HỆ THỐNG KIẾN THỨC VÀ XÂY DỰNG BÀI TẬP MỘT SỐ CHỦ ĐỀ TRONG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH SINH HỌC 11 BẰNG TIẾNG ANH

MỘT SỐ CHỦ ĐỀ TRONG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH SINH HỌC

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MỤC LỤC

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I. Điều kiện hoàn cảnh tạo ra sáng kiến .............................................................. 1

FI CI A

II. Mô tả giải pháp 1. Mô tả giải pháp trước khi tạo ra sáng kiến

1.1. Tiếp cận với chương trình và cách học tiên tiến .................................... 2 1.2. Vấn đề hội nhập và tìm kiếm việc làm .................................................. 3

OF

1.3. Thực trạng dạy các môn khoa học bằng tiếng Anh ............................... 4 2. Mô tả giải pháp sau khi có sáng kiến

2.1. Giải pháp 1: Hướng dẫn học sinh học tốt các thuật ngữ sinh học ......... 5

ƠN

2.1.1. Các thuật ngữ sinh học .................................................................... 6 a. Các thuật ngữ sinh học chủ đề trao đổi nước và khoáng .................. 6 b. Các thuật ngữ sinh học chủ đề quang hợp ........................................ 8

NH

c. Các thuật ngữ sinh học chủ đề hô hấp tế bào .................................... 9 2.1.2. Một số hình ảnh giúp ghi nhớ và đoán nghĩa của các thuật ngữ .. 10 2.1.3. Diễn đạt các thuật ngữ bằng các định nghĩa ................................. 19

QU Y

2.1.4. Diễn đạt các thuật ngữ bằng cách giải thích ................................. 22 2.1.5. Diễn đạt các thuật ngữ bằng cách mô tả ....................................... 23 2.1.6. Diễn đạt các thuật ngữ bằng cách phân biệt ................................. 25 2.2. Giải pháp 2: Hướng dẫn học sinh nắm vững các kiến thức Sinh học

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thông qua các bài khóa bằng tiếng Anh ............................................................ 29 2.2.1. Nội dung chủ đề Hấp thụ nước và muối khoáng ở rễ cây ............ 29

KÈ

2.2.2. Nội dung chủ đề Vận chuyển nước và muối khoáng trong cây .... 31 2.2.3. Nội dung chủ đề Thoát hơi nước .................................................. 32

Y

2.2.4. Nội dung chủ đề Các nguyên tố dinh dưỡng khoáng.................... 35

DẠ

2.2.5. Nội dung chủ đề Quang hợp ......................................................... 38 2.2.6. Nội dung chủ đề Hô hấp ............................................................... 42

2.3. Giải pháp 3: Hướng dẫn học sinh nắm vững các kiến thức Sinh học cơ

bản bằng tiếng Anh thông qua sơ đồ tư duy ..................................................... 45

2.3.1. Sơ đồ tư duy chủ đề Hấp thụ nước và muối khoáng..................... 46

L

2.3.2. Sơ đồ tư duy chủ đề Vận chuyển nước và muối khoáng trong cây47

FI CI A

2.3.3. Sơ đồ tư duy chủ đề Thoát hơi nước ............................................. 48 2.3.4. Sơ đồ tư duy chủ đề Quang hợp.................................................... 49 2.3.5. Sơ đồ tư duy chủ đề Hô hấp .......................................................... 50 2.4. Giải pháp 4: Hướng dẫn học sinh thông qua hệ thống bài tập Sinh học

OF

bằng tiếng Anh .................................................................................................. 51 2.4.1. Câu hỏi chủ đề Trao đổi nước và khoáng ..................................... 51 2.4.2. Câu hỏi chủ đề Dinh dưỡng khoáng ............................................. 59

ƠN

2.4.3. Câu hỏi chủ đề Quang hợp ............................................................ 64 2.4.4. Câu hỏi chủ đề Hô hấp .................................................................. 74 2.5. Giải pháp 5: Đánh giá quá trình học tập thông qua các đề kiểm tra .... 77

NH

2.5.1. Đề số 1 và đáp án .......................................................................... 77 2.5.2. Đề số 2 và đáp án .......................................................................... 83 2.5.3. Đề số 3 và đáp án .......................................................................... 87

QU Y

2.5.4. Đề số 4 và đáp án .......................................................................... 94 III. Hiệu quả do sáng kiến đem lại ................................................................ 100

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

IV. Cam kết không sao chép hoặc vi phạm bản quyền ................................. 102

I. Điều kiện, hoàn cảnh tạo ra sáng kiến

L

- Thực hiện Nghị quyết Đại hội Đảng lần thứ XI, đặc biệt là Nghị quyết

FI CI A

Trung ương số 29-NQ/TW ngày 04 tháng 11 năm 2013 về đổi mới căn bản, toàn

diện giáo dục và đào tạo, đáp ứng yêu cầu công nghiệp hóa, hiện đại hóa trong điều kiện kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa và hội nhập quốc tế.

- Theo quyết định số 2658/QĐ - BGĐT ngày 23/7/2018 của Bộ Giáo dục và

OF

Đào tạo về việc ban hành kế hoạch triển khai đề án dạy và học ngoại ngữ trong hệ thống giáo dục quốc dân giai đoạn 2017 - 2025. Khảo sát nghiên cứu, xây dựng, triển khai thực nghiệm/thí điểm, hoàn thiện, tổng kết, đánh giá, ban hành chương

ƠN

trình, sách giáo khoa, giáo trình, tài liệu, học liệu dạy và học ngoại ngữ, dạy tích hợp ngoại ngữ trong một số môn học, dạy một số môn học khác như (toán và các môn khoa học, môn chuyên ngành) bằng ngoại ngữ, đào tạo giáo viên dạy ngoại

NH

ngữ, giáo viên dạy các môn khoa học khác bằng ngoại ngữ cho các cấp học, trình độ đào tạo, đội ngũ cán bộ, công chức viên chức và nhu cầu học ngoại ngữ đa dạng của xã hội theo hướng tiếp cận chuẩn quốc tế và phù hợp với đặc thù của Việt Nam.

QU Y

- Theo công văn số 1327/SGDĐT-GDTrH ngày 27/10/2014 của Sở Giáo dục và Đào tạo về việc triển khai dạy các môn khoa học tự nhiên bằng tiếng Anh năm học 2014-2015; công văn số 32/SGDĐT-GDTrH ngày 15/01/2015 của Sở Giáo dục và Đào tạo về việc hướng dẫn Hội thảo các môn khoa học tự nhiên (Toán, Lý, Hóa

M

hoặc Sinh) bằng tiếng Anh năm học 2014-2015. Các giáo viên tham gia phải hoàn thành 2 nội dung: Báo cáo về kinh nghiệm soạn giảng, khai thác tài liệu, sử dụng

KÈ

phần mềm, bồi dưỡng năng lực tiếng Anh,...và dạy minh họa 01 tiết học (45 phút) bằng tiếng Anh.

Y

- Tiếp theo đó, ngày 12/11/2015 Sở Giáo dục và Đào tạo ra công văn số

DẠ

1304/SGDĐT-GDTrH về việc hướng dẫn giảng dạy, tổ chức Hội giảng và Hội thi Toán và các môn KHTN bằng tiếng Anh năm học 2015-2016. Và đặc biệt, ngày 04/12/2015 Sở Giáo dục và Đào tạo ra công văn số 1413/SGDĐT-GDTrH về việc triển khai dạy Toán và các môn Khoa học khác bằng tiếng Anh từ năm học 2015-

2

2016 hướng đến phát triển lâu dài và bền vững, các nhà trường và thầy cô giảng

L

dạy có thể thực hiện nâng dần theo từng năm học các mức độ giảng dạy, cụ thể là:

FI CI A

+ Mức 1: giáo viên giảng dạy trên lớp, giao tiếp bằng tiếng Việt là chủ yếu; giao bài tập về nhà hay bài tập nhóm để học sinh thực hành bằng tiếng Anh; giáo viên sửa bài tập, từng bước giao tiếp bằng tiếng Anh.

+ Mức 2: giáo viên giảng dạy trên lớp kết hợp tiếng Việt với tiếng Anh

OF

khi giao tiếp với học sinh; trao đổi, tổ chức hoạt động bằng tiếng Anh; học sinh dùng tiếng Anh để ghi chép và thực hiện giải các bài tập, giáo viên sửa bài tập bằng tiếng Anh.

ƠN

+ Mức 3: thực hiện giảng dạy và tổ chức các hoạt động hoàn toàn bằng tiếng Anh.

- Công văn số 1320/SGDĐT-GDTrH ngày 16/10/2017 về việc tổ chức Hội Sở GDĐT Nam Định.

NH

thảo- Hội thi giải Toán và các môn KHTN bằng tiếng Anh năm học 2017-2018 của - Công văn số 1287/SGDĐT-GDTrH ngày 09/10/2019 về việc tổ chức Hội GDĐT Nam Định.

QU Y

thi giải Toán và các môn KHTN bằng tiếng Anh năm học 2019-2020 của Sở - Công văn số 1312/SGDĐT-GDTrH ngày 09/9/2020 về việc tổ chức Hội thi giải Toán và các môn khoa học bằng tiếng Anh năm học 2020-2021.

M

Như vậy, có thể nói Sở GDĐT Nam Định đã rất quan tâm, hướng dẫn và

KÈ

khuyến khích các trường TH, THCS, THPT trong toàn tỉnh triển khai giảng dạy song ngữ Việt-Anh. Tuy vậy, việc thực hiện vẫn còn mang tính đơn lẻ, chuyên biệt ở một số trường trọng điểm.

Y

II. Mô tả giải pháp

DẠ

1. Mô tả giải pháp trƣớc khi tạo ra sáng kiến 1.1. Tiếp cận với chƣơng trình và cách học tiên tiến Chúng ta đang sống trong thời đại toàn cầu hóa. Chúng ta phải chủ động mở

cửa bước vào sân chơi để hội nhập. Trong đó người chơi cần được trang bị kiến

3

thức, bản lĩnh văn hóa, hiểu được luật chơi…, và ngoại ngữ là một điều kiện không

L

thể thiếu. Toàn cầu hóa đặt ra yêu cầu cấp thiết đối với nền giáo dục cần phải có sứ

FI CI A

mệnh đào tạo học sinh trở thành những công dân toàn cầu, học sinh sau khi tốt

nghiệp THPT có thể tiếp tục học tập hoặc làm việc ở bất cứ quốc gia nào trên thế giới.

Tiếng Anh và dạy các môn khoa học bằng tiếng Anh được xem như bước đột

OF

phá để đổi mới giáo dục, nâng cao chất lượng nguồn nhân lực, đẩy mạnh tiến trình hội nhập quốc tế. Thuật ngữ ―học tập tích hợp ngôn ngữ và nội dung - Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)‖ đã trở thành ―từ khóa – keyword‖ quan

ƠN

trọng trong Giáo dục học. Đó là quá trình học tập các môn học cụ thể (không phải môn ngoại ngữ) thông qua ngôn ngữ thứ hai. Bằng cách này người học sẽ vừa tiếp thu được tri thức khoa học của môn học đồng thời phát triển được năng lực ngôn

NH

ngữ. Khác với học tiếng Anh trong giờ tiếng Anh, tiếng Anh trong môn Sinh học sẽ đưa học sinh đến một không gian khác, học sinh có thêm môi trường để tiếp tục rèn luyện các kỹ năng, có trải nghiệm mới việc sử dụng tiếng Anh.

QU Y

Theo xu thế hiện nay, việc dạy và học các môn khoa học bằng tiếng Anh sẽ thực hiện được mục tiêu kép, đó là vừa tăng cường năng lực sử dụng tiếng Anh của giáo viên và học sinh, vừa đồng thời phục vụ cho việc tiếp cận chương trình và cách học tiên tiến, làm tiền đề để phát triển tiềm lực khoa học sau này của học sinh.

