. Mankindâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strive towards perfection I believe admirable but harmful to the ability to offer a truly rich urban environment for future generations to interact, with allowing ideas instilled through media and precondition towards danger to turn to feelings of loneliness, isolation, neglect, fear, crime, and unpleasantness.

On the internet, in galleries, and in published works, an interest in urban exploration, specifically photography of it, has grown over recent years. Recent publications on the subject of abandoned, decaying, unused space describe how the romance associated with them comes through the new perspective of Urban Exploring (Urbex). In Beauty in Decay: Urbex: The Art of Urban Exploration, Jeremy Gibbs (2010, p.2) an Urbex and street art photographer, describes this new type of appreciation of the public realm.

It’s easy to describe what an Urban Explorer does; they infiltrate into abandoned buildings and industrial sites and explore them, often taking photographs along the way. They don’t steal, vandalise or even leave graffiti behind them. In fact their code of honour is reminiscent of the rambler’s way: Take only pictures, leave only footprints. It is, on the other hand, not so easy to describe the whys and wherefores (Gibbs, 2010, p.2).

2.2

The Term ‘Forgotten Public Spaces’

Forget: verb, -got or ( Archaic ) -gat; -got·ten or -got; -get·ting. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

to cease or fail to remember; be unable to recall: to forget someone’s name. to omit or neglect unintentionally: I forgot to shut the window before leaving. to leave behind unintentionally; neglect to take: to forget one’s keys. to omit mentioning; leave unnoticed. to fail to think of; take no note of. to neglect willfully; disregard or slight.

(Forget. Dictionary.com Unabridged, 2011).

‘Forgotten public space’ is a term used in this text to generally describe the architectural spaces in and around buildings of an urban nature which exist in a state considered by professionals and the general public as being of poor quality. This could be as a result of poor design, construction, abandonment, or failed planning. This definition includes spaces such as dark back streets and areas of waste land found within city centres. This text focuses on external spaces accessible to the public, i.e. excluding areas which are private or gated and interiors of public buildings. In essence the components forming the space between areas widely considered by the public as pleasing and protected from the undesirable aspects of society. 6

Expressed in The Freedom of the City by Ken Worpole and Liz Greenhalgh (Worpole & Greenhalgh, 1996, p.14) British architectural critiques and associates with Demos think-tank is the idea that the interaction and use of a space by people is what defines it.

“Historically, the term Public Space referred to physical spaces such as streets, marketplaces, town squares, parks, some buildings such as public libraries, museums and galleries which are open to everybody and impose no criteria of use or entry”. They continue “However, too often the term ‘public space’, particularly when used by architects or landscape designers, is simply understood as empty space, walkways and piazzas between the buildings which, because they are publicly owned, become public space by definition. However, we would argue that what makes public space is its use. As the geographer Doreen Massey has argued, space is dynamic, and only comes into being through use over time.” (Worpole and Greenhalgh, 1996, p.14).

I think however the lack of activity in public space does not mean it has no qualities or is of less value to the rhetoric of the city but rather the contrasting space to those which are deemed to work which enrich the fabric of the city when moving through it.

2.3

Relevance

Contemporary cities, as they have always been, are the place where the exchange of people, money, and goods take place. They are the manifestation of economic, social, and environmental forces that attract people creating unique opportunities and discoveries and according to Francis Tibbalds (Tibbalds, 2001, P.87) successful public spaces ‘consist of rich, vibrant, mixed use environment that does not die at night or at the weekends and is visually stimulating and attractive to residents and visitors alike’. The recently popular activity of guided tours such as Liverpool City Tours (RIBA, 2011) which takes walking tours around the city by experts to engage the general public with the architecture have begun to emerge.

A more niche version of this exploration open to the public is the Liverpool Queensway Mersey Tunnel Tour (Merseytravel, 2012) which takes people on guided tours of the Queensway Tunnel.

Professionally these types of spaces have become noticed on a city wide context the City of London recently introduced annual competition RIBA Forgotten Spaces, “to highlight areas of leftover land in London and encourage innovative interventions for the places that do not yet have a place in the minds and hearts of local communities, and explores their possibilities” (RIBA Forgotten Spaces, 2011).

These three established examples are growing in popularity for the discussion 8

and appreciation of local niche architectural groups and enthusiasts.

The rise of technological advances has enabled previously separated people of similar ideals of appreciation of space to interact with each other. This has given rise to a new movement referred to as Urban Exploration (Urbex) focused on the types of spaces this dissertation discusses as well as other aspects. This new movement of people would wish to see the contrasting forgotten public spaces retained and preserved to be experienced and explored evoking emotional responses which are not typically commonly sort after. As explored in Gibbs (2010) book Beauty in Decay: Urbex: The Art of Urban Exploration where groups of people follow his work and emulate his exploration through their own spaces often shared across the internet. Two popular examples of Urban Exploration websites are Urban Ghosts Media (Urban Ghosts Media, 2009) an online magazine about urban exploration and Derelict London which is a collection of images from London Urban Photographer Paul Talling (Talling, n.d.).

Another medium in contemporary culture to provoke emotional response is film however this can also create the societies perceptions. The powerful aesthetic portrayal of anti-social use of space in British films such as A Clockwork Orange directed by Stanley Kubrick (1971) and This Is England directed by Shane Meadows (2006) can create or exacerbate associations in the general publicâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perceptions surrounding forgotten space. An example from A Clockwork Orange is the icon scene in a tunnel where a drunk person 9

Fig 2. Still taken at 2:54 from A Clockwork Orange.

Fig 5. Still taken at 8:30 from This Is England.

Fig 3. Still taken at 3:07 from A Clockwork Orange.

Fig 6. Still taken at 59:13 from This Is England.

Fig 4. Still taken at 3:31 from A Clockwork Orange.

Fig 7. Still taken at 59:54 from This Is England.

is attacked away from the archetypal safety of light which associates the violence with the imagery of the tunnel, i.e. a dark, narrow, and unpopulated space which is later referred to by the public when making decisions on the real world as examined in the later work This Is England where similar examples are seen as the backdrop to uncomfortable anti-social scenarios.

However the area where the appreciation of forgotten spaces has really taken off is in the digital world especially since the generation of smart phone where specific applications designed to connect people with similar interests have begun to be created. Most relevant is Empty Homes Spotter mobile application (Channel 4 Television Corporation, 2011), which allows people to find and share information such as location data on undesirable homes which are being left empty. Other less well-known applications such as [im]possible living ([im]possible living, n.d., 2012) have also utilised the same idea to find and share information about abandoned sites around the world.

(Left) Fig 8. Still taken from Empty Homes Spotter mobile application. (Right) Fig 9. Still taken from Empty Homes Spotter mobile application.

(Left) Fig 10. Still taken from [im] possible living mobile application. (Right) Fig 11. Still taken from [im]possible living mobile application.

I believe preserving this forgotten space of poor quality as part of our history both generates and thus enables a new type of appreciation as part of a logical step in a trend which has already begun with people of shared interests collating. This is shown in the mobile applications set up by well-established bodies such as English Heritage (Sarah-Jane Morris, nd, 2012) and RIBA (Electric Mapping Company, 2010) who already had a large following to promote their stock of good architecture within the UK.

(Left) Fig 12. Still taken from English Heritage mobile application. (Right) Fig 13. Still taken from English Heritage mobile application.

(Left) Fig 14. Still taken from Nash mobile application. (Right) Fig 15. Still taken from Nash mobile application.

Written by an American geographer Larry Fordâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (2000, p.24) The spaces between Buildings states that trends in city development have changed. As 12

a nation the UK is extremely aware of the value of our heritage within the built environment shown by our well established use of a listed status for the built environment for preserving space.

