Engineering portfolio david masters by David Masters

Primitivism and the Vernacular Engineering Portfolio David Masters AEE4

â&#x20AC;&#x153;It is now well known, that in the countries of the industrialised world, buildings account for a substantial proportion of gross energy consumption. In providing services such as space heating, lighting, ventilation and air conditioning, buildings may, as is the case in the UK, account for up to 50% of the total energy consumed.â&#x20AC;? Dean Hawkes (2002)

Vernacular Precedent

Sectional Diagram

This Portfolio has been produced throughout the course of the year alongside the Architecture Portfolio. I would like to thank the team who supported me throughout the course of this year:

Paul Kirby - Environmental Engineering Tutor Elena Marco - Personal Tutor Martin Longhurst - Building Services Engineer Fiona Gleed - Structural Engineer Patrick Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Flynn - Electrical Building Services and Energy Management

Along with the rest of the Architecture department at UWE Bristol.

River Facade

City Facade

All extract vents and stopcocks terminate on the river facade leaving a clean facade facing the city

CONTENTS The Site .........................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Overview.......................................................................................................................................................................................................5 Materials and Thermal Performance........................................................................................................................................................9 Peak Summertime Temperature...............................................................................................................................................................17 Heating.......................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Cooling ......................................................................................................................................................................................................25 Ventilation..................................................................................................................................................................................................31 Acoustics....................................................................................................................................................................................................37 External Floodlighting.............................................................................................................................................................................39 Factory Daylight and Lighting................................................................................................................................................................41 Electrical Distribution..............................................................................................................................................................................45 Carbon Analysis and SBEM....................................................................................................................................................................47

Site Conditions. (Permaculture)

Bath UK

Mean Period (1961-2012)

Prevailing Wind Analysis Bath UK

Permaculture on site allows for a range of vegetables and fruits to grow year round to supply the folk theatre restaurant. All site weather conditions have been presented to understand which foods grow best at different times of the year.

Site Environmental Analysis

From weather data collected from site visits, CIBSE data and Met office data, these factors have influenced the building in a number of ways. Noise from adjacent roads and streets aswell as the railway line across the river have determined positioning of the noise sensitive auditorium and tree planting on site has been designed to minimise noise into the building. Prevailing winds are from the South West so the stack chimneys are located to maximise draw through the wind cowls. Planting on the site is protected from cold northerly breezes by the master-planned surrounding buildings. The sketchup model confirmed that the building would not cast significant shadows on existing buildings. The positioning of the building along the riverbank sets the building back from the existing college and mission theatre. The reintroduction of trade on the River Avon means positioning by the river allows for a jetty to be linked to the factory.

Production from the factory serves the on site needs aswell as supporting local food businesses.

Pe a

ev el =

S E 4

Overview The project is broken up into zones which make up the Folk Theatre. - The Auditorium within the stone tower - The Factory (production of food and arts and crafts) - The Restaurant, Bar and Backstage service for auditorium This portfolio covers heating, cooling and ventilation strategies along with electrical detailing, lighting and thermal modelling for the factory zone of the building. The ventilation within the auditorium has been detailed and duties have been sized along with the extract strategy for the kitchen. Within the whole building, plant rooms have been positioned to service the 3 zones separately to minimise the size of plant. All extracts are located away from inlets and chiller positioning has been placed within a louvred room for the factory. The chiller which serves the auditorium and restaurant is located in a fenced courtyard by the fire escape route. Willow trees have been planted for coverage and to serve for basket making in the folk studios. Ventilation The factory has been optimised to utilize natural ventilation whilst the auditorium is mechanically ventilated with a balanced system. Fan coil units serve conditioned air into the factory, backstage and kitchen spaces whilst the folk school, and restaurant are served by AHU with dehumidification. Heating For the factory, a LTHW circuit supplies hot water for space heating by perimeter radiators and underfloor circuits. The primary boilers used are retrofit to use bio-gas fuel. The boilers are specified from Hoval and are sized to meet all heating purposes for the factory (DHW, space heating, heater battery for primary AHU and anaerobic digester heating). Lighting and Electrical The portfolio also covers floodlighting design for the factory along with lighting for the factory work spaces. Daylight factors were found using 1:50 model and daylight meter. Electrical distribution for small power in the factory and folk school has been detailed with a schematic and the main supply board is connected to a Hoval CHP powerbloc unit.

