NGỮ PHÁP - LÝ THUYẾT ANH VĂN LỚP 12 (ONLINE VERSION 17082017) by Dạy Kèm Quy Nhơn Official

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12

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Cách thêm “s,es” vào động từ khi ở thể khẳng định của thì hiện tại đơn: -Khi chủ ngữ là "I / You / We / They và các chủ ngữ số nhiều khác” thì giữ nguyên động từ -khi chủ ngữ là "He / She / It và các chủ ngữ số ít khác" thêm "s" hoặc "es" sau động từ Với những động từ tận cùng bằng "o,x, ch, z, s, sh" thì ta thêm "es" vào sau, còn các động từ khác thì thêm “s” Khi động từ tận cùng là "y" thì đổi "y" thành "i" và thêm "es" vào sau động từ

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Form:(+) S + V/ V(s;es) + Object... (-) S + do/ does not + V ? (?) Do/ Does + S + V? Cách sử dụng: -Diễn tả năng lực bản thân: VD: He plays tennis very well. -Thói quen ở hiện tại: VD: I watch TV every night. -Sự thật hiển nhiên;Chân lí ko thể phủ nhận: VD: The sun rises in the East and set in the West. -Diễn tả hành động xảy ra theo lịch trình, thời gian biểu đã định sẵn, đặc biệt là các động từ di chuyển VD: The train leaves at 7.00 am in the morning. Các trạng từ đi kèm: always; usually; often; sometimes; occasionally; ever; seldom; rarely; every...

Cách phát âm s,es: /iz/: các động từ kết thúc bằng đuôi: ce, x, z, sh, ch, s, ge /s/:các động từ kết thúc bằng t, p, f, k, th

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Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 PhÇn 1: PhÇn lý thuyÕt Part I: Pronunciation (ph¸t ©m) A. C¸c phô ©m h÷u thanh vµ v« thanh trong tiÕng Anh:

* H÷u thanh /b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, ȴ, m, n, η, l, r, j, w/ + toµn bé nguyªn ©m a, e, o, u, i. * V« thanh /p, t, k, f, θ, s, ∫, t∫, h/ 1. Quy t¾c c¬ b¶n của viÖc ph¸t ©m c¸c tõ tËn cïng víi ‘s’:

‘s’ ®−îc ph¸t ©m lµ /z/ khi theo sau c¸c ©m h÷u thanh trõ 3 ©m (z, ʒ, ȴ/) ‘s’ ®−îc ph¸t ©m lµ /s/ khi theo sau c¸c ©m v« thanh trõ 3 ©m (s,∫,t∫)

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‘s’ ®−îc ph¸t ©m lµ / iz/ khi ®i sau çc ©m (z, ʒ, ȴ, s, ∫,t∫ ) 2. Quy t¾c c¬ b¶n của viÖc ph¸t ©m çc tõ tËn cïng víi ‘ed’: §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®−îc ph¸t ©m lµ /d/ khi theo sau çc ©m h÷u thanh trõ ©m (d) §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®−îc ph¸t ©m lµ /t/ khi theo sau çc ©m v« thanh trõ ©m (t) §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®−îc ph¸t ©m lµ /id/ khi theo sau çc ©m (t, d, te, de) B. Stress 1. Tõ cã hai ©m tiÕt (Two - syllable words) - §èi víi tõ cã hai ©m tiÕt, träng ©m cã thÓ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu hoÆc ©m tiÕt thø hai. §èi víi ®éng tõ, tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ, vµ giíi tõ cã quy luËt c¬ b¶n sau: nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m dµi hoÆc nguyªn ©m kÐp (trõ) th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai. Vd: arrive (v), attract (v), correct (a), perfect (a), alone (adv), inside (pre)... Nguîc l¹i nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m ng¾n hoÆc nguyªn ©m kÐp ...., hoÆc ®−îc kÕt thóc b»ng mét phô ©m th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu. Vd: open (v), borrow (v), lovely (a), sorry (a), rather (adv)............. §èi víi danh tõ, nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m ng¾n th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu. Vd: money, product.... Ng−îc l¹i, nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m dµi hoÆc nguyªn ©m kÐp th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai. Vd: balloon, design, estate... 2. Tõ cã ba ©m tiÕt (Three - syllable words) §èi víi ®éng tõ , nÕu ©m tiÕt cuèi lµ ©m tiÕt m¹nh, nã sÏ cã träng ©m. Vd: enter’tain, resur’rect... - NÕu ©m tiÕt cuèi lµ ©m tiÕt yÕu, träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®øng ngay tr−íc nã, VD: encounter, determine.... - NÕu c¶ ©m tiÕt thø hai vµ thø ba lµ ©m tiÕt yÕu th× träng ©m sÏ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu tiªn. Vd: advertise, speculate..... §èi víi danh tõ, nÕu ©m tiÕt cuèi cïng yÕu hoÆc tËn cïng b»ng /əu/, vµ ©m tiÕt thø hai m¹nh, träng ©m sÏ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai ®ã. Vd: statistics, potato, diaster.....; - NÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai vµ thø ba cïng lµ ©m tiÕt yÕu,th× ©m tiÕt ®µu tiªn sÏ mang träng ©m. Vd: quantity, cinema, emperor...... 3. Tõ ph¸t sinh (derived-words) * Tõ ph¸t sinh lµ nh÷ng tõ cã h×nh th¸i tõ gèc céng víi mét hoÆc nhiÒu phô tè (affixes). Phô tè bao gåm tiÒn tè (prefixes) vµ hËu tè(suffixes). * Ba tr−êng hîp phô tè cã t¸c ®éng ®Õn träng ©m cña tõ: B¶n th©n phô tè mang träng ©m chÝnh. Vd: ‘semicircle, ... Phô tè kh«ng lµm thay ®æi träng ©m chÝnh cña tõ gèc. Vd: ‘pleasant, un’pleasant, ............ Sù cã mÆt cña phô tè lµm thay ®æi träng ©m chÝnh cña tõ gèc. Vd: ’magnet. mag’netic 4. D¹ng ph¸t ©m m¹nh vµ d¹ng ph¸t ©m yÕu cña çc tõ chøc n¨ng (weak forms and strong forms of function words) Page 2

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Mét sè tõ chøc n¨ng trong tiªng Anh (trî ®éng tõ, giíi tõ, liªn tõ,...) cã thÓ cã hai çch ph¸t ©m- d¹ng m¹nh vµ d¹ng yÕu. D¹ng ph¸t ©m yÕu (weak form) lµ d¹ng ph¸t ©m th«ng th−êng cña nhãm tõ nµy vµ chóng chØ ®−îc ph¸t ©m d−íi d¹ng m¹nh (strong form) trong çc tr−êng hîp sau: Khi tõ ®ã xuÊt hiÖn ë cuèi c©u nãi. Vd: Chips are what I’m fond of. Khi tõ ®ã ®−îc ®em t−¬ng ph¶n víi mét tõ kh¸c. Vd: the letter’s from him not to him. Khi tõ ®ã ®−îc ®¸nh träng ©m v× môc ®Ých nhÊn m¹nh cña ng−êi nãi. Vd:You must give me more money. Khi tõ ®ã ®−îc trÝch ®Én. Vd: You shouldn’t put and at the end of the sentence. 5. NhÞp ®iÖu (Rhythm): Ng«n ng÷ lêi nãi tiÕng Anh ®−îc cho lµ cã nhÞp ®iÖu vµ nhÞp ®ã ®−îc ph¸t hiÖn nhê vµo sù xuÊt hiÖn ®Òu ®Æn cña çc ©m tiÕt cã träng ©m. TiÕng Anh cã nhÞp ®iÖu theo träng ©m cã nghÜa lµ çc ©m tiÕt cã träng ©m cã xu h−íng xuÊt hiÖn trong nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian t−¬ng ®èi b»ng nhau dï gi÷a chóng cã sè l−îng ©m tiÕt kh«ng mang träng ©m kh¸c nhau. Vd: ‘Walk ‘down the ‘path to the ‘end of the ca’nal 1 2 3 4 5 6. Nuèt ©m (Elision) Nuèt ©m lµ sù l−îc bá 1 hoÆc nhiÒu ©m khi nãi. D−íi ®©y lµ mét sè tr−êng hîp nuèt ©m chñ yÕu: • Sù biÕn mÊt cña nguyªn ©m. • Sù mÊt ®i nh÷ng nguyªn ©m yÕu theo sau /p, t, k/ • Sù biÕn mÊt cña phô ©m. 7. Nèi ©m (linking) o Phô ©m -> nguyªn ©m Vd: Look at me; Can I help you? o Nguyªn ©m -> nguyªn ©m Vd: How often do I have to do it? 8. Ng÷ ®iÖu (Intonation) Ng÷ ®iÖu lµ sù lªn xuèng cña cao ®é ©m thanh khi ta ph¸t ©m. Cã ba lo¹i ng÷ ®iÖu c¬ b¶n ®−îc tr×nh bµy trong SGK 12: Ng÷ ®iÖu gi¸ng (falling tune); ng÷ ®iÖu th¨ng (rising tune); ng÷ ®iÖu th¨ng - gi¸ng (rising-falling tune). Sau ®©y lµ mét sè quy t¾c ng÷ ®iÖu c¬ b¶n: C©u trÇn thuËt: C©u trÇn thuËt th«ng th−êng xuèng giäng ë cuèi ph¸t ng«n. Vd: I love you. C©u liÖt kª lªn giäng võa ph¶i ë mçi phÇn liÖt kª vµ xuèng giäng ë cuèi ph¸t ng«n. Vd: We had some soup, smashed potato, fish and chips and finally a glass of orange juice. C©u hái cã tõ ®Ó hái: - Quy luËt c¬ b¶n lµ xuèng giäng ë cuèi ph¸t ng«n. Vd: What does WTO stand for? - §«i khi lªn giäng dÇn tõ khi b¾t ®Çu cho ®Õn khi kÕt thóc ph¸t ng«n (thÓ hiÖn sù quan t©m nhiÒu h¬n) Vd: How’s your daughter? C©u hái ®¶o: ®Òu lªn giäng ë cuèi ph¸t ng«n kÓ c¶ lo¹i cã d¹ng thøc gièng nh− 1 c©u trÇn thuËt. Vd: Do you love him? You love him? Lêi yªu cÇu, ®Ò nghÞ: Lªn giäng ë cuèi ph¸t ng«n. Vd: Can you open the door ,please? C©u hái ®u«i: - Xuèng giäng ë phÇn ®u«i cña c©u hái khi hái chØ ®Î x¸c nhËn th«ng tin. C©u hái nh− thÕ nµy cã t¸c dông gÇn nh− mét c©u c¶m th¸n. Vd: It’s really hot, isn’t it? Page 3

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- Khi hái ®Ó lÊy th«ng tin thùc sù vµ cÇn cã sù kh¼ng ®Þnh hoÆc phñ ®Þnh cña ng−êi nghe th× phÇn ®u«i cña c©u hái ph¶i lªn giäng. Vd: You don’t love her, do you? C©u hái lùa chän: lªn giäng ë mçi sù lùa chän trõ sù lùa chän cuèi cïng th× xuèng giäng. Vd: Would you like tea, coffee or milk? PART II: GRAMMAR (PhÇn ng÷ ph¸p) I. The present simple tense (Thì hiện tại đơn) 1. Form to be - Affirmative: S + V1…. S + am/is/are…… - Negative: S + do/does + not + V1… S + am/is/are + not….. - Interrogative: Do/Does + S + V1….? Am/Is/Are + S ….? 2. Usage: - Th× HT§ dïng diÔn t¶ mét thãi quen, mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra th−êng xuyªn lÆp di lÆp l¹i ë hiÖn t¹i. eg. I watch T.V every night. - Th× HT§ dïng diÔn t¶ mét ch©n lý, mét sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn. eg. The sun rises in the East / Tom comes from America. - Th× HT§ ®−îc dïng khi ta nãi vÒ thêi khãa biÓu (timetables), ch−¬ng tr×nh (programmes)......... eg. The train leaves the station at 8.15 a.m. The film begins at 8 p.m. - Th× HT§ dïng sau nh÷ng côm tõ chØ thêi gian: when, as soon as,.. vµ nh÷ng côm tõ chØ ®iÒu kiÖn: if, unless. eg. When summer comes, I’ll go to the beach. You won’t get good marks unless you work hard. 3. Adverbs: Often = usually = frequently, always = constantly, sometimes = occasionally, seldom = rarely, everyday/ week/ month............. II. The present continuous tense (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn) 1. Form : - Affirmative: S + am/is/are + V- ing…… - Negative: S + am/is/are + not + V-ing….. - Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing ….? 2. Usage: - Th× HTTD diÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang diÔn ra vµ kÐo dµi mét thêi gian ë hiÖn t¹i (th−êng cã çc tr¹ng tõ : now, right now, at the moment, at present) eg. The children are playing football now. - Th× HTTD còng th−êng ®−îc dïng theo sau c©u ®Ò nghÞ, mÖnh lÖnh. eg. Be quiet! The baby is sleeping. Note: Kh«ng dïng th× HTTD víi çc ®éng tõ chØ nhËn thøc, tri gi¸c nh− : to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love, hate, realize, seem, remember, forget, belong to, believe.....(Víi çc ®éng tõ nµy ta thay b»ng th× HT§). eg. She wants to go for a walk at the moment. SO SAÙNH thì SIMPLE PRESENT Với thì PRESENT CONTINUOUS

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Thì Simple Present ñược dùng ñể chỉ 1 hành ñộng diễn ra trong 1 thời gian noí chung không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại. Thời gian nói chung là thời gian ma sự việc diễn ra mỗi ngày (every day), mỗi tuaàn (every week), mỗi tháng (every month), mỗi năm (every year), mỗi mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)… - He goes to school every day. - Mrs Brown travels every summer. * Thì Present Continuous ñược dùng để chỉ 1 hành động đang xảy ra (a current activity) hay một sự việc chúng ta đang làm bây giờ (now/ at present/ at this moment), hôm nay (today), tuaàn nµy (this week), năm nay (this year)… - We are learning English now. - Mary is playing the piano at the moment. Hãy so sánh : - I work in a bakery every day. - I’m working in a bakery this week. Page 4

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III. The present perfect tense (Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành) 1. Form : - Affirmative: S + has/have +V3/ed…. - Negative: S + has/have + not + V3/ed….. - Interrogative: Has/Have + S + V3/ed….? 2. Usage : - Th× HTHT diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng võa míi x¶y ra, võa míi kÕt thóc, th−êng ®i víi tr¹ng tõ “just” eg. We have just bought a new car. - Th× HTHT diÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu tõ qu¸ khø, cßn kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i vµ cã kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp tôc ë t−¬ng lai. eg. You have studied English for five years. - Th× HTHT diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng xaû ra trong qu¸ khø mµ kh«ng biÕt râ thêi gian. eg. I have gone to Hanoi. - Th× HTHT diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®−îc lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i nhiÒu lÇn ë qu¸ khø. eg. We have seen Titanic three times. - Th× HTHT dïng sau nh÷ng tõ so s¸nh ë cÊp cao nhÊt. (trong lêi b×nh phÈm) eg. It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen. - Th× HTHT dïng víi This is the first/ second time, it’s the first time......... eg. This is the first time I’ve lost my way. - Th× HTHT dïng víi This morning/ This evening/ Today/ This week/ This term...... khi nh÷ng thêi gian nµy vÉn cßn trong lóc nãi. eg. I haven’t seen Joana this morning . Have you seen her? Note : - Gone to kh¸c víi Been to. eg. Marry has gone to Paris(®ang ë hoÆc ®ang trªn ®−êng ®Õn Pari) Marry has been to Paris(®| ®Õn nh−ng b©y giê kh«ng cßn ë Pari) 3. Adverbs : - just, recently, lately :gÇn ®©y, võa míi - ever: ®| tõng - never: ch−a bao giê - already: råi - yet: ch−a (dïng trong c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn) - since: tõ khi (chØ thêi ®iÓm mµ hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu) - for: kho¶ng (chØ kho¶ng thêi gian cña hµnh ®éng) - so far = until now = up to now = up to the present : cho ®Õn nay, cho ®Õn tËn b©y giê ... * Th× HTHTTD : S + have been + Ving. Sö dông t−¬ng tù th× HTHT nh−ng muèn nhÊn m¹nh tÝnh liªn tôc cña hµnh ®éng. eg. You have been learning English for 5 years.