World Heritage Sites (WHS) as described by Liverpool City Council (Liverpool City Council, n.d.) are “an historic monument, group of buildings or site which is of outstanding universal value to the international community”. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, n.d.) responsible for the listing of World Heritage Sites state they are “an irreplaceable source of life and inspiration. It is our legacy from the past, what we lived with today, and what we pass on to future generations”. Despite recently being moved to the World Heritage Sites at Risk list in 2011 the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City was inscribed by UNESCO in July 2004 (UNESCO, 2012). As Liverpool Council (Liverpool City Council, n.d.) state the “The fundamental purpose of inscribing World Heritage Sites is to ensure that their outstanding universal value is conserved and understood. It is the most prestigious internationally-recognised heritage status”. The current listing ensures for now the cities significance towards our global heritage for future generations and was therefore selected as source for case studies.

Conversely, the harmful effect such a scheme could hold on cities could be great. As George Ferguson (2004) an English architect discusses in his article Bad architecture is too often due to bad architects. 13

“I start with the premise that nothing but the best should be good enough for our living, learning, working, playing and healing environment. I strongly believe that we as a nation, and as a “global village” should all, in whatever roles we are in, be as intolerant of bad and mediocre architecture and planning as we should be of bad food. Bad food generally results only in temporary sickness, but a bad physical environment results in permanent malaise.” He continues “conversely good architecture requires good architects who properly resource both the design and implementation of buildings, through partnership between all those involved” (Ferguson, 2004).

Continuing this metaphor I contend that if the ‘medication’ is over prescribed loss of immunity could become a side effect. In this case the sickness represents the ideas of poorly designed space and the medication is how we address it. If we continually remove it without consideration as to whether examples should be retained we will lose the ability to experience them and any virtues they may hold.

There are many aspects to urban planning and one which tries to take into account all of the various elements that make up the aspects in order to design cities which are considered desirable is called Principles of Intelligent Urbanism (PIU) coined by Christopher Charles Benninger an American architect. This approach to urban design is a set of ten axioms intended to 14

guide the formulation of city plans and urban designs which are:

“Principle one: a balance with nature, Principle two: a balance with tradition, Principle three: appropriate technology, Principle four: conviviality, Principle five: efficiency, Principle six: human scale, Principle seven: opportunity matrix, Principle eight: regional integration, Principle nine: balanced movement, Principle ten: institutional integrity” (Naudu, 2004, P. 537-538).

Principle four conviviality is broken up into the following: “a place for the individual, a place for friendship, a place for householders, a place for the neighbourhood, a place for communities, and a place for the city domain” and focuses on the ideas of promoting good ideas towards social interaction in the public domain (Naudu, 2004, P. 537-538). Urban planning theories often fail or negate to address the balance towards the poor quality spaces found as it’s a given that they are to be removed or altered in favour of good quality space. This type of work therefore extends into the realm of urban planning as much as the individual spaces themselves.

2.4

Use of Outdoor Space

The use of forgotten space by the public generates a lot of the atmosphere associated with them as established by Worpole and Greenhalgh. Therefore maintaining the original qualities for which space is chosen as important and as interlinked with the appraisal of such space. 15

Jan Gehl is a Danish architect who talks extensively about how people occupy space in his book Life between buildings: using public space. How people use space will always be reflective of the contemporary environment, be it social, political, etc., where its users live; there are principles which will always play a part in our experience of space. Gehl (2006, p.7) explains how his overriding ideas remained a constant over time.

“Greatly simplified, outdoor activities in public spaces can be divided into three categories, each of which places very different demands on the physical environment: necessary activities, optional activities, and social activities” (Gehl, 2006, p.9). “When outdoor areas are of poor quality, only strictly necessary activities occur” (Gehl, 2006, p.11). He continues “When outdoor areas are of high quality, necessary activities take place with approximately the same frequency though they clearly tend to take a longer time, because the physical conditions are better. In addition, however, a wide range of optional activities will also occur because place and situation now invite people to stop, sit, eat, play, and so on”. This alternative perspective taken by Gehl (2006, p.17) to understand the qualities of space is that “lowintensity contact forms offered in public spaces perhaps can best be described by the situation that exists if they are lacking”. As represented in the graph below which shows how “when the quality of outdoor areas is good, optional activities occur with 16

increasing frequency. Furthermore, as levels of optional actives usually increases substantially” (Gehl, 2006, p.11).

Fig 16. “Graphic representation of the relationship between the quality of outdoor spaces and the rate of occurrence of outdoor activities” (Gehl, 2006, p.11).

Whereas Gehl talks about use of space in relation to social activity Kevin Lynch (1960) an American urban planner talks about how people navigate cities in The Image of The City. Discussing more site driven aspects such as how pedestrians follow the main routes within cities which are psychologically considered safer due to recognizable visual aids such as landmarks and the 17

clear sight lines coupled with suitable lighting. These areas draw greater quantities of pedestrian traffic helping to create a sense of security to those who use its streets.

As the author Gehl (2006, p.75) writes that “Something happens because something happens because something happens”.

He also contends the

opposite, that “The process becomes negative: nothing happens because nothing happens”. This generates a key point and counter argument. That forgotten space should already allow for public interaction as interventions would alter the qualities of the space beyond that generated through interest in the forgotten space created by introducing of more activity.

2.5

Population Growth, Reduced Inner City Spaces, and Land

Ownership. Demand for land resulting from reduced inner city space readily available means re-development of land based on ideals of the time means space of no existing cultural value altered. The past 60 years there has been “a huge worldwide increase in the percentage of population living within cities. The trend shows no sign of stopping - for the next 20 years, the flow of people is predicted to continue soaring” (Brown, 2009). As previously discussed the work of Worpole, Greenhalgh, and Gehl shows the lack of ownership felt beyond the value of the building and what is considered useable space. Throughout the world cities are changing, moving away from urban spaces tightly surrounded and defined by buildings towards freestanding structures 18

lost in space (Ford, 2000, p. 24).

Research into the growth of a multinational population within contemporary cities by Robert Putnam (2000) a writer on public and social policy in his book Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community suggests the bigger diversity within a group of people the more likely the tendency to create subgroups, generating fractions within that group, leading to an effect on social space within cities and community resulting in rundown and disused spaces between them. This would suggest that as cities alter in the future new forgotten spaces will always form as the qualities associated with space are not fixed to those particular sites as suggested by Worpole and Greenhalgh in their statement on crime relocation (1996, p. 21). On the matter of ownership over public space Worpole and Greenhalgh (1996, p.7-p.8) continue to say that “Few modern city dwellers truly feel that they have the ‘freedom, of the city’, the freedom to walk, roam and wander where they want.” This comes from a personal or collective need to feel ownership over our spaces and that the adverse effect of this human characteristic is the feeling of not being able to explore our cities fully. They also state “Although many of us would rather live in a rural idyll, most British people live in cities and are likely to do so for the foreseeable future. If we want an improved quality of life, we have to make cities more livable places. That depends, in turn, on how free we feel to use the city as we want”.

Despite the idea that new forgotten spaces will emerge as a result of 19

changing demographic divisions the loss of the existing spaces which are the reflection of the contemporary culture in which they exist merits some retention.

2.6

Social Implications

There are two main social implications, one for and one against. Firstly, the retention of spaces considered bad for people’s physical and mental safety could cause a more damaging effect in the immediate area of increased crime if the anti-social use of space if allowed to grow.