M

Đây là một mục tiêu có ý nghĩa và đặc biệt quan trọng đối với việc phát triển môi trường dạy và học tiên tiến, hướng tới mục tiêu đào tạo các công dân toàn cầu.

KÈ

1.2 Vấn đề hội nhập và tìm kiếm việc làm.

Việc dạy và học các môn khoa học bằng tiếng Anh nhằm nâng cao chất

Y

lượng nhân lực, đẩy mạnh tiến trình hội nhập khu vực và quốc tế.

DẠ

Giáo viên và học sinh được tăng cường năng lực ngoại ngữ, có khả năng tiếp

cận khai thác nguồn tài liệu khoa học và chuyên môn bằng tiếng Anh phục vụ cho việc nghiên cứu, học tập; tăng thêm cơ hội việc làm, phát triển sự nghiệp cho người học.

4

Học sinh được nâng cao vốn hiểu biết tiếng Anh, có cơ hội nhận được học

L

bổng du học nước ngoài, mang lại hiệu quả thiết thực trong thời kì hội nhập.

FI CI A

Dạy các môn khoa học bằng tiếng Anh là việc quan trọng để giáo dục Việt Nam hội nhập với quốc tế.

1.3 Thực trạng dạy các môn khoa học bằng tiếng anh.

Sở GD – ĐT Nam Định đã và đang rất quan tâm đến việc thực hiện đề án

OF

dạy môn KHTN bằng tiếng Anh. Liên tiếp trong các năm học 2014-2015; 20152016 và 2017-2018 , 2018 - 2019, 2019 - 2020, 2020 - 2021 Sở GDĐT Nam Định đã tổ chức các hội thảo, Hội thi dạy và giải Toán và các môn KH bằng Tiếng Anh

ƠN

ở cả giáo viên và học sinh cho trường THPT chuyên và các trường THPT không chuyên trong cả tỉnh. Tạo nên phong trào tích cực thúc đẩy triển khai dạy và học các môn khoa học bằng tiếng Anh trong các trường THPT trên toàn tỉnh. Học sinh

Anh khi làm bài thi.

NH

có động lực học môn khoa học bằng tiếng Anh, rèn luyện kỹ năng sử dụng tiếng Thực hiện nhiệm vụ giáo dục trung học năm học 2020 - 2021, dưới sự chỉ

QU Y

đạo của ban giám hiệu, các tổ chuyên môn trường THPT A Hải Hậu đã triển khai mỗi giáo viên dạy 2 tiết bằng tiếng anh / 1 học kì. Tuy nhiên để các tiết dạy diễn ra trôi chảy, có chất lượng vẫn còn là mục tiêu không dễ thực hiện.

Trình độ tiếng Anh của đa số GV dạy các môn khoa học còn hạn chế. GV

M

chưa được đào tạo bài bản để dạy học bằng tiếng Anh. Khả năng phát âm của GV

Anh.

KÈ

còn hạn chế dẫn đến tình trạng thiếu tự tin khi giảng dạy chuyên môn bằng tiếng Về phía học sinh, trình độ tiếng Anh của học sinh trong một lớp học chưa

Y

đồng đều. Kỹ năng nghe, nói, đọc, viết bằng tiếng Anh của học sinh vốn còn nhiều

DẠ

hạn chế, lại phải tiếp cận kiến thức, trả lời trực tiếp các câu hỏi chuyên ngành liên quan đến bài học bằng tiếng Anh càng khó hơn. Trước khi có tiết học bằng tiếng Anh, giáo viên phải cho học sinh chuẩn bị tìm hiểu bài học, các từ ngữ chuyên ngành trong bài cách đó cả tuần. Dù vậy, cũng không phải học sinh nào cũng có sự

5

chuẩn bị tốt. Học sinh nào hiểu được bài, học tiếng Anh tốt mới có điều kiện tương

L

tác tốt, có tâm lý hứng khởi, tự tin, năng động hơn. Giáo viên vẫn phải giảng song

FI CI A

ngữ, trong đó, phần nhiều là giảng bằng tiếng Việt mới có thể giúp tất cả học sinh nắm được kiến thức…

Ở thời điểm hiện tại, việc giảng dạy các môn khoa học bằng tiếng Anh nói chung và môn Sinh học bằng tiếng Anh nói riêng còn gặp nhiều khó khăn.

OF

Khó khăn đầu tiên và cốt yếu là ở tài liệu giảng dạy. Tính đến thời điểm hiện tại, các tài liệu dùng để dạy học Sinh học bằng tiếng Anh ở các trường THPT và Đại học ở Việt Nam, gần như chưa được xuất bản. Các tài liệu trên mạng internet

ƠN

chủ yếu là sách nước ngoài. Việc tham khảo ý kiến của các giáo viên dạy môn tiếng Anh cũng bị hạn chế vì thuật ngữ chuyên ngành đặc thù.

Trên cơ sở phân tích thực tiễn, chúng tôi đề xuất giải pháp HỆ THỐNG

NH

KIẾN THỨC VÀ XÂY DỰNG BÀI TẬP MỘT SỐ CHỦ ĐỀ TRONG CHƢƠNG TRÌNH SINH HỌC 11 BẰNG TIẾNG ANH. 2. Mô tả giải pháp sau khi có sáng kiến

QU Y

2.1. Giải pháp 1: Hƣớng dẫn học sinh học tốt các thuật ngữ sinh học Các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành sinh học được coi là sự bắt đầu của tất cả việc học môn sinh học bằng tiếng anh và quyết định sự thành công của người học. Từ kinh nghiệm trong quá trình giảng dạy, chúng tôi nhận thấy thực tế là học sinh

M

thường gặp khó khăn khi đọc hiểu các văn bản tiếng anh chuyên ngành. Các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành đã gây không ít khó khăn cho học sinh khi đọc hiểu văn bản.

KÈ

Một số học sinh khác đang phải đối mặt với vấn đề quên từ ngay sau khi giáo viên dạy hoặc sau khi xem trong từ điển. Lý do học sinh dễ quên như vậy cũng là vì yếu

Y

từ vựng. Sự thật là càng biết nhiều từ, người học càng dễ dàng nhớ từ vựng mới.

DẠ

Giáo viên đóng vai trò thiết yếu trong việc giúp học sinh cải thiện vốn từ vựng, thuật ngữ chuyên ngành.

6

Việc sắp xếp các thuật ngữ theo chủ đề nhằm tạo ra các mối liên quan đến

L

nhau nhất định giúp học sinh hiểu sâu bản chất của từ vựng, thậm chí có thể đoán

FI CI A

nghĩa của từ giúp tiếp thu các thuật ngữ nhanh hơn và ghi nhớ kiến thức lâu hơn.

Sử dụng các đồ họa, hình ảnh chứa thông tin một cách ngắn gọn và đơn giản nhất. Các đồ họa , hình ảnh thông tin này sẽ giúp học sinh một lượng từ vựng có sự liên kết nhất định, từ đó nhận được những kiến thức hữu ích và đa dạng chủ

OF

đề khi học thuật ngữ sinh học qua hình ảnh . Khi phải diễn đạt bằng tiếng anh, việc hình dung tới những hình ảnh mà mình đã nhìn thấy trước đó và nhớ tới những từ vựng được gắn liền giúp diễn đạt trở nên dễ dàng hơn .

ƠN

Với các từ, thuật ngữ mới học giáo viên cần cho học sinh sử dụng ngay lập tức cả nghe, nói, đọc, viết. Việc nhắc lại thuật ngữ mới và sử dụng nó để hoàn thành các nhiệm vụ học tập mà giáo viên yêu cầu là điều quan trọng giúp học sinh

2.1.1. Các thuật ngữ sinh học

NH

ghi nhớ các thuật ngữ sinh học hiệu quả nhất.

a. Các thuật ngữ sinh học chủ đề trao đổi nƣớc và khoáng

QU Y

Roots Root hair Absorption

Osmosis

M

Diffusion

KÈ

Osmotic pressure

Rễ Lông hút Sự hấp thụ Sự khuếch tán Thẩm thấu Áp suất thẩm thấu Lực liên kết

Epidermal layer

Biểu bì rễ

Prolongations of the cells of the

Kéo dài của tế bào biểu bì rễ

Y

Bonding force

DẠ

epidermal layer Apoplastic pathway

Con đường gian bào

Trans-membrane pathway

Con đường tế bào chất

7

Môi trường ưu trương

Isotonic

Đẳng trương

Hypotonic

Nhược trương

The concentration of solute

Nồng độ chất tan

Passive transport

Vận chuyển thụ động

Active transport

Vận chuyển chủ động

FI CI A

L

hypertonic environment.

OF

The Transport of Substances in a Plant Vận chuyển các chất trong cây Thân

Xylem

Mạch gỗ

Phloem

Mạch rây

Sieve tubes.

Ống rây

Companion cells

Tế bào kèm

NH

ƠN

Stems

Living cell

Tế bào sống

Dead cell

Tế bào chết Quản bào

Xylem vessels

QU Y

Tracheids

Mạch ống

Food and other organic materials

Sản phẩm QH và các chất hữu cơ khác

Water and other nutrients

Nước và các chất dinh dưỡng

Root pressure

Áp suất rễ Thoát hơi nước

Macronutrients

Nguyên tố đại lượng

Micronutrients

Nguyên tố vi lượng

Essential Mineral Elements

Nguyên tố dinh dưỡng khoáng thiết yếu

organic nitrogen compounds

Hợp chất nito hữu cơ

Atmospheric nitrogen

Nito không khí

Nitrogen Cycle

Chu trình nito

Cyanobacteria

Vi khuẩn lam

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

Transpiration

Cộng sinh

Nodule bacteria in legume roots

Vi khuẩn nốt sần rễ cây họ đậu.

Ammonium bacteria

Vi khuẩn amon hóa

Nitrifying bacteria

Vi khuẩn nitrat hóa

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Vi khuẩn cố định nito

Nitrogen fixation

Giai đoạn cố định nito

Denitrifying

Phản nitrat

OF

b. Các thuật ngữ sinh học chủ đề quang hợp

FI CI A

Symbiosis

Quang hợp

Stomata

Khí khổng

Guard cells

Tế bào hình hạt đậu

NH

ƠN

Photosynthesis

Stomata cells

Tế bào khí khổng

Synthesize

Tổng hợp

Chlorophyll

Diệp lục

QU Y

Photosynthetic pigmentation system Tilacoites

(containing

reactions

in

enzim

the Pha sáng ở tilacoit

KÈ

M

Light-dependent

Hệ sắc tố quang hợp

chlorophyll, Tilacoit chứa diệp lục, carotenoit và

carotenoids, enzymes)

thylakoid

Light-independent reactions in the Pha tối ở chất nền lục lạp stroma

Chu trình canvin

Organelles

Bào quan

Chloroplasts

Lục lạp

General equation

Phương trình tổng quát

Y

Calvin cycle

DẠ

L

8

9

L

Source of organic matter for food for Nguồn chất hữu cơ làm thức ăn cho mọi sinh vật