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* CHUÙ YÙ : (1) + Thì Simple Present thường ñược dùng với các ñộng từ chỉ tri giác (verbs of perception) như: feel, see, hear… và các ñộng từ chỉ trạng thái như: know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe… + Ngoài ra chúng ta còn dùng thì Simple Present với các ñộng từ : be, appear, belong, have to… + Thì Simple Present còn ñược dùng với các trạng từ chỉ tần suất (adverbs of frequency) như : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never… - That child needs care. - This book belongs to me. - He never comes late. + Chúng ta cũng dùng thì Simple Present ñể chỉ 1 chân lí hay 1 sự thật hiển nhiên (a general truth). - The sun rises in the east. - Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom. (2) Thì Present Continuous còng ñược dùng ñể chỉ hành ñộng ở 1 tương lai gần (a near future action) Với các trạng từ chỉ tương lai như : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer…

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SO SAÙNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VAØ THÌ SIMPLE PAST * Thì Present perfect (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät quaù khöù khoâng roõ thôøi ñieåm coøn lieân laïc vôùi hieän taïi. * Thì Simple Past (Quaù Khöù Ñôn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät quaù khöù coù thôøi ñieåm roõ reät caét ñöùt vôùi hieän taïi. + CHUÙ YÙ : (1) Thì Present Perfect thöôøng ñi vôùi nhöõng töø nhö : up to now, up to the present, so far (cho tôùi nay), not … yet (vaãn chöa), for, since, ever (ñaõ töøng), never, several times (nhieàu laàn), just (vöøa), recently (vöøa môùi), lately (môùi ñaây) ... - Have you ever seen a tiger ? - The train has not arrived yet. - We have lived here for 6 years. - The bell has just rung. (2) Thì Simple Past thöôøng ñi vôùi nhöõng tieáng chæ thôøi gian quaù khöù xaùc ñònh nhö : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago. - We came here a month ago. - He went to the cinema yesterday. * Thì Simple Past coøn ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät chuoãi caùc haønh ñoäng keá tieáp xaûy ra trong quaù khöù. - He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out. V. The past continuous tense: (Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn) 1. Form : - Affirmative: S + was/were + V-ing…. - Negative: S + was/were + not + V-ing….. - Interrogative: Was/Were + S + V-ing….?

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SO SAÙNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VAØ THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Present perfect (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ keát quaû cuûa moät tình traïng ôû hieän taïi (the result of the present state), moät vieäc xaûy ra trong quaù khöù khoâng roõ thôøi ñieåm, laäp ñi laäp laïi nhieàu laàn vaø keùo daøi ñeán hieän taïi. + Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh Tieáp Dieãn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ söï tieáp dieãn cuûa moät haønh ñoäng (the continuity of an action) cho tôùi hieän taïi. - I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet. - He has been living here since 1975. - We have been working in the garden all morning. + Thì Present Perfect Continuous coøn ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc ñoäng töø nhö : lie, wait, sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay… - They have been learning English since 1995. - The chair has been lying in the store window for ages. IV. The past simple tense (Thì Quá khứ đơn) 1. Form to be - Affirmative: S + V2/ed…. S + was/were…… - Negative: S + did + not + V1….. S + was/were + not….. - Interrogative: Did + S + V1….? Was/Were + S ….? 2. Usage : - Th× QK§G diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø, ®| chÊm døt vµ biÕt râ thêi gian. eg. I went to the cinema last night. 3. Adverbs : - last, yesterday, ago, in 1989,… - Khi ®æi sang d¹ng phñ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn nhí ®−a ®éng tõ chÝnh vÒ nguyªn mÉu. - Chó ý c¸ch ph¸t ©m c¸c ®éng tõ cã tËn cïng lµ ‘ed’

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2. Usage : - Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra vµ kÐo dµi mét thêi gian ë qu¸ khø. eg. Yesterday, Mr Nam was working in the garden all the afternoon. - Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm x¸c ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø. eg. We were learning English at 9 a.m last Sunday. - Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra (ë qu¸ khø) th× cã mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c xen vµo. (Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra dïng th× QKTD, hoµn ®éng xen vµo dïng th× QK§) eg. When I saw her yesterday, she was having breakfast. - Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng mét lóc ë qu¸ khø. eg. Last night, I was watching T.V while my sister was reading a book. Note: Kh«ng dïng th× nµy víi c¸c ®éng tõ chØ nhËn thøc, tri gi¸c (thay b»ng QK§). 3. Adverbs: - at 4 p.m yesterday - at this time last Sunday........... SO SAÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST VAØ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Past (Quaù Khöù Ñôn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng ngaén (thình lình) xaûy ra trong quaù khöù. - I met him in the street yesterday. + Thì Past Continuous (Quaù Khöù Tieáp Dieãn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng keùo daøi trong quaù khöù töông öùng vôùi moät haønh ñoäng khaùc cuõng trong quaù khöù. - I met him while he was crossing the street. - She was going home when she saw an accident. + Thì Past Continuous coøn dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng keùo daøi taïi ñieåm thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû quaù khöù hoaëc hai haønh ñoäng lieân tieáp song song vôùi nhau. - My father was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night. - I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV VI. The past perfect tense (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành) 1. Form : - Affirmative: S + had + V3/ed…. - Negative: S + had + not + V3/ed….. - Interrogative: Had + S + V3/ed….? 2. Usage: DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng trong qu¸ khø x¶y ra tr−íc mét thêi gian cụ thể hoÆc tr−íc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong qu¸ khø. (NÕu trong c©u cã hai hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø, hµnh ®éng nµo x¶y ra tr−íc ta dïng QKHT, hµnh ®éng nµo sau ta dïng QK§). eg. They had live here before 1985. After the children had finished their homework, they went to bed. VII. The past perfect continuous tense (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn) 1. Form: - Affirmative: S + had + been + Ving …. - Negative: S + had + not + been + Ving….. - Interrogative: Had + S + been + Ving….? 2. Usage: DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø ®| x¶y ra vµ kÐo dµi cho ®Õn khi hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø thø hai x¶y ra (hµnh ®éng thø hai dïng QK§). Kho¶ng thêi gian kÐo dµi th−êng ®−îc nªu râ trong c©u. eg. The boys had been playing football for 2 hours before I came

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SO SAÙNH THÌ PAST PERFECT VAØ THÌ PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quaù Khöù Hoaøn Thaønh Tieáp Dieãn) duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh tính lieân tuïc cuûa haønh ñoäng tröôùc khi moät haønh ñoäng quaù khöù khaùc xaûy ra. Haõy so saùnh : - She had been studying English before she came here for classes. (Haønh ñoäng had been studying xaûy ra lieân tuïc cho tôùi khi haønh ñoäng came for classes xaûy ra). - She had studied English before she came for classes. (Haønh ñoäng had studied chaám döùt tröôùc haønh ñoäng came for classes) Vaø haõy so saùnh : Page 7

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SO SAÙNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURE VAØ THÌ FUTURE CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Future (Töông Lai Ñôn) dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng seõ xaûy ra (coù hoaëc khoâng coù thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû töông lai); coøn thì Future Continuous (Töông Lai Tieáp Dieãn) dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng lieân tieán taïi ñieåm thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû töông lai. - He will go to the stadium next Sunday. - We will / shall have the final test. Haõy so saùnh : - I will eat breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow. - I will be eating breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow. + Trong caùc meänh ñeà traïng töø chæ thôøi gian (adverb clause of time) hay meänh ñeà ñieàu kieän (adverb clause of condition), thì Simple Present ñöôïc duøng ñeå thay theá cho thì Simple Future. - I shall not go until I see him.

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- It had been raining when I got up this morning. (Möa ñaõ döùt khi toâi thöùc daäy.) - It was raining when I got up this morning. (Möa vaãn coøn khi toâi thöùc daäy VIII. The simple future tense (Thì tương lai đơn) 1. Form : - Affirmative: S + will/shall + V1…. - Negative: S + will/shall + not + V1….. - Interrogative: Will/Shall + S + V1….? 2. Usage: - Dïng khi ta quyÕt ®Þnh lµm mét ®iÒu g× ®ã vµo lóc nãi. eg. You will give your sentences now. - Dïng ®Ó yªu cÇu, ®Ò nghÞ ai ®ã lµm g× eg. Will you shut the door. - Dïng ®Ó ®ång ý hoÆc tõ chèi lµm g× . eg: A: I need some money. B: Don’t worry .I’ll lend you some. - Dïng ®Ó høa hÑn lµm ®iÒu g× eg: I promise I’ll call you when I arrive - Dïng shall I vµ shall we ®Ó ®Ò nghÞ hoÆc gîi ý. eg. Where shall we go tonight?/ Shall we go to the cinema? - Dïng I think I’ll...../ I don’t think I’ll......khi ta quyÕt lµm / kh«ng lµm ®iÒu g×. eg.I think I’ll stay at home tonight./ I don’t think I’ll go out tonight. 3. Adverbs : - someday :mét ngµy nµo ®ã. - next week/ next month.......... - tomorrow : - soon :ch¼ng bao l©u n÷a. IX. Near future (Thì tương lai gần) 1. Form: S + Be (is/am/are) + Going to + V bare infi. (dù ®Þnh sÏ) (s¾p söa) S + Be (is/am/are) +Ving 2. Usage: DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong t−¬ng lai gÇn cã dù ®Þnh tr−íc (th−êng trong c©u kh«ng cã tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian) eg. They are going to repaint the school . - DiÔn t¶ sù tiªn ®o¸n, sù kiÖn ch¾c ch¾n x¶y ra ë t−¬ng lai v× cã dÊu hiÖu hay chøng cø ë hiÖn t¹i . - eg. Tom’s a good student. He’s going to pass the final exam. Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. X. The future continuous tense (Thì tương lai tiếp diễn) 1. Form: S + will / shall + Be + Ving. 2. Usage : - DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm x¸c ®Þnh trong t−¬ng lai . eg. I will be watching T.V at 8p.m tonight. - DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë t−¬ng lai th× cã mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c x¶y ra. eg. I’ll be cooking when my mother return this evening.

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- If he comes tomorrow, he will do it. + CHUÙ YÙ: WILL coøn ñöôïc duøng cho taát caû caùc ngoâi. XI. The future perfect tense (Thì tương lai hoàn thành) 1. Form : S + will + have + V(ed,3). 2. Usage : - DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng sÏ hoµn tÊt vµo mét thêi ®iÓm cho tr−íc ë t−¬ng lai.

Th−êng dïng c¸c côm tõ chØ thêi gian nh− : By (+ mèc thêi gian ), By the time, By then.

eg. We’ll have finished our lesson by 11 o’clock.

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XII. The future perfect continuous tense (Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn) 1. Form: S + will + have been + Ving . 2. Usage : - DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu tõ qu¸ khø vµ kÐo dµi ®Õn mét thêi ®iÓm cho tr−íc ë t−¬ng lai. Th−êng dïng c¸c côm tõ chØ thêi gian nh− : By...........for (+ kho¶ng thêi gian), By the time , By then. eg. By May, they’ll have been living in this house for 15 years.

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SO SÁNH THÌ FUTURE PERFECT VÀ THÌ FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Future Perfect (Töông Lai Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng seõ hoaøn thaønh tröôùc

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moät haønh ñoäng khaùc trong töông lai hay moät ñieåm thôøi gian ôû töông lai. - The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing. - By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for 5 years.

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+ Ñeå nhaán maïnh tính lieân tuïc cuûa haønh ñoäng, chuùng ta duøng thì Future Perfect Continuous (Töông Lai Hoaøn Thaønh Tieáp Dieãn).

- By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling through Russia.

- By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years.

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* Sequence of tenses: (Sù phèi hîp vÒ th× ) Trong c©u cã hai mÖnh ®Ò trë lªn, c¸c ®éng tõ ph¶i cã sù phèi hîp vÒ th×. Sù phèi hîp cña c¸c ®éng tõ trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh (main clause) vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô (subordinate clause) nh− sau : Main clause Subordinate clause - Simple present 1. Simple present - Present perfect - Present continuous - Simple future/ Near future - Simple past (nÕu thßi gian x¸c ®Þnh ë q/khø) - Simple past 2. Simple past - Past perfect - Past continuous - Would/ was ,were+ going to + V bare infi. - Simple present (nÕu diÔn t¶ mét ch©n lý) - Simple present 3. Present perfect - Simple past 4. Past perfect eg. Marry says she’ll come here next Sunday. People have said that London has fog.

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When you come back, I’ll have had lunch.

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S +V (present perfect/ present perfect cont.) + Since + S + Ved. eg. You have been studying English since you came here.