The growth of unvalued spaces is often seen as socially threatening and the cause of crime. Monitoring this aspect of social change to spaces being retained is possible however it also incurs social stigma as Worpole and Greenhalgh (1996, p.20-p.21) say “One response, and now the most popular one, is to seek to enforce the safety of public spaces by increasing technological surveillance”. This however is a response driven when “the pessimistic view of human nature most often won approval”. That is not to say those who designed were not “optimistic that their considerable efforts to build a better urban landscape would improve society. In fact, clearing slums and building better housing convinced many progressives that social problems could be made to disappear, their designs often displayed a certain pessimism about human nature” (Ford, 2000, p.201). This response of control prescribed to cities therefore appears to not fully solve the issues as highlighted by Worpole and Greenhalgh in their statement on crime relocation (1996, p. 20

21). “The appeal of public space is also that of creating social cohesion. It is not so much that people are physically afraid of the homeless in the street, rather the discomfort is about the threat they represent. The homeless are a very visible sign that ‘the system’ or society at large is somehow not working. They represent the threat of lawlessness and disorder. Extremes of rich and poor suggest the breakdown of a universal social cohesion. The new areas of public space in cities are, in part, an attempt to say that social cohesion is alive and well” (Worpole and Greenhalgh, 1996, p.34). Gehl (2006, p.76) also reasons “The disintegration of living public spaces and the gradual transformation of the street areas into an area that is of no interest to anyone is an important factor contributing to vandalism and crime in the streets”.

Current methods for dealing with forgotten public space may create new social cohesion but also can move existing issues to new back streets. This out of sight out of mind mentality relates to an avoidance of differences between ‘us’ and ‘them’ as Gerald Daly states (Fyfe, p.111) “In addition to having political, social and cultural functions the street is a place where we confront the ‘other’, people who sleep rough because they have no alternative… The examination of how differences between ‘us’ and ‘them’ are played out creating places of deviance and contestation”.

Secondly, encouraging exploration of forgotten public space generates a tool in aiding better designed cities with a greater social cohesion. Worpole 21

and Greenhalgh discuss how the public realm is often referred to as the lowest common denominator but also for the high ideals of its time.

“accepting the importance of a public realm in making cities successful. All too often in the past the public sector and the delivery of public goods became associated with a dreary uniformity of provision delivered on sufferance, and the very word ‘public’ (public toilets, public transport, public library, public authority) became a synonym for the lowest common denominator, or provision of last choice. Yet the public sphere has also often stood for high ideals, for the common good and the wider interest, and a sense of responsibility to the future. It has also stood for structure and security” (Worpole and Greenhalgh, 1996, p.12).

2.7

Discussion of Existing Bodies and Guidelines.

English Heritage (2010) is charged with protecting exemplar architecture of historical or cultural interest and the spaces they form but there is no existing framework for the preservation and appreciation of architectural space created which encompasses the opposite or negative of that spectrum. The method currently used by English Heritage (2007a-u) to evaluate existing and proposed listed status for the built environment within the UK is selection guidelines which detail examples of listed buildings and histories of that typology highlighting the areas to be considered in the application 22

process which entails mostly written descriptive data on the aspects which makes the site worthy.

Current English Heritage (2007a-u) produce guidelines for; Agricultural Buildings, Commemorative Structures, Commercial Buildings, Culture and Entertainment Buildings, Domestic, Education Buildings, Garden and Park Buildings, Health and Welfare Buildings, Industrial Buildings, Law and Government Buildings, Maritime and Naval Buildings, Military Buildings, Places of Worship, Sport and Recreation, Street Furniture, Suburban and Country Houses, The Modern House and Housing, Town Houses, Transport Buildings, Utilities and Communications Buildings, and Vernacular Houses.

English Heritage will consider the listing of any building considered interesting despite not being exemplar however if not found to have a practical use the likelihood it would be accepted is minimal. I therefore think that a contrasting space without a current or foreseeable use, be it conventional or unconventional should still be preserved, providing its relevance in contemporary society and future city development is justifiable.

With no category for consideration of forgotten poor public space or indeed public outdoor space undefined specifically I wrote to the Head Office of English Heritage in December 2012 with a view to seeking their statement on the matter (See Appendix A1 for letter). No response was received.

English Heritages (2012) recent endeavour Save our Streets campaign appears to bridge the gap between guidelines for building forms and the non-physical public realm. This however is more trying to reduce streets and roads of unsightly aspects lacking in character such as excessive signage and not deal with issues of public experience beyond that of roads and path aesthetics.

2.8

Value of Contemporary Recording Methods

Simplified there are two major types of recording space quantitative and qualitative which I have considered.

Quantitatively use of space is far easier to measure and document e.g. photographs, maps, etc. This provides case studies with documentation such as maps or photographs which are good tools in conveying space however often lack the emotional response generated through visits as space will lose its identity, taking on more generic personas when depicted through media. Without principles or criteria to follow attempting to critically evaluate ones experience of a space into a quantifiable rating is difficult.

Qualitative qualities which create the association between space and emotion were explored by Bachelard (1994) where the unique associationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s individuals create with their built environment.

This is explored further in Charles Landry (Landry, 2006, p.2) a British 24

Urban Designer book The Art of City Making when he writes “The city is discussed in barren eviscerated terms and in technical jargon by urban professional as if it were lifeless, detached being. In fact it is a sensory, emotional, lived experience”. Leading to an association between the users their environment being difficult to explore in technical, i.e. quantifiable terms,

due

often

stronger

the

personal

emotional

responses.

The British Philosopher Edward Winters (2007, p.120-121) book Aesthetics & Architecture summarises the Australian Philosopher Brain O’Shaughnessy (2000) work in imaginative experience from Consciousness and the World writing “looking at a picture as seeing the paint marks while a landscape in a special imaginative sense is brought into view. Some experiences we have involve perceptions upon which we can base imaginative experience”. Continuing “when we are looking at something we cannot imagine it. For the imaginative experience is as of the context, which is not present to us”

Fig 17. Ambiguous duck/rabbit figure. (Winters, 2007, P.121).

He elaborates on this by providing the example of how an experience can change while the perception of the subject remains stable “In the example of the duck/rabbit ambiguous figure, nothing in my visual perception has changed while the change in the nature of the experience, brought about by the aspect of change, takes place”. Continuing to state “But surely you would say that the picture is altogether different now! But what is different: my impression? my point of view?”.

Therefore true understanding of space can only be achieved through personal exploration and perception of that space. This is important in underpinning the retention of space as the best way to experience space is to visit it. Criteria written therefore are used to deal with some of the subjective aspects of selection. Recording the quality of spaces using contemporary methods would be able to document certain aspects or qualities but not all. Therefore the use of qualitive data collection alone is not suitable to capture the mood and atmosphere which is present in the spaces being discussed in this text. Other ways to compare space being considered for such appraisal must be considered.

This is enforced by Project for Public Spaces (n.d.), a non-profit organization founded in 1975 to expand on the work of William Whyte, article What Makes a Successful Place? which states places “have four key qualities: they are accessible; people are engaged in activities there; the space is comfortable and has a good image; and finally, it is a sociable place: one 26

where people meet each other and take people when they come to visitâ&#x20AC;?. The Place Diagram (Fig 18) below is the result of this research which acts as a tool to help judge if space is of good or bad quality.

Fig 18. The Place Diagram (Project for Public Spaces, n.d.) which shows the four main criteria surrounding a place, a middle ring showing intuitive or qualitative aspects by which to judge a place; the final outer ring shows the quantitative aspects that can be measured by statistics or research.

One well known method of recording space used in The Buildings of England Series, e.g. Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West (Pollard and Pevsner, 2006) is the use of descriptive text to explore and record space. This I will use in recording space. Information gathered via this method is subject to the variable circumstances such as time, weather, and lighting conditions. Environmental factors will also be observed and recorded when sites are visited to ensure this aspect is able to be taken into account. 27

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1

Overview

Criteria written to aid with the complexities highlighted in the body of existing knowledge discussed in chapter 2 were for use as key points referred to in the choice and appraisal of case studies. Encompassing many aspects open to interpretation discussed thus far in this text it is important to note that the criteria used to define the space was designed as concise but open to interpretation due to complexity of space. Additional basic information about the site to allow for identification is also included in these criteria.