Plant room locations. Auditorium and restaurant Factory and school

Solar Gain

Prevailing Winds

Draw through chimney cowls

Chiller housing North rooflights

Potting Shed

Split system AC for food stores

Plant room

Fire Escape

Toilets

Fire Escape Solar chimney potential draw

Louvred window to reduce solar gain

Willow trees Deciduous tree

Fire Escape

Plant room

Materials The materials palette was informed by the agrarian precedent of the region. Learning from a modern approach to farm building conservation, the factory element of the folk theatre is constructed using a traditional A-Frame primary structure. Due to the roof span, oak glu-lam was used as this approach allows for off-site prefabrication. The frames are then tensioned with steel cables for wind bracing and to stop the structure ‘splaying out’ or collapsing due to heavy load on first floor. The factory is clad using black weatherboarding laid vertically with the ground floor being sealed by a recycled concrete ‘dung walling’ system. This approach gave the agrarian factory aesthetic. The roof is clad in corrugated aluminium sheets and an ambiasciata mesh to cover the rooflights from view at ground level outside.

Materiality of Tower

The materiality of the tower was decided following research into stone construction. The book ‘Stone Skeleton’ was an insightful book which gave information on creating stone arches and domes such as Sir Christopher Wrens ‘St Pauls Cathedral’. A decision for Cornish granite was made due to it’s locality to the site. Usually modern projects import Spanish or Chinese granite in although to keep the projects embodied carbon down Cornish Granite was chosen. The granite is sourced from Hantergantick Quarry which was the same granite used to construct London bridge.

The copper roof of the temppeliauko church gives the space a highly reverberant ecclesiastical feel to the space which the folk theatre intends to achieve.

Structure U-Values Factory Ground Floor Wall

The ‘farm shed’ precedent for the factory zone of the building uses a modern fabric style which gives the desired aesthetic.

Concrete Dense + Reinforced Rubber Mounting (Acoustic Damping)

It might be thought that a ‘farm shed’ is an unsophisticated building typology, although it does provide a cool internal environment during summer due to it’s timber cladding arrangement. Gaps in the cladding allow for significant ventilation for the animals and hayleige inside.

Air Gap + Vapour Barrier

Environmental Section

This page contains a breakdown of the factories external envelope structures and there thermal transmittance values.

Mineral Wool Insulation

Plasterboard

Timber studwork (100mmx75mm) Tiles (Washable walls)

Folk Cra School Wall Black Weatherboard Cladding Wall Runners Air Gap + Vapour Barrier Woodfibre Insulation Mineral Wool Insulation Plasterboard Fire retardant Cement Board

Factory Ground Floor Wall Ground Floor Construction

Timber Floor Construction

Folk Craî&#x201A;? School Roof

18mm Birch Plywood with Fire retardant Finish Mineral Wool Insulation + Vapour Barrier 100mmx75mm Battens 300mm Woodfibre Insulation 300mmx75mm Purlins Air gap 25mmx25mm Batten

The Potting Shed

Key 1 - Rainwater harvesting 2 - Solar Gain (Direct Sunlight) 3 - Louvres cover extract pipes 4 - Infiltration through openings 5 - Stack Vent (Draw from cowl) 6 - Ambient north light 7 - Vent in chimney 1st floor 8 - Deciduous trees 9 - Draw in factory space 10 - Chiller housing with ambiascata mesh roof

Peak Summertime Temperature The peak summertime temperature was calculated manually using the CIBSE cyclic method. Glazing used on the south facade is Pilkington OPTITHERM. The glazing unit is double glazed with a low emissivity. The unit has a U-Value of 1.6 W/m2K This was calculated as the starting point for the cooling load calculations. The building type for the factory was classed as a lightweight structure.