Carbon fixation, reduction and

Cố định CO2, khử, tái sinh chất nhận

FI CI A

all organisms

regeneration

Điều hòa không khí

Releasing oxygen and absorbing CO2

Thải oxi hấp thụ CO2

Reaction center

Trung tâm phản ứng

Surface

Bề mặt

Epidermis

Biểu bì

Diffuse

Khuếch tán

Membranes

Màng

NH

ƠN

OF

Air-conditioning

c. Các thuật ngữ sinh học chủ đề hô hấp tế bào Respiration

Hô hấp Phân giải kị khí

Aerobic resolution

Phân giải hiếu khí

QU Y

Anaerobic resolution

Aerobic Respiration

Hô hấp hiếu khí

Cytoplasm

Tế bào chất Chất nền ti thể

Mitochondrial membrane

màng ti thể

KÈ

M

Mitochondrial matrix

Đường phân

Fermentation

Sự lên men

Kreb's cycle

Chu trình crep

Electron transfer chain

Chuỗi truyền electron

Light respiration

Hô hấp sáng

DẠ

Y

Glycolysis

Photorespiration

Oxygen-deficient conditions

Điều kiện thiếu oxi

Biological oxidation

Oxihoa sinh học

Material

Nguyên liệu

Energy

Năng lượng

Processes

Quá trình

FI CI A

Hạt đang nảy mầm

OF

Seeds are germinating

L

10

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

ƠN

2.1.2. Một số hình ảnh giúp ghi nhớ và đoán nghĩa của các thuật ngữ

Hình 1. Absorption of water and mineral salts

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

11

DẠ

Y

Hình 2. Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants

NH

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

12

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

Hình 3. Transport in Plants

Hình 4. Structure of stomatal

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

13

Hình 5. Stomatal cotrol

NH

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

14

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

Hình 6. Leaf cross section

Hình 7. Deficiency Symptoms of Mineral Elements in Plants

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

15

Hình 8. Nitrogen metabolism

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

16

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

Hình 9. Experiment on Transpiration in plants

Hình 10. Structure of chloroplasts

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

17

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

Hình 11: Two stages of photosynthesis

Hình 12: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

18

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

Hình 13: Cellular respirati

Hình 14. Fermentation - Anaerobic Respiration in Plants

19

2.1.3. Diễn đạt các thuật ngữ bằng các định nghĩa. thích hợp ở cột B. A

FI CI A

L

Ví dụ 1 : Hoàn thiện các định nghĩa ở cột A bằng cách sử dụng từ, cụm từ

B

1. Which region contains structures - high that are responsible for the transport of - very high - low

OF

water

2. Xylem tissue in plants is responsible - apoplast pathway - active transport

3. The roots absorb water through ...

- turgor pressure of guard cells

ƠN

for the transport of ...

4. Much of the transpiration in plants - Macronutrients occur through the ...

- Micronutrients

NH

5. Mineral salts are absorbed into the - structure is referring to the Xylem roots by...

Vessels

6. The opening and closing of stomata - fermentation

QU Y

is due to...

- transpiration

7. The pathway in which water moves - aerobic respiration through cell wall without crossing any - high humidity membrane

- water and mineral salts

M

8. Nutrients that are required by plants - root hairs

as...

KÈ

in smaller quantities are considered - stomata

9. Energy released during fermentation

Y

is...

DẠ

10. Conversion of pyruvic acid into either ethyl alcohol or lactic acid is called...

20

L

11. The mitochondria plays a dominant

FI CI A

role in...

Answer 1. Structure is referring to the Xylem Vessels

2. Xylem tissue in plants is responsible for the transport of water and mineral salts

OF

3. The roots absorb water through root hairs

4. Much of the transpiration in plants occur through the somata 5. Mineral salts are absorbed into the roots by active transport

ƠN

6. The opening and closing of stomata is due to turgor pressure of guard cells 7. The pathway in which water moves through cell wall without crossing any membrane apoplast pathway

NH

8. Nutrients that are required by plants in smaller quantities are considered as micronutrients

9. Energy released during fermentation is low.

fermentation

QU Y

10. Conversion of pyruvic acid into either ethyl alcohol or lactic acid is called

11. The mitochondria plays a dominant role in Aerobic Respiration Ví dụ 2: Nêu định nghĩa cho các thuật ngữ ở cột A bằng cách dùng từ,

M

cụm từ thích hợp ở cột B

KÈ

- Transpiration

- takes place in cytoplasm -

process that plants and algae use to turn carbon

- Root pressure

dioxide from the air into sugar, the food autotrophs need

- Glycolysis

to grow

Y

- Stomata

- pressure that forces water from the soil to be absorbed

- Photosynthesis

by xylem in the root. It is caused by the osmotic gradient

- Cellular respiration

between the interior of the root and the soil.

DẠ

- Kreb's cycle

21

FI CI A

- operates in mitochondrial matrix

L

- is conversion of Glucose to pyruvic acid

- Calvin cycle

- the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy - the process by which cells in plants and animals break down sugar and turn it into energy, which is then used to

OF

perform work at the cellular level.

- loss of water from the plant to the atmosphere into the form of vapor.

ƠN

- small specialized passageways for water and gases

NH

present in the epidermis of plants

Answer

- Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant to the atmosphere into the form of

QU Y

vapor.

- Stomata (singular, stoma) are small specialized passageways for water and gases present in the epidermis of plants.

- Root pressure is the pressure that forces water from the soil to be absorbed by

M

xylem in the root. It is caused by the osmotic gradient between the interior of the

KÈ

root and the soil.

- Glycolysis takes place in cytoplasm, is conversion of Glucose to pyruvic acid - Kreb's cycle operates in mitochondrial matrix

Y

- Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms

DẠ

transform light energy into chemical energy.

- Cellular respiration is the process by which cells in plants and animals break down sugar and turn it into energy, which is then used to perform work at the cellular level.

22

- The Calvin cycle is a process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide

Ví dụ

FI CI A

2.1.4. Diễn đạt các thuật ngữ bằng cách giải thích

L

from the air into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow

1. Explain the role of chlorophyll in the process of photosynthesis ?

2.Why do plants need to exchange gases with the environment?

OF

3. Why Is Photosynthesis Important for All Organisms?

4. Why does a plant die when its roots are submerged in water for a long time?

5 . Why does water move to the leaves?

ƠN

6. Why do plants use cellular respiration?

7 . Why do you use alcohol to extract chlorophyll?

8. Why are plants green?

NH

Answer

1. Chlorophyll is the green colour pigment which helps leaves to capture energy from sunlight to carry out the food making process of plants by the leaves.

QU Y

2. Plants need to carry out gas exchange because they use aerobic cellular respiration (like animals). As a result, they need to obtain molecular oxygen and release carbon dioxide. In addition to aerobic cellular respiration, plants also need to obtain carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis

M

3. Photosynthesis is important for all living organisms because it provides the

KÈ

oxygen needed by most living creatures for survival on the planet.

4. The roots die because they have no air, and when the roots die, the plant dies.

5. Water moves from the roots to the leaves through tissue called the xylem, in a

Y

process called transpiration. As water evaporates out of the leaf, more water is

DẠ

'pulled upwards' to replace what has been lost.

6. The process of cellular respiration allows plants to break down glucose into ATP. The ATP provides the energy they need to carry out various functions.

23

FI CI A

chlorophyll inside the cells become available and dissolves in the ethanol.

L

7. Ethanol is an organic solvent that causes the plant cells to become leaky. The

8. plants look green because they absorb red light most efficiently and the green light is reflected.

2.1.5. Diễn đạt lại các thuật ngữ bằng cách mô tả Ví dụ 1

OF

Insert the Missing Words

(chlorophyll, roots, chemical, organelles, mitochondria, light, food, green, water, food chains, cellular respiration, oxygen, stoma, carbon dioxide, sun, sugar, energy)

NH

ƠN

1. Chloroplasts ............ of plant cells that contain a green substance called ............

Scientists believe chlorophyll absorbs ............ energy and this energy is then used to make ............ . The raw materials of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and ............ This waste product of this reaction is ............ The carbon dioxide required is absorbed through the ............ in the leaves — this is how the oxygen is also removed. The water required is absorbed by the ............

M

QU Y

2. Photosynthesis - is the process of changing ............... energy into ............... energy. The pigment ............... which is found inside the chloroplasts of a plant cell can capture the light energy and store it in food. This pigment looks like the color ...............to our eyes. The chemical process of photosynthesis uses the energy from the ...............combined with ............... from rain and ...............from the air to make a ............... (called glucose) and also give off ............... Photosynthesis is the basis for all food webs and ...............

KÈ

The following is the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight ———> C6H12O6 + 6O2

DẠ

Y

3. Cellular respiration: a process where ................ molecules are broken down to release ................ When the energy is released ................ and ................ are given off as waste. Cellular respiration is done by the ................ in both plant and animal cells. To do cellular respiration these organelles need to use ................ from food and ................ from the air to make energy. ...............must be performed constantly to give the living organism a continuous supply of energy.

24

Answer:

FI CI A

L

1. Chloroplasts organelles of plant cells that contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Scientists believe chlorophyll absorbs light energy and this energy is then used to make food. The raw materials of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. This waste product of this reaction is oxygen. The carbon dioxide required is absorbed through the stoma in the leaves — this is how the oxygen is also removed. The water required is absorbed by the roots.

OF

2. Photosynthesis - is the process of changing light energy into chemical energy. The pigment chlorophyll which is found inside the chloroplasts of a plant cell can capture the light energy and store it in food. This pigment looks like the color green to our

ƠN

eyes. The chemical process of photosynthesis uses the energy from the sun combined with water from rain and carbon dioxide from the air to make a sugar (called glucose) and also give off oxygen. Photosynthesis is the basis for all food webs and

NH

food chains.

The following is the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight ———> C6H12O6 + 6O2

QU Y

3. Cellular respiration: a process where food molecules are broken down to release energy. When the energy is released water and carbon dioxide are given off as waste. Cellular respiration is done by the mitochondria in both plant and animal cells. To do cellular respiration these organelles need to use sugar from food and

M

oxygen from the air to make energy. Cellular respiration must be performed

KÈ

constantly to give the living organism a continuous supply of energy.

Ví dụ 2

Products of photosynthesis, such as sucrose, are translocated via the phloem

Y

from the sites of production in green leaves to places where they are utilised, such

DẠ

as seeds, fruits, roots and new leaves. These places are known as 'sinks'. Describe the pathway by which a sucrose molecule is transported from the leaf to a sink such as a fruit.

Answer:

25

The leaf manufactures sucrose through photosynthesis. The sucrose is then

FI CI A

L

transported into the phloem by active transport whereby energy is provided by the companion cells. The water potential in the phloem then become lower than that in the xylem, and hence water enters the phloem through osmosis. The sucrose mixes with the water and form a solution. It is then transported to the sink; where there is an increase demand for sucrose, via pressure flow. Sucrose is transported into the

subsequently returned into the xylem vessels.

Ví dụ 3

OF

sink by active transport. Water is also attracted into the sink through osmosis which

ƠN

What elements compose stomata?

Answer: A stoma is made of a central opening, called the ostiole, or slit, surrounded by two guard cells responsible for closing and opening.

NH

2.1.6. Diễn đạt các thuật ngữ bằng cách phân biệt

Ví dụ: Hoàn thành các bảng phân biệt bằng cách sử dụng các thuật ngữ đã cho.

1.

Anaerobic

QU Y

Aerobic

respiration

2.

KÈ

M

respiration

DẠ

Y

Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

- It occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

- It produces 6 NADH2, 2FADH2, and 2 ATP molecules on the breakdown of two acetyl-CoA molecules.

- It occurs in the cell cytoplasm.

- It occurs in the presence of O2 - It occurs in aerobic respiration - It is a linear pathway.

- It occurs in the mitochondria matrix.

- It is a cyclic pathway.

- It occurs in the absence of O2 - It generates 2 NADH2 and 2 ATP molecules on the breakdown of one glucose molecule.

- It is the first step of respiration which occurs without requirement of oxygen and is common to both aerobic and anaerobic modes of respiration.

- It involves the exchange of gases

26

L

between the organism and the outside environment.

- It occurs in the mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells of the leaves.

- It is anaerobic respiration or respiration which does not require oxygen.

- exchange of gases is absent - Glycolysis produces pyruvic add.

- The primary acceptor of CO2 is phosphoenol pyruvate .

- It produces two molecules of NADH per glucose molecule.

- It always releases CO2 and H2O - End products vary - The first stable product is oxaloacetic acid.

- Contains sieve tube cells, companion cells, and phloem parenchyma cells - It occurs only in the mesophyll cells of the leaves.

- Transports water/sap and minerals - It generally utilises NADH produced during glycolysis.