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SỰ HOÀ HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ Theo luaät chung moät ñoäng töø bao giôø cuõng hoøa hôïp vôùi chuû ng÷ cuûa no ù- töùc laø – neáu chuû ngữ soá ít thì ñoäng töø theo sau cuõng ôû soá ít vaø ngöôïc laïi neáu chuû ngữ soá nhieàu thì theo sau laø ñoäng soá nhieàu. Tuy nhieân, ta haõy chuù yù 10 luaät ñaëc bieät sau: [1]: Hai hay nhiều chủ ngữ số ít đựơc nối bởi liên từ AND thì đòi hỏi một động từ số nhiều

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- The boy and the girl love their parents dearly. - Tom and Mary were late yesterday. Tuy nhieân, neáu hai chñ töø naøy dieãn taû moät ngöôøi, moät vaät hay moät yù töôûng chung thì ñoäng töø vaãn ôû soá ít. - Bread and butter is my daily breakfast. - To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in life. [2] : Hai chuû ng÷ ñöôïc noái vôùi nhau baèng AND maø tröôùc chuû ngữ ñaàu coù EACH, EVERY, MANY A, NO thì ñoäng töø phaûi ôû soá ít. - Each boy and girl has a textbook. - No teacher and student is present. [3] : Khi hai chủ ngữ ø được nối bởi OR, EITHER… OR, NEITHER…NOR…thì động từ hoà hợp cùng với chủ ng÷ gần nó nhất

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Sù phèi hîp cña çc ®éng tõ trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ mÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh− sau: Main clause Adverbial clause of time - Present tenses 1. Present tenses - Past tenses 2. Past tenses - Present tenses 3. Future tenses + MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian th−êng ®−îc b¾t ®Çu víi çc tõ nèi sau: - when: - until: - whenever : - just as :ngay khi - as: - since: - while: - no sooner ......than: ngay khi - before: - hardly.......when: khã.......khi - after: - as long as: chõng nµo, cho ®Õn khi - as soon as: - till: eg. You will go home as soon as you have finished your exercises. When I came there, it was raining hard. I often drink coffee while I am watching T.V. + Note:- Kh«ng ®−îc dïng th× t−¬ng lai (Future tenses) trong çc mÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian (cã thÓ thay b»ng th× hiÖn t¹i). eg. If it rains tomorrow, We’ll stay at home. - Trong tr−êng hîp dïng tõ nèi Since l−u ý:

- He or you are the best student in this class. - Neither Jack nor I am willing to do that. [4] : Khi hai chuû ngữ ñöôcï noái bôûi AS WELL AS, NO LESS THAN, WITH, TOGETHER WITH, ALONG WITH thì ñoäng töø hoøa hôïp vôùi chuû ngữ 1. - John, as well as you, is responsible for this act. - Tom, with his friends, is in the car.

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Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 [5] : Một danh từ tập hợp (collective noun) cần 1 động từ số nhiều khi ta ngụ ý nói tới từng cá nhân tạo nên tập hợp ấy, nhưng động từ vẫn là số ít nếu ta ngụ ý nói chung chung coi cả tập hợp như một đơn vị

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- He works for the factory which makes cars. - The man who is living near my house teaches us English. REPORTED SPEECH: * C©u gi¸n tiÕp lµ c©u dïng ®Ó thuËt l¹i néi dung lêi nãi trùc tiÕp. * C¸ch thay ®æi chung khi chuyÓn tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp. 1. Thay ®æi vÒ th× trong c©u:

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- The family of this dead soldier is noble. - The family go to the movies every Sunday morning. [6] : Khi chuû ng÷ laø danh töø coù hình thöùc laø soá nhieàu nhöng nghóa laïi laø soá ít thì ñoäng töø chia ôû soá ít. - No news is good news. - Physics is more difficult than chemistry. Các danh từ thường gặp như: news, physics, mathematics, politics, gymnastics, phonetics, measles, mumps, rickets, the United States, the Philippines… [7] : Khi chuû ngữ laø danh töø chæ troïng löôïng, ño löôøng, giaù caû hay giaù tieàn thì ñöôïc coi laø soá ít, ñoäng töø theo sau cuõng ôû soá ít. - Ten thousand dollars is a big sum of money. - Five hundred miles is a long distance. [8] : Khi chủ ngữ là đại từ bất định như : everyone, something, nobody,…thì động từ theo sau phải ở số ít - Nobody has opened the door. - Is everyone present ? [9] : Trong caâu baét ñaàu baèng THERE thì ñoäng töø hoøa hôïp vôùi chuû töø theo sau noù. - There stands a pagoda facing the little lake. - There were a lot of people at the meeting. [10] : Động từ có chủ từ là đại từ quan hệ thì phải hoà hợp cùng ngôi và số với tiền vị từ của đại từ ấy.

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the month after / the following month next month there here then now before ago that this those these * C¸ch thay ®æi cô thÓ cho tõng lo¹i c©u trong lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp I. C©u trÇn thuËt: (statement) S + said/ told + ( O ) (that) + clause* *Clause : thay ®æi th×, ®¹i tõ, côm tõ chØ thêi gian, n¬i chèn Vd: ‘We will have a test tomorrow’, My teacher said. -> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day. II. C©u hái: (questions) C©u hái ®¶o ( yes/ no question) S + asked + ( O ) + if / whether + clause* * Clause: trËt tù tõ trë vÒ d¹ng c©u trÇn thuËt, thay ®æi vÒ th×, ®¹i tõ, tõ chØ thêi gian vµ n¬i chèn cho phï hîp víi v¨n c¶nh lêi nãi. C©u hái cã tõ ®Ó hái: (wh - question) S + asked + (O) + wh - word + clause* * Clause: trËt tù tõ trë vÒ d¹ng c©u trÇn thuËt, thay ®æi vÒ th×, ®¹i tõ, tõ chØ thêi gian vµ n¬i chèn cho phï hîp víi v¨n c¶nh lêi nãi. III. D¹ng mÖnh lÖnh thøc / c©u ra lÖnh , ®Ò nghÞ: (command/ requests) - D¹ng kh¼ng ®Þnh: S + ®éng tõ t−êng thuËt + O + to infinitive - D¹ng phñ ®Þnh: S + ®éng tõ t−êng thuËt + O + not + to infinitive Đéng tõ t−êng thuËt : told, asked, advised, persuded, taught, directed, begged, encourage....... IV. Danh ®éng tõ trong lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp: - Khi lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp lµ lêi ®Ò nghÞ, chóc mõng, c¶m ¬n, xin lçi,....®éng tõ t−êng thuËt cïng víi danh ®éng tõ theo sau nã th−êng dïng ®Ó truyÒn t¶i néi dung lêi nãi trªn. §éng tõ t−êng thuËt + (O) + giíi tõ + danh ®éng tõ (V-ing)........ * §éng tõ t−êng thuËt : thank sb for, accuse sb of, congratulate sb on, dream of, object to, apologize sb for, insist on, complain about......... §éng tõ t−êng thuËt + danh ®éng tõ( V-ing)....... * §éng tõ t−êng thuËt: deny, admit, suggest, regret........... Danh ®éng tõ t−êng thuËt th−êng ®i theo ®éng tõ t−êng thuËt SUGGEST trong c¸c mÉu c©u ®Ò nghÞ sau: • Why don’t you/ Why not / How about -> suggest + sb + V-ing • Let’s / Let’s not -> suggest + V-ing/ suggest + not+ V-ing • Shall we/ It’s a good idea -> suggest + V-ing. V. §éng tõ nguyªn mÉu trong lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp - Khi lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp lµ lêi ®Ò nghÞ, mÖnh lÖnh, ý ®Þnh, lêi høa, lêi yªu cÇu,...®éng tõ t−êng thuËt cïng víi ®éng tõ nguyªn mÉu theo sau th−êng dïng ®Ó truyÒn t¶i néi dung lêi nãi trªn. §éng tõ t−êng thuËt + t©n ng÷ + ®éng tõ nguyªn mÉu (to-infinitive) *§éng tõ t−êng thuËt: ask, advise, command, invite, order, recommand, encourage, urge, warn, want... §éng tõ t−êng thuËt + ®éng tõ nguyªn mÉu (to-infinitive) *§éng tõ t−êng thuËt:agree, demand, hope, promise, threaten, offer, refuse, decide... Would you/ Could you / Will you/ Can you -> asked+ sb + to + V Would you mind + V-ing /Do you mind + V-ing -> asked + sb + to +V Would you like/ Will you -> invited + sb + to + V Had better/ If I were you/ why don’t you -> advised + sb + to + V VI. C©u ®iÒu kiÖn trong lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp Page 12

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 - NÕu trong lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp cã c©u ®iÒu kiÖn, th× chØ cã c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i mét lµ thay ®æi vÒ th×, hai c©u ®iÒu kiÖn cßn l¹i vÉn gi÷ nguyªn h×nh thøc ®éng tõ.

PASSIVE VOICE: VOICE: Structure : Active: S + V + Obj.

ẠO

H Ư

TR ẦN

10 00

Í-

-L

ÁN

Mét sè d¹ng bÞ ®éng kh¸c :

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U Y

Passive: S + Be + Vpp +( by Obj) Công thức : • S + Be (am, is, are, was, were) + V pp (by Obj). • S + Be (am, is, are, was, were) + Being + Vpp (by Obj). • S + have/ has + been + Vpp ( by Obj). • S + had been + Vpp ( by Obj). • S + will/ shall + Be + Vpp ( by Obj). • S + Be (am, is, are) + going to + Be + Vpp(by Obj). • S + will/ shall + have been Vpp (by Obj). Modal verbs: S + can / may/ must / ought to / should / could.........+ Be + PII. S + modal verbs + have been + PII (d¹ng hoµn thµnh) * Notes: + Ta cã thÓ bá: by me, by him, by her, by it, by us, by you, by them, by someone, by people trong c©u bÞ ®éng nÕu kh«ng muèn nªu râ t¸c nh©n hoÆc thÊy kh«ng quan träng. + NÕu c©u chñ ®éng cã çc tr¹ng tõ (ng÷) chØ n¬i chèn th× ®Æt chóng tr−íc “by + t©n ng÷ bÞ ®éng”. eg. The police found him in the forest - He was found in the forest by the police. + NÕu c©u chñ ®éng cã çc tr¹ng tõ (ng÷) chØ thêi gian th× ®Æt chóng sau “ by + t©n ng÷ bÞ ®éng” eg. They are going to buy a car tomorrow. A car is going to be bought by them tomorow. + NÕu t©n ng÷ trong c©u bÞ ®éng chØ sù vËt, sù viÖc th× ta dïng giíi tõ ‘with’ thay ‘by’ tr−íc t©n ng÷ Êy. eg. The bottle is filled with ink./ The bowl is fill with sugar. + NÕu ®éng tõ chñ ®éng cã hai t©n ng÷ th× mét trong hai t©n ng÷ cã thÓ dïng lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u bÞ ®éng (nh−ng chñ ng÷ vÒ ng−êi ®−îc sö dông nhiÒu h¬n) eg. I am writing her a letter. She is being written a letter. A letter is being written to her - Çc ®éng tõ : ask, tell, give, send, show, teach, pay, offer th−êng cã hai t©n ng÷.

ÀN

1. D¹ng nhê b¶o : HAVE, GET.

Active: S + HAVE + Obj +V (person) + V

IỄ N

-> Passive: S + HAVE + Obj (thing) + PII + (by Obj(person) eg. I have her cut my hair yesterday. -> I had my hair cut yesterday.

Active: S + GET + Obj (person) + To V + Obj (thing). ->Passive: S + GET +Obj (thing) + PII + by Obj (person). eg. I get him to make some coffee -> I get some coffee made. Page 13

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 2. §éng tõ chØ gi¸c quan: see, watch, hear......... Active: S + Verbs +Obj + bare inf/ V ing. -> Passive: S + Be + PII + to inf/ V ing. ->She was seen to come in.

3. §éng tõ chØ vÒ ý kiÕn: say, think, know, believe, hope, consider, tell....................

eg. I saw her come in -

U Y

Active: S + V1 + that + Clause (S2 +V2 +Obj2)

.Q TP

-> S2 + be + V1 (PII) {+ to inf

ẠO

{+ to have PII . Eg 1 . People say that he is a famous doctor

->It’s said that he is a famous doctor.

->Marry was thought to have gone away. 4. C©u mÖnh lÖnh:

-> Let + Obj + be + Vpp + Adjunct.

10 00

a. Verb + Obj + Adjunc

TR ẦN

->It was thought that Marry had gone away.

H Ư

Eg 2: They thought that Marry has gone away.

->He’s said to be a famous doctor.

eg. Close the door, please. -> Let the door be closed, please.

b. S + let + sb + do + st.

eg. He let me go out. _I was let to go out / I was allowed to go out.

Í-

5. BÞ ®éng cña ®éng tõ Need, Make

-L

a. Need: - The floor is dirty. It needs to be swept/ cleaned.

ÁN

or: The floor is dirty. It needs sweeping/ cleaning. b. Make: - The story makes me laugh -> I am made to laugh

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-> Passive: ->It + be + V1 (PII ) + that + Clause (S2+V2+O2).

- They made her work hard -> She was made to work hard.

ÀN

*Note : NEED TO BE PII = NEED DOING MAKE SMB DO SMT or TO BE MADE TO DO SMT

IỄ N

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. A. Grammar: C©u ®iÒu kiÖn cã hai mÖnh ®Ò: M§ phô (hay M§ ®iÒu kiÖn) b¾t ®Çu b»ng If, vµ M§ chÝnh (nªu lªn kÕt qu¶). - Cã 3 lo¹i c©u §K : 1. Real conditional sentences (Type 1).

a. Future possible (cã thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i hoÆc t−¬ng lai). If + S + V (simple present) + S + will/ can/ may/ must...+ V inf. Page 14

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 eg. If I have time, I will visit you. b. Habitual ( thãi quen). If + S + V (simple present) + S + V (simple present).

eg. Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time.

c. Command (c©u mÖnh lÖnh, yªu cÇu).

If + S + V (simple present) + command form.

U Y

eg. Please buy me some fruits if you go to market.

.Q TP

If + S + V (simple past) + S + would/ should/ could/ might + V inf.

ẠO

(Trong M§ phô nÕu cã’To be’th× dïng ‘Were’ cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i). eg. If today were Saturday, I could go to the beach.

If I had time, I would write you a letter.

3. Past unreal conditional sentences (Type 3).

H Ư

If + S + V (past perfect) + S + would/ could/ might + have + PII.

TR ẦN

eg. If I hadn’t lost my way, I would have arrived sooner.

Note:- Cã thÓ dïng ®¶o ng÷ trong c©u §K lo¹i 2 cã ‘Were’ vµ c©u §K lo¹i 3 để nhấn mạnh eg. If I were younger, I would play tennis.

10 00

- Were I younger, I would play tennis.

If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.

- Had he studied hard, he would have passed his exam.

- Unless: Trong M§ ®iÒu kiÖn , ta cã thÓ thay liªn tõ If b»ng Unless(nÕu kh«ng, trõ phi).

Í-

Unless = If........not ..........

-L

eg. If you don’t study hard, you will fail in the exam.

ÁN

=Unless you study hard, you will fail in the exam. • Khi ta ®æi If sang Unless, nÕu M§ If ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh kh«ng ®−îc ®æi sang thÓ phñ ®Þnh khi dïng

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2. Present unreal conditional sentences (Type 2).

Unless mµ ph¶i ®æi M§ chÝnh sang thÓ ng−îc l¹i.

ÀN

eg. If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster. =Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster.

IỄ N

- Provided (that) / providing (that), On condition (that) (víi ®iÒu kiÖn lµ), As long as, so long as (miÔn lµ,

víi ®iÒu kiÖn lµ), Suppose, supposing (gi¶ sö nh−), In case (trong tr−êng hîp), Even if (ngay c¶ khi, dï cho.... dïng ®Ó chØ sù t−¬ng ph¶n hay nhÊn m¹nh), ......... cã thÓ dïng thay cho If trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn. eg. Supposing it rains, what will you do ? I’ll accept your invitation provided you go with me. Even if he goes to bed early, he always wakes up late . Page 15

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 4. When (khi): khi hµnh ®éng ch¾c ch¾n x¶y ra h¬n. eg. I’ll phone you when I go to bed tonight. 5. As if and As though: Cø nh− thÕ, nh− lµ

* ChØ hµnh ®éng cã thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i:

S + V ( present) + As if/ As though + S + V (present).