Ecotect Model

Model showing shadow casting and annual sun path

Heating The heating load for the folk factory is dealt with using a CHP and back up boiler setup running on bio-gas produced by the anaerobic digester (see technical report). The boilers have been sized to meet the demand for space heating (radiator system load), DHW services and the heater battery load on Air Handling plant.

Selected Plant

For the warehouse and factory radiant heating is a suitable option as the air temperature need not be high and the heat gains from the occupants heats the space simultaneously.

When all loads and the building heat loss are added together, the overall boiler load required equals 398.808 kW. As the 20% margin has already been added, 2 boilers sized to meet 400kW of output is sufficient.

The first floor folk music school and potting shed will be heated using radiator and air systems. The boiler will be sized to accommodate heater battery load on the primary Air Handling plant. Perimeter radiators will be positioned under windows and within studio zones. The potting shed will use the air system due to the environment it needs to create for plant potting and germination. The ground floor is predominantly open plan factory / warehouse space with a range of different activities. The space has limited windows although the 3 light tube chimneys provide diffuse light into the space. Radiant heating will be used in the form of radiant panels and perimeter radiators and underfloor pipework in the offices, butchers and bakery. Fan coil units will provide conditioned air.

CIBSE Guide B1 (2002) section 4.7 gives details on the Plant Size Ratio (PSR). The PSR of the factory = 2.228. The optimum plant size ratio is a compromise between the following factors;

The basement space will be heated through underfloor heating. The food stores will be conditioned with split unit systems. There is minimal air infiltration to this space. The basement will naturally remain cool due to no solar gains and minimal occupancy gains. Also it houses plant rooms and food stores so the need for heating is minimal.

- Occupancy pattern - pre-heat time - thermal response of building - greater capital cost and maintenance cost - stability of controls - seasonal efficiency

AHU load calculated from benchmark assumption from BSRIA Guidance Note 12/97 Digester load taken from Action Plan document published by DEFRA Both heating plant are selected Hoval units. These units have been selected as they can be adapted to run on Bio-gas. CHP unit - Hoval Powerbloc CHP EG-104 Boiler Plant - Hoval UltraGas 250

Factory Heating Strategy

Pressurised Cold Water Service

Restaurant + Kitchen

Pressure Controller The cold water service was important to layout due to the buildings cold water requirements. CIBSE Guide G (2004) Public Health Engineering states in table 2.2 the daily storage capacity for different cold water services. Showers = 230 litres WC = 180 litres Sinks = 180 litres Urinals = 110 litres

x 4 = 920 litres a day. x 7 = 1260 litres a day. x 10 = 1800 litres a day. x 4 = 440 litres a day.

High Pressure connections

Air Compressor

Toilets Theatre

Air Cushion Water

So typically the factory will require 4420 litres of water for sanitary services per day. As there is no cold water storage tank, a metre is fitted at the mains connection.

Bar

Expansion Vessel

Toilets Factory NRV

Showers + Sinks

Butchers Sanitary Booster set for high pressure cleaning in factory

Rainwater harvesting is collected for use in the potting shed and rainwater collection off the Theatre roof is collected and used for toilets.

Bakery

Cheese making

Below is a section through the mains connection to the folk factory. It is proposed that the connection be made on the Avon street axis. Sprinkler System

Hot water calorifier

Mains water supply Typically MDPE (medium density polyethylene) pipe

Boiler and AH supply

DHW Service Due to DHW demand in the folk factory, a calculated 2400 litres of hot water is required per day.