- It yields 36 ATP - It forms 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

- It yields only 2 ATP - Moves substances up the stem using passive transport that requires no energy - The first stable product is 3phosphoglycerate.

- Fermentation produces different products. The common ones are ethanol (and CO2) and lactic .

- It does not produce ATP - Contains xylem parenchyma cells and tracheid cells - The primary acceptor of CO2 is RuBP .

Fermentation

4.

C4 pathways

QU Y

NH

ƠN

C3 pathways

OF

Glycolysis

FI CI A

3.

5.

Phloem

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

Xylem

27

FI CI A

L

- Transports sugars, amino acids, and other foods - Moves substances up and down the via active transport which requires energy Answer: 1.

Anaerobic respiration

It occurs in the presence of O2

It occurs in the absence of O2

OF

Aerobic respiration

between the organism and the outside environment.

End products vary

NH

It always releases CO2 and H2O

ƠN

It involves the exchange of gases exchange of gases is absent

It yields 36 ATP

It yields only 2 ATP

QU Y

2.

Glycolysis

Krebs cycle It is a cyclic pathway.

It occurs in the cell cytoplasm.

It occurs in the mitochondria matrix.

M

It is a linear pathway.

It occurs in aerobic respiration.

It generates 2 NADH2 and 2 ATP

It produces 6 NADH2, 2FADH2, and 2 ATP molecules on the breakdown of two acetyl-CoA molecules.

Y

KÈ

It occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

DẠ

molecules on the breakdown of one glucose molecule.

28

Fermentation

FI CI A

Glycolysis

L

3.

It is the first step of respiration which It is anaerobic respiration or respiration occurs without requirement of oxygen and iswhich does not require oxygen. common to both aerobic and anaerobic modes of respiration.

Fermentation produces different products. The common ones are ethanol (and CO2) and lactic .

It produces two molecules of NADH per

It generally utilises NADH produced

molecule.

4.

C3 pathways

during glycolysis.

It does not produce ATP

NH

glucose molecule.

It forms 2 ATP molecules per glucose

ƠN

OF

Glycolysis produces pyruvic add.

C4 pathways

The primary acceptor of CO2 is

RuBP .

phosphoenol pyruvate .

QU Y

The primary acceptor of CO2 is

The first stable product is oxaloacetic

phosphoglycerate.

acid.

M

The first stable product is 3-

KÈ

It occurs only in the mesophyll cells of It occurs in the mesophyll and bundlethe leaves.

DẠ

Y

5.

Xylem

Found deeper in the stem tissues

sheath cells of the leaves.

Phloem Usually found in outer edges of the stem

29

Transports sugars, amino acids, and

FI CI A

other foods Moves substances up the stem using Moves substances up and down the

L

Transports water/sap and minerals

via active transport which requires energy

Contains xylem parenchyma cells and

Contains sieve tube cells, companion cells, and phloem parenchyma cells

tracheid cells

OF

passive transport that requires no energy

2.2. Giải pháp 2: Hƣớng dẫn học sinh nắm vững các kiến thức Sinh học thông qua các bài khóa bằng tiếng Anh

ƠN

Sách tiếng Anh về môn Sinh học ở Việt Nam hiện nay còn rất hạn chế. Tài liệu chủ yếu tìm kiếm trên Internet. Tuy nhiên tài liệu trên Internet quá rộng và nội

NH

dung chưa được kiểm định rõ ràng, học sinh có thể khó khăn trong việc xác định nguồn nội dung phù hợp với trình độ của các em.

Giáo viên định hướng bài khóa có nội dung phù hợp, giúp các em tiếp cận

QU Y

được nội dung Sinh học hợp lý, có cấu trúc ngữ pháp đa dạng, nguồn từ vựng phong phú nhằm nâng cao vốn tiếng Anh chuyên ngành. Học sinh phát triển được khả năng đọc sách và tài liệu tiếng Anh. 2.2.1. Nội dung chủ đề Hấp thụ nước và muối khoáng ở rễ cây Absorption of water and minerals by plants

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1. Plan's root

KÈ

- Root hair cells are outgrowths at the tips of plants' roots. They function solely to take up water and mineral salts. Root hair cells do not perform photosynthesis, and do not contain chloroplasts as they are underground and not exposed to sunlight.

Y

- The following list summarises how the root hair is adapted to absorb water from

DẠ

the soil: 

There are many, elongated root hairs to increase the total root surface area for water absorption.

30

They have thin walls to speed up the intake of water by osmosis.



They have large vacuoles to absorb water quickly and transport it to the next

FI CI A

L



cells. 

The vacuoles have salts, which speed up water absorption from soil water.



Root hairs do not have cuticles, as this would prevent water absorption.



Their small diameter (5-17 micrometres) and greater length (1500

OF

micrometres) ensure they have a large surface area over which to absorb water and mineral salts 2. Absorption of water and minerals

ƠN

a. Absorption of water - Mechanism of water absorption is of one types:

Osmotic absorption i.e., when water is absorbed from the soil into the xylem

b. Absorption of minerals

NH

of the roots according to the osmotic gradient.

The further process of the absorption of mineral salts may be of two types:

QU Y

(1) Passive Absorption of Mineral Salts: - When the concentration of mineral salts is higher in the outer solution than in the cell sap of the root cells, the mineral salts are absorbed according to the concentration gradient by simple process of diffusion. This is called as passive

M

absorption because it does not require expenditure of metabolic energy.

KÈ

- It is now known that during passive absorption, the mineral salts may diffuse through cell membranes directly through lipid bilayer but mainly through trans-membrane ion-selective protein channels or trans-membrane carrier

Y

proteins. Carrier or channel mediated passive transport of mineral salts across the

DẠ

membrane is also called as facilitated diffusion (2) Active Absorption of Mineral Salts: - It has often been observed that the cell sap in plants accumulates large

quantities of mineral salts ions against the concentration gradient. For example in

31

alga Nitella the cell sap accumulated K+ and phosphate ions to such an extent that

FI CI A

L

their concentrations were thousands and hundreds times greater than in the pond water in which the plant was growing

2.2.2. Nội dung chủ đề Vận chuyển nước và muối khoáng trong cây Transport in Plants

Phloem Definition

Xylem tissues are the tubular-shaped

OF

Xylem

Phloem tissues are tubular-shaped,

ƠN

structure, with the absence of cross

elongated, structures with the presence of

walls. This tissue resembles the shape

walls with thin sieve tubes.

NH

of a star.

Location

It is located in the centre of the vascular It is located on the outer side of the vascular bundle.

QU Y

bundle.

Fibres

Xylem fibres are smaller.

Phloem fibres are larger.

Found In

KÈ

leaves.

M

They are present in roots, stems and

Y DẠ

direction)

which later transports and grow in roots, fruits and seeds.

Movements

These tissues move in a Unidirectional. (only in one direction – upward

They are present in stems and leaves,

These tissues move in a Bidirectional. (both ways – up and down)

Comprises

32

L

They live with cytoplasm without the

They live with hollow dead cells.

FI CI A

nucleus.

No of Tissues

The total amount of xylem tissue is

The total amount of phloem tissue is less.

more.

Features

xylem parenchyma, xylem

It consists of four elements: companion

OF

It consists of tracheids, vessel elements,

cells, sieve tubes, bast fibres, phloem fibres, intermediary cells and the phloem

sclerenchyma and xylem fibres.

ƠN

parenchyma.

Functions

water molecules from the roots to the

including sugar and amino acids from leaves to storage organs and growing parts of the plant.

QU Y

aerial parts of the plant.

Transports food and other nutrients

NH

Transports soluble mineral nutrients and

Vascular Bundles

Forms vascular bundles with phloem.

Forms vascular bundles with xylem.

Functions

M

Provides mechanical strength to the

Translocates the synthesized sugars by the photosynthetic areas of plants to storage

stem.

organs like roots, bulbs and tubers.

KÈ

plant and helps in strengthening the

Y

2.2.3. Nội dung chủ đề Thoát hơi nước

DẠ

Transpiration in Plants Like all living organism, plants also require an excretory system to discharge

excess water from their body. This process of elimination of excess water from the

33

plant body is known as transpiration. It is generally the evaporation of water from

FI CI A

L

the surface of the leaves.

During the process of transpiration, water molecules in the plant tissues are removed from the aerial parts of the plants. Only a small amount of water absorbed by the plants is utilised in growth and development. The rest is eliminated in the form of transpiration.

OF

1. Importance of Transpiration

Transpiration is a very important process not only for the plant but also for the environment. Following are some of the significant roles it plays.

Transpiration helps in the process of photosynthesis and exchange of gases.



In the water cycle, it plays a major role as approximately 10% of total water

ƠN



which is present in the atmosphere is because of the transpiration process.

It helps in maintaining the level of CO2 and O2.

NH



Excess cutting of trees has resulted in the imbalance in the nature‘s cycle and has caused global warming. So, to save our environment and life, we need to plant trees

QU Y

and help them flourish.

2. Types of Transpiration

There are two different types of transpiration in plants: a. Stomatal Transpiration

M

- It is the evaporation of water from the stomata of the plants. Most of the

KÈ

water from the plants is transpired this way. The water near the surface of the leaves changes into vapour and evaporates when the stomata are open.

- Opening and Closing of Stomata

Y

+ Stomata consist of a pair of guard cells with an aperture in between. It remains

DẠ

open during the daytime and is closed at night. The reason for the opening and closing of this structure is the turgidity of guard cells.

34

The interior wall of the guard cells present towards the aperture is dense and

FI CI A

L

flexible. The stomata open when the turgidity of the guard cells increases. The exterior walls bulge out, and the interior walls form a crescent shape.

The orientation of the microfibrils in the guard cells also plays an important role in the opening of the stomata. The radial orientation of the microfibrils makes it easier for the stomata to open.

OF

+ The stomata close when the turgidity of the guard cells decreases due to the water loss and the interior walls form a crescent shape retrieve their original shape. b. Cuticular Transpiration

ƠN

It is the evaporation of water from the cuticle of the plants. The cuticle is a waxy covering on the surface of the leaves of the plants.

About 5-10% of the water from the leaves is lost through cuticular

transpired through the cuticles.

NH

transpiration. During dry conditions when the stomata are closed, more water is

3. Factors Affecting Transpiration

QU Y

There are many environmental and internal factors which affect the rate of transpiration. Following are some of them. 

High temperature may result in the opening of stomata and hence, increases the transpiration.

In the normal procedure, plant gets water from the soil. If plant does not get

M





KÈ

water from the soil, the stomata remains closed.

The rate of humidity is inversely proportional to the rate of transpiration.

That means when humidity increases, transpiration decreases.

Light increases the temperature which in turn, increases transpiration.

Y



DẠ





Transpiration increases with the wind but high winds result in the closing of stomata which reduces transpiration.

Leaf structure, type of stomata, root and shoot ratio, etc., may also affect the rate of transpiration.

35

L

2.2.4. Nội dung chủ đề Các nguyên tố dinh dưỡng khoáng

1. Essential nutrients

FI CI A

Mineral nutrient

The nutrients or elements which are essential for the healthy growth of the

plant are called essential nutrients or essential elements. The roots absorb about 60 elements from the soil. Plants require 17 essential elements. They are C, H, O,

OF

N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Fe, B, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cl and Co.

To determine which one is an essential element, the following criteria are used :

ƠN

(i) An essential element is absolutely necessary for normal growth and reproduction of the plant, and should be a part of essential metabolite for plant growth.

replaced by another element.

NH

(ii) The requirement of the element is very specific and it cannot be

(iii) The element is directly or indirectly involved in the metabolism of a

QU Y

plant.

(iv) In the deficiency of an essential element, the plant would exhibit specific symptoms of deficiency, and the plant would recover from its symptoms, if supplied with the deficient element.

M

Example : Magnesium is said to be an essential element because it is essential for

KÈ

the formation of chlorophyll molecule. Its deficiency causes yellowing of leaves.