* ChØ hµnh ®éng hay sù kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë hiÖn t¹i:

U Y

S + V (present) As if/ As though + S + V (past).

.Q TP

The girl dresses as if it were summer even in the winter.

ẠO

* ChØ hµnh ®éng hay sù kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë qu¸ khø. S + V (past) + As if/ As though + S + V (past perfect).

eg. She looked as if she had seen a ghost.

6. But for (nÕu kh«ng v×, nÕu kh«ng cã)

H Ư

eg. But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.

TR ẦN

7. Without (kh«ng cã): eg. Without his books, he would know nothing. 8. MÖnh lÖnh c¸ch + and : Do that again and I’ll call a policeman. (= If you do..) 9. Clauses after Wish, If only: (ao −íc, gi¸ mµ ). Sau Wish vµ If only th−êng dïng mét M§ chØ mét ®iÒu

10 00

ao −íc, mét ®iÒu kh«ng thËt. Cã 3 M§ sau Wish vµ If only:

ÁN

-L

Í-

a. Future wish: S + wish + S + would/ could + V (bare inf) (If only) eg. I wish I would be an astronaut in the future. If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday. b. Present wish: S + wish + S + V past subjunctive = simple past. (V2; be - were). (If only) eg. I can’t swim. I wish I could swim Marry isn’t here. I wish she were here. =If only Marry were here. c. Past wish: S + wish + S + past perfect/ could have + PII. ( If only) eg. She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house. (She hadn’t have enough money to buy the house). If only I had met her yesterday.(I didn’t meet her).

ÀN

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eg. He acts as though he were rich.

IỄ N

NOUN CLAUSES AND RELATIVE CLAUSES. I. Noun clauses:

- Lµ mét mÖnh ®Ò phô lµm c«ng viÖc cña mét danh tõ. - Noun clause: ®−îc nèi víi mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh bëi c¸c tõ nèi: That, who, what, which, where, when, how, whether. - Khi dïng c¸c tõ nèi trªn, ®éng tõ trong M§ danh ng÷ chia ë thÓ x¸c ®Þnh, kh«ng chia ë thÓ nghi vÊn. 1. Noun clause lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u: eg. What he said was not true. Page 16

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 2. Noun clause lµm t©n ng÷ trong c©u: eg. I’ll tell you when he comes.

I didn’t believe what he said.

3. Noun clause lµm bæ ng÷ trong c©u:

eg. Money is what she needs.

4. Noun clause lµm t©n ng÷ cho giíi tõ.

II. Relative clauses:

U Y

- Cßn ®−îc gäi lµ Adj clause (M§ tÝnh ng÷) v× nã lµ M§ phô ®−îc dïng ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho danh tõ ®øng tr−íc nã.

- M§QH ®−îc nèi víi M§ chÝnh bëi c¸c ®¹i tõ quan hÖ Who, Whom, Which, Whose, That hoÆc c¸c tr¹ng tõ

- VÞ trÝ : M§QH ®øng ngay sau danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.

ẠO

* The uses:

1. Who: - lµ mét §TQH chØ ng−êi, ®øng sau danh tõ chØ ng−êi lµm chñ ng÷ cho ®éng tõ ®øng sau nã.

eg. This is the man. He is my teacher. This is the man who is my teacher

H Ư

The man is my brother. He is standing overthere.- The man who is standing overthere is...

TR ẦN

2. Whom: - lµ mét §TQH chØ ng−êi, ®øng sau danh tõ chØ ng−êi lµm t©n ng÷ cho ®éng tõ ®øng sau nã. eg. The woman is my aunt. You saw her yesterday.

- The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt.

10 00

- Whom : cã thÓ ®−îc bá. - The woman you saw yesterday is my aunt. 3. Which: lµ mét §TQH chØ vËt, ®øng sau danh tõ chØ vËt lµm chñ ng÷ hoÆc t©n ng÷ cho ®éng tõ ®øng sau nã.

eg. The hat is mine. It’s on the table.

- The hat which is on the table is mine.

Í-

eg. This is the book. You gave it to me yesterday.

-L

- This is the book which you gave me yesterday.

ÁN

- Which : cã thÓ ®−îc bá khi nã lµm t©n ng÷ cho ®éng tõ sau nã. eg. This is the book you gave me yesterday.

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quan hÖ When, Where, Why.

4. That: - lµ §TQH chØ c¶ ng−êi vµ vËt.

ÀN

- That cã thÓ dïng thay cho Who, Whom, Which trong M§QH x¸c ®Þnh.

eg. That is the car that he bought last month.

IỄ N

5. Whose: lµ mét §TQH, ®øng sau danh tõ chØ ng−êi vµ thay cho tÝnh tõ së h÷u tr−íc danh tõ. Whose còng

®−îc dïng cho vËt (=of which). Sau Whose lu«n lµ mét danh tõ. eg. The woman whose wallet was stolen yesterday is my sister. 6. When: lµ mét tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ chØ thêi gian, ®øng sau danh tõ chØ thêi gian. - When ®−îc dïng thay cho at / on / in + which ; then. eg. I’ll never forget the day when I met her. = on which That was the time when she saw the thief. Page 17

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 = at which 7. Where: lµ mét tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ chØ n¬i chèn, ®øng sau danh tõ chØ n¬i chèn. Where ®−îc dïng thay cho at / on / in + which; there. eg. That is the house where we are living now.

Your home town is a place where you were you born.

8. Why: - lµ mét tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ chØ lý do, ®øng sau tiÒn ng÷ ‘ THE REASON’.

U Y

- dïng thay cho ‘ FOR THE REASON’. eg. Please tell me the reason why you are so sad.

.Q TP

III. Ph©n lo¹i : cã 2 lo¹i relative clauses.

ẠO

1. Definite clause: (M§ x¸c ®Þnh)

- Lµ mÖnh ®Ò gióp ta nhËn ra ®Æc ®iÓm, tÝnh chÊt ®Æc biÖt cña ng−êi hay vËt ®−îc nãi ®Õn. NÕu ta bá chóng ®i th×

- That cã thÓ thay cho who vµ which trong m® lo¹i nµy.

N H Ư

- LiÒn ngay tr−íc vµ sau mÖnh ®Ò kh«ng cã dÊu phÈy.

c©u kh«ng ®ñ nghÜa hoÆc kh«ng gi÷ ®−îc nghÜa gèc ban ®Çu.

TR ẦN

eg. -The man is my teacher He’s standing overthere.

The man who(that) is standing overthere is my teacher.

- The book is very interesting. I bought it yesterday.

10 00

The book which(that) I bought yesterday is very interesting. 2. Non-defining clause: (M§ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh)

- M§ nµy chØ gi¶i thÝch thªm danh tõ ®øng tr−íc nã vµ cã thÓ bá ®i mµ nghÜa cña c©u kh«ng thay ®æi.

- LiÒn ngay tr−íc vµ sau m® cã dÊu phÈy.

Í-

- That kh«ng ®−îc sö dông trong c©u cã m® lo¹i nµy.

-L

eg. This hat, which my sister gave me on my birthday , is expensive.

ÁN

IV. Tr−êng hîp ®éng tõ cña M§QH cã giíi tõ (chØ dïng víi who vµ which) - Ta ®Æt giíi tõ tr−íc M§QH( tr−íc who, which).

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= for which

ÀN

- Ta còng cã thÓ bá whom hoÆc which vµ ®Æt giíi tõ ra sau ®éng tõ cña M§QH (chØ ¸p dông víi M§ x¸c ®Þnh).

IỄ N

- Khi dïng that, ta kh«ng ®−îc chuyÓn giíi tõ lªn tr−íc mµ vÉn ph¶i ®Ó sau ®éng tõ. eg. The man is Mr. Nam. Hoa is talking to him. The man to whom Hoa is talking is Mr. Nam. The man Hoa is talking to is Mr. Nam. The man that Hoa is talking to is Mr. Nam. - NÕu giíi tõ lµ thµnh phÇn cña ®éng tõ kÐp th× ta kh«ng chuyÓn chóng ra tr−íc whom, which. eg. This is the book which I’m looking for. - NÕu chñ ng÷ cña c©u lµ c¸c ®¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh th× ta chØ dïng That lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ. Page 18

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 eg. Everything that she said yesterday was not correct. V. D¹ng rót gän cña M§QH: 1. M§QH cã thÓ ®−îc rót gän b»ng c¸ch dïng hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ vµ qu¸ khø ph©n tõ. a. NÕu ®éng tõ trong M§QH ë thÓ chñ ®éng, ta dïng hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ thay cho mÖnh ®Ò ®ã (bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ

trî ®éng tõ, ®−a ®éng tõ chÝnh vÒ nguyªn d¹ng vµ thªm -ing)

eg. The girl sitting next to you is my sister.

U Y

Do you know the man breaking the window last night?

b. NÕu ®éng tõ trong M§QH ë thÓ bÞ ®éng ta dïng qu¸ khø ph©n tõ thay cho mÖnh ®Ò ®ã (bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ

.Q TP

eg. The books written by To Hoai are interesting.

ẠO

2. M§QH cã thÓ ®−îc rót gän b»ng c¸ch dïng‘TO- INF, or INF.PHRASE (for+O+to inf)

English is an important language to master.

eg. - English is an important language which we have to master.

H Ư

- Here is a form that you must fill in. Here is a form for you to fill in.

TR ẦN

(Khi mét M§ tÝnh ng÷ mµ tr−íc nã lµ mét M§ th× ®ã lµ M§ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh).

•

10 00

ALTHOUGH / IN SPITE OF; BECAUSE / BEACAUSE OF I. MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng tõ chØ sù t−¬ng ph¶n: Although/ even though/ though + Clause

= despite/ in spite of + N / noun phrase / ving phrase

= despite/ in spite of the fact that + Clause.

Í-

Vd: Although/ even though/ though he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.

-L

-> Despite/ in spite of having enough money, he refused to buy a new car.

ÁN

-> Despite/ in spite of the fact that he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car. II. MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng tõ chØ nguyªn nh©n:

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trî ®éng tõ, b¾t ®Çu côm tõ b»ng Vpp).

Because + clause = because of + N / noun phrase / ving phrase

ÀN

Vd: He didn’t go to school because he was ill.

He didn’t go to school because of his illness.

IỄ N

PREPOSITIONS AND ARTICLES I. Prepositions - Giíi tõ lµ tõ dïng ®Ó chØ mèi quan hÖ gi÷a danh tõ hoÆc ®¹i tõ víi mét tõ kh¸c trong c©u. - Giíi tõ lu«n ®i tr−íc mét danh tõ hoÆc ®¹i tõ vµ c¸c danh tõ hoÆc ®¹i tõ ®ã gäi lµ t©n ng÷ cña giíi tõ. - §¹i tõ n»m sau giíi tõ lu«n ph¶i ë h×nh thøc t©n ng÷: him, her...... - §éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ lu«n ë h×nh thøc Danh ®éng tõ (Ving) A. Prepositions used for Time and for Places. Page 19

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12

- at last/ first - at the moment - at present - at weekends - at the same time

U Y

- at the seaside

Í-

10 00

TR ẦN

H Ư

ẠO

- at the doctor’s - at the shop - at the top - at the bottom - at the foot of the page - at the biginning of/ at the end of: vµo lóc ®Çu/ cuèi - (To arrive) at the airport/ rainway station. 2. IN: a. For time: - In ®−îc dïng tr−íc n¨m, th¸ng, mïa, buæi (trõ at night, at noon). eg. in 1990, in August, in Spring, in the morning. - In time: ®óng giê. b. For places: - In: ë trong in the living room/ in the box. - In ®−îc dïng tr−íc c¸c thµnh phè, ®Êt n−íc, miÒn, ph−¬ng h−íng: in London, in Hanoi, in France, in the east ........ - in the street/ sky - in my opinion - in good/ bad weather - in the newspaper - in the middle of - in English/ German - in the rain/ sun - in the dark - in + time (in 2 days) - in the water/ river/ sea - in a line/ queue - in a picture/ mirror/ photo - in bed/ hospital/ prison - in the end: (cuèi cïng) - in love with 3. ON. a. For time: - On ®−îc dïng tr−íc thø (ngµy trong tuÇn) eg. on Sunday

-L

- On ®−îc dïng tr−íc ngµy th¸ng eg. on August 12th

ÁN

- On time : ®óng giê (chÝnh x¸c) - On Christmas day

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1. AT: a. For time: - at 4 o’clock, at 5 pm - at night/ noon/ midnight - at Christmas, at Easter - at once - at the age of - at sunset/ sunrise b. For places: - at home/ school/ work - at the theatre - at the corner of the street - at the grocer’

- On holiday/ on a trip/ on a tour

ÀN

- On the occasion of: nh©n dÞp

b. For places:

IỄ N

- On : ë trªn

eg. on the table

- on the phone - on a diet

- On horseback: trªn l−ng ngùa - On foot : b»ng ch©n (®i bé)

- on fire

- On TV / on radio

- on the left/ right

- On the beach

- on the 1st floor

4. BY. - By ®−îc dïng trong c©u bÞ ®éng nghÜa lµ ‘bëi’. Page 20

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 - By ®−îc dïng ®Ó chØ ph−¬ng tiÖn ®i l¹i (by bike, by car.....) - By the time : tr−íc khi - By chance : t×nh cê - Learn by heart: häc thuéc lßng

5. TO:

- TO th−êng ®−îc dïng sau ®éng tõ GO (go to the cinema..... nh−ng GO HOME).

U Y

- TO th−êng ®−îc dïng ®Ó chØ sù di chuyÓn : My father takes me to the cinema.

Marry invited me to her birthday party.

ẠO

- INTO cã nghÜa lµ vµo trong, ®−îc dïng sau c¸c ®éng tõ : GO, PUT, GET, FALL (r¬i ng|), JUMP (nh¶y),

COME ......

eg. go into the room, get into the train, put the pen into the bag, fall into the river, jump into the river and

swim, come into the house.....

7. OUT OF: ra khái.

TR ẦN

The rain changed into snow.

H Ư

- INTO cßn ®−îc dïng ®Ó chØ sù thay ®æi cña ®iÒu kiÖn hoÆc kÕt qu¶:

eg. He came out of the house./ He is looking out of the window.

10 00

8. WITH:

- With: cã nghÜa lµ cã, mang, cïng: eg. A girl with blue eyes./ a coat with two pockets.

- With: ®−îc dïng ®Ó chØ mét c«ng cô, ph−¬ng tiÖn.

He’s writing with a pen

Í-

- With: ®−îc dïng ®Ó chØ sù liªn hÖ hoÆc ®ång hµnh, cã nghÜa ‘ cïng víi’

-L

I’m living with my parents.

ÁN

- With: cßn cã nghÜa lµ ‘víi’ Do you agree with me? 9. UNDER:

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6. INTO:

- Under: cã nghÜa lµ ë d−íi, ®Ó chØ vÞ trÝ phÝa d−íi mét vËt. eg. The cat is under the table.