DHW Load

Other hot water services

Cold service

The domestic hot water load for the factory and folk school studios is designed following CIBSE Guide G (Public Health Engineering) 2004. Section 2 states that typically 40 litres of hot sanitary water is allowed per day per person within a working building. The space has a design human capacity of 60 therefore the factory requires 2400 litres of heated water per day at a flow temperature of 60oc or above to mitigate legionnaire. Mixing valves will be installed at each outlet.

Hoval supply hot water calorifiers with built in heat exchangers for better carbon performance. It was decided that 2 x CombiVal CSR (2000) calorifiers would be installed with a total litreage capacity of 3800 litres. This was sized incase of future extensions or more hot water demand.

Boiler power for DHW

Mixing valves

= m x Cp x (thot - tcold ) x hours heat up x efficiency x 3600

Showers

Typical boiler efficiency = 80% Hours heat up (sporadic) = 1.5 hrs =2400 x 4.187 x (60-10) x 1.5 x 0.8 x3600

= 103.4 kW

Hot water calorifier

Cold water storage (Short time)

Mains water supply

Boiler Expansion vessel

Factory Floor Heating Layout

The radiators are positioned around the perimeter of the factory space and are positioned to heat infiltration air and aid in ventilation. Load per m2 = 76 W/m2 Load for factory = 57 kW Flow temp = 80oc Mean Radiator temp = 70oc Return temp = 60oc

Specified MYSON panel radiators Underfloor heating Load per m2 = 110 W/m2 Load for UFH = 18.3 kW Flow temp = 52oc Spacing between pipes = 250mm Floor surface temp = 29oc Radiant panels also serve the factory along with fan coil units.

Cooling â&#x20AC;&#x153;Buildings in the UK are currently significant users of conventional cooling systems, which are usually electrically driven.â&#x20AC;? GIR85. The exposed concrete mass of the folk factoryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concrete floor and walls allows for night time cooling. This method makes use of the free cooling available from the ambient air at night. Along with this free cooling potential, the factory employs a conventional HVAC fan coil system. The fan coil system has been chosen for its flexibility in terms of positioning and its a proven technology. Also it is a controllable system. The chiller will supply refrigerant R11 which is a low pressure refrigerant for plant with centrifugal compressors. Also it is nonflammable, non corrosive and non toxic so steel pipes will be used for distribution.

Heat gains

Model images showing ambiasciata mesh roof and solar gain from south elevation.

Drain Cap Insulated drain pipe down the fire escape core.

Chiller housing drainage.

A diagram showing the chillers position in the suspended room with an ambiasciata mesh roof to allow airflow into the space. Image showing suspended chiller room in A-Frame structure.

Primary Air handling unit plant room. Heating and cooling coils connected to boiler and chiller. Air conditioning ductwork to fan coil units. Mixing ratio of primary and recirculated air is 1:4. Hot and chilled water pipework to fan coil units. Steel pipework. Not copper. Cheaper Flowcon fan coil unit. Positioned at each 6 meter bay in the factory

Chiller Size The chiller selected to meet the chilled water plant load of 140kW are 2 x 80kW Airedale units. The two units have been selected to 60% of the overall load and will meet the factory and studios cooling coil demands. Two dual-circuit packaged chillers have been provided for the entire space to give a degree of flexibility.

Chosen chiller is the Airedale CUS-15-30D

Primary air

Mixing Box (Ratio 1:4) Fan Coil Unit

Recirculated air Supply air condition minimum = 14oc

The suspended chiller room has been designed to sustain the weight of the 2 chillers including human weight during maintenance. Also floor space in chiller room is sufficient for both to stand with optimum fresh air circulation. Noise levels of the Airedale units are low.

Layout and Pump Duty

The pump was sized following CIBSE Guide C4 - Flow of Fluids in Pipes and Ducts

To allow the system to be commissioned at a flow rate of up to 110% of design flow rate at the pump, a 10% margin should be added to design flow rates.