2. Types of Essential Elements Essential elements may be required in small amounts or large amounts.

Y

Accordingly they have been grouped into two categories

DẠ

Essential Elements

Micro elements/Micronutrients

Macro elements/Macro nutrients

L

36

Required in relatively large quantities

mg per gram of dry matter or less than

like one to 10 milligram per gram of dry

that. Also called as trace elements.

matter

FI CI A

Required in minute quantities like 0.1

Examples : Manganese, Boron, Copper, Examples : Carbon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen, Phosphorous, Potassium,

are required in very small quantities

Calcium and magnesium, Nitrogen,

ƠN

Sulphur

OF

Molybdenum, Iron, Zinc and Chlorine

3. ROLE OF MACRO AND MICNTSOLE OF MACRO AND MICRO

NH

NUTRIENTS

Essential elements perform various functions. They carry out several metabolic

QU Y

processes in the plant cells like the maintenance of turgidity of cell, transportation of electrons, membrane permeability and enzyme activity. Essential elements also act as important constituents of the biomolecules and co-enzymes. Various functions of the macro and micro nutrients are given in the following table.

M

The forms in which the elements are taken in and their functions are

KÈ

described in the table given below

Function

Basic molecular component of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Oxygen

Oxygen is somewhat like carbon in that it occurs in virtually all

DẠ

Carbon

Y

Nutrient

organic compounds of living organisms.

37

Hydrogen plays a central role in plant metabolism. Important in

L

Hydrogen

energy relations of cells.

Nitrogen

FI CI A

ionic balance and as main reducing agent and plays a key role in

Nitrogen is a component of many important organic compounds ranging from proteins to nucleic acids.

Central role in plants is in energy transfer and protein metabolism.

Potassium

Helps in osmotic and ionic regulation. Potassium functions as a

OF

Phosphorus

cofactor or activator for many enzymes of carbohydrate and protein metabolism

Calcium is involved in cell division and plays a major role in the

ƠN

Calcium

maintenance of membrane integrity.

Component of chlorophyll and a cofactor for many enzymatic reactions.

Sulfur

Sulfur is somewhat like phosphorus in that it is involved in plant cell energetic.

An essential component of many heme and nonheme Fe enzymes

QU Y

Iron

NH

Magnesium

and carries, including the cytochromes (respiratory electron carriers) and the ferredoxins. The latter are involved in key metabolic function such as N fixation, photosynthesis, and electron transfer.

Essential component of servral dehydrogenases, and peptidases,

M

Zinc

KÈ

including carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, and malic dehdrogenase, among others.

Manganese

Involved in the O2 – evolving system of photosynthesis and is a

Y

component of the enzymes arginase and phospho transferases.

DẠ

Copper

Boron

Constituent of a number of important enzymes, including cytochrome oxidize, ascorbic acid oxidase, and laccase.

Involved in carbohydrate metabolism and synthesis of cell wall

38

Essential for photosynthesis and as an activator of enzymes

FI CI A

Chlorine

L

components.

involved in splitting water. It also functions in osmoregulation of plants growing on saline soils.

2.2.5. Nội dung chủ đề Quang hợp

OF

Photosynthesis

- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide into their food, by using the energy derived from the sun. The most essential elements of this

ƠN

process are sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll.

6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O + photons → C6H12O6(aq) + 6 O2(g) - Take places: chloroplasts 1. Importance of Photosynthesis

NH

carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen

The process is as important for the humans and animals as it is for plants.

QU Y

Other than glucose, which is an important source of carbohydrates, even proteins, fats, and water-soluble sugars are the products of photosynthesis. We cannot produce these nutrients on our own, and hence have to depend directly on plants, or other animals (which feed on these plants) to derive them. Plants, being the only

M

producers, have a crucial role to play in any food chain.

KÈ

Photosynthesis is vital to facilitate the process of respiration in both, humans and animals, as our oxygen requirements are fulfilled by the oxygen which is produced during this process. It also regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the

Y

atmosphere; any fluctuations in which can result in adverse effects on the

DẠ

environment. The Amazon rainforest, alone, produces 20-30 percent of the total oxygen on the planet.

2. Chlorophyll

39

Inside the plant cell are small organelles called chloroplasts, which store the

FI CI A

L

energy of sunlight. Within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast is a light-

absorbing pigment called chlorophyll, which is responsible for giving the plant its green color.

During photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs energy from blue- and red-light waves, and reflects green-light waves, making the plant appear green.

OF

3. Reactions and Phases of the process a. Light-dependent reactions

- Light energy from the sun is used to split water molecules (photolysis). The

ƠN

sunlight hits chloroplasts in the plant. This causes an enzyme to split the water.

Water, when split, gives oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons.

- Hydrogen, along with electrons energized by light, converts NADP into

NH

NADPH which is then used in the light-independent reactions. Oxygen gas diffuses out of the plant as a waste product of photosynthesis, and ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

b. Dark phase

QU Y

- This all happens in the grana of chloroplasts.

During this reaction, sugars are built up using carbon dioxide and the products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) and various other

M

chemicals found in the plant in the Calvin Cycle. Therefore, the light-independent

KÈ

reaction cannot happen without the light-dependent reaction. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the plant and along with chemicals in the chloroplast, ATP, and NADPH, glucose is made and finally, transported around the plant by translocation.

Y

* The 3 Photosynthesis Reactions

DẠ

- C3 Photosynthesis This is the most common form of it seen in nature, and most plants regularly

undergo this process. Under normal conditions of light, moisture and temperature, this is the type that is most common and produces energy in the most efficient

40

manner. RUBISCO is the enzyme in plants that is responsible for getting the

FI CI A

L

carbon dioxide out from the atmosphere, and in the case of C3 photosynthesis,

RUBISCO collects the CO2 during the daytime. Around 75% of the carbon dioxide captured is effectively converted into energy here, and the name is derived from the fact that the carbon dioxide is converted into a 3-carbon compound.

- C4 Photosynthesis

OF

Alternately, in this case the carbon dioxide is converted into a 4-carbon

compound, hence the name. Since this occurs in conditions of extreme light and heat, most desert plants and shrubs in hot regions use this method to create energy.

ƠN

Since water is scarce in the desert, the Water Use Efficiency (WUE) ratio is better in such plants. The underlying concept here is that carbon dioxide is collected at a faster rate, so the transpiration levels are also low. This occurs due to the presence

NH

of PEP Carboxylase, an enzyme that such plants release for this very purpose itself.

The stomata are open during the day in this case as well, and the special enzyme then delivers the CO2 to the RUBISCO.

QU Y

- CAM Photosynthesis

This is the last type and the process is a very different one in this case. CAM implies Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, and in this process the carbon dioxide is actually stored as an acid before it is used for the process of conversion into energy.

M

In this case, the PEP Carboxylase enzyme collects CO2 in the night, so that the

KÈ

level of transpiration is as low as possible. The most recognizable plant that uses this is the cactus, and the enzymes store the carbon dioxide as an acid during the night to prevent water loss, and then carry out the conversion in the daylight. The

Y

control over the stomata is also very precise in this case, so they can keep their

DẠ

pores closed whenever they want.

4. Factors affecting photosynthesis

41

- Light

FI CI A

L

It is one of the major factors affecting photosynthesis. Photosynthesis cannot occur in the dark and the source of light for the plants is sunlight. Three attributes of light are important for photosynthesis: 

Intensity: Photosynthesis begins at low intensities of light and increases till it is maximum at the brightest time of the day. The amount of light required

OF

varies for different plants. Photosynthesis uses maximum up to 1.5 % light in the process and so light is generally not a limiting factor at high intensity.

However, the light becomes a limiting factor in low intensity because no

ƠN

matter how much water or CO2 is present, without light photosynthesis cannot occur. At high intensities, the temperature of the plant increases which leads to increased transpiration in the plant. This leads to the closing

NH

of the stomata which leads to a reduced CO2 intake. Thus, leading to a reduction and finally stoppage of photosynthesis. Therefore, excessive light inhibits photosynthesis.

Quality: Experiments conducted by Engelmann prove that the chlorophyll

QU Y



most effectively absorbs red and blue wavelengths from the entire spectrum of light. Thus, maximum photosynthesis occurs when the plant is exposed to the light of these wavelengths.

Duration: The longer the plant is exposed to light, the longer the process of

M



KÈ

photosynthesis will continue. As long as the temperature of the plant remains balanced, photosynthesis will occur.

- Carbon Dioxide Concentration

Y

The atmosphere contains 0.03% of carbon dioxide amidst other gases. Plants

DẠ

take in carbon dioxide from the air. But, since the amount of CO2 in the air is very less, it acts as a limiting factor for photosynthesis. Experiments have been performed to study the rate of photosynthesis on increasing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.

42

It is seen that, when light and temperature are not the limiting factors, increasing

FI CI A

L

CO2 concentration leads to an increase in the rate of photosynthesis. But, beyond a certain limit, CO2 starts accumulating in the plant and this leads to slowing down of the process. So, excessive CO2 inhibits photosynthesis especially when it starts to accumulate.

- Temperature

OF

It is commonly seen in all biological and biochemical processes that they occur best in a certain optimum range of temperature. This holds true for

photosynthesis as well. It is observed that, when CO2 and light are not limiting

ƠN

factors, the rate of photosynthesis increases with increase in temperatures till the optimum level for that plant. Beyond the optimum levels on both sides of the normal range, the enzymes are deactivated or destroyed and photosynthesis stops.

NH

- Water

Water is considered one of the most important factors affecting photosynthesis. When there is a reduced water intake or availability, the stomata

QU Y

begin to close to avoid loss of any water during transpiration. With the stomata closing down the CO2 intake also stops which affects photosynthesis. Therefore, the effect of water on photosynthesis is more indirect than direct.

- Oxygen

M

Optimum levels of oxygen are favourable for photosynthesis. Oxygen is

KÈ

needed for photorespiration in C3 plants and the by-product of photorespiration is CO2 which is essential for photosynthesis. Also, the energy generated during the oxygen respiration is needed for the process of photosynthesis as well. However, an

Y

increase in the oxygen levels beyond the optimum for the plant leads to inhibition

DẠ

of photosynthesis.

2.2.6. Nội dung chủ đề Hô hấp Respiration

1. Definition

43

- Respiration is the stepwise oxidation of complex organic molecules and

energy as ATP for various cellular metabolic activities.

FI CI A

L

release of

That plants resort to cellular respiration may seem a little confusing, as we have always been told that they produce energy by resorting to photosynthesis.

Plants do resort to cellular respiration, wherein the products of photosynthesis are

OF

reunited to produce energy, which they have to do in order to convert the energy which is stored in the form of glucose into usable chemical energy.

- Take places: mitochondria

- Aerobic when oxygen is utilized - Anaerobic when oxygen is not utilized

ƠN

2. Type

NH

Several common processes occur in both, anaerobic and aerobic respiration, such as,

+ Oxidation reaction to release chemical energy from complex food.

QU Y

+ Use of coenzyme as carriers of hydrogen to remove the hydrogen from the organic molecule leading to reduction of the coenzyme and oxidation of the substrate. Most of the hydrogen carriers are NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide).These are later reoxidised,

M

releasing energy for ATP synthesis

KÈ

+ Use of high-energy phosphate compounds like ATP for energy transfer.

Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic (Aero = Air)

Anaerobic (Anaero = No Air) 1. Takes place in the complete absence of oxygen.

2. Leads to complete oxidation of

2. Incomplete oxidation of organic

organic substrate.

substrate takes place.

DẠ

Y

1. Takes place in the presece of oxygen.

44

3. Takes place in lower organisms such

organisms (both plants and animals).

as bacteria, fungi, and in higher animals

FI CI A

L

3. It is most common in higher

under limiting conditions of

oxygen (e.g. in muscles when oxygen present is insufficient).

