Space Tourism Research Project

Space Tourism A research project focused on the design of Space Stations for the future.

David Jackson 3D Design 16.01.15

1 – 2 Who can go?

3 – 4 International Space Station 5 – 6 Life Systems 7 – 8 Basic Needs 9 – 10 Sleeping 11 – 12 Exercise 13 – 16 Day in the Life of an Astronaut 17 – 18 Module Info & Storage 19 – 20 Chris Hadfield Quote 21 – 22 Climbing Frame 23 – 24 Space & Art 25 – 26 Lighting 27 – 28 Train Interior & Work Station 29 – 34 NASA Ergonomics 35 – 36 Cupola Window 37 – 38 Window Breakdown 39 – 40 Plants & Their Role 41 – 45 Accommodation Values 46 Behavioural Issues 47 – 48 Personal Belongings 49 – 50 Cargo Shuttle: Dragon X 51 – 54 Dragon Interior 55 – 56 Leonardo Storage Module 57 Payload Rack 58 Docking 59 – 60 Evacuate 61 – 64 Galactic Space Station 65 – 66 Russian Space Module 67 – 72 Moonraker 73 – 74 Artificial Gravity 75 – 76 Sci-fi & Activities in space 77 – 78 O’Neill Cylinder & Ixion Plane 79 Sporting Activities 80 Library 81 Swimming Pool 82 Cinema 83 – 84 Central Hub 85 – 86 Alcohol & Bar 87 – 96 Biomimetics 97 – 98 E. Kevin Schopfer 99 – 102 Zaha Hadid 103 – 106 Things to think about 107 The Brief 108 – 110 Bibliography

Space tourism has already been achieved, but only by the extremely wealthy. Initially starting in 2001, with price ranges between $ 20 million and 40$ million for 8-12 day missions, 7 people have achieved the goal of being space tourists. But what about the rest of us? Not everyone can afford $ 20 million for an 8 day experience in Space. Let’s take a leap into the future, what if the cost of flying into space, staying aboard a space station, and flying back is the same as a holiday abroad? It’s an amazing prospect. Which is why the aim of this project is to understand the future possibilities of space tourism for all.

Historically, spaceflight has been reserved for the very healthy. Astronauts are selected for their ability to meet the highest physical and psychological standards to prepare them for any unknown challenges. But what about everyday people like you and me? The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston released a study on 01/12/14 how people with common medical problems would be able to tolerate the stresses of commercial spaceflight.

Prior to Ex perience Tests: All registered subjects completed a medical questionnaire, physical examination, and electrocardiogram.

Subjects with identified concerns including high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, lung diseases like asthma or emphysema and back and neck injuries, surgeries or disorders were asked to provide documentation of their conditions.

Simulation: The centrifuge allows researchers to mimic the acceleration of a rocket launch or of a spacecraft reentering through the atmosphere. Astronauts regularly use centrifuges to train for their own spaceflights.

The acceleration forces expected in a commercial spaceflight profile are tolerable, but can be uncomfortable, for healthy individuals. The researchers wanted to see if they were equally tolerable for individuals with complex medical histories or whether there were certain conditions that would make it more difficult for them to handle the flight.

Results: There were 335 subjects who registered for the study, 124 who completed all pre-screening, and 86 subjects who participated in centrifuge trials. Due to prior medical history, five subjects were disqualified, most commonly for psychiatric reasons or uncontrolled medical conditions. Of the subjects approved, four individuals experienced abnormal physiological responses to centrifuge profiles, including one back strain and three with anxiety reactions. Participants with controllable medical conditions tolerated simulated flight without problems. A final quote from the researchers - “This study further supports the belief that, despite significant chronic medical conditions, the dream of spaceflight is one that most people can achieve.” (Pattarini, J 2014).

Space would seem like an ideal place for elderly people, especially when osteoporosis and arthritis are such an issue in today’s world. An elderly space tourist may be more comfortable without gravity, but there are other complications involved. Space would seem like an ideal place for elderly people, especially when osteoporosis and arthritis are such an issue in today’s world. An elderly space tourist may be more comfortable without gravity, but there are other complications involved.

The initial space shuttle launch for one. Design modifications for transportation will be necessary to allow elderly people with mobility issues. Once the elderly person is secured, how will they react when they are travelling 4 times the speed of sound towards the ISS? Will an elderly person need constant attention from staff, during transit and during the expedition? In addition, on average the first week of weightlessness causes temporary sickness as the body adjusts to the foreign environment. Sleeping patterns are altered, radiation is 10x as higher than on Earth, and the overall stress would combine into an unpleasant experience.

Astronauts train for 2-3 hours daily to maintain their fitness, if they didn’t, their bodies would deteriorate rapidly. An elderly person would need to train for extensive periods of time while adjusting to no gravity. This would be a huge demand on the body physically. An alternative to specific resistance and cardio training is to in cooperate physical training in daily tasks.

For a 6 month space expedition, astronauts loose on average 10% of their bone mass. Staying in space without artificial gravity for long space flights and expeditions would be critical for the tourist. It takes 6 months – 3 years for an astronaut to fully recover, depending on the person and duration of the expedition. Short term rehabilitation for younger tourists may be an option, but for elderly people, space seems unsuitable. (Thomas 2012).

Living organisms have been a part of space exploration since 1947. Since then, animals including chimps, rats, dogs, fish, all manner of insects and even turtles have been into space. During its adolescent, the risk of animals dying in microgravity was fairly high, but as technology of materials have developed, this figure has decreased dramatically. The latest addition to the International Space Station was 20 mice to monitor long term effects of rodents. So it is possible to send animals into space, but the size of each animal must be taken into consideration. Specially made facilities will be needed to ensure the animals are safe and secure during transportation and whilst aboard a space station. (Canright, 2014).

According to NASA, the majority of their lab inhabitants in the ISS adapted to weightless very well. However, it is the decision of the owner if they wanted to take their pets into space with them, so I included this question in my online survey. Out of the 100 people asked, 61 had pets. The results are fairly evenly distributed between the 3 options; 24 yes’s, 22 were unsure and 15 no’s. I asked the participants to explain their decision if possible. Below shows a selection from each of the 3 options. From the results, artificial gravity would be a suitable method of making space more habitual for pets.

‘If it is safe enough for people to go, then it is safe enough for my pet’ ‘I am unsure to be honest. I have the choice if I want to go, but my pet doesn’t, he obeys me without sounding like a dictator’

‘I cannot see how my cat or a dog would be comfortable floating around the room, never mind the trauma of a shuttle launch. Not to mention the waste; humans go to the toilet when they need to, what will my cat or dog do when they’re floating 3ft above the ground?’

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Living in Space - The International Space Station Max Capacity: 10 More liveable room than a conventional six-bedroom house Habitable Volume: 13,696 cubic feet (388 cubic meters) Gymnasium & 2 bathrooms aboard Pressurized Volume: 32,333 cubic feet (916 cubic meters) Solar Array Length: 239.4 feet (73 meters) Materials: Shell: Aluminium & High Grade Steel Outer Protection – Solid & fabric Kevlar Plumbing: Titanium

The International Space Station Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) is a life support system that provides or controls atmospheric pressure, fire detection, suppression, oxygen levels, waste management and water supply. The highest priority for the ECLSS is the ISS atmosphere, but the system also collects, processes, and stores waste and water produced and used by the crew—a process that recycles fluid from the sink, shower, toilet, and condensation from the air.

1. Electrolysis – this is the main method of producing oxygen for the astronauts; tanks of water are split into oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen is vented into the air system, known as the OSG (oxygen generation system), while the explosive hydrogen is vented into space. The football sized solar arrays power everything on the station, this includes the electrolysis process and the other life support systems.

Each day the OSG system produces 9kg of oxygen.

Back Up Tanks from Earth 2. Pressurised oxygen storage tanks replenished by visiting unmanned cargo ships provide a backup to the electrolysis method. Currently the ISS has a storage of 140 days’ worth of oxygen.