Chilled water temperature Flow - 9oc Return - 15oc Summer factory condition 21oc db 50% saturation The pump specified to deliver chilled water to the factory fan coil units is an Armstrong Series 4030 centrifugal pump.

The Control system adopted is the Direct Acting System. The simplest form of controller is direct-acting, comprising a sensing element which transmits power to a valve through a capillary and bellows and diaphragm. The measuring system derives its energy from the process under control without amplification by any auxiliary source of power which makes it simple and easy to use. The most common example is the thermostatic radiator valve which may have an in-built or remote sensor which in turn adjusts the valve by liquid expansion or vapour pressure. Direct-acting thermostats have little power and have some disadvantages but the main advantage is individual and inexpensive emitter control. Directacting thermostatic equipment gives gradual movement of the controlling device and may be said to modulate.

Split Unit AC System For the food stores in the basement, each unit is served with a separate Split Unit AC system. Each room requires a different condition in terms of temperature and humidity. The chilled water pipework flows along the northern edge of the building and up to the chillers through the fire escape core. Cheese Store - For hard cheeses ( 7.7o C) Cider Store - Ambient temperature of 15 o C Bakery Store - Store at Room temperature (20o C) Vegetable Store - Keep cool at 10o C Meat Store - Store in refrigerator or freezers. The units will be served with LED lights for low temperature build up in space from lighting load.

The split unit system recirculates and conditions the warm air within the room.

Control Loop diagram

PID control will allow a steady level around the setpoint limiting under and overshoot when room temperatures fluctuate due to occupancy levels or machinery.

Ventilation through Solar Chimney

Solar chimney height 2m

Stack height 10m

A4 A2

Opening height 4m

Stack Effect In summer; Mean inside temperature = 22oc Mean outside temperature = 26oc Cd = discharge coefficient = 0.61 for sharp openings. A1 = 0.75m2 A2 = 1m2 A3 = 1.5m2 A4 = 1m2 Flow rate from stack effect = Qb = 0.61 x 1.49 x (2 x 4 x 5 x 9.81/ 24 + 273)0.5 = 1.045m3/s

Ventilation for Theatre

Primary Distribution Ducts

Extract Duct

The ventilation for the auditorium space has been designed taking into account noise breakout issues and air distribution methods. The theatre is within a slip formed concrete structure where breaks have to be made for extract and inlet ductwork to reach into the space. The axonometric shows how the primary distribution ducts climb up the height of the theatre through the fire cores in the circulation space. Then at each floor level separate branches split off and distribute air to the balcony and ground floor levels. The extract duct extracts air at the top of the theatre space close to the roof and ducts it to vents located near the kitchen extract. Some of the heat in the extract air is utilised by recirculating through the primary AHU through a filter. The amount of recirculated air is controlled by temperature and enthalpy sensors located within the space and at the inlet and extract ducts. All ducts within the theatre are suspended on anti vibration hangers and duct insulation is located on bends and tees where turbulent noise can break out. Vortex shedding from the diffusers in the space are attenuated with baffles on the jet diffusers to the ground floor. The floor plenum diffusers on the balconies distribute low velocity air and less noise breakout is experienced.

Ductwork detail in balcony

AHU plant room with direct connection to outdoors for fresh air supply. Recirculated air from the theatre is filtered and mixed into primary fresh air for heat exchange. The remaining air is extracted away from the intake vents through a pipe by the kitchen extract.

3rd Floor balcony 0.25

4.5 300x250

2nd Floor balcony 0.5

5.4 350x300

Ground floor and 1st floor balcony 1

6.3 500x350

7.8 600x500

Due to the high ceiling in the theatre high and the need to limit noise a displacement ventilation system is employed, where chilled air is introduced (usually around 18deg) at low level and low velocity and it stratifies such that the top of the room is warmer than design conditions for the occupied areas. The supply air is controlled by temperature and by CO2 to ensure good indoor air quality is maintained.