3.2

Case Study Comparison Method

The case study comparison method aims to establish what type of spaces, if any, would rise as suitable exemplar case studies for spaces of poor quality. In order to make comparisons, each space required variables such as the overall size of space.

3.3

Mapping Exercise

To achieve the best results sites were selected from within the city centre. As Gehl (2006, p.13) describes the superficial relationship between people and the public spaces often found in city centres. Defining the catchment area was done by using Openpath (The New York Times Company, 2012) to map residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s use of the city in real time. This allowed access to 527

worldwide userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (non-relevant data outside of Liverpool was removed) mobile phone location and time data between the 18th September 2012 and 31st December 2012. This data was collated using Google Fusion Table software (drive.google.com, 2012) creating a map which showed where areas were in use or not during different times of the day. I set up a website (Smith, 2012) explaining this work and how to join to encourage more raw data for Liverpool, UK.

(Left) Fig 19. Still taken from Openpaths mobile application. (Right) Fig 20. Still taken from Openpaths mobile application.

Once limits were established for the catchment area preliminary investigations into possible case studies were carried out. Spaces were identified (shown in Figure 12) by walking around the area defined during a three day period Sunday 23rd â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tuesday 25th October 2011. Photos and basic information was taken of each site initially to consider potential case studies. These were used to refine the list to the case studies.

Fig 21. Screen shot of dots indicating high volume areas of location data captured between the 18th September 2012 and 31st December 2012 using Openpaths overlaid on Google Earth map of Liverpool (scale 1:12,500) to aid in establishing catchment area for case studies as shown in Fig 21.

Fig 22. Figure Ground Map of Liverpool (scale 1:12,500) showing catchment parameters established in Fig 20, dots highlighting initial forgotten spaces and case studies 1-4 found within.

3.4

Criteria for the Selection and Appraisal of Space

The following criteria are the resulting aspects to be considered in selection of space during the case studies resulting from the previously discussed aspects of the existing knowledge chapter.

Identification Data: Title, Street Address, OS Co-ordinates, Area (m2), Dates, Days, Times of visits, and Weather Conditions, Maps, and Context (visible from site).

Quantity and Proximity: Sites selected are to be evenly dispersed geographically across a city to avoid generating issues of antisocial or undesirable areas. The total number of proposed sites would not be allowed to exceed a fixed amount of space within a geographical location allowed to overwhelm its surroundings, the number of which to be based on massing plans of the city being implemented in. Spaces therefore superseding existing examples require the existing to be considered for removal from the list.

Typology of Space: Space should display a cross section of varying types of spaces.

Scale and Boundaries: Scale of spaces to be considered in relation to the use but definable boundaries should be able to be shown.

Existing Use: Case studies to be selected based on the category of spaces which currently only generate necessary activities and do not require the introduction of a new use or architectural 32

intervention to generate interest but rather they be accepted as they are for their current qualities. 6.

Interventions: Interventions to enable the interaction between the public and the space should not be encouraged with exception in response to safety to retain the original qualities.

Touch and Texture: Case studies should allow people to physically engage with it. The ability to touch must be available to some degree.

Smell and Taste: Case studies should create a sensation, weather considered positive or negative through its smell.

Sight and Light: Case studies should hold an interesting arrangement of light sources during both night and day which affect the interpretation of the spaces sight lines and visibility.

10. Noise: Case studies should hold a strong noise quality such as noise pollution which disorientates people or extreme quietness. 11. Emotional Response: Case studies must evoke an emotional response at an individual level. 12. Architectural

Historical

Significance:

Case

studies

with

architectural or historical significance to be considered a more valuable asset for retention. 13. Contrasting Positive Space: Spaces where possible should have a direct link to space of an exemplar merit, allowing the counter aspects of quality which it is showcasing, to be reflected in comparison. 33

The following paragraphs briefly relate each of the criteria set out to the work of the existing knowledge and explain various aspects of why each was set out.

Basic information. The following basic information criteria are to be used to allow for identification of sites; Title, Street Address, OS Co-ordinates, Area (m2), Dates, Days, Times of visits, and Weather Conditions, Maps, and Context (visible from site).

Quantity and Proximity The issues raised by stopping re-development and fixing spaces at points which would not be subject to change could cause spaces to collect geographically creating new undesirable areas increasing the effects of crime and antisocial behaviour.

Use The issues raised over qualitative measurement of outdoor spaces being subjective have led to using Gehlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s method of categorizing the use of space (Gehl, 2006, p.9-17).

Interventions Summarised by the American Urbanist William Whyte (1980) who describes in his book The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces how the quality of city space 34

and city activities can often be improved by simple physical alterations. The issues raised over the appreciation of space without loss to the characteristics for which it was chosen led to the criteria for interventions.

Sensory Interaction Summarised by “the extent and character of outdoor activities are greatly influenced by physical planning. Just as it is possible through the choice of materials and colors to create a certain palette in a city, it is equally possible through planning decisions to influence patterns of activities, to create better or worse conditions for outdoor events, and to create lively or lifeless cities” (Gehl, 2006, p.31). The issues raised over the recording and appreciation of space led to the criteria; Touch and Texture, Smell and Taste, Sight and Light, Noise, and Emotional Response.

Architectural or Historical Significance Summarised by “cities built via evolution in a time before what we now refer to as professional roles such as city planners or architects appear to have a more successful relationship with its population in comparison to those created on a drawing board as part of a singular vision. The focus on identifying and removing undesirable space has become a more understood, implemented, and widely accepted as the correct response by the professions” (Gehl, 2006, p.39-p.41). The issues raised over the selection of space led to the following criteria; Architectural or Historical Significance, Contrasting Positive Space. 35

3.5

Recording Methods used.

Dates, days and times of site visits were carried out in cycles to ensure each was visited at various times and days of the week in order to allow me to better understand the spaces. During Saturday 10th - Monday 12th, Wednesday 14th, and Friday 16th December 2011 spaces were visited for four times each day for 30 minutes to allow for travel between sites. This enabled each site to be visiting during different times, different days of the week. After these four weekdays per month was selected between September 2012 and January 2013; each site was visited for a sustained period of one day structured around the following times of Mornings 08:00 to 11.59, Afternoons 12.00 to 17.59, Evenings 18.00 to 20.59, and Nights 21.00 to 24:00, allowing for breaks. Visiting days were rotated between sites to ensure each was on an alternative day of the week.

The main method of recording space initially was photography. Other methods included notes written whilst at the site. Whilst I have tried to keep an impartial view-point, it is inevitability a personal response and other people might have responded differently.

Note: Site visits were carried out with the aid of another person for personal safety during hours of the night. 36

Chapter 4: Case Studies 4.1

Aims

These two statements are the primary objectives which form the basis for the case studies.

1. to develop our understanding of the nature and social importance of neglected spaces in cities

2. to explore whether criteria could be drawn up that would guide the selection of space which should be preserved for appraisal

Fig 23. Photographs of space facing north during the day stitched together using Adobe Photoshop CS3.

4.2

Case Study 1: Royal Liverpool University Dental Hospital

Title: Royal Liverpool University Dental Hospital Street Address: Left of South Entrance to Royal Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Pembroke Place, Liverpool. OS Co-ordinates: SJ 35781 90651 Area (m2): 41m2 approximately Dates, Days, Times of visits, and Weather Conditions: Initial visits carried out over five days (3 Weekday/ 2 Weekend) in four 30 minute visits (between 08:00-20:30). Full day studies carried out during Thursday 13th September, Monday 8th October, Tuesday 6th November, Wednesday 12th December 2012, Thursday 10th January 2013 (between 08:30-24:00). (See Appendix B1). 38

Fig 24. View of space facing west at night.Fig

25. View of space facing west during the day from steps.

The case study, approximately 12m x 4m (Fig 37), is a space located to the west of the main entrance to the Royal Liverpool University Dental Hospital. The area is defined by the columns which support the overhang of the

Fig 26. View of space facing north east during the day from over the road.