Emergency Supply 3. Finally, the crew can also generate oxygen chemically by igniting Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation (SFOG) canisters comprised of lithium perchlorate. This is the same method aeroplanes use when the masks drop down during depressurization. Each canister provides the oxygen needed to support one crew member for one day. (Kremer, 2012). The Vika system above claims to give 1 person enough oxygen for 24 hours just from 1 litre of lithium perchlorate. (Boeing.com, 2011)

In the unlikely event of an astronaut needing medical assistance, the ISS is fitted with Health Maintenance Facility. The module Node 2, has storage compartments on the floor known as the medic rack - this contains equipment such as defibrillators for serious cases. In the same module, there is a stretcher secured to the floor. The images on this page are from a video tour of the ISS, which includes the medical bay.

(Sebastiansz. 2012) Medical situations are split into 3 categories: Â Class I: non-life-threatening illnesses and injuries (headache, lacerations).

Class II: moderate to severe, possibly life-threatening (appendicitis, kidney stones).

Class III: severe, incapacitating, life-threatening (major trauma, toxic exposure).

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Preparation: 3 months prior to launch, consumables are dehydrated or precooked and sealed in vacuum formed packaging. This reduces the weight of the shuttle, maximises space available and allows the product to have a longer ‘shelf life.’ 3 weeks prior to launch, the food is transported to the flight zone and stored inside refrigerators, ready to be installed in the shuttle. (Damon, 2001) (NASA for Students, 2014).

Meal Time: To ensure each astronaut receives a balanced diet, meal plans are produced. They can make their own meals but they must be checked by a dietician. Each food item selected is placed into a tray, which can be attached to a wall via Velcro for stability. Each astronaut receives 1 set of plastic cutlery, and is washed using a wet wipe after each meal. Preparing meals is a simple procedure, as all the crew have to do is heat the package in an on-board microwave, or introduce water to dehydrated goods. (Damon, 2001) (NASA for Students, 2014)

After the meal: The packaging for the consumables are made from a flexible plastic, they can be easily compressed and stored in a waste department capsule. Liquid waste is dispersed into space, and rubbish is stored until it can be transferred to a docked ship, or it is released out into space where it combusts as it renters the Earth’s atmosphere. (Damon, 2001) (NASA for Students, 2014)

Long hot showers are out, obviously. Of all creature comforts, they were what I missed the most; a wipedown with a clammy cloth is a poor substitute. Hair washing involves scrubbing your scalp vigorously with no-rinse shampoo, then drying off carefully to be sure stray wet hairs don’t wind up floating all over the spacecraft and clogging up air filters or getting in people’s eyes and noses. The shampoo worked, more or less but my hair and scalp never felt the way they do on Earth. (Hadfield 2014).

Hand washing requires a bag of water that has already been mixed with a bit of non-rinse soap, squirt a bubble of the stuff out through the straw, catch it, and rub it all over our hands – carefully, so it clings to your fingers like gel instead of breaking off into tiny droplets that fly all over the place. Finally use a towel to dry.

Using a toilet in space is slightly more complicated than on Earth. Initially you strap yourself to the toilet, to stop you floating away. On Earth the typical diameter gap of the toilet seat is 30-45mm, however, in space, the diameter is 10cm! The toilet works similar to a vacuum cleaning, sucking up solid waste via air pressure. Each crew member are provided with a urinal funnel, which works in the same way as the toilet.

The funnels are usually colour coded just for that little extra organisation comfort. Solid waste is stored until a cargo shuttle can transport the waste back to earth. NASA agreed that solid waste from humans shouldn’t’t be floating around Earth’s orbit at 17,000 miles an hour, and decided the method of transportation was more appropriate. Prior 2008, urine waste was dispersed into space, post 2008 saw the integration of the Forward Osmosis equipment which involves recycling waste liquids back into consumable water. The complicity of the space toilet marks it with an £11m price tag. (Hadfield 2014).

There is no such thing as no-rinse laundry soap, so ineffectual cleaning of our clothes was impossible.

Instead, we just wore them over and over, until they wore out. Would life in space..um..Stink? The answer surprisingly was no. Admitted my sinuses were mildly clogged, throughout- without gravity, fluids accumulate in your head. But I never once smelled body odour on the ISS. The reason I think, is that your clothes are never really in contact with your body, they sort of float next to you loosely- and given how little we exert ourselves I’m sure we swat less too. A pair of socks lasted me a week, a t-shirt was good for two weeks, and shorts and long pants could last up to a month without unpleasant social consequences. Since training is mandatory, I went through gym clothes fast than anything else, replacing them once a week. When I couldn’t’t get one more wear out of something, I’d cram it into one of the waste container, so it can burn up on its way back to Earth (Hadfield 2014).

Tooth brushing for instance; you need to swallow the toothpaste – spitting is a very bad idea without the force of gravity or any running water to help stuff go down the drain and stay there. (NASA 2013) 8

Sleeping in space doesn’t require a platform for the crew to sleep on. No gravity, means no pillow, no bed, and no mattress. Since the first exploration into space, the crew slept inside fireproof sleeping bags (Damon, 2001). Each crew member has a ‘pod’ or ‘bunk’ which acts as a private chamber, allowing enough room for small personal belongings (Canadian Space Agency, 2013, sleeping in Space).

The replica of the Columbus model which is attached to the space station currently is exhibiting in the space museum in Leicester. I captured many pictures from the interior of this space, and made notes on specific design details. For example, hooks allow the sleeping bag to be tied in place, stopping him/her from knocking into surround walls. There is one main light which is sufficient for the size of the compartment, and a fold away table which pivots back into the wall. The fabric covered walls are suitable for pinning food bags (sweets for example) and pictures of family members on – just to make it a little more homely.

YouTube is abundant with videos of the interiors of all modules – including the newer modules with sleeping compartments. The interiors of the ISS are not aesthetically focused; there are wires and levers on just about every surface, and the private quarters are no exception. This image taken from a tour of an astronauts sleeping area shows exactly what it is like. Devices fitted to the wall hold laptops ergonomically. This particular area is in the ‘floor’ of the module. One of the issues sleeping in space is the ambient noise from the machinery, and the sound of Velcro being torn by other crew members. Velcro is the perfect temporary joining method until you wake your crew members up! Tape is a friendlier bet. (NASA 2001).

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During long periods of time in space, your body begins to change in the new weightless environment. Daily exercise is a necessity if the body should remain strong and fit, ready for the return of gravity once the astronaut travels back to Earth. Without exercise, the muscles in the body will break down and shrink as they aren’t being used like they would be on Earth. In addition, bones begin reabsorbing into your body, leaving your skeleton 1% less stable per month.

The lack of gravity would make lifting weights as you do on Earth pointless.

To create a training facility in space, special adaptations have been introduced to the machines to make them effective. An astronaut attaches themselves to a harness, which isolates them in place. The tread mill is underneath the harness, as seen in the first image. The images below and to the left show the options of orientation, the treadmill can be placed in - it looks slightly odd watching someone running in these positions! (Canadian Space Agency, 2013) There other ways of maintaining fitness other than running on a treadmill. In the International Space station they have a cycling machine and weight lifting machinery which functions via vacuums. The image directly to the left shows the stepping machine, which is folded up against the wall during periods of no exercise. To help prevent vibrations and noise affecting other parts of the space station, the fitness equipment is secured on special platform which reduce these negative features (Damon 2001, pg. 180).

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Interior Location The interior of my garage obviously isn’t exactly the same as the International Space Station, but it’s the best I could do! The shelving racks around me replicate the international standard payload racks, they may not be the correct colour but you get the idea. The average interior diameter for astronaut’s ranges from 2-5 meters, depending on the contents of each module – my garage is approximately the same width, but slightly higher than I anticipated. The garage follows the NASA guidelines of having a darker floor and a lighter ceiling to exaggerate the space.