4. C6H12O6 => 2Ethyl alcohol + 2CO2

38ATP

+2 ATP (as in yeast)

OF

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O +

C6H12O6 => 2 Lactic acid + 2 ATP (as in muscles)

mitochondria in eukaryotes and plasma

* Cellular respiration

NH

membrane in prokaryotes.

5. Takes place in the cytoplasm.

ƠN

5. Takes place in the cytoplasm, and

There are three stages of cellular respiration in plants: (i) glycolysis, (ii) the

QU Y

Krebs cycle, and (iii) electron transport chain.

Stage I – Glycolysis

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP ➞ 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat

M

Stage II – The Krebs Cycle

KÈ

Two complete turns of the Krebs cycle, which are necessary to fully use up the glucose molecules, produce … 

6 NADH molecules

Y



4 carbon dioxide molecules

DẠ

 

2 ATP molecules 2 FADH2 molecules

45

acetyl CoA + 3 NAD + FAD + ADP + HPO4-2 ➞ 2 CO2 + CoA + 3 NADH+ +

FI CI A

L

FADH+ + ATP Stage III – Electron Transport Chain

In the final stage of the process, the remaining 32 – 34 ATP are produced.

10 NADH + 2 FADH2 = 34ATP 3. Photorespiration

OF

- Definition: The respiration that is initiated in chloroplast and occurs in the presence of light and high concentration of O2 (and low CO2) is called photorespiration.

ƠN

- Take places: chloroplast, peroxisomes, mitochondria.

- There is no ATP production here, unlike respiration

- Oxygenation of RUBP in presence of oxygen leads to a loss of about 25% carbon

NH

fixed by plants during the dark reaction.

- Use: Protects the plants from photo-oxidative damage by utilising part of the solar energy which would otherwise damage the plant pigments

QU Y

2.3. Giải pháp 3: Hƣớng dẫn học sinh nắm vững kiến thức Sinh học cơ bản bằng tiếng Anh thông qua sơ đồ tƣ duy Sơ đồ tư duy là một sơ đồ được sử dụng để thể hiện trực quan hoặc phác thảo thông tin. Sử dụng sơ đồ tư duy cho phép học sinh dễ dàng sắp xếp thông qua các

M

chi tiết khác nhau và thiết lập mối quan hệ giữa các chi tiết này. Chỉ trong một

KÈ

không gian, học sinh có thể tiếp cận được một lượng thông tin lớn và kiểm tra các kết nối của nó bằng tiếng Anh. Điều này khiến mối liên kết dễ dàng thực hiện hơn vì học sinh có tất cả thông tin về một chủ đề cụ thể chỉ trong thời gian rất ngắn.

Y

Việc sử dụng màu sắc, từ khóa bằng tiếng Anh cũng giúp việc học trở nên thú vị và

DẠ

vui vẻ hơn để học sinh có thêm động lực để ghi nhớ các chi tiết quan trọng và nâng cao vốn từ vựng hơn.

46

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

2.3.1. Sơ đồ tư duy chủ đề Hấp thụ nước và muối khoáng

47

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

2.3.2. Sơ đồ tư duy chủ đề Vận chuyển nước và muối khoáng trong cây

48

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

2.3.3. Sơ đồ tư duy chủ đề Thoát hơi nước

49

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

2. 3.4. Sơ đồ tư duy chủ đề Quang hợp

50

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

ƠN

OF

FI CI A

L

2. 3.5. Sơ đồ tư duy chủ đề Hô hấp

51

2.4. Giải pháp 4: Hƣớng dẫn học sinh thông qua hệ thống bài tập Sinh học

L

tiếng Anh

FI CI A

2.4.1. Câu hỏi chủ đề Trao đổi nước và khoáng 1. In flowering plant, we need to transport A. Water and mineral nutrients.

B. Organic nutrients.

C. Plant growth regulators.

D. All of these

OF

2. For covering a small distance, the substances move by A. Diffusion.

B. Cytoplasmic streaming.

C. Active transport.

D. All of these

A. Translocation.

ƠN

3. Transport over longer distance is known as B. Transformation. C. Transduction.

D. Diffusion

4. Which of the following undergoes multidirectional transport?

B. Mineral nutrients.

nutrients.

D. Both B and C

NH

A. Water.

C.

Organic

5. Transport of which substance is essentially unidirectional in xylem?

nutrients.

B. Mineral nutrients.

QU Y

A. Water.

C.

Organic

D. Both A and B

6. Select the correct statement from the following: A. Mineral nutrients taken up by the roots and transported upward into stem,

M

leaves and growing region.

KÈ

B. When a plant part undergoes senescence, the nutrient always remain in the senescence part and gets lost from the plant.

C. In fl owering plant the complex traffi c of compound in unorderly manner

Y

moving in different direction.

DẠ

D. All hormones shows polarised movement.

7. Diffusion can occur between A. One part of cell to other part.

B. Cell to cell.

C. Intercellular space to outside of leaf.

D. All of these

52

8. The only mode of gaseous movement in plant body is

C. Facilitated transport.

L

B. Osmosis.

D. All of these

9. Select the incorrect statement from the following: (1) A watermelon has over 92 per cent water.

FI CI A

A. Diffusion.

(2) Most herbaceous plants have only about 10–15% of its fresh water as dry

OF

matter.

(3) Woody parts of the plant have very little water.

(4) Seed is without water.

ƠN

(5) Mature corn plant absorbs almost three litres of water per day.

(6) Mustered plant absorbs water epical to its own weight in about 5 hours.

A. All except 6.

B. All except 5.

C. Only 4.

D. Only 3

NH

10. Water is often a limitary factor for plant growth and _________ in both _________ and_________ environments.

A. productivity, agricultural, natural.

QU Y

B. movement, agricultural, artificial.

C. photosynthesis, aquatic, terrestrial.

D. senescence, agricultural, natural

A. 20%.

M

11. A watermelon has approximately _________ of water.

B. 80%.

C. 100%.

C. 92%

KÈ

12. Which of the following has minimum amount of water?

A. Leaf.

B. Flower. C. Epidermal cell of root.

D. Cork

13. Select from the following which one is moved by active transport

Y

(1) Na+ amino acid, in proximal convoluted tubules.

DẠ

(2) Absorption of most minerals by epidermal cells of root.

(3) Na+ K+ pump.

(4) Loading of sucrose from companion cell to sieve tube cells.

A. All except 4.

B. All except 3.

C. All except 1. D. All of these

53

14. Which portion of the root absorbs both water and minerals?

B. Zone of cell elongation.

FI CI A

L

A. Terminal portion of roots.

C. Zone of cell formation. D. Zone of cell differentiation

15. Meaningful girdling (ringing) experiments cannot be done on sugarcane because

B. It cannot tolerate the injury.

C. Vascular bundles are scattered.

D. Plants are very delicate

OF

A. Phloem is present inside the xylem.

16. Some leaves are removed from the stem cuttings planted for vegetative propagation. This is done

ƠN

A. To increase water uptake.

B. Because it helps in rooting of cuttings.

C. To reduce water loss.

NH

D. Because the cuttings need less food

17. In terms of permeability, the cell wall and plasmalemma are A. Permeable and differentially permeable respectively.

QU Y

B. Both semi-permeable.

C. Semi-permeable and differentially permeable.

D. Both differentially permeable

18. The process of osmosis involves

M

A. Movement of solute through semi-permeable membrane.

KÈ

B. Movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane.

C. Movement of solution through a semi-permeable membrane.

D. None of these

Y

19. Dry seeds when placed in water swells due to

DẠ

A. Imbibitions.

B. Absorption.

C. Diffusion. D. Adsorption

20. A cell placed in strong solution will shrink because A. Cytoplasm will decompose. B. Mineral salt will break the cell wall.

C. Salt water enter the cell.

D. Water comes out by exosmosis

54

D. None of these

22. All the following involves osmosis except A. Water from soil entering a root hair.

B. Water passing from root hair to adjacent cells.

FI CI A

A. Hypotonic. B. Hypertonic. C. Isotonic.

L

21. A cell increases in volume if the external medium is

C. Water passing up a xylem vessel element to xylem vessel element above it.

23. Wilting of a plant results from excessive

OF

D. Water entering a mesophyll cell from xylem vessel element

A. Respiration. B. Photosynthesis. C. Absorption. D. Transpiration

ƠN

24. Water moves across a selectively permeable membrane: From To

A. Region of higher water potential Region of lower water potential.

NH

B. Lower water concentration Higher water concentration.

C. Higher solute concentration Lower solute concentration.

D. Region of higher osmotic potential Region of lower osmotic potential

QU Y

25. In seed germination, the first phenomenon which takes place is called A. Diffusion. B. Osmosis. C. Imbibitions.

D. All of these

26. Deplasmolysis occurs in a cell when it is placed in B. Hypertonic solution.

C. Isotonic solution.

D. Buffer solution

M

A. Hypotonic solution.

KÈ

27. Grapes immersed in water would shrink if A. Water contains salts.

B. Water contains starch.

C. Water is cold.

D. Water is hot

Y

28. Plant cells submerged in distilled water will become

DẠ

A. Turgid.

B. Flaccid. C. Plasmolysed. D. Impermeable

29. The plants face water stress due to the use of excessive fertilizers because of A. Exosmosis. B. Endosmosis. C. Imbibitions. D. None of these

55

A. Root hair < Cortical cell < Mesophyll.

B. Cortical cell < Mesophyll < Root hair.

C. Mesophyll < Root hair < Cortical cell.

D. Root hair < Mesophyll < Cortical cell

A. Water.

OF

31. Xylem is associated with the translocation of

FI CI A

and a cell of the mesophyll. Arrange them in the ascending order of DP

L

30. You are given three cells such as a root hair, a cell of the inner cortical layer

B. Mineral.

C. Some organic nitrogen and hormone.

D. All of these

ƠN

32. Which of the following is incorrect about apoplastic pathway?

A. Movement of water takes place through intercellular spaces and the walls of cells.

NH

B. Movement depends on the gradient.

C. Mass flow occurs due to adhesive and cohesive property of water.

D. This pathway provides barrier to water movement.

A. Cytoplasm.

QU Y

33. During symplastic pathway water moves through

C. Cell membrane.

B. Plasmodesmata.

D. All of these

34. Which of the following is incorrect about symplastic pathway?

M

A. Movement of water is relatively slower.

KÈ

B. Movement is down the concentration gradient.

C. It may be aided by cytoplasmic streaming.

D. Most of the water flow in root occurs by this pathway.

Y

35. Cytoplasmic streaming is easily seen in

DẠ

A. Leaf of hydrilla.

B. Leaf of mango.

C. Stem cells of sunflower. D. Pollen grains 36. Movement of water is correctly represented by A. Cortex → Root hair (Epidermis) → Xylem → Endodermis → Pericycle.

56

B. Root hair (Epidermis) → Endodermis → Xylem → Pericycle → Cortex.

L

C. Root hair (Epidermis) → Cortex → Endodermis → Pericycle → Xylem.

FI CI A

D. Xylem → Cortex → Endodermis → Pericycle → Root hair (Epidermis) 37. Where is apoplastic movement shifted to symplastic pathway?

A. Cortex.

B. Endodermis.

C. Pericycle.

38. Stomata helps in

D. Xylem

OF

A. Transpiration. B. Exchange of gases.C. Both A and B D. None of these 39. Transpiration is affected by A. Humidity. B. Wind speed.

C. Light and temperature. D. All of these

ƠN

40. The plant factor which affects the transpiration are A. Number and distribution of stomata.

C. Water status of plant.

B. Number of stomata open.

D. All of these

physical properties of water.

NH

41. Transpiration driven ascent of sap depends mainly on the _________

A. Cohesion.B. Adhesion C. Surface tension. D. All of these

QU Y

42. Properties of water which provide high tensile strength (i.e., ability to resist a pulling force) are:

A. Cohesion. B. Adhesion. C. Surface tension. D. All of these 43. Force generated by transpiration creates pressure sufficient to lift a xylem

KÈ

A. 130.

M

sized column of water over _________ meters.