Fig 27. View of space facing east during the day.

Fig 28. View facing east of space at night.

Fig 29. Mirroring space east of site during the day showing access ramp.

building and railings which now surround it. Located next to a main road, and is not in use. Contrasted by a similar arrangement to the east of the main entrance where the space has been utilised as both a shelter and ramped access to the hospital (Fig 29).

The proximity of the site to the main road makes it relatively noisy during the day however it becomes far quieter at night.

The visual association of railings with the poorly lit area generate a sense of feeling unwelcome. The space is monitored with highly visible CCTV (Fig 30) adding to the feeling of needing to move past the space with caution. No ability for pedestrians to congregate under the sheltered area leaves the space without animation and attempts at control imposed after its original planning to stop undesirable behaviour have isolated the area from being inhabited creating an awkward space located next to a regularly used

Fig 30. View facing space from east during the day showing CCTV pole.

Fig 31. View of space facing west during the night.

footpath. The nature of the hospital entrance generates heavy foot traffic as well as people who use the space as a waiting area.

The ability to see the space whilst being forced to navigate around it gives a sense to the pedestrian that their standing within the area is reduced in comparison to that of the traffic on the road and the void being withheld from them, with obstacles in the way of the pedestrian footpath and invokes a sense of being pinned between the two. The space is a bottleneck; people are forced to interact whilst passing through the area. This forms moments of awkward social interactions which would otherwise be avoided.

Fig 32. View of medical practise adjacent the space.

Fig 33. View of space facing west during the day.

Exposed to the elements there is no discernible sensation experienced other than that of the weather at the time of visiting the site. This has however led to a staining of the rough concrete faรงade to the building which conveys a rundown appearance.

Within the immediate context are mainly University Buildings relating to medical subjects, cark parks, a GP practice (Fig 32) and the main part of Royal Hospital itself. These tend to only generate public footfall during the 9-5 working hours during weekdays.

No major architectural significance or contrasting space relating directly to

Fig 34. View of space facing east during the day.

Fig 35. View of the space from over the road at night.

the space was found.

The space currently does not allow the interaction to create emotional responses. Opening the space by removing the railings would generate new activities and responses however the original qualities would most likely be lost as the strong current visual barriers are the dynamic aspect to the site.

Through observation the case study is not worthy of being retained based on the criteria set out in chapter 3. The space appears to have formed as a result of its design at the planning stage but attempts to control access to the space with barriers have stopped it from being occupied by the public and any intervention carried out now might lessen any qualities it already possesses.

Fig 36. Figure Ground Map of Case Study 1 area (scale 1:1250) taken from

Ordnance Survey highlighting site and points of photographs. 44

Fig 37. Figure Ground Map of Case Study 1 area (scale 1:500) taken from

Ordnance Survey highlighting site and points of photographs. 45

Fig 38. Photographs of space facing south during the day stitched together.

4.3

Case Study 2: Liverpool City Council Mount Pleasant Car Park

Title: Liverpool City Council Mount Pleasant Car Park. Street Address: Underneath overhang to north pedestrian entrance of Liverpool City Council Mount Pleasant Car Park, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool. OS Co-ordinates: SJ 35247 90256 Area (m2): 255m2 approximately Dates, Days, Times of visits, and Weather Conditions: Initial visits carried out over five days (3 Weekday/ 2 Weekend) in four 30 minute visits (between 09:00-21:30). Full day studies carried out during Monday 10th September, Tuesday 9th October, Wednesday 7th November, Thursday 13th December 2012, Monday 7th January 2013 (between 08:30-24:00). (See Appendix B2).

Fig 39. Photographs of space facing north during the day stitched together.

The case study, approximately 40m x 3m (Fig 53), is located next to the exit on the north of the car park on Brownlow Hill. As with the last case study the space focused on is again created by an overhang however the space allows for the public interaction invoking a stronger emotional response.

The space acts as a transitional space from the car park to the street. Trees and concrete pillars run the entire length of the site, parallel to the main road, dividing the space into three perceived public footpaths (Fig 41-43). The space focused on in this case study is the one underneath the overhang closest to the car park.

The dark nature of the large overhang creates an unpleasant space in comparison to that of the path closest to the main road. The intermediate path which lies between them acts as a barrier which when observed people choose to avoid up to the point when forced to cross the space to gain 47

Fig 40. View of space facing south west from over the road during the day.

Fig 41. View of space facing west at night showing one of the perceived routes.

access to the car parks side entrance even during the day in poor weather when the overhang would act as shelter.

Despite being a relatively large public space pedestrians opt to avoid the space, especially at night due to extremely poor light and visibility being available.

A faint smell of rubbish equipment stored to the west of the overhang (Fig 47) lingers and general waste and dust collects underneath.

Fig 44. View of space facing west during the day.

Fig 45. View of space facing east during the day.

Fig 42. View of space facing west at night showing one of the perceived routes.

Fig 43. View of space facing west at night showing one of the perceived routes.

Arguably this is in part due to the wider context which has nothing of interest to attract people (Fig 39). It is simply a route into town which links the Universities and the city centre and subsequently becomes a point of necessary foot traffic and parking which is located adjacent.

The strong repetition of the columns (Fig 45) is daunting to people as they obscure the sight lines and create a boundary which cut people off from the main road and the possibility of being monitored by both vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

Fig 46. View from within overhang of interaction as people leave the car park.

Fig 47. View of rubbish storage to the west of the space during the day.

Fig 48. View of space facing west during the day from path.

Fig 49. View of space facing east at night under overhang.

The space allows an interaction which generates an emotional response of fear to the site through poor availability to see and be seen. The space is normally avoided unless the necessary activity of entering/leaving the car park is required (Fig 46).

Fig 50. View of space facing south east at night from over the road.

Fig 51. View from underneath the overhang at night.

No major architectural significance or contrasting space relating directly to the space was found.

Through observation the case study is not worthy of being retained based on the criteria set out in chapter 3. The space was created as a transitional space acting as a buffer zone. The emotional responses generated by the site are strong however the open nature of the site to the road on the north relieves it of a lot of any character into a more generic space.

Fig 52. Figure Ground Map of Case Study 2 site (scale 1:1250) taken from Ordnance Survey highlighting site and points of photographs.

Fig 53. Figure Ground Map of Case Study 2 site (scale 1:500) taken from Ordnance Survey highlighting site and points of photographs.

4.4

Case Study 3: Back Seel Street

Title: Back Seel Street. Street Address: Back Seel Street, Back Seel Street, Liverpool. OS Co-ordinates: SJ 34990 89888 Area (m2): 197m2 approximately Dates, Days, Times of visits, and Weather Conditions: Initial visits carried out over five days (3 Weekday/ 2 Weekend) in four 30 minute visits (between 10:00-22:30). Full day studies carried out during Tuesday 11th September, Wednesday 10th October, Thursday 8th November, Monday 10th December 2012, Tuesday 8th January 2013 (between 08:30-24:00). (See Appendix B3). 54

Fig 54. Photographs of space from centre during the day stitched together.

Fig 55. Photographs of entrance to space from east side during the day stitched together.

The case study approximately 60m x 2.5m (Fig 73), formed by the backs of businesses i.e. nightclubs, offices, car parks, and a garage which act as a stark contrast of activity to that of the case study itself (Fig 65). This narrow street appears to be the result of planned space originally intended for 55

Fig 56. View of space facing west during the day.