Sound & Visuals The interior of the ISS has a constant ambient noise – from software and machinery working around the clock. To replicate this, I have found a 12 hour ambient noise YouTube video, sourced from the ISS itself.

This will play constantly throughout the day- let’s hope it doesn’t drive me crazy! (Chris Hadfield 2014).

While I have the ambient noise playing, I will need to have something replicating a window, so ‘I can look down at Earth.’ Also on YouTube, I have found a several videos taken by astronauts lasting up to 3 hour each of the ISS travelling around the Earth, so I have made a playlist of these videos. (Sebastiansz 2001).

The videos may not be a focus point of the experiment, but they add to the affect.

Fitness: In the middle of my mock-up station, I have connected my bicycle to a roller, so I can complete the same amount of training an astronaut does on a daily. . . 3 hours, lucky me! Once I have finished my exercise session, I need to wash – but there are no showers in space, so I must do what every other astronaut does after exercise, use a cleaning wipe and a towel to dry myself, great huh!

Food & Drink I have pinched the microwave from the kitchen and placed it on the shelving units next to me. Astronauts have limitations with food, food that is simple to prepare and doesn’t make a mess. Crumbs are out, no bread, no salt and pepper, lots of canned and solid food. Even with these minor limitations astronauts eat very similar to us down on Earth. So what I eat? The same as what I usually eat; canned food and fruit, rice sachets, juices, and fresh fruits and vegetables. I will also eat the same amount of calories as a typical astronaut; 3200 per day. Drinking in space requires a specially adapted straw; I’ll manage using an ordinary straw - there is no drinking from cups!

Sleeping Arrangements: Astronauts have their own private quarters, not much bigger than a telephone booth. In the ‘room’ they sleep in a sleeping bag, which is held to a wall to prevent them from floating away. I struggled for a while thinking about how I could do this, what is the best way? Before you call me crazy, I considered sleeping in a bath with my camping sleeping bag. I know it’s not ideal, but it will help me empathize how it feels to be enclosed in a small area.

Todays the day! The garage is prepped ready for me. The first thing an astronaut does is the same as most of us; wash yourself and brush your teeth! So that means no spitting the toothpaste out, and using wet wipes to freshen myself up.

The first meal of the day. Knowing that I have an exercise session ahead of me, I will need a large meal in me! That means lots of fruit, juices, soups and of course a litre of water – sucked from a bottle via a straw, just as astronauts do.

I have a nice 3 hour fitness session on the bicycle planned. 3 hours of continuous exercise in one day seems like a large amount of activity, therefore I will include interval training – stages of low and high intensity.

After that I will need to fuel up! Sachets of rice, canned vegetables and fruit for pudding. Dehydrated foods are a big part of space food, so I will purchase dried produce, such as bananas and packets of nuts.

These are also allowed is the ISS.

Astronauts have fairy busy schedule. Depending on individual backgrounds, astronauts perform different tasks throughout the day, from monitoring data and ensuring life support systems are fully functional, to being in command of the robotic arm preparing for craft berthing – it all depends. In my case, I can’t perform a spacewalk or control a robotic arm, but I can do my own work whilst remaining in this environment. Astronauts consistently monitor screens, so that’s what I will do! I have a 5 hour shift of work, let’s get stuck in!

Due to crumbs being a big no no aboard the ISS, bread isn’t allowed, but wraps are an astronauts favourite. Wraps with rice, vegetables and condiments of sauce are a perfect example of space food.

Approaching the end of the day means it’s time for astronauts to video report with NASA back on Earth.

Conferences entail the day’s outcomes and strategic planning for the next. The data that is monitored throughout the day is summarized and reporting back to NASA. Obviously I cannot report back to NASA, therefore I am going to use this time slot to continue working, and present my work to my family. It isn’t exactly the same, but it’s somewhat similar.

Being an astronaut has its privileges, in the few hours they get to relax in day they can look down on Earth and watch 15 sunsets! As well as the extraordinary activates they have, they do basically what we do on Earth; read books, listen to music (in some cases play their own instruments), watch DVDs and of course communicate with family. For my free time period I am going to read The Hobbit and practise my animation skills on my laptop.

After a hard day in the office it is time for bed, well not exactly – bath time! I will get inside the sleeping bag and slide into the bath . . . hopefully. I can see a restless night is in the future!

Overall my experience wasn’t so positive. The 3 hour exercise regime was a tuff session to complete!

The ‘space’ foods I ate was very similar to what I usually consume, therefore there was no issue in that department. The major issue for me was the sleeping arrangements. Granted, the set up wasn’t the most accurate, but it was the best I could do. I simply couldn’t get comfortable. I ended up retreating to my bed half way through the night. I can emphasize how astronauts feel when they are confined to a small area for long periods of time. I will need to replay this feeling when I am designing the private quarters sleeping area.

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Unity module was the first of three connection modules in the International Space Station, the remaining modules are Harmony and Tranquillity. Unity has 6 connection ports, and has been in use since 1998. The majority of modules in the ISS are white for hygienic reasons – spillages can easily be recognised. However, the interior colour scheme for Unity isn’t so plain. Being a connection module for other parts of the station, this module was/is used consistently.

An interesting observation from astronaut Nicole Stott in 2010 was that even though this module was asset to the station, there was one major problem: ‘Now, Node 1 is really a great space EXCEPT it’s painted in this “soothing” salmon, orangey pink colour. Think there was some psych study behind this. A simple paint job would do it wonders.’ (Stott, N. (2010).

Ax is & Storage Throughout the interior and exterior of the International Space Station hand rails are positioned to allow controlled movement. The handles are positioned on all axis surfaces, the majority of the handles are blue, which contrast with the white interiors of the modules. For hygienic reasons white is the most suitable colour to use, as spillages can easily be identified. The benefit of having handles on all axis’s, is that astronauts can use them as foot holsters when they are performing tasks.

NASA has reported that their astronauts prefer to have interiors with noticeable axis, as though they were on Earth, not 220 miles above it. The interior of the space station has axis labels on the walls throughout the modules, indicating port, starboard and deck directions. From a space tourist perspective, this will help with orientation and prevent confusion, especially during emergency situations. (Damon, T. 2001) The interior walls are designed for storage. Velcro strips are used throughout the station, and are useful for storing tools, information booklets and even food produce whilst working. Stainless steel clips are fixed to the walls, and act in the same way paper is secured to a clipboard. Elastic strips of canvas-like material are also attached to the walls for temporary storage of items.

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'But ffortless takes some getting used to. My body and brain were so accustomed to resisting gravity that when there was no longer anything to resist, I clumsily, sometimes comically, over did things. Two weeks in, I finally had moments approaching grace, where I made my way through the Station feeling like an ape swinging from vine to vine.

But invariably, just as I was marvelling at my own agility, I’d miss a handrail and crash into a wall. It took six week until I felt like a true spaceling and movement became almost unconscious; deep in conversation with a crewmate, I’d suddenly realise we’d drifted clear across the module – similar as to bobbing around a pool without really noticing.’ A quote from Chris Hadfield, time in space, 166 days. (Hadfield 2014).

As I used the elevator to take me to the top floor of the National Space Museum, I began thinking about ways of moving around in space, ways of moving around without gravity in a large station. As I elevated upwards, I was face to face with two rockets. Once I reached the top, I realised what I saw when I looked down reassembles a fireman’s pole. It may sound slightly extreme, but that’s what came to my mind at the time. Instead of handles and ladders, having poles which curve around the tunnels of a space station may be something to think about.

You maybe be wondering why I am showing you a climbing frame area, but it is completely relevant to the topic of movement in space. Climbing frames provide many different methods of movement from ground level to the top. Imagine this play park in a space station, there is no gravity, so the astronauts have a different perspective on how to use each method of movement. The sliding pole on Earth relies on gravity, but without gravity, the use of the pole could be reversed, and used a means of travelling upwards. Rope ladders are also used frequently in children’s play areas which could also be a useful means of travelling.