The fan specified is an Ecosmart Boxer which meets the requirements to distribute the air to all 4 levels of the auditorium. At each balcony branch a separate fan is installed to meet the pressure drop for all the diffusers on each level. This method was chosen to reduce plant size and minimise noise from primary AHU.

The fan has a noise breakout @ 3m of 45 dBA. The next spread covers the acoustics within the auditorium.

A jet diffuser is likely to create a hiss or whir sound in the high frequency range. A method of attenuating sound could be baffles on the diffuser or anti vibration mounts. Next section covers the acoustics of the auditorium.

Theatre Ventilation Schematic 0.25

4.5 300x250

7.8

0.5

600x500

The air in the system will be controlled with opposed blade dampers with an authority of around 10% The opposed blade system is typically better in low velocity systems and does not force air onto one side of the duct resulting in better acoustics from the system. The circular ductwork on the balconies will have fittings for the opposed blade damper.

5.4 350x300

6.3 Inherent characteristics. N = Authority

500x350 Ecosmart AHU

Pre Heater Humidifier

Mixing Box

Filter

Intake 2

7.8 600x500

Extract Fan

Enthalpy and Recirc control

Extract Attenuator

Auditorium Acoustics 1-

Millington Sette Equation

Where V = room volume Si = area of individual material in room alphai = absorption coefficient for material 2-

Bass Ratio

(T125Hz + T250Hz ) / (T500Hz + T1000Hz ) Where T = Reverberation time

Treble Ratio

Due to the ceiling being a concave surface, this will strengthen reflections, consequently localising the reflections affecting areas of seating. It is proposed to add absorbers around the perimeter of the ceiling to reduce reflection back into the space.

(T2000Hz + T4000Hz ) / (T500Hz + T1000Hz )

Where T = Reverberation time 4 - Room to Room Sound Transmission L2 = L1 - R + 10Log(Se/A)

Where L1 = Source room sound power level L2 = Receiver room sound power level R = Wall transmission Se = Wall area A = Room absorption

Wall Transmission Loss

R = 20Log (mf) -48

Where m = mass per m2 of wall f = frequency of sound wave

From the reverberation time calculations for the mid range frequency band, the bass and treble ratios were calculated to measure the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;warmth and intimacyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the space. For music the bass ration should be between 1 and 1.3 and for speech, between 0.9 and 1 (Smith, Peters and Owen, 1996). Folk Theatre Bass Ratio = 1.21314 Treble Ratio = 1.3825

The auditorium is a round room 20 metres in diameter, with 3 levels of structural balconies reaching 12 metres in height. The height of the auditorium from floor to ceiling is 25 metres high with a total of 9 double door entries into the space and 1 stage entry leading onto a thrust stage. The ground level floor is flat therefore there will be the consequence of increased audience absorption due to grazing.

From Equation 5 the transmission loss of the wall can be calculated using the mass per unit area figure given in Part E. The frequency used is 500Hz R = 20Log (415x500) - 48

R = 58.34

Putting this into equation 4 (Room to Room Sound Transmission) gives L2 = 65 - 58.34 + 10Log(1256.6/448.8)

Building Regulations Part E states that a minimum mass per unit area for a dense aggregate concrete wall cast in-situ is 415kg/m2

Wall and floor junction. Possible flanking location. Raised timber floor in theatre has 200mm rockwool insulation for sound absorption.

L2 = 11.13dB

The wall is sufficient for sound attenuation from the adjacent corridor to the theatre space. The external wall has an R value of 63.2 which reduces the external noise levels experienced on site of 87dB sufficiently not to affect the theatre. The transmission through the roof may produce a problem with attenuation.

Wall detail. 680mm concrete with 10mm plaster finish on both faces.