Fig 57. View of space facing east during the day.

access which has fallen out of use by the general public. Now mainly used as a refuse area for the buildings around it (Fig 56). No longer connecting anything of interest and thus not generating any type of pedestrian traffic the area has fallen into disuse with the exception of only strictly necessary activity occurring through rare use by staff when dealing with refuse from local businesses which overlook the space and a place for public urination at night. Unlike the back alleyways of the nearby Kensington Estate in Liverpool where these types of spaces have been gated to create space solely for refuse collection the case study remains accessible to all.

The absence of street lighting (Fig 59) along the length of the site at night (except for the area used by staff for refuse) create extremely poor visibility discouraging people from using the space as a route as necessary tasks are 56

diverted around the site on other roads. Used by the homeless community as shelter and the public as a toilet at weekendâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leaves a smell of urine. Subsequent enforcement by police to remove any undesirables makes the space extremely uninviting as a walkable route for pedestrians; yet it is a necessary element in the process of waste removal for the surrounding businesses. The narrow nature of the street coupled with the height of the surrounding buildings creates a sense of enclosure verging on claustrophobic and feelings of genuine fear for personal safety at times.

The space has become used for acts of graffiti vandalism (Fig 62).

The space allows the interaction which invokes strong emotional responses of fear and dread to the site through poor visibility and connotations of crime. The space is avoided where possible by the public.

Fig 58. View of space facing west at night part of the way down.

Fig 59. View of space facing east at night.

Fig 60. View of space facing west during the day.

Fig 61. View of space facing west during the day.

Fig 62. View of space facing west during the day.

Fig 63. View of space facing west at night.

Fig 64. View of entrance to space from east side during the day.

Fig 65. Seel Street businesses which back onto the space.

Through observation based on the criteria that this case study was worthy of being preserved in its current condition as an example of a typical dark back alley street often portrayed in films as the scene of unpleasant deeds. It instils fear in those forced to engage with it and has no other social or cultural use.

Fig 66. View of space facing east during the day.

Fig 67. View of space facing east at night.

Fig 68. Figure Ground Map of Case Study 3 site (scale 1:1250) taken from Ordnance Survey highlighting site and points of photographs.

Fig 69. Figure Ground Map of Case Study 3 site (scale 1:500) taken from Ordnance Survey highlighting site and points of photographs.

4.5

Case Study 4: Liverpool Queensway Tunnel Entrance

Title: Liverpool Queensway Tunnel Entrance Street Address: Above Liverpool Queensway Tunnel Entrance, Liverpool Queensway Tunnel Entrance, A41, Liverpool. OS Co-ordinates: SJ 34644 90726 Area (m2): 630m2 approximately Dates, Days, Times of visits, and Weather Conditions: Initial visits carried out over five days (3 Weekday/ 2 Weekend) in four 30 minute visits (between 11:00-23:30). Full day studies carried out during Wednesday 12th September, Thursday 11th October, Monday 5th November, Tuesday 11th December 2012, Wednesday 9th January 2013 (between 08:30-24:00). (See Appendix B4). 62

Fig 70. Photographs of space from centre during the day stitched together.

Fig 71. Photograph of steps leading to space and the front of the tunnel entrance during the day stitched together.

Fig 72. View of space facing west during the day from on top of platform.

Fig 73. View of space facing south at night from top of steps.

The case study approximately 50m x 20m (Fig 87) is the plaza located above the entrance into the Mersey river vehicular tunnel originally as a landscaped feature due to the site not being able to support new structures however was not included or treated with the same level of detail as that of the tunnel (Fig 71) which was listed Grade II on the 10th October 1980 (English Heritage, 2007v).

Connecting the two sides divided by the tunnel and flyover bridge. The space is used for necessary activity i.e. walking from Old Haymarket Street to Dale Street however the conditions are suitable for some social activities to occur during the day often however forced as a result of over spill from larger gatherings which occurred in relation to the tunnel i.e. the popular running 64

Fig 74. View of path in space facing south during the day.

Fig 75. View of path in space facing north during the day.

events carried out in the tunnel itself each year. The spaces practical nature is mirrored in that of the tunnel which formed it. The two are however in contrast over the care and attention laid upon them as shown by the listed status each holds.

Poor visibility of routes across the site (Fig 75) creates confusion while moving from one side to the other. These blind spots generate fear within people when coupled with the limited manoeuvring space for pedestrians (Fig 81) when faced with the possibility of interaction with others which at

Fig 76. View of space facing east during the day from over the road.

Fig 77. View of space facing north at night from on top of platform.

Fig 78. View of path in space facing south at night.

Fig 79. View of space facing west during the day from path.

night, the lack of lighting, exacerbates the issues.

Situated next to a flyover bridge (Fig 85) generating large noise pollution, constant level changes forcing sight line issues and singular points of access (Fig 79) and transition across the site force interaction within often noisy, dark, and disorientating setting. An attempt to soften the area with trees is unsuccessful.

Fig 80. View of steps leading towards car park facing east during the night.

Fig 81. View from path in space facing north during the day.

Fig 82. View of space facing north during the day from over the road.

Fig 83. View of the space at night.

The feeling of not being able to be seen despite a large traffic flow becomes unnerving at times and plays with peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense of security.

Within the immediate context is located a hotel which overlooks the space (the tinted windows stop any form of safety through observation being felt), cark parks, public houses and an architect practice. These generate public footfall at all times but only small amounts not during the 9-5 working hours during weekdays.

No purpose built seating of or place to stop on any of the platforms (Fig 83) which can only be accessed via the steps located apart from each other makes the person feel no ownership over the space as if it is not meant to be used despite the attempt at some form of social forum in the multi-level platforms and trees.

I small alcove underneath the bridge (Fig 84) was observed providing shelter 67

Fig 84. View of steps leading to car park from space during the day.

Fig 85. Space during the day occupied by a homeless person.

for homeless person. The material nature of the space is one of function; concrete floor slabs mirroring the concrete and stone monolithic structures that are the flyover bridge and tunnel entrance however leave the space feeling cold.

Through observation based on the criteria set out in chapter 3 that this case study was worthy of being preserved in its current condition. It is an example of space which is formed as a result of poor planned development as its construction fell under the same as the tunnel and no other factors. It is used only as a necessary transitional space which is linked to the English Heritages listed Queensway Tunnel Entrance. The site is unable to be redeveloped due to the tunnel and instils the emotional response required in 68

those who choose to walk through the route.

Fig 86. Figure Ground Map of Case Study 4 site (scale 1:1250) taken from Ordnance Survey highlighting site and points of photographs.

Fig 87. Figure Ground Map of Case Study 4 site (scale 1:500) taken from Ordnance Survey highlighting site and points of photographs.

Chapter 5: Conclusion

5.1

Overview

This investigation into the negative public perception and use of poor quality public space in inner cities within the UK was to consider whether the existing structure applied by English Heritage to the management built environment should be also used to value the forgotten public space through case studies.

The two primary objectives which form the basis for the case studies.

1. to understand the nature and social importance of neglected spaces in cities 2. to explore whether criteria could be drawn up that would guide the selection of space which should be preserved for appraisal

5.2

Conclusion and Key findings

This is a complex idea with many aspects which reach beyond the architectural space into social and even psychological elements of human behaviour as well deals with various scales from sensory exploration to urban planning.

This texts intention was to explore how an alternative viewpoint could be used to better understand how established public perceptions towards their poor quality space could be kept for the benefit of future generations.

The typology of the space referred to as forgotten space used in this dissertation was discussed drawing on the work of Worpole and Greenhalgh.

The relevance of the forgotten spaces on contemporary culture was discussed making reference to the various new types of appreciation groups emerging through new technology and the importance of preserving heritage done by English Heritage and UNESCO but not currently encompassing forgotten public space.