ÀN

- Under cßn cã nghÜa lµ Ýt h¬n, thÊp h¬n. eg. Children under fourteen years of age shouldn’t see such a film.

B. Prepositions following Adjectives:

IỄ N

1. OF:

- ashamed of: xÊu hæ vÒ

- hopeful of: hy väng

- afraid of: sî, e ng¹i

- independent of: ®éc lËp

- ahead of: tr−íc

- proud of: tù hµo

- aware of: nhËn thøc

- jealous of: ghen tþ víi

- capable of: cã kh¶ n¨ng

- guilty of: ph¹m téi (vÒ), cã téi Page 21

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 - confident of :tin t−ëng

- sick of: ch¸n n¶n vÒ

- doubtful of: nghi ngê

- joyful of: vui mõng vÒ

- fond of: thÝch

- quick of: nhanh chãng vÒ

- full of: ®Çy

N Ơ

- likely to: cã thÓ

- accustomed to: quen víi

- lucky to: may m¾n

- agreeable to: cã thÓ ®ång ý

- next to: kÕ bªn

- addicted to: ®am mª

- open to: më

- delightful to sb: thó vÞ ®èi víi ai

- pleasant to: hµi lßng

- familiar to sb: quen thuéc ®èi víi ai

- preferable to: ®¸ng thÝch h¬n

- clear to: râ rµng

- profitable to: cã lîi

- contrary to: tr¸i l¹i, ®èi lËp

- rude to: th« lç, céc c»n

- equal to: t−¬ng ®−¬ng víi, b»ng

- similar to: gièng, t−¬ng tù

- favourable to: t¸n thµnh, ñng hé

- useful to sb: cã Ých cho ai

- grateful to smb: biÕt ¬n ai

- necessary to st/ sb: cÇn thiÕt cho ai/c¸i g×

- harmful to sb/ for st: cã h¹i cho ai/ c¸i g×

- available to sb/ for smt: s½n cho ai/ c¸i g× - responsible to sb: cã t/n víi ai

- important to: quan träng

TR ẦN

H Ư

ẠO

U Y

- acceptable to: cã thÓ chÊp nhËn

10 00

3. FOR:

- difficult for: khã

- late for: trÔ

- sorry for: xin lçi - qualified for: cã phÈm chÊt - helpful/ useful for: cã lîi/ cã Ých

- famous for: næi tiÕng

- good for: tèt cho

Í-

- dangerous for: nguy hiÓm

- grateful for st: biÕt ¬n vÒ viÖc

- necessary for: cÇn thiÕt

- convenient for: thuËn lîi cho

- perfect for: hoµn h¶o

- ready for st: s½n sµng cho viÖc g×

- suitable for: thÝch hîp

- responsible for st: chÞu t/ n vÒ viÖc g×

ÁN

-L

- greedy for: tham lam

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2. TO:

ÀN

4. AT:

- excellent at: xuÊt s¾c vÒ

- bad at: dë (vÒ.....)

- present at: hiÖn diÖn

- clever at: khÐo lÐo, th«ng minh vÒ

- surprised at: ng¹c nhiªn

- skillful at: khÐo lÐo, cã kü n¨ng vÒ

- angry at st: giËn vÒ ®iÒu g×

- quick at: nhanh

- clumsy at: vông vÒ

- amazed at: ng¹c nhiªn

- annoy at st: khã chÞu vÒ ®iÒu g×

IỄ N

- good at: giái (vÒ....)

- amused at: vui vÒ Page 22

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 5. WITH:

- busy with: bËn

- aquainted with: lµm quen (víi ai...)

- familiar with: quen thuéc

- crowded with: ®«ng ®óc

- furious with: phÉn né

- angry with: giËn d÷

- pleased with: hµi lßnh

- friendly with: th©n mËt

- popular with: phæ biÕn

- bored with: ch¸n

- satisfied with: tháa m|n víi

- fed up with: ch¸n

- contrasted with: t−¬ng ph¶n víi

Ơ H N U Y

.Q TP

6. ABOUT:

- serious about: nghiªm tóc

- excited about: hµo høng

- upset about: thÊt väng

- happy about: vui, h¹nh phóc

- worried about: lo l¾ng

- sad about: buån

- anxious about: lo l¾ng

ẠO

- confused about: bèi rèi (vÒ...)

H Ư

- disappointed about st: thÊt väng vÒ c¸i g× 7. IN:

- successful in: thµnh c«ng vÒ....

TR ẦN

- interested in: thÝch, quan t©m vÒ.... - rich in: giµu vÒ......

- confident in sb: tin cËy vµo ai

8. FROM:

10 00

- isolated from: bÞ c« lËp

- far from: xa - safe from: an toµn

- different from: kh¸c

- divorced from: ly dÞ, lµm xa rêi

10. Notes:

eg. I’m tired of doing the same work every day.

-L

Í-

- be tired of: ch¸n

9. ON: - keen on: h¨ng h¸i vÒ.....

- absent from: v¾ng mÆt (khái......)

- be tired from: mÖt v×..... eg. I’m tired from walking for a long time.

ÁN

- be grateful to smb for smt: biÕt ¬n ai vÒ vÊn ®Ò g× eg. I’m grateful to you for your help. - be responsible to smb for smt: chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm víi ai vÒ viÖc g×.

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- delighted with: vui mõng víi

ÀN

eg. You have to be responsible to me for your actions.

IỄ N

- good/ bad for: tèt/ xÊu cho......, good/ bad at: giái/ dë vÒ........ eg. Milk is good for your health. / She is bad at mathematics.

C. Prepositions following verbs/ two-word verbs.

- apologize sb for st: xin lçi ai vÒ viÖc g×

- approve of st to sb: ®ång ý vÒ viÖc g× víi ai

- admire sb of st: kh©m phôc ai vÒ viÖc g×

- participate in: tham gia

- belong to sb: thuéc vÒ ai

- succeed in: thµnh c«ng vÒ

- accuse sb of st: tè c¸o ai vÒ viÖc g×

- prevent sb from: ng¨n ai khái .....

- blame sb for st: ®æ lçi cho ai vÒ viÖc g×

- provide with: cung cÊp Page 23

- agree with: ®ång ý víi

- introduce to sb:giíi thiÖu víi ai

- beg for st: xin, van nµi cho

- give up: tõ bá

- borrow st from sb: m−în c¸i g× cña ai

- look at: nh×n vµo

- depend on/ rely on: dùa vµo, phô thuéc vµo

- look after: tr«ng nom, ch¨m sãc

- die of (a disease): chÕt v×....

- look for: t×m kiÕm

- join in: tham gia vµo

- look up: tra tõ. (trong tõ ®iÓn)

- escape from: tho¸t khái

- look forward to: mong ®îi

- insist on: kh¨ng kh¨ng

- put on: mang vµo, mÆc vµo

- change into, turn into: hãa ra

- put off: ho|n l¹i

- wait for sb: chê ai

- stand for: t−îng tr−ng

- arrive at (station, bus stop, airport.....) ®Õn

ẠO

U Y

- differ from: kh¸c víi

c¸c ®Þa ®iÓm nhá

- call off: hñy bá, ho|n

- arrive in (London, Paris, England.....) ®Õn

- object to sb/ Ving: ph¶n ®èi ai/ viÖc g×

thµnh phè hay ®Êt n−íc....

- congratulate sb on st: chóc mõng ai vÒ viÖc g×.

TR ẦN

II. Articles MẠO TỪ

H Ư

- infer from: suy ra tõ

A, An, The: Mạo tõ a (an) vµ the.

10 00

1. a vµ an:

an - ®−îc dïng:

- Tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc b¾t ®Çu b»ng 4 nguyªn ©m (vowel) a, e, i, o - Hai b¸n nguyªn ©m u, y - C¸c danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng h c©m.

a - ®−îc dïng:

ÁN

-L

Í-

vÝ dô: u : an uncle. h : an hour - HoÆc tr−íc c¸c danh tõ viÕt t¾t ®−îc ®äc nh− 1 nguyªn ©m. VÝ dô: an L- plate, an SOS, an MP

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Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12

ÀN

- Tr−íc 1 danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng phô ©m (consonant).

- Dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng uni : a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.

IỄ N

- Tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc, tr−íc 1 danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt ®Æc ®iÓm, tÝnh chÊt, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu trong c©u. - ®−îc dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh. VÝ dô : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.

- Dïng tr−íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh, ®Æc biÖt lµ chØ hµng tr¨m, hµng ngµn. VÝ dô: a hundred, a thousand. Page 24

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 - Tr−íc half khi nã theo sau 1 ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn. VÝ dô: a kilo and a half vµ còng cã thÓ ®äc lµ one and a half kilos. Chó ý: 1/2 kg = half a kilo (kh«ng cã a tr−íc half).

- Dïng tr−íc half khi nã ®i víi 1 danh tõ kh¸c t¹o thµnh tõ ghÐp.

VÝ dô : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ, a half-share : nöa cæ phÇn.

U Y

- Dïng tr−íc c¸c tû sè nh− 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth .

.Q TP

VÝ dô: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.

ẠO

- Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc, dïng trong c©u c¶m th¸n.

H Ư

- a cã thÓ ®−îc ®Æt tr−íc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tªn hä (surname):

Nh−ng: such long queues! What pretty girls.

VÝ dô: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!

TR ẦN

VÝ dô: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.

a Mr Smith nghÜa lµ ‘ ng−êi ®µn «ng ®−îc gäi lµ Smith’ vµ ngô ý lµ «ng ta lµ ng−êi l¹ ®èi víi ng−êi nãi. Cßn nÕu

10 00

kh«ng cã a tøc lµ ng−êi nãi biÕt «ng Smith. 2. The

- §−îc sö dông khi danh tõ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø 2

trong c©u.

Í-

- The + noun + preposition + noun.

-L

VÝ dô : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America.

ÁN

- The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô VÝ dô: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.

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- Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tû lÖ.

IỄ N

ÀN

- Tr−íc 1 danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt. VÝ dô: She is in the garden.

- The + tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc sè tõ thø tù hoÆc only way. VÝ dô : The first week; the only way.

- The + dt sè Ýt t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt th× cã thÓ bá the vµ ®æi danh tõ sang sè nhiÒu. VÝ dô: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes. Nh−ng ®èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµi ng−êi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) ®øng tr−íc. Page 25

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 VÝ dô: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse. - The + danh tõ sè Ýt chØ thµnh viªn cña mét nhãm ng−êi nhÊt ®Þnh. VÝ dô: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.

- The + adj ®¹i diÖn cho 1 líp ng−êi, nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu nh−ng ®−îc coi lµ 1 danh tõ sè nhiÒu vµ

®éng tõ

.Q TP

The unemployed = nh÷ng ng−êi thÊt nghiÖp.

ẠO

- Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c khu vùc, vïng ®| næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö.

VÝ dô: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.

H Ư

VÝ dô: the East/ West end / The North / South Pole.

- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.

TR ẦN

Nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc dïng the tr−íc c¸c tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng nµy, nÕu nã ®i kÌm víi tªn cña mét khu vùc ®Þa lý. VÝ dô: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.

- The + tªn çc ®å hîp x−íng, çc dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn, çc ban nh¹c phæ th«ng.

10 00

VÝ dô: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.

- The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇu biÓn/ khinh khÝ cÇu.

VÝ dô: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.

Í-

- The + tªn hä ë sè nhiÒu cã nghÜa lµ gia ®×nh hä nhµ ...

-L

VÝ dô: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cßn gäi lµ gia ®×nh nhµ Smith.

ÁN

- The + Tªn ë sè Ýt + côm tõ/ mÖnh ®Ò cã thÓ ®−îc sö dông ®Ó ph©n biÖt ng−êi nµy víi ng−êi kh¸c cïng tªn. VÝ dô: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter.

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VÝ dô: the old = ng−êi giµ nãi chung; The disabled = nh÷ng ng−êi tµn tËt;

U Y

sau nã ph¶i ®−îc chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.

ÀN

- Kh«ng dïng the tr−íc 1 sè danh tõ nh− Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college, university

IỄ N

khi nã ®i víi ®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng (chØ ®i tíi ®ã lµm môc ®Ých chÝnh).

We go

VÝ dô: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home. to bed (®Ó ngñ) to church (®Ó cÇu nguyÖn) to court (®Ó kiÖn tông) to hospital (ch÷a bÖnh) to prison (®i tï) to school / college/ university (®Ó häc)

T−¬ng tù in bed Page 26

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 at church in court in hospital at school/ college/ university

We can be

We can be / get back (hoÆc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.

N U Y .Q TP ẠO

VÝ dô: I went to the church to see the stained glass.

He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.

Student go to the university for a class party.

H Ư

• Sea

to be at the sea (hµnh kh¸ch/ thuû thñ ®i trªn biÓn)

TR ẦN

Go to sea (thñy thñ ®i biÓn)

Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside: ®i t¾m biÓn, nghØ m¸t.

10 00

We can live by / near the sea. • Work and office.

Work (n¬i lµm viÖc) ®−îc sö dông kh«ng cã the ë tr−íc.

Í-

Go to work.

-L

nh−ng office l¹i ph¶i cã the.

ÁN

Go to the office.

VÝ dô: He is at / in the office.

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leave school We can leave hospital be released from prison. Víi môc ®Ých kh¸c th× ph¶i dïng the.

ÀN

NÕu to be in office (kh«ng cã the) nghÜa lµ ®ang gi÷ chøc.

To be out of office - th«i gi÷ chøc.

IỄ N

• Town

The cã thÓ bá ®i khi nãi vÒ thÞ trÊn cña ng−êi nãi hoÆc cña chñ thÓ. VÝ dô: We go to town sometimes to buy clothes. We were in town last Monday.

Go to town / to be in town - Víi môc ®Ých chÝnh lµ ®i mua hµng.

Page 27

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 B¶ng dïng the vµ kh«ng dïng the trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt. Dïng the

Kh«ng dïng the

Tr−íc çc ®¹i d−¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh vµ çc hå ë sè nhiÒu. VÝ dô: The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lakes. • Tr−íc tªn çc d|y nói. VÝ dô: The Rockey Moutains • Tr−íc tªn 1 vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trªn thÕ giíi hoÆc vò trô. VÝ dô: The earth, the moon, the Great Wall Tr−íc School/college/university + of + noun VÝ dô: The University of Florida. The college of Arts and Sciences. • Tr−íc çc sè thø tù + noun. VÝ dô: The first world war.