This image also shows a climbing wall, which makes me think this could a lot of fun in space. The image below is from my exchange in Spain!

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The aim of the interior design was to create a vertical by simply painting the floor and the lower half of walls darker colours than the ceiling and upper half of the wall. Russians experimented with this technique, they called it the 3 tone paint job – dark floor, lighter walls and even lighter ceiling. Overall light colours are preferred for the interiors as they signify a sense of spaciousness. Due to the ISS assembly taking just under two decades, the modules interiors take you through a timeline journey of design. Comparing the Unity module interior against an updated Density module, there are big style colour and unction differences.

The shape of the modules on the ISS are restricted as they are designed and built on earth, not in space. Larger modules would mean transiting materials into space and constructing above Earth – this would be very cost prohibitive. Therefore the interior of the modules resemble each other quite significantly. NASA have experimented with interior module shapes, and found that curved cylindrical modules with curved walls give the impression the room is smaller than it actually is, more so than angular walls. Irregular shaped rooms with the same volume as an angular room perceive extended depth.

Artwork in confined spaces have always had positive effects on team moral. Marines who venture under the sea in submarines for many months at a time, have experienced negative thoughts about what they are doing, and whether it is relevant in the world, since they seem redundant deep under the sea – a physiological state of depression. It is important to reinforce their values of what they doing, therefore artwork of not only their submarine, but other vessels of the sea displayed in private quarters and social areas puts things back into perspective.

NASA has experimented with this concept, and concluded that astronauts found images of natural scenery especially most appealing. To be objective, landscapes without people or animals received the warm positive reception depth of field was also important. Crew aboard the ISS also noted they enjoyed looking at artwork from novel angles as it sustains interest. (Harrison, A. 2001).

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NASA Guidelines Lighting NASA guidelines call for levels of illumination that afford good contrast, but minimum glare. In work areas light should be bright and uniform. Wide spectrum, or ‘daylight light’ is efficient for areas requiring bright light while ‘warm white light’ works well in areas that call for low light. People associate lower levels of illumination and redder, or ‘warmer’ source of with night time and social activities, so warm white light might be useful in living and off duty areas. Additionally, illumination levels within two adjacent areas should not be so desperate that workers moving between them have difficulty adjusting.

Compared to incandescent lights, florescent lights are efficient and cool. Fluorescent lights are less sensitive to vibration and have a longer life. They allow more accurate colour perception, and can be used to mimic terrestrial lighting conditions. However, incandescent bulbs work better in very cold temperatures, so they are used in air locks and outside the vehicle, where they give light in the shade or at night. In the initial modules, lighting is protected via cages and positioned as though gravity was present, above. The newer modules have light tubes which follow the full length of each section, also positioned above.

Lighting in Social Areas Area lighting helps regulate social activity. It can break up large areas into smaller public areas and semipublic areas. Variations in illumination demarcate an area or ‘set off’ an individual or small group of people from other people in the same adjacent areas. For example, a space after who is able to reduce light in a given area can, in effect, distance himself or herself from other crew members. (Did you ever shut off your reading light in a passenger plane, as a signal that you didn’t want to talk to the person in the adjacent seat?)

User-controlled lighting is in the interests of privacy, again with the restriction that the lighting contrasts in public areas should not be used so great as to make it difficult to move from one place to another. Below shows my image from the Space Museum.

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There is are similarities between the International Space Station modules and the interior of trains.

They are similar shape, they include storage, and are designed to maximise every inch of space available. In the International Space Station, once the modules are connected, the hatches stay permanently open.

The cargo module entrances are 81cm in diameter, whereas the modules used more regularly have passage ways that are 1.5m in diameter, making movement from module to module easier – especially when there are 6 crew members aboard. The door son the train slide to allow access, whereas the ISS open into the compartment.

In the International Space Station, once the modules are connected, the hatches stay permanently open. The cargo module are 81cm in diameter, whereas the modules used more regularly have passage ways that are 1.5m in diameter, making movement from module to module easier – especially when there are 6 crew members aboard. The door son the train slide to allow access, whereas the ISS open into the compartment.

The positioning of the lighting is also similar to the ISS. In addition, there is a light which follows the centre of the ceiling. The lighting is encased with strips of aluminium to protect them from being damaged. Each encasing can be removed individually.

The handles are slightly different in comparison to the ISS. The ISS handles protrude into the empty space, so the user can easily grasp them. Whereas the train handles are positioned inside the interior wall, to allow larger luggage to move through. The aesthetics of having handles inside the wall seem more appealing, but maybe not as functional.

It is important to know how astronauts’ use their workstations in the ISS. Do they float around each other?

Do they have designated areas? How do they stay in one area without floating into other crew members?

The answer is foot holders, handles and in specific areas, a seating contraption that keeps the astronaut stationary. A seating device that keeps a space tourist stable would be very useful in social areas in the space station. Combining several tourists and new environment of weightlessness in a confined space could be a recipe for disaster - the Interior needs to be well organised to deal with traffic.  NASA introduced a seating mechanism which allowed the user to work as though they were on earth. The design is slightly adapted to hold the users thighs in place, while providing an area for seating and a surface suitable laptops or documentation. The chair is fitted to the wall of the Module, but can be detached to use elsewhere if needed. The framework is aluminium and the contacts sections are made from white acyclic glass – to reduce the weight of cargo further carbon fibre designs were manufactured. I will need to design the furniture for my design, to ensure the user can be comfortable no matter where they are in the station.

(Rose 2008).

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The Cupola (also known as the windowed workstation) is an observation platform on the International Space Station. It was designed and assembled by Alenia Spazio in 2003. The module was launched into orbit via the Space Shuttle STS-130, and docked with the International Space Station on February 8th, 2010.  With a total height of 1.5m and a maximum diameter of 2.95m, this viewing platform was designed for monitoring missions involving the robotic arms and EVA’s (spacewalks). In total there are 7 windows in the Cupola, the largest being the centre pane measuring 80cm (31 inches) in diameter. The composition of the windows gives the astronauts a 360 degree spectrum view, providing a perfect environment for taking pictures of the Earth. To protect the window panes, each one has an individual shutter which can be closed any time to prevent contact from micrometeoroids and space debris.

The interior of the Cupola is workstation focused. Control panels and monitors consume the circumference of the module. This space is designed for 2 people to float inside, and uses audio methods to communicate with astronauts from other modules in the space station. The Cupola is often compared to the iconic window design of the Millennium Falcon cockpit, from the Star Wars Series (Wright, 2014).

I found some very interesting research in the form of emails between NASA and Nicole Marie Passonno Stott during her 103 day experience in Space in 2011. ‘ We don’t have a lot of extra personal things up on the “walls” because we want to try to keep the station in good shape for years (there’s so much stuff on the walls already). So what we lack in decorative items on our walls, we more than make up for with the incredible views through our windows. So I think of the Earth views and the views of space as our artwork on our walls. Would be great if there was a window in every module!’ (Stott, N. 2010).

Having large panes of glass in space is unwise, mainly due to them being damaged in operation. An alternative to having large windows, is to have large high quality screens built into the wall, to imitate the view the user would see. This would be achieved using a simple set up of exterior cameras. Smaller viewing windows could be positioned in an array, allowing views of the exterior, whilst maintaining structural strength.

Trying not to be biased and focus on what I would like in a space station, I wanted to know whether people would value having large transparent windows, and maybe even transparent floors. I quickly rendered this image and asked the question; ‘How do you think you would feel walking along this pathway?’ I provided the 100 participant with 3 option for this question.

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NASA has been growing plants in space before the International space Station was even operational. Despite the lack of gravity, there have been many cases where the plants themselves grow as though they are on Earth – obviously a good light source has aided this process! They are stored inside the Columbus module, inside the pay load rack designed for experiments.