Leading ideas in the fields of urban design such as PIU were discussed to examine how the disassociation between poor quality space and its treatment at current does not reflect its true value.

How space is used was reflected in to the two following chapters in order to ascertain whether the true value of forgotten public space was within the space formed or the people who used it. As Gehl (2006) observed the use defines the space leading to the conclusion that people are the key aspect to this idea. The changing trends within cities also have an effect however on how these spaces form for people to transfer their perceptions onto concluding that both are important points in the discussion of public space. The conclusion made from this is the inherent contradiction of fixing spaces at a point in time and encouraging new appreciation as the act of listing or appraisal of forgotten space would alter the qualities for which it was chosen. 73

The social implication of encouraging appreciation of space often associated with crime were discussed referring to Worpole and Greenhalgh work on the subject whilst concluding links between the previous chapter on how space within cities are often redeveloped leading to crime re-location rather than eradication.

Existing bodies and their methods used such as English Heritage were observed as well the contemporary recording methods to be used in recording the sites discussed to enable a more subjective approach to the criteria set out later. I concluded that whilst a level of separation between individuals personal emotional response was required and established through more quantitative data the qualitative aspect of exploration also needed to be expressed through the case studies using photography and descriptive text.

Through mapping exercises a catchment area was established in Liverpool and derived from the exploration of existing knowledge in chapter 2 selection criteria for case studies written.

During my own urban exploration of Liverpool city I found many sites (shown on Fig 11) which met the criteria set out in chapter 3. From these four case studies were selected and visited periodically to ensure each was seen in different situations and recorded using the methods in chapter 3.

Case Study 1: Royal Liverpool University Dental Hospital displayed less 74

of the qualitative value than originally thought and was not therefore recommended as an example for preserving.

Case Study 2: Liverpool City Council Mount Pleasant Car Park also did not possess as much qualitative value as with Case Study 1 and was also not considered worthy of preserving.

Case Study 3: Back Seel Street was able to provide the required emotional response whilst also complying with the other aspects of the criteria leaving it with a valid option for preservation under the criteria set out in this text as an example of poor quality forgotten pubic space.

Case Study 4: Liverpool Queensway Tunnel Entrance proved the best example contrasting directly with the English Heritage listed tunnel which also stops major alterations to the space while still providing a strong emotional response within the people who use the space.

Each of the four case studies possessed qualities which would be disregarded without consideration for cultural relevance in favour of new demands for space. However case study 3 and 4 evoked strong personal responses as well as following the required criteria set out in looking for space.

Completely preserving these case studies selected through my criteria of exceptional poor quality generated in the absence of routine human 75

interaction was not feasible. Often unseen by the general public other than as space of poor quality the character of the spaces blocks new forms of interactions occurring thus perpetuating the perception. By trying to set up a new appreciation formally of the aesthetic value these types of spaces represent would ultimately be altered by reoccupation of the space during its appreciation.

The overriding conclusion to come from my research however is the exploration and appreciation of the qualities these spaces represent in contemporary culture is possible and currently done when kept to the niche groups of people exploring cities under ideas such as the Urbex philosophy.

The criteria set out in this dissertation for selecting and grading spaces of adverse emotional responses for this emerging movement would enable the perception of space to be carried out in a more structured way. Leading to a better understanding of forgotten public space and the best examples being promoted within the movement and society in general preventing the value of this typology from being forgotten.

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Appendix A1: Letter Sent to Head Office of English Heritage. Flat 18

1 Crosshall Street LIVERPOOL L1 6DQ e: daz_133@hotmail.com m: 07595 89 63 56 19/12/2012 1 138 London EC1N 2ST

Waterhouse -

142

Square Holborn

Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to you as a student currently completing my Master of Architecture at the School of Architecture in the University of Liverpool. I am currently working on my research into the retention of poor quality public space as a means of maintaining the contrast between poor and excellent architecture and space within cities. My research so far shows a growing interest in between previously niche groups of people now able to collate globally in the form of new social mobile applications, websites and books focused on the beauty to be found in spaces commonly associated with more savoury activities and of dereliction. As part of my argument I believe the publicâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perception and use of poor quality space in inner cities within the UK and the effect the perception has on the continued existence of that space is a quality which in small numbers could be persevered in a manner similar to that of the English Heritages Listed status. The aim of my work which I would be happy to forward once complete is to consider whether the existing structure applied by English Heritage to the built environment of high quality could also be used to value the opposite end of the spectrum. Arguing the perceived state of beauty within cities would not be possible without architectural spaces woven throughout consisting of poor quality to generate a visible and emotional contrast. I wished to open a discussion with you surround the idea of preserving space associated with negative connotations within the built environment so that as a society we could retain this aspect of contemporary city life. It is my belief humans are compelled to remove all we can of imperfection to create the perfect society through our environment and design I argue we could actually find ourselves destroying spaces of hidden depths which ultimately future generations of building designers may learn from. Would it be possible ask for the opinion of English Heritage surrounding my idea in response to this new type of appreciation for the built world? 83

Appendix A1: Letter Sent to Head Office of English Heritage (Continued).

Have you ever had examples of applications which were based on the argument of poor quality being retained as an example? I looked through the information available online however do you have any preexisting guidelines on this subject? I would much appreciate your help in regards to this investigation. Thank you for your time and consideration in this request, I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours Sincerely

Darren Smith BA (Hons) Arch

KEY (M)orning 8.00-11.59 (A)fternoon 12.00-17.59 (E)vening 18.00-20.59 (N)ight 21.00-24.00

Day

S = Sunny C = Cloudy Da = Dark W = Wet Dr = Dry Co = Cold Wa = Warm H = Hot HR = Heavy Rain LR = Light Rain SW = Slighty Windy VW = Very Windy MW = Mildly Windy

Time of Day (TOD)

Weather Conditions (WC)

Appendix B1: Date, Day, Time, and Weather Conditions of Site Visits Key

M = Monday Tu = Tuesday W = Wednesday Th = Thursday F = Friday Sa = Saturday Su = Sunday Su = Sunday

Appendix B2: Date, Day, Time, and Weather Conditions of Site Visits to Case Study 1

Date

Day

Time on site From

TOD

Total

10th

Dec

2011

8.00

8.30

30m

S, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

12.00

12.30

30m

S, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

16.00

16.30

30m

Da, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

20.00

20.30

30m

Da, Dr,Co,MW

11th

Dec

2011

8.00

8.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

11th

Dec

2011

12.00

12.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

11th

Dec

2011

16.00

16.30

30m

Da, We, Co, MW

11th

Dec

2011

20.00

20.30

30m

Da, We, Co, MW

12th

Dec

2011

8.00

8.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

12.00

12.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

16.00

16.30

30m

Da, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

20.00

20.30

30m

Da, Dr, Co, VW

14th

Dec

2011

8.00

8.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

14th

Dec

2011

12.00

12.30

30m

S, We, CO, MW

14th

Dec

2011

16.00

16.30

30m

Da, We, Co

14th

Dec

2011

20.00

20.30

30m

Da, We, Co

16th

Dec

2011

8.00

8.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, MW

16th

Dec

2011

12.00

12.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

16th

Dec

2011

16.00

16.30

30m

Da, We, LR, MW

16th

Dec

2011

20.00

20.30

30m

Da, We, LR, MW

13th

Sept

2012

8.30

11.30

C, We, HR,MW

13th

Sept

2012

13.00

18.00

C, We, LR,MW

13th

Sept

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, We, LR, MW

13th

Sept

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, We, VW

8th

Oct

2012

8.30

11.30

S, Dr, SW

8th

Oct

2012

13.00

18.00

C, Dr, SW

8th

Oct

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, Dr, SW

8th

Oct

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, Dr, SW

6th

Nov

2012

8.30

11.30

S, Dr

6th

Nov

2012

13.00

18.00

S, Dr

6th

Nov

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, Dr

6th

Nov

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, Dr

12th

Dec

2012

8.30

11.30

S, We, LR, MW

12th

Dec

2012

13.00

18.00

S, We, LR, SW

12th

Dec

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, We, SW

12th

Dec

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, We, SW

10th

Jan

2013

8.30

11.30

C, Dr, Co

10th

Jan

2013

13.00

18.00

C, Dr, Co

10th

Jan

2013

19.00

21.00

C, Dr, Co

10th

Jan

2013

22.00

24.00

C, Dr, Co

Appendix B3: Date, Day, Time, and Weather Conditions of Site Visits to Case Study 2