Tr−íc tªn 1 hå (hay çc hå ë sè Ýt). VÝ dô: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie • Tr−íc tªn 1 ngän nói VÝ dô: Mount Mckinley • Tr−íc tªn çc hµnh tinh hoÆc çc chïm sao VÝ dô: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion • Tr−íc tªn çc tr−êng nµy khi tr−íc nã lµ 1 tªn riªng. VÝ dô: Cooper’s Art school, Stetson University. • Tr−íc çc danh tõ mµ sau nã lµ 1 sè ®Õm. VÝ dô: World war one

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The third chapter. • Tr−íc çc cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi ®iÒu kiÖn tªn çc khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®−îc tÝnh tõ ho¸. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: New Zealand, South Africa. The Korean war. Tr−íc tªn çc n−íc cã tõ 2 tõ trë lªn. Ngo¹i trõ • Tr−íc tªn çc lôc ®Þa, tiÓu bang, tØnh, thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn. Great Britain. VÝ dô: Europe, California. VÝ dô: • Tr−íc tªn bÊt cø m«n thÓ thao nµo. The United States, the United Kingdom, the Central VÝ dô: Base ball, basket ball. Africal Republic. • Tr−íc tªn çc danh tõ mang tÝnh trõu t−îng trõ Tr−íc tªn çc n−íc ®−îc coi lµ 1 quÇn ®¶o. nh÷ng tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt. VÝ dô: The Philipin. VÝ dô: Freedom, happiness. • Tr−íc tªn çc m«n häc chung. Tr−íc çc tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn mang tÝnh lÞch sö. VÝ dô: Mathematics, Sociology VÝ dô: The constitution, the Magna Carta. Tr−íc tªn çc nhãm d©n téc thiÓu sè. • Tr−íc tªn çc ngµy lÔ, tÕt. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: Christmas, thanksgiving. The Indians, the Aztecs. . Tr−íc tªn çc b÷a ăn : Nªn dïng tr−íc tªn çc nh¹c cô. breakfast, lunch , dinner ... VÝ dô: To play the piano. Tr−íc tªn çc m«n häc cô thÓ. VÝ dô: The applied Math. The theoretical Physics.

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chapter three Kh«ng nªn dïng tr−íc tªn çc cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc nÕu tªn khu vùc ®Ó nguyªn. Tr−íc tªn çc n−íc cã 1 tõ nh− : Sweden, Venezuela vµ çc n−íc ®−îc ®øng tr−íc bëi new hoÆc tÝnh tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng.

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CONJUNCTIONS 1. So: Cã nghÜa lµ ‘v× vËy’, liªn tõ nµy ®øng tr−íc vÕ thø hai trong mét c©u ghÐp, biÓu hiÖn vÕ thø hai lµ kÕt qu¶ t¸c ®éng cña vÕ c©u thø nhÊt. C«ng thøc dïng nh− sau:

Clause 1, so + clause 2 Vd: Tim was too angry, so he left without saying anything. Page 28

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 2. But: Cã nghÜa lµ ‘nh−ng’ liªn tõ nay ®øng tr−íc vÕ thø hai trong mét c©u ghÐp, biÓu thÞ ý nghÜa tr¸i ng−îc víi ý nghÜa cña vÕ c©u thø nhÊt. C«ng thøc dïng nh− sau:

Clause 1, but + clause 2

Vd: I tried my best to pass the exam, but I still failed.

3. However: Cã nghÜa lµ ’Tuy nhiªn’ liªn tõ nµy ®øng ë ®Çu mét c©u, biÓu thÞ ý nghÜa tr¸i ng−îc víi ý nghÜa cña

tr−íc ®ã vµ ng¨n c¸ch víi vÕ c©u ®i sau b»ng dÊu phÈy. Ngoµi ra nã cã thÓ lµ tõ nèi gi÷a hai vÕ c©u trong mét

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c©u phøc. Trong tr−êng hîp nµy nã sÏ ®i sau dÊu chÊm phÈy vµ ®øng tr−íc dÊu phÈy. C«ng thøc dïng nh− sau:

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Clause 1; however, clause 2.

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Vd: - Studying English is not easy. However, it is benificial - Studying English is not easy; however, it is benificial

4. Therefore: Cã nghÜa lµ ’v× vËy’ liªn tõ nµy ®øng ë ®Çu mét c©u, mang ý nghÜa chØ kÕt qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng

trong c©u tr−íc ®ã vµ ng¨n c¸ch víi vÕ c©u ®i sau b»ng dÊu phÈy.Ngoµi ra nã cã thÓ lµ tõ nèi gi÷a hai vÕ c©u

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trong mét c©u phøc. Trong tr−êng hîp nµy nã sÏ ®i sau dÊu chÊm phÈy vµ ®øng tr−íc dÊu phÈy. C«ng thøc

Sentence 1. Therefore, sentence 2. Clause 1; therefore, clause 2.

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dïng nh− sau:

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Vd: -He didn’t study hard. Therefore, he failed the exam. -He didn’t study hard; therefore, he failed the exam.

5. Sù kh¸c nhau gi÷a but vµ however; gi÷a so vµ therefore

* But vµ however chØ sù ®èi lËp. Tuy nhiªn but kh«ng thÓ ®øng ®Çu c©u mµ chØ cã thÓ ®øng ë ®Çu vÕ thø hai

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trong mét c©u phøc.

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* So vµ therefore chØ kÕt qu¶. Tuy nhiªn so kh«ng thÓ ®øng ®Çu c©u mµ chØ cã thÓ ®øng ë ®Çu vÕ thø hai trong

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mét c©u phøc.

MODAL VERBS - ACTIVE AND PASSIVE Active voice: Will Would may/might must Need Can S+ Could + V1 + O Should Be able to Ought to Had better Have to

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Sentence 1. However, sentence 2.

S +

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-> Passive Voice: Will Would may/might must Need Can Could Should Be able to Ought to Had better Have to

+ BE + V(ed,3)

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12

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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS I. Adjectives and Adverbs.

1. Adjectives:

* Positions: - Adj + N. beautiful hat. - be/ seem/ look/ taste...+ too + Adj. - be + Adj + enough .

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- be/ seem/ appear/ feel/ taste/ look/ keep.... + Adj. He seems tired now. He is too young to drive a motorbike.

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She is tall enough to play volleyball.

- be/ seem/ look/ taste/ smell/ ...+ so + Adj. + that. The story is so interesting that I can’t put it

down. - How + Adj + S + V.

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How beautiful the girl is.

Notes: TrËt tù tõ cña tÝnh tõ:

- TÝnh tõ chØ c¶m nghÜ ®øng tr−íc tÝnh tõ miªu t¶: an interesting young man.

- §«i khi chóng ta dïng hai hay nhiÒu tÝnh tõ miªu t¶ trong mét c©u, th× trËt tù cña chóng ®−îc s¾p xÕp nh− sau:

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Sè l−îng + ChÊt l−îng + KÝch th−íc + Tuæi t¸c + Mµu s¾c + XuÊt xø (quèc gia)+ ChÊt liÖu + NOUN.

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eg. a beautiful old French picture.

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- TÝnh tõ chØ kÝch th−íc vµ chiÒu dµi (big, tall, long...) th−êng ®i tr−íc tÝnh tõ chØ h×nh d¸ng vµ chiÒu réng (round, fat, wide...) eg. a long narrow street.

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TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 1. Intransitive verbs: (néi ®éng tõ) Lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®øng sau chñ thÓ g©y ra hµnh ®éng vµ kh«ng cã t©n ng÷ ®i kÌm.vd: sleep, die, swim...C«ng thøc: S +V Vd: The sun rise in the east. 2. Transitive verbs: (ngo¹i ®éng tõ) Lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®ßi hái cã t©n ng÷ ®i kÌm (cã thÓ cã mét hoÆc nhiÒu t©n ng÷). Vd: get, take, see, advise.... C«ng thøc: S+V+O Vd: Yesterday I wrote a letter to Mary.

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- Khi cã hai hoÆc h¬n hai tÝnh tõ chØ mµu s¾c,ta dïng liªn tõ ‘and’. eg. a red, white and green flag.

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2. Adverbs: lµ nh÷ng tõ dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ tÝnh c¸ch, ®Æc tÝnh, møc ®é, tr¹ng th¸i... vµ ®−îc dïng ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho ®éng tõ, tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ kh¸c hoÆc cho c¶ c©u.

* Positions: - V(trî ®éng tõ) + Adv + V (th−êng). I have recently finished my homework. - be/ feel/ look/ .... + Adv + Adj. I feel completely interested in this book. - V (th−êng) + too + Adv.

He studied too lazily to pass his exam.

- V (th−êng) + so + Adv + that. Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident. - S + V + (O) + Adv. He drives carefully. Page 30

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 - V (th−êng) + Adv + enough. He worked hard enough to succeed. - Adv. còng cã thÓ ®øng mét m×nh ë ®Çu c©u (hoÆc gi÷a c©u gi÷a hai dÊu “,”) Suddenly, he heard a strange voice.

II. Degrees of comparison of Adj. and Adv.

1. Equal dgree: S + V + as + Adj/ Adv + as + N/ Pronoun.

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eg. Your pen is not so expensive as mine.

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- Cã thÓ diÔn ®¹t ý b»ng nhau, nh− nhau: S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun (pronoun).

eg. My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his.

Marry is as old as Tony = Marry and Tony are the same age.

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2. Comparative degree:

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a. Short Adjectives/ Adverbs: S + V + short Adj/Adv + er + than + Noun/ Pronoun. eg. Today is hotter than yesterday./ He runs faster than I do. - TÝnh tõ 1 ©m tiÕt tËn cïng lµ phô ©m ®¬n ( trõ w, x, z) ®øng tr−íc mét nguyªn ©m ®¬n th× gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi

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+ er big - bigger

- TÝnh tõ 2 ©m tiÕt cã tËn cïng lµ : y, le, er, ow, et + er. quieter, cleverer, narrower....

- TÝnh tõ 2 ©m tiÕt nh−ng kÕt thóc b»ng mét phô ©m + y, ®æi ‘y’ thµnh ‘i’ + er. happier.

- So s¸nh h¬n cã thÓ ®−îc nhÊn m¹nh b»ng c¸ch céng thªm ‘much’ hoÆc ‘far’.

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S + V + far/ much + short Adj/ Adv + er + than + noun/ pronoun.

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eg. Today is much hotter than yesterday.

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b. Long Adjectives/ Adverbs: S + V + more long Adj/ Adv + than + Noun/Pronoun. eg. This chair is more comfortable than the other.

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S + do/ does not +as/so + Adv +............

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- Cã thÓ thay ‘as’ b»ng ‘so’ trong c©u phñ ®Þnh. S + Be not + as/so +Adj + as N/ Pronoun.

eg. He is as tall as his father. / Mai is as beautiful as her mother.

He speaks English more fluently than I do.

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- NhÊn m¹nh : S + V + far/ much + more + long Adj/ Adv + than + noun/ pronoun.

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eg. Hoa’s watch is much/ far more expensive than mine. He reads much more rapidly than his brother.

- So s¸nh kÐm h¬n: S + V + less Adj/ Adv than noun/ pronoun. eg. My TV is less beautiful than yours.

He drives less carefully than I think. 3. Superlative degree: S + V + the + short Adj/Adv + est + in (danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè Ýt) + the most + long Adj/ Adv + of (danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu) + the least + Adj/ Adv Page 31

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later

older elder 4. So s¸nh kÐp (double comparatives): a. Cµng ngµy ....... cµng, mçi lóc mét...... h¬n.

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- old

She becomes more and more beautiful.

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* Víi tÝnh tõ dµi: more and more + Adj

* Víi tÝnh tõ ng¾n: Adj + ER and Adj + er The weather gets warmer and warmer

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b. Cµng ngµy cµng Ýt...., cµng ngµy cµng kÐm....: less and less + Adj eg. He is less and less hard-working. c. Cµng .... th× cµng.......

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* Víi tÝnh tõ ng¾n: The adj + er......., the adj. + er eg. The darker it gets, the colder it is.

* Víi tÝnh tõ dµi: The more adj......., the more adj.........

eg. The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her husband is.

* Víi ®éng tõ: the more...., the more...... The more you learn, the more you forget.

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eg. The more she smiles, the more graceful she is. d. Cµng Ýt........, th× cµng Ýt........ Cµng kÐm....., ....th× cµng kÐm......

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the best the worst the most the least the farthest (vÒ kho¶ng c¸ch) the furthest (vÒ thêi gian) the nearest (vÒ kho¶ng c¸ch) the next (vÒ thø tù) the latest (vÒ thêi gian) the last (vÒ thø tù) the oldest (vÒ tuæi t¸c) the eldest (vÒ cÊp bËc h¬n lµ tuæi t¸c)

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eg. He is the tallest in my class. Nga is the most inteligent of all the students. Those shoes are the least expensive of all. Note: - good/ well better - bad/ badly worse - many/ much more - little less - far farther further - near nearer

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12

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* Víi tÝnh tõ: The less + adj........, the less + adj. .......

eg. The less difficult the lessons are, the less hard-working the students. The less I live with him, the less I like him.

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* Víi ®éng tõ : the less....., the less..... 5. Nh÷ng c¸ch nãi kh¸c cã tÝnh c¸ch so s¸nh. a. Other .... than........: kh¸c. I want to read other novels than these. b. Rather than: h¬n lµ.

We want to be poor rather than rich.

c. Had better: nªn

You’d better stay at home than go fishing.

d. Had rather hoÆc Would rather: thÝch.. ..h¬n .We’d rather watch a film than read a book. Page 32

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 6. Danh tõ còng cã thÓ ®−îc dïng trong so s¸nh: S + V + as + many/ much/ little/ few + noun +as + noun/ pronoun. S + V + more/ fewer/ less + noun + than + noun/ pronoun.

hoÆc

eg. He earns as much money as his brother.

I have more books than she does.

PHRASAL VERBS MÖnh ®Ò ®éng tõ, lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®i kÌm víi mét hoÆc hai tõ (mét tr¹ng tõ hoÆc mét giíi tõ). Víi mçi

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tr¹ng tõ ®i kÌm th× mÖnh ®Ò ®éng tõ sÏ mang mét ý nghÜa kh¸c nhau.

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Cã bèn lo¹i côm ®éng tõ kh¸c nhau:

- My mother looks after carefull.

1. Lo¹i 1:

§éng tõ ®i víi mét t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp- ®©y lµ ngo¹i ®éng tõ. NÕu t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp lµ mét danh tõ, nã cã

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thÓ ®øng tr−íc hoÆc ®øng sau tr¹ng tõ. Tuy nhiªn, nÕu t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp lµ mét ®¹i tõ th× nã ph¶i ®øng tr−íc ®¹i tõ. C«ng thøc:

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V + Adverb +O

Vd: look up, bring (sb) up, let(sb) down, make up, put off, put on, take off, take away, try on, turn down, work

out, turn on, turn off......

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2. Lo¹i 2:

§éng tõ ®i víi mét giíi tõ vµ mét bæ ng÷ trùc tiÕp - ®©y lµ ngo¹i ®éng tõ. §èi víi nh÷ng côm ®éng tõ

nµy kh«ng ®−îc t¸ch rêi hai phÇn cña côm ®éng tõ. C«ng thøc:

V +preposition +O

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V d. She looks after her children properly

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3. Lo¹i 3:

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Đéng tõ kh«ng ®i víi bæ ng÷ trùc tiÕp - ®©y lµ néi ®éng tõ. Ta kh«ng ®−îc t¸ch rêi hai phÇn cña côm

®éng tõ. C«ng thøc:

V + Adverb

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Vd: - Look! There is a cat!

Vd: break down , break up, get away, get by, go down, hold on, pass away, pass out, set off/ set out, stand out,

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take off....