The replica of the Columbus module displayed this in the National Space Museum. In addition to the lab racks, there were rotating collenders that were growing plants in a mirror box to emphasize the light inside. (Meggs 2011).

A wide range of foods have been grown in the ISS – mostly vegetables. Even though the ISS receives food supplies every couple of months, they still grow a small amount of plants, for studies and for selfconsumption. Plants obviously improve the quality of the air by producing oxygen from Co2, thus masking unpleasant odours.

‘People who are inside a building do better if they can grow something.

Tending the microenvironment is a good hobby, as experimented with Russian astronauts.’

You are responsible for something, and a plant growing in such a desolate place can only be good for mental health. (Harrison 2001).

A Quick Idea Each visitor could leave something behind in the space station, something that is unique or remember ale. I originally thought of having a large message wall that space visitors can sign and leave messages, however I feel that by adopting a plant, nurturing it for the time of their holiday will be more fulfilling. Once they leave the station, and the next visitor arrives, they take over. I could either have plants in a private quarters, or a ‘green house’ module where people can help grow food.

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Everyone values different features when they stay in new accommodation. By having a wide spectrum of opinions and views from the public, I can ascertain what the most popular features are. It almost killed me asking people to complete my questionnaire, but I managed to get exactly 100 participants. I know I have a good set of reliable results.

Votes! The feature which received the most votes, is having a w indow v iew . Having a window is a necessity in comfortable accommodation, but imagine observing the World as you travel at 17,000 miles an hour through a panoramic window - what a privilege to witness.

Votes for bed design & comfort! The feature which received the most votes, is having a w indow v iew .

Having a window is a necessity in comfortable accommodation, but imagine observing the World as you travel at 17,000 miles an hour through a panoramic window - what a privilege to witness.

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Votes for WIFI! WIFI A common question posed on the internet is ‘can you get WIFI in the International Space Station?’ According to Malic (2014), the answer is yes! Since 2010 the World Wide Web has been operational in space!

Votes for telev ision! ision I didn’t expect many people to vote for television in space, but surprisingly it received 20 votes! I assume once the novelty of space has worn off, creature comforts such as favourite television shows are available. I think this defeats the purpose of the object, you will most likely be in space once, would you spend it watching EastEnders?

Votes for an En Suite!

Suite I also didn’t expecting En-suite to receive 15 votes. Using the bathroom without gravity can be slightly complicated, so I am surprised people don’t require their own personal area for this ‘task!’ Please refer to page ……. for information on using the toilet in space.

Even though these features received few votes, they still have valid design concepts for future proposals. The next page shows the breakdown of what these features are, and some quick initial thoughts on how I can take with me to the drawing board.

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The International Space station is designed primarily for function, not for comfort. Motion pictures such as ‘Star Wars’ depict large open plan interiors that are abundant with space, but realistically the interior design of space craft and space stations today maximise all axis and surfaces. Having private quarters that are spacious would resemble luxury and wealth by today’s standards. Do I have classes in my design? Do I segregate people? Should people be privileged with better quality furnishings, even though everyone is involved in the same amazing experience?

Noise from other tourists can be a major problem in any accommodation. Aboard the International Space Station, there have been issues with noise from Velcro straps being torn, awakening crew members – obviously not good for team moral! A chapter from Chris Hadfield (an astronaut who has completed many missions on the International Space Station) in his book ‘An Astronauts Guide to Life on Earth’ explains the constant ambient noise the space station makes can take a while to adjust to. (Hadfield 2014).

This is linked to the window feature option. If you are 220 miles above Earth, you are going to see some amazing views. In the design stages of my final major project, I will defiantly take this concept into consideration. My initial thought was something similar to a glass ball - sphere you can go inside, and be completely exposed. Imagine floating in something similar to that!

This is linked to the window feature option. If you are 220 miles above Earth, you are going to see some amazing views. In the design stages of my final major project, I will defiantly take this concept into consideration. My initial thought was something similar to a glass ball - sphere you can go inside, and be completely exposed. Imagine floating in something similar to that concept!

This is a personal pet peeve for me; there is nothing more frustrating than not having enough wall sockets to charge techno gadgets. Usually there are two sockets per bedside cabinet; one for the light and one left to charge your phone, laptop, iPod eBook etc. Sometimes correcting the minor details like this effect the whole quality experience of a space.

Even though windows received the highest amount of votes, the idea of having a telescope in your private quarters seems very appropriate! My initial thought would be to have a telescope that can be moved 360 degrees so the user can explore space that little bit further – maybe even a cylinder telescope pod? Just a thought for now.

Behav ioural Issues Associated w ith Confinement While in orbit, crewmembers make journal entries at least three times a week in a personal journal; the journal can be either in written form (electronic, using an ISS laptop, or paper) or an audio recording (using a PowerPoint audio application). In addition to the journal entries, participating crewmembers complete a brief electronic questionnaire at the mid-point of their Expeditions. The aim of the investigation was to monitor the behavioural patterns of crew members during their time in the confined area of the International Space Station.

· Isolation, confinement, and the other stressors of spaceflight can affect crew health and morale, which are factors that can influence mission success. · This study converts behavioural and human factors information contained in confidential journal entries into quantitative data concerning the importance of the various behavioural issues involved in extended-duration space exploration. · Systematically analysing the content of astronaut journals provides insights that contribute to the design of procedures and equipment to support human performance during space operations and exploration.

Results: Responses to questions asked before, during, and after the expeditions suggested that living and working on board the ISS were not as difficult as the astronauts anticipated before starting their sixmonth tours of duty. Astronauts reported that they benefited personally from writing in their journals, because it helped them maintain perspective on their work and relations with others. It was apparent from the journal entries analysed that conditions on board the ISS were far better than tolerable, but short of what was necessary to support optimum human performance for sustained periods of routine operations . Crews performed admirably, as expected, and the journals contained many positive statements about living and working in space; however, the tone and content of some entries described problems and conveyed levels of frustration and annoyance . It was also noticed that the crewmembers shared an unusually well-developed sense of self-awareness.

What can I Learn from this?

The results from these tests were monitoring behaviour of individuals for as long as 6 months – nowhere near the amount of time a space tourists will be in space. However, it is wise to understand the long term effects of space flight. I will research into how astronauts can be stimulated to reduce these adverse effects.

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Personal Belongings in Space?

Astronauts have limits as to what they can take with them. NASA uses a system called PPK (personal preference kit) which is used to store the astronaut’s personal belongings during transit in space shuttles. The contents of the PPK are limited to 20 separate items, combined at a total weight of 1.5 pounds. The bag provided by NASA has volume dimensions of 12.82cm x 20.53cm x 5.13cm. However, deliveries from cargo launches such as Dragon X, have a higher allowance of personal belongings – up to 1kg (Frost 2014). Once aboard the Intentional Space Station, crew members can receive parcels from family and friends, which typically contain CD, DVD’s books etc. (Frost 2014).I wanted to know what space tourists would like to take with them if they stayed aboard a space station, so I included this in my online questionnaire. The next page shows the feedback.

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Dragon X - Cargo Vehicle

Dragon X is a reusable spacecraft designed initially for the transportation of cargo to and from Earth to the International Space Station. Since May 2012, the spacecraft has flown, docked at the ISS and returned to Earth 12 times, making it the first commercial module to deliver cargo and return home safely.  Payload capability. Dragon capability. carries cargo in a pressurized capsule and an unpressurized trunk. It can carry 6,000 kilograms (13,228 pounds), split between pressurized cargo inside the capsule and unpressurized cargo in the trunk, which also houses Dragon's solar panels. Â

Dimensions. Dragon Dimensions. is 4.4 meters (14.4 feet) tall and 3.66 meters (12 feet) in diameter. The trunk is 2.8 meters (9.2 feet) tall and 3.66 meters (12 feet) wide. With solar panels fully extended, the vehicle measures 16.5 meters (54 feet) wide. (Space X, 2013).