External Floodlighting The floodlighting will be used to illuminate the factory facade facing the river. This was decided because the jetty incorporates markets and evening activities. The floodlighting specified is from AVLED Lighting and the specific lamp is a 30W floodlight. AVL state that the LED technology allows for selective lighting and projected illumination. This is consequently a more efficient form of lighting output with up to 50% savings. The system has; Low operating temperature Mercury free UV-Free Saves energy Eco-Friendly Zero warm up time The floodlight was specified using the floodlight and design calculation and a vertical plane illuminance of 246 lux was found.

10m

CT-AvL - 30FL- V1.0

Factory Daylight and Lighting After measuring the daylight factor within the factory building using the 1:50 physical model and a daylight meter, factory luminaires could be specified. The selected luminaires are Zumtobel OREA SLCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s which are surface mounted and pendant luminaires. These will be positioned in each bay of the factory floor and the electrical distribution to each will be via cable trays.

4% Lamp Power 54W Total luminous flux of Luminaire 7173 lm Luminaire efficacy 63 lm/W

0.8% 5%

Floor joist

Aluminium sheet reflects UFH up to 1st floor

Fixing bracket

Zumtobel OREA luminaire

Bay 1

FC-F1

Inverter

Bay 2

FC-F2

Bay 3

Bay 4

FC-F3

FC-F4

Bay 5

FC-F5

Bay 6

FC-F6

As the factory is an active place it requires sufficient lighting. From the daylight factor measurements, it showed significant lighting was needed. The SBEM calculation shows a significant lighting load on the building so ground floor daylight levels need to be addressed. Adding a window in the bakery on the north facade along with the packing area addressed the lighting load although affected the heating load. The factory uses the Zumtobel pendant luminaires whilst the separate rooms use LED lighting for lower energy usage.

Ambasciata Mesh Roof The design of the factory roof was inspired by Hudson Architects Feeringbury Barn. To hide the rooflights from view to people on the streets of Bath, the mesh due to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design covers the rooflight from below, although allows daylight in from above. Inside the building the mesh cannot be seen and allows ambient light into the space. This mesh has also been used for the roof covering on the chiller housing. Although this mesh does not block noise outbreaks from the chiller housing, it does allow a sufficient source of fresh air to circulate the space.

Feeringbury Barn

Folk Factory diagram

Ambasciata Mesh

Electrical Distribution

TT Earthing system

Cable Tray for electrical cable distribution

The factory employs a TT earthing system. A TT system has a direct connection to the supply source to earth and a direct connection of the installation metalwork to earth. An example is an overhead line supply with earth electrodes, and the mass of earth as a return path as shown above.

HV Cable into building. Typical trench detail.

003

HV CABLE WARNING TAPE

Steel wire cable tray illustration.

Distribution Board Fuse Luminaire Meter Breaker

Hoval Bio-Gas CHP unit is connected to Main distribution panel for use in the building. A meter is fitted for the RHI (renewable heat incentive) and also the unit is connected to the grid for export energy.

Armoured cable trench is covered in sand with a yellow caution tape placed over the cable line. The tape should be around 0.3m above cable to stop excavators hitting cable in future.

Carbon Analysis and SBEM from IES

See Architecture Portfolio for full technical substantiation

Auditorium Kitchen and Cafe

Restaurant, Bar and Backstage

Factory / Folk Studios

All ductwork, heating and cooling pipework run along the north elevation of the buildigs and branch off into each structural bay to serve either fan coil units or radiators or UFH. All extracts are placed on the South elevation and extract air is vented up a chimney in the roof to stop grease marks on the walls of the factory. All electrical cables are routed around the building via cable trays to keep the factory aesthetic. Lights are located in each bay and inverters are connected to electrical power from the cable trays. All controls have been described and manually opening windows on the south facade in the factory building allow for human control and windows in the potting shed are on actuators which are trigered by temperature sensors.

Chiller units located in fenced courtyard for serving theatre and restaurant. Extracts from kitchen and auditorium are located in this corner by willow trees.