4. LoaÞ 4: Đéng tõ bao gåm c¶ tr¹ng tõ vµ giíi tõ. Chóng lu«n cÇn mét bæ ng÷ trùc tiÕp. Ta kh«ng ®−îc t¸ch rêi c¸c

phÇn cña côm ®éng tõ nµy. C«ng thøc:

V + Adverb + preposition + O Vd: catch up with, come up against, come up with, face up to, fall in with, get along/on with, get out of, look up to, make up for, put up with, run out of, stand up for, stand up to... Page 33

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on out into off

put put run shut

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Preposition back off on up over out in up out in off on over back up off in out on out up up back up off

Some common Phrasal verbs Synonym (Nghĩa) return a telephone call Gọi lại (điện thoại) cancel Hủy bỏ ask to speak in class Gọi phát biểu ý kiến make a telephone call Gọi điện thoại do again Làm lại find the solution to a problem Tìm giải pháp complete a sentence by writing in a blank Điền vào fill completely with gas, water, coffee, etc. Đổ đầy, làm đầy discover information Tìm ra, phát hiện ra enter a car, a taxi Lên xe, tax i... leave a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle Xuống xe buýt, máy bay ... enter a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle Lên xe recover from an illness Bình phục, khỏi ốm return something to someone Trả lại quit doing something or quit trying Từ bỏ, bỏ explode Phát nổ give homework, tests, papers, etc., to a teacher Nộp bài kiểm tra, bài thi... give something to this person, then that person, then another person, Phân phát continue Tiếp tục omit Bỏ sót, bỏ qua look for information in a reference book Tra cứu (từ,kiến thức...) invent Phát minh ... return money to someone Trả lai tiền cho ai Lift Đón Postpone Hoãn lại

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Verb call call call call do figure fill fill find get get get get give give go hand hand keep leave look make pay pick put

put clothes on one's body

over off

start again remove clothes from one's body

Khởi động lại Tháo, cởi quần áo...

tear throw try turn turn

up away/out on down off

tear into small pieces put in the trash decrease the volume stop a machine or a light, shut off

Xé ra từng mảnh nhỏ Vứt bỏ Thử (quần áo) Vặn nhỏ âm thanh Tắt (đèn, máy móc ...)

turn turn

on up

begin a machine or a light increase the volume

Bật đèn, máy móc... Vặn to âm thanh

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start take

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extinguish (stop) a fire, a cigarette, a cigar meet by chance stop a machine or light, turn off

Mặc quần áo Dập tắt (Lửa, thuốc lá ..) Tình cờ gặp Đóng ,tắt

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Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12

put on clothing to see if it fits

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Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME * MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian ®ãng vai trß t−¬ng ®−¬ng víi tr¹ng ng÷ cña c©u. MÖnh ®Ò nµy kh«ng thÓ ®øng mét m×nh mµ ph¶i lu«n ®i kÌm víi mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

N Ơ H N U Y .Q TP

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1. When (khi) - When I was watching TV, it began to rain. 2. While (trong khi) - While Tommy was having a bath, the telephone rang. 3. As (khi) - As I was watching TV, it began to rain. 4. As soon as (ngay khi) - As soon as I finish reading this book, I will return it to you. 5. Until (cho ®Õn khi) - Please wait for me until I come back. 6. Before (tr−íc khi) - You must remember to turn all lights off before you go out. 7. After (sau khi ) - After my parents have dinner, they often watch TV till late at night. 8. Since (tõ khi) - Since I move here, I have never met my next-door neiboor 9. As long as: (l©u chõng nµo) - You can stay here as long as you want to. NOTE:

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* Ng−êi ta kh«ng dïng th× t−¬ng lai trong mÖnh ®Ò chØ thêi gian. Khi mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh cã ®éng tõ ë th× t−¬ng lai

- Th× HT§ thay v× dïng th× TL§

- Th× HTHT thay v× dïng th× TLHT.

th× trong mÖnh phô chØ thêi gian, ng−êi ta sÏ dïng:

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* Sau As vµ While ta hay dïng ®éng tõ th× tiÕp diÔn.

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GERUNDS & INFINITIVES A. DANH ÑOÄNG TÖØ: (Gerund) Danh ñoäng töø coù caáu truùc gioáng nhö hieän taïi phaân töø (töùc laø ñoäng töø theâm ING) : talking, learning,

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* MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian th−êng b¾t ®Çu víi c¸c tõ sau:

cutting, lying…

ÀN

Danh ñoäng töø, nhö teân goïi, laø ñoäng töø duøng nhö danh töø. Danh ñoäng töø chuû yeáu ñöùng ôû vò trí, vaø thöïc

IỄ N

hieän chöùc naêng, cuûa moät danh töø trong caâu. Noù thöôøng ñöôïc :

1/ Duøng laøm: (subject) - Swimming is good for our health. - Being friendly will bring you friends. 2/ Duøng laøm: (object of a verb) - These boys like swimming. Page 35

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 - My brother practises speaking English every day. 3/ Duøng laøm boå ngöõ cho S: (subject complement) - My hobby is swimming.

- Seeing is believing.

4/ Duøng laøm O cho giôùi töø: (object of a preposition)

U Y

- He is fond of swimming.

- She is interested in learning English.

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5/ Duøng trong caâu ngaên caám ngaén (short prohibition) hoaëc ñeå thaønh laäp danh töø keùp (compound

ẠO

noun)

- No smoking.

- No talking, please.

H Ư

- a swimming pool.

TR ẦN

- a dining room. - a washing machine.

10 00

- Please forgive my coming late.

6/ Duøng sau tính töø sôû höõu:

- His driving carelessly often causes accidents.

7/ Duøng sau moät soá ñoäng töø vaø moät soá caùch dieãn ñaït nhaát ñònh nhö: admit, advise, avoid, consider,

Í-

delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, mind, practise, postpone, quit, risk, suggest, can’t

-L

help, can’t bear, can’t stand, be worth, be busy, it’s no use, there’s no…

ÁN

- We enjoy listening to music.

- I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes.

ÀN

B. ÑOÄNG TÖØ NGUYEÂN MAÃU: (Infinitive) Ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu thöôøng coù giôùi töø to ñöùng tröôùc (to do, to learn, to help, to advise…) vaø ñöôïc duøng

IỄ N

trong nhöõng tröôøng hôïp sau :

1/ Laøm S,O hoaëc boå ngöõ (complement) trong caâu: - To conceal the truth from her was foolish. - He wanted to become a spaceman. - What he asked for is to be left alone.

2/ Laøm tính töø boå nghóa cho danh töø: Page 36

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 - He was the first man to leave the room. - English is an important language to master. 3/ Laøm traïng töø dieãn taû caùc noäi dung sau:

* Muïc ñích cuûa haønh ñoäng.

- He went to the station to meet her.

U Y

- He bought a dictionary to study English.

.Q TP

- She is too tired to go for a walk.

ẠO

- The box was too heavy for her to carry.

* Hieäu quaû. (sau Adj / Adv + ENOUGH)

H Ư

- He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi.

- I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box.

TR ẦN

4/ Duøng sau moät soá ñoäng töø nhaát ñònh nhö : afford, agree, arrange, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise,refuse, threaten, want, wish, would like…

10 00

- He can’t afford to take a taxi.

- They promised to come back soon.

vaø duøng sau moät soá ñoäng töø coù O (verb + obj + to inf) nhö : advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect,

forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn…

Í-

- They don’t allow us to smoke in the office.

-L

- I taught myself to play the guitar.

ÁN

+ Chuù yù : Moät soá ñoäng töø coù theå theo sau bôûi danh ñoäng töø hoaëc ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu nhöng coù söï khaùc bieät

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* Keát quaû, haäu quaû. (sau TOO +Adj / Adv)

ÀN

veà nghóa trong caâu.

IỄ N

(*) Remember + gerund : nhôù laïi vieäc ñaõ thöïc hieän. - I remember posting the letter.

Remember + to infinitive : nhôù ñeå thöïc hieän. - I remember to post the letter.

(*) Stop + gerund : ngöng thöïc hieän vieäc ñang laøm. - She stopped mending the dress. Stop + to infinitive : ngöng laøm moät vieäc gì khaùc ñeå laøm vieäc naøy. Page 37

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 - He stopped to have a drink. (*) Try + gerund : thöû laøm vieäc gì . - I try writing in blue ink to see if my handwriting is better.

Try + to infinitive : coá gaéng laøm vieäc gì.

- They tried to work as hard as they could.

U Y

(*) Mean + gerund : mang yù nghóa.

.Q TP

Mean + to infinitive : döï ñònh laøm vieäc gì.

ẠO

- He means to take the coming exam.

(*) Forget + gerund : queân ñieàu gì ñaõ xaûy ra.

TR ẦN

- I forgot to tell her about this.

H Ư

Forget + to infinitive : queân laøm ñieàu gì.

- I forgot telling her this story.

(*) Regret + gerund : hoái tieác vieäc ñaõ xaûy ra.

- She regrets going to a village school.

10 00

- The party was great. He regretted not to go there. Regret + to infinitive :Lấy laøm tieác phảiõ laøm vieäc gì.

- I regret to say that she can’t come tonight

C. ÑOÄNG TÖØ NGUYEÂN MAÃU KHOÂNG “TO”. (Bare Infinitive)

-L

Í-

Ñaây laø ñoäng töø nguyeân theå khoâng ñi keøm vôùi to (infinitive without to) vaø ñöôïc söû duïng trong caùc

ÁN

tröôøng hôïp sau :

1/ Duøng sau caùc ñoäng töø khieám khuyeát (Modal verbs) nhö: can, could, may, might, must, ought to…

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- Failure in the exam means having to learn one more year.

ÀN

- You may go now.

- They must finish the work by now.

IỄ N

2/ Duøng sau caùc ñoäng töø : HAVE, LET, MAKE, HELP… - I helped the child tidy his desk. - He had a painter paint the gate. - They let him enter the room without a ticket. - My parents make me go to bed early.

3/ Duøng sau BUT, EXCEPT vôùi nghóa “ngoaïi tröø” Page 38

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 - Why don’t you do anything but complain? - She agreed to do everything but help him with the homework. 4/ Duøng sau caùc ñoäng töø chæ giaùc quan nhö : see, watch, hear, notice, observe, spot…

- We heard them sing all morning.

- He saw the thief enter the hall.

U Y

Chuù yù : nhö ta ñaõ bieát hieän taïi phaân töø (present participle) coù theå ñöôïc duøng cho caùc ñoäng töø treân ñeå dieãn

haønh ñoäng ñang tieáp dieãn. Coøn ñoäng töø nguyeân theå duøng trong tröôøng hôïp naøy chæ haønh ñoäng ñaõ hoaøn taát.

ẠO

- I watched them playing football for a while. (traän ñaáu vaãn ñang tieáp dieãn)

TR ẦN

eg. Smoking causes lung cancer.

H Ư

- I watched them play football yesterday afternoon. (xem toaøn boä traän ñaáu)

- It’s smoking that causes lung cancer.

My sister gave me a computer on my birthday.

10 00

- It was my sister that gave gave me a computer on my birthday 2. It’s + Adj + for somebody + to infi. = To infi. + be + Adj.

= Ving + be + Adj. = Learning Russian is difficult.

-L

Í-

eg. It’s difficult for me to learn Russian. = To learn Russian is difficult. It’s not easy to speak English perfectly. = To speak English perfectly is not easy.

ÁN

3. It’s/ was possible/ impossible for somebody to infi. = S + be + possible/ impossible + to infi.

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ÀN

eg. It’s impossible for us to finish the long test on time.

= We’re impossible to finish the long test on time.

IỄ N

4. It takes/ took/ will take + Sb + time + to infi.

= S + spend/ spent/ will spend + time + Ving. eg. It takes me 30 minutes to cook dinner. = I spend 30 minutes cooking dinner.

5. S + be + said/ thought/ believed/ known .....+ that + clause. = S + be + said/ thought/ believed/ known...... to infi./ to have + Vpp. eg. It’s said that the earth is round. = The earth is said to be round. 6. It’s likely that + clause (will): cã thÓ Page 39

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 eg. It’s likely that man will conque nature. 7. S + used to + V (ñaõ töøng…) chæ moät thoùi quen ôû quaù khöù eg. I used to cry when I was a child.

- S + use st + to V. Sử dụng c¸i gì để làm gì

eg. I use a dictionary to look up the meaning of words.

eg. You had better get up early and do morning exercises.

He’d better not smoke cigarettes.

ẠO

9. Would rather + do st than + do st. ThÝch lµm viÖc g× h¬n viÖc g×

= Prefer doing st to doing st/ (prefer N to N).

eg. I’d rather stay at home than go out. = I prefer staying at home to going out.

H Ư

I prefer films to books.

10. Phrases and clauses of purpose. (Côm tõ vµ mÖnh ®Ò chØ môc ®Ých)

TR ẦN

a. Phrases of purpose:

- NÕu muèn diÔn t¶ môc ®Ých kh¼ng ®Þnh ta dïng:

10 00

* in order to/ so as to + V. (®Ó mµ)

* to infinitive

eg. They try to study to pass their next exam. They try to study in order to pass their exam

- NÕu muèn diÔn t¶ môc ®Ých phñ ®Þnh ta dïng: so as not to, in order not to.

eg. They study hard so as not to fail the exam. I got up early in order not to miss the train.

Í-

b. Clauses of purpose (Adverbial clauses of purpose)

ÁN

(M§ chÝnh)

-L

S + V + so that/ in order that + S + will/ would + V

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N U Y

8. Had better + (not) + to V : nªn, kh«ng nªn lµm g×

- S + be/ get used to + Ving. (quen vôùi…) töông đương vôùi Be accustomed to

can/ could may/ might ( M§ tr¹ng ng÷ chØ môc ®Ých)

ÀN

eg. I try to study so that I can pass the exam. I try to learn English in order that I can find a good job.

Note: NÕu chñ ng÷ cña M§ chÝnh vµ M§ chØ môc ®Ých kh¸c nhau ta kh«ng dïng Phrases of purpose.

IỄ N

c. Adverb clause of reason

BECAUSE + Clause (bôûi vì…) giôùi thieäu meänh ñeà traïng töø chæ nguyeân do - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill. - Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off. BECAUSE OF + Phrase (bôûi vì…) duøng cuïm töø hoaëc danh töø sau because of (preposition) - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness. Page 40

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 - Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off. 11. Phrases and clauses of result. a. Phrases of result:

* TOO…TO : (qu¸ ...... kh«ng thÓ).

+ too + Adv +(for O) + to infi.

S + V (th−êng)

S + be/ get/ look/ seem/ become...+ too + Adj +(for O) + to infi.

U Y

eg. This coffee is too hot for me to drink.

.Q TP

* ENOUGH…TO: (®ñ.......®Ó cã thÓ).

ẠO

S + be + Adj + enough (for O) + to infi.

S + V (th−êng) + Adv + enough (for O) + to infi.

eg. He’s intelligent enough to get good marks.

They speak slowly enough to understand.

H Ư

b. Clauses of result:

TR ẦN

* SO........ THAT: (qu¸ ............ ®Õn nçi).

S + be/ look/ seem/ smell/ taste/ feel....... + so +Adj + that + S + V. (Adverbial clause of result)

10 00

S + V (th−êng) + so + adv + that + S + V.