The racks are a honeycomb carbon-aluminium construction designed for efficient packing in a zero-gravity environment. They accommodate a variety of standard-size NASA cargo bags as well as freezers for carrying materials such as biological samples.

The cost benefits and frequency of the Dragon shuttle allows the International Station to be continuously updated with software and technology. Laboratory equipment can be delivered, and used objects and software can be returned to Earth for analysis or repair.

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Transportation Adaption

Dragon X has also been designed as a transportation module for 7 crew members.

The interior hub has been redesigned with life support systems, laboratory testing equipment and 7 personalised carbon fibre seats arranged to maximise the space available.

The aim for the Dragon X module in 2015, if the development of reusable energy technology is ascertained, launch prices could be as low as $ 5-7m per flight.

Currently the price for each Dragon mission is $ 45-60m, which is still a substation amount less than a space shuttle, with a price of $ 450m per launch only.

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The Leonardo Module (named after Leonardo da Vinci) was designed primarily for storage of supplies, spare equipment and waste storage. It is known as ‘the moving van’ of the International Space Station, as it can be moved to almost any of the module hatches to ease the process of unloading. The exterior is reinforced with Kevlar blankets which cover two thirds of the shell – this acts as protection from micro meteorites.

The Leonardo module is secured in the cargo bay of a space shuttle. Once the shuttle is in close proximity of ISS, the cargo bay door open, allowing the robotic arm of the ISS to attach Leonardo to a hatch. Once the module is secured and pressurised, the contents of the module can emptied, allowing space for redundant software and waste. Leonardo is then detached from the ISS and is returned to the cargo bay of the shuttle.

It has been in service since March 2001, ferrying cargo to and from Earth. Leonardo was attached to ISS in February 2011 as PMM (permanent multipurpose module). The module is 6.4m in length, 4.5m wide and has the capacity to transit 10 tons of cargo. The interior is designed for 16 international standard payload racks. Of the 16 racks, 5 can be furnished with power or software, and 1 can be used for refrigeration and freeing. (Petty 2014).

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The pay load rack is a universal shell used throughout the interior of the ISS. Software, instruments and maintenance equipment can be stored and easily maneuverer to other areas of the ISS if necessary. By having one main payload rack, designing the interiors of the ISS can be much simpler than if every single storage facility was unique. An example of how useful this design can be, is during cargo deliveries from space shuttles.

Instead of individually moving many items, the whole payload rack can be detached and moved in one – saving time and energy.

Dimensions: Each ISPR provides 1.571 m³ (55.5 ft³) of internal volume being about 2 m (79.3 in) high, 1.05 m (41.3 in) wide, and 85.9 cm (33.8 in) deep. The rack weighs 104 kg (230 lbs) and can accommodate an additional 700 kg (1540 lbs) of payload equipment.

Docking and berthing are methods of connecting modules of spacecraft together - connections can be a long term or temporary depending on missions. Designed by Boeing, the common berthing mechanism is the joining device that combines 2 modules via air pressure. The hatch can be opened completely to provide a 51 inch (127cm) diameter passage for crew. Once the hatch is opened, the international standard payload racks can be transferred, fluid cables can be connected and data connections can be completed.

Docking and berthing have the same outcome, but the process of joining module to module is slightly different:

Berthing: ‘The two major structures that make up the Mechanism are rings, one of which is termed the "passive half," the other the "active half." The former has capture latch fittings, alignment guides and nuts. The latter, or active half, has capture latches, alignment guides, powered bolts and controller panel assemblies. The mating process begins after the protective Meteoroid Debris Deployable Mechanisms are removed from the Adapter seals. These four petal-like devices are made of Kevlar, the material of bulletproof vests. In a sequence of events more precisely choreographed than a tango, the two rings -- each mounted at the docking or berthing ports of the ISS modules being connected -- are first brought to within a few inches of each other using the robotic arm on the ISS.’ (Boeing.com 2013).

Docking: Docking is a joining method of a craft or module actively moving under its own prolusion to connect to the ISS – it doesn’t rely on the robotic arm.

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The International Space Station has procedures in place if an emergency evacuation is necessary. Many designs and concepts of escape pods have been created, but due to funding limitations NASA use already existing modules attached the ISS as a means of escape. Soyuz space craft are docked onto the ISS, which have the capacity for 3 people in each vessel. Currently there are 6 people aboard the ISS, therefore for a full evacuation relies on two Soyuz crafts. It takes 3 minutes for the Soyuz to detach itself from the ISS, and only 90 minutes to land safely on Earth. Prior to 2009, there was only one Soyuz used as an escape module, but due to increasing crew members taking up residence in the ISS, NASA introduced another Soyuz module. In addition to the Soyuz crafts, the cargo module Dragon X previously mentioned will also be used as an alternative escape module once it is operational. (Frost, R. 2013).

Similar to if there was an evacuation of the ISS, when the fire alarm goes off there are crew members who are assigned to isolate the fire. The remaining crew evacuate to the Soyuz crafts prepared for separation. During issues regarding orbital debris, the whole crew evacuate to the Soyuz crafts also.

The Soyuz in the crew’s lifeboat if you like.

Typically, when we have a fire alarm go off, there are crew assigned to fight the fire. The remaining crew wait in their Soyuz, prepared for evacuation. We also often put the crews in their Soyuz during red conjunctions of orbital debris.

One of the concepts that reached development to the point of drop testing was the X-38 Crew Return Vehicle (CRV). It was a wingless vehicle that was designed as an escape module from the ISS. In 2002 funding cuts prevented the concept from progressing into the final stages.

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The Galactic Suite Space Resort had a predicted target of being the first space station hotel that would travel 280 miles above the Earth. The company stated in 2010 that a three-day stay was projected to cost US$ 4 million per customer. Issues with transportation are causing the initial launch to be postponed until 2015. Each pod is 7m in length, 4m wide and has the capacity to hold four guests and two astronaut-pilots. Prior to launch, a 16 week training course based in the Caribbean must be completed, especially if the tourists are willing to complete the additional service package of a Spacewalk.

Each tourist will be assessed individually for this additional experience, to see who will qualify as suitable. Â It will take a day and a half to reach the pod and there will be no staff to greet travellers. When the passengers arrive in the rocket, they will join it for three days, rocket and capsule. With this we create in the tourist a confidence that he hasn't been abandoned. After three days the passenger returns to the transport rocket and returns to Earth. Space tourists will need about one week for post-flight recovery on the GALACTIC SUITE Island. Special physical and psychological rest periods will enable them to re-adjust to everyday living on Earth.

The internal walls are modelled as an asymmetrical topography, hiding necessary storage and equipment, which establishes areas with different degrees of intimacy while keeping a single space without closed divisions. These areas will allocate different functions such as sleeping, relaxing, reading, communicating with Earth, etc. The topography is shaped using organic curved shapes made with solid foams and space qualified revetments such as Nomex. Bands of Velcro cover surface areas of the interior, allowing the passenger to attach themselves via a Velcro suit. The interior has integrated LED screens which provide the user with geological data and other i n f o r m a t i o n .

(Galacticsuite.com, 2014)

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One of the unique features of this project is the weightless shower that has been installed. Users float around concealed inside a transparent ‘bubble’ which harbours balls of warm water. It isn’t stated as of yet how the shower functions, but it has potential to amaze all space tourists.

Similar to the Galactic Suite you have just seen, and the International Space Station, Russian Engineers have designed a space hotel large enough for 7 people! All of these space environments have similarities. The first image on this page shows the Soyuz modules docking three out of the four entrances of the hotel. You can also see one of the small viewing windows, overall there are two of these. The hotel provides a camera and a pair of binoculars for great views of the Earth, similar to the ISS. The module is fitted with a toilet and a shower, which seems slightly less aesthetically pleasing in comparison to the Galactic Suite hotel. The colour scheme is light are airy which correlates with other space station interior designs. Handles are positioned on all axis, as are Velcro strips for temporary storage. Technology panels are positioned in the centre ball of the design – controls for temperature, docking information and links to ground control can be read and altered here.