B. 200.

C. 400.

D. 500

44. Sap ascends in woody stems because of the root pressure and B. Capillarity.

C. Molecular adhesion.

D. Photosynthesis

Y

A. Transpiration pull.

DẠ

45. The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial plant parts is known as A. Osmosis. B. Respiration. C. Photosynthesis. D. Transpiration 46. Guard cells are found in

57

B. Root tips.

C. Ovary.

FI CI A

47. The position and frequency of stomata can be determined by

D. Lenticels

L

A. Stomata.

A. Calculating the loss of water.

B. Cobalt chloride paper method.

C. Photometer.

D. Porometer

48. In both transpiration and evaporation, water is lost in the form of vapour yet they differ, because

OF

A. Both transpiration and evaporation are similar but the rate of water loss differs.

B. Frequency of water loss is different in both of them.

ƠN

C. Transpiration is a physical process and evaporation is a physiological process.

D. Transpiration is a physiological process and evaporation is a physical

NH

process.

49. Out of the following, which one is the most common type of transpiration?

A. Foliar.

B. Stomatal.

C. Lenticular.

D. Cuticular

QU Y

50. In a hot summer day, a plant cools itself due to A. Loss of water vapours from leaf.

C. Loss of liquid water.

B. Transport of water in plant.

D. Loss of water from entire plant

51. Transpiration increases with an increase in

M

A. Humidity. B. Temperature. C. Minerals.

D. Soil moisture

KÈ

52. Stomata in angiosperms open and close due to A. Their genetic constitution.

B. Effect of hormones.

Y

C. Changes of turgor pressure in guard cells.

DẠ

D. Pressure of gases inside the leaves 53. Stomata opens because of A. Oxygen in the air.

B. Increased turgidity of the guard cells brought about by the exposure to light.

58

C. Vacuoles in guard cells.

54. The transpiration is regulated by the movements of

FI CI A

L

D. All the above

A. Subsidiary cells of the leaves.

B. Guard cells of the stomata.

C. Mesophyll tissue cells.

D. Epidermal cells of the leaves

55. Guttation is caused due to

OF

A. Imbibitions. B. Osmosis. C. Positive root pressure. D. Transpiration

Câu

ĐA

Câu

Câu

ĐA

Câu

ĐA

1

D

2

D

3

A

4

D

5

D

6

A

7

D

8

A

9

C

10

A

11

D

12

D

13

D

14

D

15

C

16

C

17

A

18

B

19

A

20

D

21

A

22

C

23

D

24

A

25

C

26

A

27

A

28

A

29

A

30

A

31

D

32

D

33

D

34

D

35

A

36

C

37

B

38

C

39

D

40

D

41

D

42

D

43

A

44

A

45

D

46

A

47

B

48

D

49

B

50

A

DẠ

Y

51

B

52

C

53

B

54

B

55

C

QU Y

NH

ĐA

M

ĐA

KÈ

Câu

ƠN

ĐÁP ÁN:

59

2.4.2. Câu hỏi chủ đề Dinh dưỡng khoáng

B. P.

C. S.

2. The following are micronutrients except A. Zn.

B. B

C. Mo.

FI CI A

A. N.

L

1. The following are macronutrients except

D. Mn

D. Ca

3. Select the total number of macronutrients from the following: C, H, O, N, P,

A. 8.

OF

S, Cu, Zn, B, Cl, Mn, Ni, K, Ca, Mg, Mo B. 9.

C. 10.

4. C, H, O is mainly obtained from B. Soil only.

C. H2O and CO2. D. CO2 only

ƠN

A. Soil and H2O.

D. 11

5. What is the number of the absolutely essential elements for growth and metabolism of all plants?

B. 17.

NH

A. 14.

C. 21.

D. 23

6. Some beneficial elements required by higher plants are A. Na, Si, Co, Se. B. Na, Si, Os, I. C. Na, Co, Ir, At. D. Na, Si, W, Ag

QU Y

7. The structural elements of cell are A. C, H, O, N. B. N, P, K, Ca. C. Ca, Mg, K.

D. Ca, Mg, Fe, O

8. Which element plays an important role in opening and closing of stomata?

A. P.

B. N.

C. K.

D. Ca

M

9. In how many broad categories can the essential elements be grouped on the

KÈ

basis of their diverse function?

A. 1.

B. 2.

C. 3.

D. 4

10. Which essential nutrient in plant is required in greatest amount?

B. P.

C. K.

D. Ca

Y

A. N.

DẠ

11. The element involved in splitting of water is A. Mn.

B. Ca.

C. Cl. D. All of these

12. Mn induced the deficiency of A. Fe.

B. Mg.

C. Ca. D. All of these

60

13. Which one of the following statement is incorrect?

FI CI A

L

A. The first phase of mineral absorption is the rapid uptake of ions into free or outer space.

B. In the second phase of uptake, the ions are slowly taken into inner space, the symplast of the cells.

C. The movement of ion is usually called flux.

OF

D. The inward movement of ion outflux and outword movement of ion is called influx.

14. Ascent of mineral is mainly due to B. Phloem.

C. Pericycle.

D. Cortex

ƠN

A. Xylem.

15. The mineral available to plants is mainly obtained from B. Decay of other animals.

C. Weathering of rocks.

D. None of these

16. The function of soil is to A. Supply mineral to plants.

NH

A. Decay of other plants.

B. Harbour the nitrogen fixing bacteria.

QU Y

C. Hold water and supply air to root.

D. All of these

17. Fertilizer contains

A. Micronutrient. B. Macronutrient. C. Both A and B D. None of these

B. Agro-ecosystem.

C. Both A and B

D. None of these

A. Nitrogen fixation.

B. Nitrification.

C. Denitrification.

D. Ammonification

M

A. Natural ecosystem.

KÈ

18. Nitrogen is limiting mineral for

Y

19. Conversion of N2 to ammonia is known as

DẠ

20. Lightening and UV radiation can cause a reaction between nitrogen and oxygen and produces A. NO.

B. NO2.

C. N2O.

D. All of these

61

21. Decomposition of organic nitrogen of dead plants and animals into ammonia

A. Nitrogen fixation.

B. Nitrification.

C. Denitrification.

D. Ammonification

FI CI A

L

is called

22. Nitrifying bacteria are B. Chemoautotroph.

C. Heterotrophy.

D. All of these

OF

A. Photoautotroph.

23. Nitrate present in the soil is also reduced to nitrogen by the process of denitrification it is carried out by

ƠN

A. Pseudomonas. B. Thiobacillus. C. Rhizobium. D. Both A and B 24. Reduction of nitrogen to ammonia by living organism is called A. Nitrification.

B. Denitrification.

D. Ammonification

NH

C. Biological nitrogen fixation.

25. N ≡ N → NH3. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme A. Isomerase. B. Nitrogenase. C. Carbonic anhydrase.

D. Higase

QU Y

26. Frankia produced nitrogen by fixing nodule on A. Lentils. B. Garden pea. C. Alnus.

D. Broad bean

27. Which of the following statement is incorrect?

A. Rhizobium and frankia are free living bacteria of soil.

M

B. Rhizobium is rod shaped (Bacillus).

KÈ

C. Root nodule of pulse are pink due to the presence of leg-haemoglobin.

D. Rhizobium and frankia can fix nitrogen as free living bacteria 28. The technique of growing plants without soil in nutrient solutions is called

Y

A. Parthenogenesis.

DẠ

C. Aquaculture.

B. Hydroponics.

D. Tissue culture

29. Which of the following element is not essential for plants?

A. Iron.

B. Zinc.

C. Potassium.

30. Inorganic nutrients are present in soil in the form of

D. Iodine

62

A. Molecules. B. Atoms. C. Electrically charged ions. D. Parasite

FI CI A

A. Microelements.

L

31. Tracer elements are

B. Macroelements. C. Radioisotopes. D. Vitamins

32. The death of stem and root tips occur due to the deficiency of A. Phosphorus.

B. Calcium.

C. Nitrogen.

D. Carbon

33. The plants requiring two metallic compounds (minerals) for chlorophyll

A. Fe and Ca.

B. Fe and Mg.

34. Calcium can affect the

OF

synthesis are

C. Cu and Ca.

D. Ca and K

ƠN

A. Permeability of plasma membrane.

B. Hydration of colloids.

D. Development of root

NH

C. Translocation of carbohydrates and amino acids.

35. Which of the following is not absorbed through soil?

A. Carbon. B. Nitrogen.

C. Potassium.

D. All of these

QU Y

36. Which of the following is considered to be the elements between macronutrients and micronutrients?

A. Iron. B. Nitrogen.

C. Phosphorus.

D. Manganese

37. The major role of phosphorus in plant metabolism is

M

A. To generate metabolic energy.

KÈ

B. To evolve oxygen during photosynthesis.

C. To evolve carbon dioxide during respiration.

D. To create anaerobic conditions

Y

38. Phosphorus is a structural element in

DẠ

A. Fat. B. Starch.

C. Nucleotide.

D. Carbohydrate

39. The most abundent element present in the plants is A. Manganese.

B. Iron.

C. Carbon.

40. Photosynthetic photolysis of water takes place in the presence of

D. Nitrogen

63

A. Mn.

B. Cl. C. Both A and B

D. None of these

A. Cytochrome oxidase.

B. Plastocyanin.

C. Both A and B

D. None of these

FI CI A

L

41. Copper is the component of

42. Which of the following element is a component of ferredoxin?

A. Cu.

B. Mn.

C. Zn.

D. Fe

OF

43. Function of zinc is A. Synthesis of chlorophyll.

B. Biosynthesis of IAA.

C. Closing of stomata.

D. Oxidation of carbohydrate

ƠN

44. The process by which minerals are absorbed is A. Active absorption.

B. Passive absorption.

C. Both A and B

D. None of these

NH

45. The active uptake of minerals by roots mainly depends on the A. Availability of oxygen. B. Light.

C. Temperature. D. Availability of carbon dioxide ĐA

1

D

2

D

3

B

4

C

5

B

6

A

7

A

8

C

9

D

10

A

11

D

12

D

13

D

14

A

15

C

16

D

17

C

18

C

19

A

20

D

21

D

22

B

23

D

24

C

25

B

26

C

27

D

28

B

29

D

30

C

31

C

32

B

33

B

34

A

35

A

36

A

37

A

38

C

39

C

40

C

41

C

42

D

43

B

44

C

45

A

DẠ

Y

M

Câu

KÈ

QU Y

ĐÁP ÁN

Câu

ĐA

Câu

ĐA

Câu

ĐA

Câu

ĐA

64

2.4.3. Câu hỏi chủ đề Quang hợp

A. Physical process.

FI CI A

L

1. Photosynthesis is a B. Chemical process.

C. Physico–chemical process.

D. Physiological process

2. All living forms on earth depend on _________ for energy.

A. Sun. B. Hydrothermal vent. C. Volcanic eruption.

D. Moon

OF

3. During photosynthesis, light energy is used to synthesize A. Inorganic compound. B. Organic compound.

C. Both A and B

D. None of these

ƠN

4. Photosynthesis is important because A. It is the primary source of all food on earth.

C. Both A and B D. None of these

NH

B. It is responsible for the release of O2.

5. Select the incorrect statement from the following:

QU Y

A. All animals including human depend on plant for their food.

B. The use of energy from sunlight by plants doing photosynthesis is the basis of life on earth.

C. Green plants carry out photosynthesis.

M

D. None of the above

KÈ

6. Which of the following is required for photosynthesis?

A. CO2. B. Chlorophyll.

C. Light.

D. All of these

7. An experiment using two leaves, a variegated leaf or a leaf that was covered

Y

with black paper and one that was exposed to light on testing these leaves for

DẠ

starch shows that photosynthesis occurs only in _________ part of leaf in the_________ of sunlight A. non-green, presence.