( Main clause) eg. It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything.

The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.

- NÕu tr−íc ‘SO’ cã ‘ MANY, MUCH, FEW, LITTLE’ th× ta dïng cÊu tróc:

Í-

S + V + so +many/ few + plural count. N + that + S + V.

-L

eg. There are so many people in the room that I feel tired.

ÁN

S + V + so much/ little + uncount. N + that + S + V. eg. He spent so much money in his holiday that he runs out of money now.

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He runs too slowly to catch the bus.

* SUCH .............. THAT: (qu¸ ............ ®Õn nçi).

ÀN

S + V + such a/ an + Adj + N + that + S + V.

eg. It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home.

IỄ N

He is such an intelligent boy that we all admire him.

12. It’s time/ It’s high time (®| tíi lóc mµ mét viÖc nªn ®−îc lµm ngay). a. Followed by past tense with present meaning: It’s time

+ S + Ved (be - were).- past subjunctive.

It’s high time eg. It’s time we went home.

Page 41

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 b. Followed by infi. - It’s time + (for + O) + to Infi. It’s high time + S + Ved eg. It’s time for her to go to bed =It’s high time she went to bed

13. Clauses after Would rather: (mong muèn r»ng).

a. Mong muèn ë t−¬ng lai: S + would rather ( that) + S (not) + V bare infi.

eg. I’d rather (that) you not call me tomorrow.

U Y

I’d rather (that) she be here tomorrow.

b. Mong muèn ë hiÖn t¹i( tr¸i víi thùc tÕ, kh«ng cã thËt).

TP ẠO

eg. I’d rather the weather were fine today. Nam’d rather (that) his girlfriend worked in the same office as he does.

c. Mong muèn ë qu¸ khø : ( tr¸i víi thùc tÕ, kh«ng cã thËt).

S + would rather (that) + S + V past perfect subjunctive.

1. Some : somebody, someone, something

TR ẦN

* C¸ch sö dông mét sè tõ lo¹i I. §¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh: gåm cã c¸c nhãm sau.

H Ư

eg. John would rather (that) Marry had gone to school yesterday.

10 00

eg. There is somebody at the door./ I’ve got something in my bag.

2. Any : anybody, anyone, anything

- ®−îc dïng khi muèn ‘mêi’ hay ‘yªu cÇu’ ®iÒu g×. Would you like something to drink?

Í-

eg. Is there anybody in the room? / I’m very tired now. I don’t want to eat anything.

-L

- ®−îc dïng trong mÖnh ®Ò ‘If’. If anyone has any questions, I’ll pleased to answer them.

ÁN

3. No : nobody, noone, nothing( =not anyone, anybody, anything). - ®−îc dïng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh nh−ng mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh, cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu c©u hoÆc ®øng mét m×nh.

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S + would rather (that) + S + V past subjunctive.

ÀN

eg. ‘What did you say?’ ‘Nothing’.

IỄ N

- ®−îc dïng víi ®éng tõ ë h×nh thøc sè Ýt. eg.The house is empty.There is nobody living there.

- Sau nobody, noone cã thÓ dïng ‘ they, them, their’. eg. Noone in the class did their homework.

II. Tõ x¸c ®Þnh ®øng tr−íc: Cã chøc n¨ng lµm ®¹i tõ, cã thÓ dïng tr−íc giíi tõ OF vµ mét danh tõ sè Ýt hoÆc sè nhiÒu, ®Õm ®−îc hoÆc kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc. §éng tõ theo sau cã thÓ ë h×nh thøc sè Ýt hoÆc sè nhiÒu, tïy lo¹i. - All (tÊt c¶), some (vµi), a few (mét vµi), several (vµi), both (c¶ hai), each (mçi), either (mét trong hai), neither (kh«ng ai/ c¸i g× trong hai), none (kh«ng ai/ c¸i g× trong nhiÒu), little, much, many ... Page 42

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 1. Some of.../ Most of.../ None of... ... + the , this, that, these, those, my, his, Ann’s...... cã thÓ ®i víi ®éng tõ sè Ýt hoÆc sè nhiÒu tïy thuéc vµo danh tõ sau nã. eg. Some of the people I work with are very friendly.

None of this money is mine.

2. Cã thÓ dïng ‘ Some of, None of...’ + us / you / them.

eg. How many of these pens do you want? A few of them/ None of them.

U Y

3. Cã thÓ dïng ‘ Some, most, many, little, ...’ mét m×nh mµ kh«ng cã danh tõ.

4. Khi dïng ‘ both, either, neither’ + of th× cÇn cã ‘ the/ these/ those/ my/ his/ Ann’s...’

ẠO

eg. Both of these books are very interesting. I haven’t read either of these books.

5. Cã thÓ dïng ‘ both of/ neither of/ either of + us/ you/ them’.

H Ư

6. Sau Neither of ®éng tõ cã thÓ ë h×nh thøc sè Ýt hoÆc sè nhiÒu.

eg. Both of us are students. / Neither of them are good pupils.

TR ẦN

eg. Neither of the children want ( wants) to go to bed.

7. ‘Either, neither, both’ chØ hai sù viÖc, ‘Any, none, all’ chØ h¬n hai sù viÖc. eg. I tried two hats. Neither of them fit me.

10 00

Both of them were too large. I tried a lot of hats. None of them fit me.

All of them were too large.

8. Kh«ng dïng All ®Ó chØ ‘ everybody, everyone’.

Í-

eg. Everyone Ñnjoyed the party.

-L

9. Everybody, everyone, everything ®−îc dïng víi ®éng tõ ë d¹ng sè Ýt.

ÁN

eg. Everyone is in the room. 10. All dïng víi c¶ danh tõ sè Ýt hoÆc sè nhiÒu. §éng tõ theo sau ë h×nh thøc sè Ýt hoÆc sè nhiÒu tïy thuéc vµo danh tõ tr−íc nã ë sè Ýt hoÆc sè nhiÒu.

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eg. Some pupils are lazy but some are not.

ÀN

eg. All of the books on the self are expensive. All of the money has been spent.

IỄ N

11. -Little, much : chØ ®−îc dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc( sè Ýt). eg. Much of the time in my life was in the countryside.

- Many, few: dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc( sè nhiÒu) eg. We have many interesting stories. - Little, few mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh( kh«ng ®¸ng kÓ) eg. We must be quick. There is little time.(not much/ not enough time) - A little/ a few mang tÝnh kh¼ng ®Þnh nhiÒu h¬n. Page 43

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 eg. I have a few friends and we meet quite often. 12. A lot of/ lots of/ plenty of: dïng víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu vµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc. eg. He has a lot of friends./ a lot of luck./ lots of time.

He won plenty of money.

eg. We didn’t have much time./ Do you know many people?

U Y

.Q TP

WORD FORMATIONS (C¸ch thµnh lËp tõ ) I. Noun formations (Thµnh lËp danh tõ) chung (country, man...)

- Abstract Ns (D.từ trừu tượng): happiness, goodness...

ẠO

* Kind of nouns: - Concrete Ns (Danh từ cụ thể); proper Ns- D. từ riêng John, London...), common Ns - D. từ

H Ư

- Singular Ns - D. từ số ít (pen, man...), Plural Ns - D.từ số nhiều (pens, men...), countable Ns - D từ đếm được

TR ẦN

(hat, bag...), uncountable Ns- d.từ không đếm được (rice, milk...)

* Positions of Ns: Adj + N; S ; Prep + N; V + N=Obj ; article + N.

10 00

a. V + tion: pollution, attraction, invention...

1. Mét sè danh tõ ®−îc thµnh lËp b»ng c¸ch thªm c¸c hËu tè vµo sau ®éng tõ: b. V + ment: enjoyment, development, movement, treatment, employment...

e. V + age: usage, drainage....

d. V + ing: teaching, swimming...

c. V + er, or, ant, ist = N job / person: teacher, visitor, assistant, typist...

-L

Í-

2. Mét sè danh tõ ®−îc thµnh lËp b»ng c¸ch thªm c¸c hËu tè vµo sau danh tõ:

ÁN

a. N + ship: friendship, scholarship.... b. N + ism: capitalism (CN t− b¶n), Marxism, socialism... c. N (subject) + ist, er, ian = N (career): chemist, philosopher, musician...

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eg. There are too many people here.

ÀN

3. Mét sè danh tõ ®−îc thµnh lËp b»ng c¸ch thªm c¸c hËu tè vµo sau tÝnh tõ:

a. Adj + ity: possibility, responsibility, nationality...

IỄ N

b. Adj + ness: richness, happiness, coldness...

4. Compound nouns:

a. N + N: tea cup, book self, school year, tooth- brush,... b. Gerund + N: driving lience, swimming pool....

c. Adj + N: blackboard, gentleman... II. Adjective formations (Thµnh lËp tÝnh tõ) * Positions of Adjs: Adj + N; Be/ look/ seem/ become...+ Adj, Adv + Adj (very interesting) Page 44

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 1. Mét sè tÝnh tõ ®−îc thµnh lËp b»ng çch thªm çc hËu tè vµo sau çc danh tõ: a. N + ful: harmful, useful, helpful, ..... b. N + less (kh«ng cã): childless, homeless...

c. N + ly (cã tÝnh c¸ch, cã vÎ, hµng giê, n¨m...): manly, brotherly, daily...

d. N + like (gièng nh−): childlike, godlike...

e. N + y (nhiÒu, ®Çy): rainy, snowy, healthy, foggy...

U Y

f. N + ish (theo c¸ch cña): childish, foolish...

.Q TP

h. N + ous: poisonous, dangerous, famous...

ẠO

2. Mét sè tÝnh tõ ®−îc thµnh lËp b»ng çch thªm çc hËu tè vµo sau çc ®éng tõ: a. V + ive: active, progressive, attractive...

b. V + able: countable, agreetable, acceptable, forgetable....

c. V + ing/ ed: interesting, interested...

b. In + Adj : indirect, independent... c. Im + Adj : impatient, impossible...

10 00

e. Ir + Adj : irregular, irrational

TR ẦN

a. Un + Adj : unhappy, unlucky, unforgetable...

H Ư

3. Mét sè tÝnh tõ ®−îc thµnh lËp b»ng c¸ch thªm c¸c tiÒn tè vµo tr−íc tÝnh tõ mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh.

4. TÝnh tõ kÐp cã thÓ ®−îc thµnh lËp theo c¸c c¸ch sau:

a. Adj + Adj : dark- blue (xanh ®en), red- hot (nãng ®á)...

b. N + Adj : snow-white (tr¾ng nh− tuyÕt), pitch-dark (tèi ®en nh− mùc)...

Í-

c. N + past participle : blue-eyed, man-made, long-haired (cã tãc dµi)...

-L

d. Adj + Ving : good - looking, nice-looking, slow-moving, fast-running...

ÁN

III. Verb formations (Thµnh lËp ®éng tõ) * Positions: S + V, V + Adv, Adv + V.

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g. N + al (thuéc vÒ): industrial, natural, ...

1. Mét sè ®éng tõ ®−îc thµnh lËp b»ng c¸ch thªm tiÒn tè OUT vµo néi ®éng tõ (intransitive V) ®Ó biÕn nã thµnh

ÀN

mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ (transitive V).

- TiÒn tè OUT cã nghÜa lµ : tèt h¬n, nhanh h¬n, dµi h¬n....

IỄ N

+ outgrow (lín h¬n, ph¸t triÓn h¬n...)

2. Mét sè ®éng tõ ®−îc thµnh lËp b»ng c¸ch thªm tiÒn tè EN vµo sau tÝnh tõ, danh tõ hoÆc ®éng tõ kh¸c. TiÒn tè EN cã nghÜa lµ : bá vµo, lµm cho, g©y ra... Page 45

Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12 + danger (N) - endanger(V) + rich (Adj) - enrich (V) , large (Adj) – enlarge (V) + close (V) - enclose (V)

IV. Adverb formations (Thµnh lËp tr¹ng tõ)

1. Tr¹ng tõ th−êng ®−îc thµnh lËp b»ng c¸ch thªm hËu tè ‘ly’ vµo sau tÝnh tõ.

+ beautifully, carelessly, strongly, mainly...

U Y

+ long - long

+ ill - ill

+ hard - hard

+ late - late/ lately

+ soon - soon

+ fast - fast

+ early - early

+ good - well

ÁN

-L

Í-

10 00

TR ẦN

H Ư

ẠO

TRANSFORMATION Caùch bieán ñoåi caâu laø caùch ta vieát laïi caâu theo moät caáu truùc môùi (thöôøng ñöôïc cho tröôùc) maø khoâng thay ñoåi nghóa cuûa caâu ban ñaàu. * Ví duï 1: Haõy vieát laïi caâu sau ñaây : - He didn’t go to school yesterday because he was ill. Because of…… Theo ví duï treân, ta vieát laïi caâu baèng “Because of…”, coù nghóa laø ta bieán meänh ñeà “ he was ill” thaønh moät cuïm töø, vì sau “because of” ta phaûi duøng moät cuïm töø. Nhö vaäy, caâu vieát laïi coù theå laø : Because of his illness, he didn’t go to school yesterday. Hoaëc Because of being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. Hoaëc Because of his being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. * Ví duï 2: Haõy vieát laïi caâu sau ñaây : - They built that house a century ago. That house…… Theo ví duï treân, caâu vieát laïi baét ñaàu baèng “That house” – moät tuùc töø – coù nghóa laø ta vieát laïi caâu naøy ôû daïng bò ñoäng (passive voice). Nhö vaäy, caâu vieát laïi nhö sau : That house was built a century ago. * Ví duï 3: Haõy vieát laïi caâu sau ñaây : - He didn’t go out because he didn’t have time. If…… Theo ví duï treân, caâu vieát laïi baét ñaàu baèng “If”, coù nghóa laø ta vieát laïi caâu naøy thaønh caâu ñieàu kieän khoâng coù thaät ôû quaù khöù (loaïi 3) vì thì cuûa ñoäng töø ôû quaù khöù. Caâu vieát laïi nhö sau : If he had had time, he would have gone out. * Ví duï 4: Haõy vieát laïi caâu sau ñaây : - The last time I saw her was five years ago. I haven’t………… Theo ví duï treân, caâu vieát laïi seõ ôû thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh vì caâu baét ñaàu baèng “I haven’t……” I haven’t seen her for five years. (ago khoâng ñöôïc duøng ôû thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh, neân ta duøng for ñeå thay theá) * Ví duï 5: Haõy vieát laïi caâu sau ñaây : - His house is bigger than mine. My house isn’t……… Theo ví duï treân, caâu vieát laïi seõ chuyeån thaønh daïng so saùnh baèng ôû theå phuû ñònh. My house isn’t as big as his. Hay My house isn’t so big as his (house).

IỄ N

ÀN

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2. Mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt:

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IỄ N

ÀN

Đ ÁN

TO Í-

-L A

H B

10 00 TR ẦN G

H Ư

ẠO

U Y

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Ngữ pháp - lý thuyết anh văn lớp 12

Chuùc caùc em thaønh coâng trong caùc kyø thi saép ñeán!

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