These laptops are suspended by arms which are attached to the walls.

Meal times in the hotel are also very similar to meal times in the ISS – a fold out table is the main social area, and a refrigerator and microwave are used for food storage and prep. The meals are organised before the experience, so the user knows exactly what they are eating on each day. There is a strict no alcohol policy aboard this station.

(White 2011).

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Moonraker

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The idea of having a transparent walkway from the shuttle to the space station was shown in this film, as you can see. The shuttle is docked, allowing visitors to enter their new home for the duration. Imagine how it must feel after being inside the shuttle, blasting off from Earth, floating in orbit for a few days, docking then walking through a transparent tunnel, looking down on earth from 220 miles high – sounds pretty cool to me! The next few pages some sketches from NASA, (Damon 2001) (Moonraker 1976).

Even though this fictional design is from Moonraker, the 1976 James Bond film, and isn’t being designed or developed for space tourism, why can’t it be taken into consideration? Even though I am designing the space station interior, I think it is still important to consider how people will get to their destination. I have found some very interesting concepts that convert the cargo bay of space shuttle into seating for tourists. Even though these designs are old, it doesn’t mean they can’t influence future designs.

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What is artificial gravity?

Artificial gravity is a concept used for the majority of large space stations designs for the future. The body isn’t designed for gravity-less environments, which is a problem for astronauts in the International Space Station currently, hence the amount of physical training required daily. A solution for this, is rotating a space station to create G-force, and thus the effects of gravity we feel on Earth. To help you understand the concept, I have completed a very simple experiment which you can do at home to replicate how artificial gravity can be replicated.

What you need: o Bowl or container – acts as the space station o Water – acts vacuum of space o An object that floats, such as a ping pong ball – acts as the person o A rotating computer chair – simulates the rotation

1. Place the empty container in the middle of the chair.

2. Fill the plastic container half with water, and place the ping pong ball in the centre.

The plastic container represents a section view of a space station. The ball is stationary at this point.

The first image shows the ping pong ball in the middle of the station, impersonating an astronaut. The station currently has no gravity, so the ball is motionless, but free to move if affected.

3. Begin slowly rotating the computer chair.

Build up momentum gently, and watch the ball drift to the outer edge of the container.

The faster you spin the chair, the more the ball is forced to the edge. The centre of the container now has very little gravity in comparison to the interior edge where the ball is now in the second image.

The astronaut (ping pong ball) can now walk along the surface of the interior wall. This is how artificial gravity would work in a real space station.

Pros of Artificial Gravity: o No adaption period is needed – no space sickness o Meals can be prepared easily and as normal o Running water for showers is more desirable than wet wipes o If a space station has both gravity and nongravity areas, the user has the best of both worlds, pardon the pun.

Negative features: o Cost – artificial gravity designs are usually for large colonies of people, therefore the amount of materials needed and time to manufacture would be costly. o Transportation of materials into space o Construction isn’t time effective

The larger the space station the less revolutions per minute (rpm) it must complete. The major problem with artificial gravity, is using it in smaller space stations. For artificial gravity to be present in a smaller station, it must rotate itself many times very quickly. This has the negative effect of causing fluids in the body to be forced down - obviously this is very dangerous. A film which replicates this concept well is ‘2001 A Space Odyssey.’ (2001: A Space Odyssey, 1968).

The images on this page show the astronaut running around the cylinder interior. You can see the curved desks and chairs, but also the sleeping pod – they almost look like coffins, I’m sure why they are designed this way! But never the less, this movie has defiantly opened my eyes as to designing with artificial gravity.

The centre of the cylinder has almost no gravity, so the astronauts float around inside the hub. They use ladders to down to the gravity area. As they move down the ladder, they feel the centrifugal force increase.

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Activities & Sci Fi

It is important to look at fictional designs for future space exploration, due to the inspiring concept art and final motion pictures that are being produced.

Iconic films such as the Star Wars series are a focus point for this part of my research. Even though this genre of movie production contain very little feasible designs with today’s current technology, they still contain very interesting concepts which we can aim towards creating in the future. The O’Neill Cylinder is one of the most famous fictional designs for a rotating space station (artificial gravity present). Even though this design was first published in 1976, it still grasps the imagination of space station designs today. Capable of inhabiting hundreds of thousands of people, this design has a diameter of 5 miles and a circumference of 20 miles. In comparison to my space station design, the scale of the O’Neill Cylinder is extremely large.

So what can I learn from this design? This design instantly reminded me of the Ixion planes which instinctively make you believe the plane has huge panoramic windows views. In actual fact, the ‘windows’ are high-resolution displays on the interior walls and ceiling that show a streaming video with a panoramic view. This allows the environment to change at the press of a button. This design links with to two of my questions in my survey; ‘what features would you value in your private quarters of a space station?’ & ‘how do you think you would feel walking along this pathway?’ The results from these questions both indicated that having large panoramic views and transparent floors are must for my design – in addition, I received several comments stating a transparent balcony would be desirable also. Therefore the interior design of the Ixion plane could be very influential for my designs.

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One of the major activities requested when gravity wasn’t present, was for a wide variety of sports to be available. My questionnaire provided me with a long list of sports that people wanted to do, including; football, yoga, tennis, high jump, baseball, badminton, boxing, trampolining, volleyball and gymnastics. From this wide range of answers, I feel that having a large open space with segregated locations for different activities is the only solution to accommodate everyone. The 3 highest voted activities were high jump, trampolining and aquatic games.

Team building activities would also create opportunities for people to interact and socialise.

Image taken from Damon, T 2001, illustration by Pat Rawlings.

Fitness in space is key, therefore visitors should be duty bound to keep active.

Regardless on whether there is artificial gravity or not, fitness should still be a part of the experience. There are two options, have a communal gym area or have a sports facilities in each of the private quarters.

My questionnaire research indicated that visitors would take books with them on their experience in space. Having a space library is a department that would receive a lot of use from visitors. As well as a social area, people want a quiet area where they can relax quietly and read. I imagine this area also using large panoramic viewing windows, similar to the telescope area. Space stations maximise every inch of space, and I feel that having large amounts of books wouldn’t’t’t be achieving this. Tablets or iPads would be a much more suitable option.

However, since people are willing to take their own books, table areas might be needed in this module. This image is taken from Star Wars Episode 2 & 3. This makes me think about how I can use several floors when there is no gravity. Handles like fireman poles cold be used to guide floating visitors up to other sections. Just a thought.

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The concept of having a swimming pool in space is one that most people liked – as this option achieved 45 votes out of the 100 people asked. Several of the people who voted for a swimming pool, continued to say they would like the swimming pool to be enclosed in a transparent structure. One person stated; ‘I like the idea of floating in a pool while looking down and seeing the Earth rotate around my feet.’

Having a personal pool in each of the personal quarters may be an option.

A swimming pool would be in the area which artificial gravity is present.

This is another image from Damon, T’s book, ‘Introduction to Space.’

Here you can see the lake as though it was on Earth. By taking this concept and scaling it down into a swimming pool, you can see how the concept functions.

A frequent comment I received in my questionnaire regarding activities in space, was that there should be a space for learning about space travel. Almost like a lecture theatre, with seating arrangements and a projector for watching videos. In addition to educational ‘lessons,’ this space could be useful for watching feature films.

I know I have a broad spectrum of activities noted in my research, but I think it is beneficial to consider what visitors would enjoy doing whilst they are aboard the station. Obviously there will be alternations as to what activities will be available during the concept stages of the project.

During this stage, I will need to consider whether artificial gravity should be present for certain activities.

A swimming pool obviously relies on gravity to be functional, but a cinema isn’t as dependant.