Date

Day

Time on site From

TOD

Total

10th

Dec

2011

9.00

9.30

30m

S, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

13.00

13.30

30m

S, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

17.00

17.30

30m

Da, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

21.00

21.30

30m

Da, Dr,Co,MW

11th

Dec

2011

9.00

9.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

11th

Dec

2011

13.00

13.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

11th

Dec

2011

17.00

17.30

30m

Da, We, Co, MW

11th

Dec

2011

21.00

21.30

30m

Da, We, Co, MW

12th

Dec

2011

9.00

9.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

13.00

13.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

17.00

17.30

30m

Da, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

21.00

21.30

30m

Da, Dr, Co, VW

14th

Dec

2011

9.00

9.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

14th

Dec

2011

13.00

13.30

30m

S, We, CO, MW

14th

Dec

2011

17.00

17.30

30m

Da, We, Co

14th

Dec

2011

21.00

21.30

30m

Da, We, Co

16th

Dec

2011

9.00

9.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, MW

16th

Dec

2011

13.00

13.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

16th

Dec

2011

17.00

17.30

30m

Da, We, LR, MW

16th

Dec

2011

21.00

21.30

30m

Da, We, LR, MW

10th

Sept

2012

8.30

11.30

S, Dr,MW

10th

Sept

2012

13.00

18.00

S, Dr,MW

10th

Sept

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, We, LR

10th

Sept

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, We

9th

Oct

2012

8.30

11.30

S, Dr

9th

Oct

2012

13.00

18.00

S, Dr

9th

Oct

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, Dr

9th

Oct

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, Dr

7th

Nov

2012

8.30

11.30

S, Dr

7th

Nov

2012

13.00

18.00

S, Dr

7th

Nov

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, Dr

7th

Nov

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, Dr

13th

Dec

2012

8.30

11.30

S, We, LR, MW

13th

Dec

2012

13.00

18.00

S, We, LR, SW

13th

Dec

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, We, SW

13th

Dec

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, We, SW

7th

Jan

2013

8.30

11.30

C, Dr, Co

7th

Jan

2013

13.00

18.00

C, Dr, Co

7th

Jan

2013

19.00

21.00

C, Dr, Co

7th

Jan

2013

22.00

24.00

C, Dr, Co

Appendix B4: Date, Day, Time, and Weather Conditions of Site Visits to Case Study 3

Date

Day

Time on site From

TOD

Total

10th

Dec

2011

10.00

10.30

30m

S, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

14.00

14.30

30m

S, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

18.00

18.30

30m

Da, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

22.00

22.30

30m

Da, Dr,Co,MW

11th

Dec

2011

10.00

10.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

11th

Dec

2011

14.00

14.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

11th

Dec

2011

18.00

18.30

30m

Da, We, Co, MW

11th

Dec

2011

22.00

22.30

30m

Da, We, Co, MW

12th

Dec

2011

10.00

10.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

14.00

14.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

18.00

18.30

30m

Da, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

22.00

22.30

30m

Da, Dr, Co, VW

14th

Dec

2011

10.00

10.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

14th

Dec

2011

14.00

14.30

30m

S, We, CO, MW

14th

Dec

2011

18.00

18.30

30m

Da, We, Co

14th

Dec

2011

22.00

22.30

30m

Da, We, Co

16th

Dec

2011

10.00

10.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, MW

16th

Dec

2011

14.00

14.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

16th

Dec

2011

18.00

18.30

30m

Da, We, LR, MW

16th

Dec

2011

22.00

22.30

30m

Da, We, LR, MW

11th

Sept

2012

8.30

11.30

S, We

11th

Sept

2012

13.00

18.00

S, We, LR

11th

Sept

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, We, LR

11th

Sept

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, We, MW

10th

Oct

2012

8.30

11.30

S, Dr, MW

10th

Oct

2012

13.00

18.00

S, Dr, MW

10th

Oct

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, Dr, MW

10th

Oct

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, Dr, MW

8th

Nov

2012

8.30

11.30

C, We, SW

8th

Nov

2012

13.00

18.00

C, We, SW

8th

Nov

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, Dr

8th

Nov

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, Dr

10th

Dec

2012

8.30

11.30

C, Dr LR

10th

Dec

2012

13.00

18.00

S, We, LR

10th

Dec

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, We

10th

Dec

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, We, SW

8th

Jan

2013

8.30

11.30

C, Dr, Co

8th

Jan

2013

13.00

18.00

C, Dr, Co

8th

Jan

2013

19.00

21.00

C, Dr, Co

8th

Jan

2013

22.00

24.00

C, Dr, Co

Appendix B5: Date, Day, Time, and Weather Conditions of Site Visits to Case Study 4

Date

Day

Time on site From

TOD

Total

10th

Dec

2011

11.00

11.30

30m

S, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

15.00

15.30

30m

S, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

19.00

19.30

30m

Da, Dr,Co,MW

10th

Dec

2011

23.00

23.30

30m

Da, Dr,Co,MW

11th

Dec

2011

11.00

11.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

11th

Dec

2011

15.00

15.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

11th

Dec

2011

19.00

19.30

30m

Da, We, Co, MW

11th

Dec

2011

23.00

23.30

30m

Da, We, Co, MW

12th

Dec

2011

11.00

11.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

15.00

15.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

19.00

19.30

30m

Da, Dr, Co, VW

12th

Dec

2011

23.00

23.30

30m

Da, Dr, Co, VW

14th

Dec

2011

11.00

11.30

30m

S, We, Co, LR, MW

14th

Dec

2011

15.00

15.30

30m

S, We, CO, MW

14th

Dec

2011

19.00

19.30

30m

Da, We, Co

14th

Dec

2011

23.00

23.30

30m

Da, We, Co

16th

Dec

2011

11.00

11.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, MW

16th

Dec

2011

15.00

15.30

30m

S, Dr, Co, VW

16th

Dec

2011

19.00

19.30

30m

Da, We, LR, MW

16th

Dec

2011

23.00

23.30

30m

Da, We, LR, MW

12th

Sept

2012

8.30

11.30

S, Dr,SW

12th

Sept

2012

13.00

18.00

S, We, LR,MW

12th

Sept

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, We, MW

12th

Sept

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, Dr

11th

Oct

2012

8.30

11.30

S, Dr, MW

11th

Oct

2012

13.00

18.00

S, Dr, MW

11th

Oct

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, Dr, MW

11th

Oct

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, Dr, MW

5th

Nov

2012

8.30

11.30

S, Dr, MW

5th

Nov

2012

13.00

18.00

S, Dr

5th

Nov

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, Dr

5th

Nov

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, Dr

11th

Dec

2012

8.30

11.30

C, We,HR, MW

11th

Dec

2012

13.00

18.00

C, We

11th

Dec

2012

19.00

21.00

Da, We, SW

11th

Dec

2012

22.00

24.00

Da, We, SW

9th

Jan

2013

8.30

11.30

C, Dr, Co

9th

Feb

2013

13.00

18.00

C, Dr, Co

9th

Mar

2013

19.00

21.00

C, Dr, Co

9th

Apr

2013

22.00

24.00

C, Dr, Co