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Centre Hub Interior Lucas Arts - Star Wars Old Republic

Bar & Meeting Area

Lucas Arts - Star Wars Old Republic

Even though astronauts can received gifts and presents from their families via cargo shuttles, alcohol is not allowed on the list. The international Space station has always been a none-alcohol zone. Even products containing alcohol such as mouthwashes, aftershave and perfume cannot go into space. Several of my questionnaire results indicated that having a drink in space is something people wanted to do. Well I have some bad news! According to NASA, alcoholic drinks are not best suited for consumption in space – this is mainly due to the gases included. Without gravity to draw liquids to the bottom of the stomach, without too much detail, liquid burbs would tend to occur. ‘This is why we don’t allowed carbonated beverages on the space menu,’ a quote from William Jeff, the NASA spokesman. (Jeff W 2007). There are obviously issues with behavioural changes with the consumption of alcohol. In an emergency, a space station full of drunk tourists floating around is a recipe for disaster. However, there is no reason why there shouldn’t’t be non-alcoholic beverages available on the space station. A bar will be a focal point for socialising, therefore this needs to be developed thoroughly. Concept art from Lucas Arts have created some very interesting space station interiors, the one on these pages being a space bar and social area.

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Biomimetics

The design of nature has influenced architects, engineers and designers since the dawn of time. I have researched well known designers who use this method in their projects, and found some very interesting concepts of futuristic design. From my research, I understand that the majority of space stations that use artificial gravity, have a design which incorporates a centre hub which has no gravity, and the outer shell which rotates giving the perception of gravity. I want to experiment with nature’s design, especially animals that have clever mechanisms of defence or functionality.

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I decided to focus on deep sea life, as these creatures have developed very interesting means of producing light, protection and overall dynamic shapes. These creatures have such exquisite exteriors & interiors. There are no linear parts to these animals, they are fluid, which is something I want to use in my design.

My inspiration for this project relies heavily on biomimetics. I want to create designs that have a certain fluidity to them. To help me during the concept stages, I will experiment with many types of media to maximise full creativity. Designs online and other sources typically have very linear concepts – I want to break away from this and explore new forms of shape. The more media I experiment with, the wider the spectrum of concepts I can create. To give me further inspiration, I have researched designers that use nature as stepping stone to concepts. The next pages show some of the renders from these designers.

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E. Kevin Schöpfer

Oculus is the first “design launch” of Schöpfer Yachts LLC. This 250-foot vessel was designed

by E. Kevin Schöpfer, founder and owner of his namesake company.

Designed to accommodate 12 guests in extraordinary comfort and style, Oculus is a long distance cruising yacht capable of speeds upwards of 25 knots. The exterior styling is representative of the jaw and eye socket bone structure of large oceanic fish and mammals.

Featuring a dramatic reverse bow configuration, the yacht’s armature balances an elegant expression of symmetry and structure. In addition to the bow, Oculus also features a “low rider profile”. This slightly lowered surface allows for new side recreational areas, alternate dockage access and light cruising openness. (Burns 2008)

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Yacht Inteiors - Zaha Hadid

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Zaha Hadid

The overall design is informed by fluid dynamics and underwater ecosystems, with hydrodynamic research shaping the design of the hull. The exoskeleton structure of the upper section is an interwoven network of supports that vary in thickness and lend a natural aesthetic to the yacht’s external appearance; evoking the organic structural systems of natural marine formations and connecting the various levels and decks of the ship seamlessly via expressive diagonals. Whereas traditional yacht designs adhere to a strict horizontal order, this exoskeleton creates an intense connectivity between the various decks and elements of the design. (Patton 2013).

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Once the transportation stage is complete, and the shuttle is docked, an introduction to living in space should occur. An introduction to moving around the space station will be most useful for the visitors.

Weightless takes some time to adjust to, so having a lesson on moving from a to b should make the visitors feel more comfortable. A station tour should be completed, and navigational maps should be provided to ensure the user has the best experience possible. If there are lessons and inductions, then that means there needs to be staff.

One of the benefits of the Galactic Suite Resort is that the tourists are left to their own devices. There are no staff, only the astronaut pilots which stay in their compartments of the transportation vehicle. The scale of the station dictates whether staff is necessary. Self-managing pods such as the Galactic Suite are designed for minimal people, but stations that aim to inhabit many more people may need staff for medical purposes and for services. For example, the bar and sporting activities may rely on staff to serve and instruct.

The majority of space station designs have a central hub, a main reference point for space tourists.

Docking and space cargo deliveries typically occur in this area. The hub is the epi centre, a place that should be accessible at any time - a friendly social area, suitable for all users.

My questionnaire has indicated that people want an area for socialising. Astronauts aboard the ISS eat together at certain times of the day in a certain module. I feel that people will have a much more enjoyable experience if there is one large socialising module where people can eat, drink and meet new people. The central hub should provide access to all other modules.

Having a social area which in cooperates a bar and a food court, implies there should be toilets in close proximity. As previously stated, toilets in space are slightly more complicated to use than ones on Earth.

Each visitor is provided with their own Urinal coloured cone during their stay, but it wouldn’t be suitable for each tourist to carry this around on their personal 24/7, therefore disposable funnels should be provided.

Even though people with medical issues are allowed to experience space, what if something goes wrong?

Do I need to consider having medical personal aboard the station? If so, they will also need private quarters. A medical bay or wing would be a suitable solution for recuperation if someone becomes ill. Â

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 I must consider how people will be transported from Earth to the station. The initial stages after docking must supply impressive first impressions. I may not need to design the whole transportation method, but I defiantly need to think about how people will enter the station. A reference to the Moonraker pathways in my research.

1.

Applicants interested in space travel must be medically tested to ensure physical and mental health is at an adequate level.

2. Training prior to flight 3. Lift Off 4. Docking 5. Induction Lesson 6. Tour 7. Free time 8. Return Journey 9. Recovery

The station needs a constant supply of food, water, cleaning products, equipment, tools etc. I will need to think about how the contents of the cargo shuttle can be emptied efficiently into the station.

Throughout the interior of the station, handles should be positioned to allow the user maximum movement.

Grips for feet should be implemented, especially in the social areas and private quarters. Passages will not need as many of these.

This relates heavily to the activities with and without gravity. Sporting facilities, telescope viewing room, swimming area, library, projection room and the food court, are all interesting concepts for spaces, but these are not set in stone. Depending on the scale and concept development, social areas may change or be removed. They should be easily accessable, from all parts of the station.

The private quarters should be easy to access and use. Functional appliances for basic needs should be included in the space. Referring back to my research regarding what people would appreciate in their space station accommodation. The private quarters should be a focus point of the project.

As stated previously, food and drinks could be stored in fridges in private quarters. My questionnaire research insists that food should be in the private quarters, but I also think that there could be a food canteen or some form of food service. This implies that staff may need to be employed. What about waste? I need to consider whether meals should be pre-planned or more of a ‘surprise.’ A no alcohol policy should be in effect.

Surfaces should be easily cleanable for future guests. This topic also relates to the amount of staff needed in the station. Do I need to consider cleaners? Who will check if the rooms are ready for future guests? If so, this also means that the cleaners also need accommodation.

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Space Tourism for the Masses

Module Aim: The aim of this project, is to design and develop a space station (focusing on the interior) for tourists globally within the age range of 21-50. Space tourism has already occurred, but only by a privileged handful.

The time has come to design for the masses. The experience will last 7-14 days, allowing visitors to have a personal journey of weightlessness and possibly artificial gravity.

The main focus points for this project are: Private Quarters – I want to experiment with shapes and forms to create a comfortable, functional interior, as well as including the unique design ideas mentioned in my research.

Social Areas - I want to experiment with how people will use the interior without gravity present. I will need to develop means of getting large amounts of tourists from A to B, without confusion or injury to each other.

Practical Outcomes: During the initial designing stages I want to focus on computer generated models, as well as creating concepts in workshop. I would like to create a scale model of the station, showing how the interior functions.

I would like to do an animation showing the whole cycle of the experience including the transportation stage and life aboard the station.

Deadline: 8th May 2015

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