B. green, presence.

C. non-green, absence.

D. green, absence

65

8. Half leaf experiment proved that _________ is required for photosynthesis.

C. Light.

D. Oxygen

L

B. Chlorophyll.

FI CI A

A. Carbon dioxide.

9. Which of the following substance is used in half leaf experiment to absorb CO2?

A. HCl.

B. KOH.

C. HNO3.

D. H2SO4

10. By using a _________ isotope it can be proved that O2 is released from

OF

water during photosynthesis

A. Radioactive. B. Heavy. C. Both A and B D. None of these 11. Photosynthesis is a B. Two-step process.

C. Three-step process.

D. Multi-step process

ƠN

A. Single-step process.

12. Photosynthesis occurs in

NH

A. Green leaf. B. Green stem. C. Guard cells. D. All of these 13. Within chloroplast, the membranous system is made up of A. Grana. B. Stroma lamellae. C. Stroma.

D. Both A and B

QU Y

14. Calvin cycle is termed as dark reaction because it A. Is not dependent on light for CO2 fixation in stroma.

B. Occurs in dark.

C. Is by convention only.

M

D. Requires light

KÈ

15. Where does light reaction occur in chloroplast?

A. Membrane system (grana).

C. Both A and B

B. Stroma.

D. None of these

Y

16. The chief pigment associated with photosynthesis is

DẠ

A. Chlorophyll b. B. Chlorophyll a. C. Xanthophyll. D. Carotenoid 17. Which light is absorbed more by Chlorophyll ‗a‘?

A. Yellow and green.

B. Red and blue.

C. Yellow and orange.

D. Yellow and red

66

B. Red and blue.

C. Yellow and orange.

D. Yellow and red

19. Light reaction and photochemical phase includes A. Light absorption.

FI CI A

A. Yellow and green.

L

18. Which light shows higher rate of photosynthesis?

B. Water splitting and release of oxygen.

C. ATP and NADPH formation. D. All of these

A. Inner side of chloroplast outer membrane.

B. Inner side of thylakoid membrane.

OF

20. Where water splitting complex associated with PS II is situated?

ƠN

C. Outer side of thylakoid membrane.

D. Inner side of chloroplast outer membrane

21. Where are the protons and O2 formed likely to be released?

B. Outside of thylakoid membrane.

C. In stroma.

D. None of these

NH

A. Lumen of thylakoid.

22. Phosphorylation occurs in

B. Chloroplast.

QU Y

A. Mitochondria.

C. Cytoplasm. D. All of these

23. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in A. Mitochondria. B. Chloroplast. C. Cytoplasm. D. All of these 24. The place where cyclic flaw of electrons occur: B. Stroma.

C. Stroma lamellae.

D. All of these

KÈ

M

A. Thylakoid of grana.

25. Chemiosmosis requires B. Proton pump.

C. Proton gradient.

D. All of these

Y

A. Membrane.

DẠ

26. Which type of phosphorylation takes place in photosynthesis?

A. Cyclic.

B. Non-cyclic.

C. Both A and B

D. None of these

27. Unidirectional flow of electrons in photophosphorylation takes place in

B. Non-cyclic.

C. Pseudocyclic.

D. All of these

FI CI A

A. Cyclic.

L

67

28. In light reaction of photosynthesis, the chlorophyll is subjected to A. Destruction.

B. Permanent reduction.

C. Oxidation and reduction.

D. Neutralization

29. Photosynthetic pigments in chloroplast are embedded in the membrane of B. Photoglobin.

C. Matrix.

D. Envelope of chloroplast

OF

A. Thylakoids.

30. Which of the chlorophyll type ejects the electron during

ƠN

photophosphorylation?

A. Chlorophyll ‗b‘.

B. Chlorophyll ‗a‘.

C. Chlorophyll ‗a‘ and ‗b‘.

D. Xanthophyll

NH

31. In cyclic photophosphorylation which one of the following is formed?

A. ATP.

B. NADP and ATP.

C. NADH2 and O2.

D. NADPH2, ATP and O2

QU Y

32. Where does the primary photochemical reaction occur in chloroplast/Where does the light reaction of photosynthesis takes place?

A. Stroma.

B. Edoplasmic reticulum.

M

C. Quantasome or thylakoids (Grana).

KÈ

D. Inner membrane of chloroplast 33. The similarity between C3 and C4 pathway is: A. Both are equally efficient.

Y

B. Organic acid is formed as the first product of CO2 fixation.

DẠ

C. Both requires one type of cell to occur.

D. Both takes place in all the plants.

34. Which pathway takes place in all photosynthetic plant?

A. C3.

B. C4.

C. Both A and B

D. None of these

68

35. For easy understanding, the Calvin cycle is divided into how many stages?

C. 3.

D. 4

36. Calvin cycle includes A. Carboxylation.

L

B. 2.

FI CI A

A. 1.

B. Reduction.

C. Regeneration of RuBP.

D. All of these

37. Which process of Calvin cycle requires RuBP?

OF

A. Carboxylation. B. Reduction. C. Regeneration. D. None of these

38. Reduction process of Calvin cycle requires how many ATP and NADPH for the reduction of one molecule of CO2?

ƠN

A. 2 mole ATP and 3 mole NADPH. B. 2 mole ATP and 2 mole NADPH. C. 1 mole ATP and 2 mole NADPH. D. 3 mole ATP and 2 mole NADPH 39. How many moles of ATP is required to regenerate one mole of RuBP? B. 2.

NH

A. 1.

C. 3.

D. 4

40. The first stable product of Calvin cycle has A. 2 carbon atoms. B. 3 carbon atoms. C. 4 carbon atoms. D. 6 carbon atoms

QU Y

41. In dark reaction, the first reaction is A. Carboxylation.

B. Decarboxylation.

C. Dehydrogenation.

D. Deamidation

42. In C4 plants, CO2 combines with PEP in the presence of B. RuBP carboxylase.

C. RuBP oxygenase.

D. Hydrogenase

KÈ

M

A. PEP carboxylase.

43. Dark reaction of photosynthesis is called so because it A. Can also occur in dark.

B. Does not require light energy.

Y

C. Cannot occur during day time.

DẠ

44. The initial enzyme of Calvin cycle is A. Ribulose 1, 5 diphosphate carboxylase.

B. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase.

C. Phosphofructokinase.

D. Occurs more rapidly at night

69

D. Cytochrome oxidase

FI CI A

L

45. During photosynthesis, when PGA is changed into phosphoglyceraldehyde, which of the following reaction occurs?

A. Oxidation. B. Reduction. C. Electrolysis.

D. Hydrolysis

46. Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase enzyme catalyses the carboxylation reaction between

B. CO2 and ribulose 1, 5 diphosphate.

OF

A. Oxaloacetic acid and acetyl CoA.

C. Ribulose diphosphate and phosphoglyceraldehyde.

ƠN

D. PGA and dihydroxyacetone phosphate 47. Calvin cycle occurs in

A. Chloroplasts. B. Cytoplasm. C. Mitochondria. D. Glyoxysomes

is

C. Maleic acid.

QU Y

A. 3-phosphoglyceric acid.

NH

48. In C3 plants, the first stable product of photosynthesis during dark reaction

B. Phosphoglyceraldehyde.

D. Oxaloacetic acid

49. How many Calvin cycle forms one hexose molecule?

A. 2.

B. 6.

C. 4.

D. 8

50. In which plant Calvin experimented the radioactive isotopy to discover the

M

stable product of C3 cycle?

B. Cycas. C . Carrot.

D. Tobacco

KÈ

A. Chlorella.

51. Mesophyll chloroplast of which plant alone is capable of synthesizing starch or sucrose?

Y

A. C3 plant. B. C4 plant. C. Both A and B D. Neither C3 nor C4

DẠ

52. The enzymes of dark reaction in C4 plants are found in A. Bundle sheath chloroplast.

C. Both A and B

B. Mesophyll chloroplast.

D. None of these

70

53. In C4 plants, the mesophyll cells are connected with bundle sheath cells

A. Cytoplasmic connection.

FI CI A

L

with the help of

B. Special connecting tissues.

C. Plasmodesmata.

D. Connection is not essential

54. In case of C4 pathway, CO2 combines with A. PGA.

B. PEP.

C. RuDP. D. RMP

A. Papaya.

OF

55. Which one is a C4 plant?

B. Pea.

C. Potato.

56. C4 plants are also known as

B. Calvin type.

ƠN

A. Hatch and Slack type.

D. Maize

C. Calvin and Bassham type.

D. Emerson type

57. In C4 plants, Calvin cycle occurs in

NH

A. Stroma of bundle sheath chloroplast.

B. Mesophyll chloroplast.

C. Grana of bundle sheath chloroplast.

Calvin cycle

QU Y

D. Does not occur as CO2 is fixed mainly by PEP and no CO2 is left for the

58. C4 plants are adapted to A. Hot and dry climate.

B. Temperate climate.

M

C. Cold and dry climate. D. Hot and humid climate

KÈ

59. Which one of the following is wrong in relation to photorespiration?

A. It is a characteristic of C3 plants.

C. It occurs in day time only.

B. It occurs in chloroplasts.

D. It is a characteristic of C4 plants

Y

60. How many types of photosynthetic cells occur in C4 plant?

DẠ

A. One type. B. Two types. C. Four types.

D. Eight types

61. Which of the following cells of C4 plants are prominently loaded with starch?

A. Epidermal cells.

B. Mesophyll cells.

71

C. Bundle sheath cells.

D. All of these

B. 2.

C. 5.

63. Photorespiration takes place in A. Chloroplast, mitochondria.

B. Mitochondria, peroxisome.

D. 3

OF

C. Chloroplasts, peroxisome, mitochondria.

FI CI A

A. 1.

L

62. The number of carboxylation in C4 cycle is/are

D. Chloroplasts, cytoplasm, mitochondria 64. Photorespiration is called

D. None of these

ƠN

A. C2 cycle. B. C3 cycle. C. C4 cycle.

65. The first reaction in photorespiraton is

C. Oxygenation.

B. Decarboxylation.

D. Phosphorylation

NH

A. Carboxylation.

66. C4 plant is characterized by

A. High tolerance to temperature.

B. Lacks process of photorespiration.

D. All of these

QU Y

C. Greater productivity of biomass.

67. Photorespiration does not takes place in C4 plant because A. O2 is not released in C4 plant during photosynthesis.

B. Intracellular concentration of CO2 is high in bundle sheath and it ensures

M

RuBisCO function as carboxylase.

KÈ

C. They are found in cold environment.

D. Stomata in them opens during night.

68. External factor affecting photosynthesis are

Y

A. Sunlight and temperature.

DẠ

C. Water.

B. CO2 concentration.

D. All of these

69. Internal factor affecting photosynthesis are A. Number and size of leaf.

B. Age of leaf and orientation.

72

C. Internal CO2 concentration and amount of chlorophyll.

70. Internal factor of plant depends on A. Growth of plant.

B. Genetic predisposition.

C. Both A and B

D. None of these

A. Green leaf.

B. Optimal light.

C. Optimal CO2.

D. Low temperature

OF

71. Which is a limiting factor?

FI CI A

L

D. All the above

72. Photosynthesis is affected by

ƠN

A. Quality of light. B. Intensity of light. C. Duration of light. D. All of these 73. Light saturation occurs at _______ of the fall sunlight.

A. 2%.

B. 5%.

D. 20%

NH

74. Light may be a limiting factor for

C. 10%.

A. plants in dense forest. B. plant in temperate forest.

C. plant in grassland.

D. all

intensities?

A. Linear.

QU Y

75. What is the relationship between CO2 fixation and incident light at low

B. Parabola.

C. Hyperbola.

D. None

76. Select the incorrect statement from the following:

M

A. At high intensities, both C3 and C4 plants shows increase in the rate of photosynthesis by increasing CO2 concentration.

KÈ

B. C4 plants shows saturation at 360 μl/L. C. C3 plant shows saturation beyond 450 μl/L.

Y

D. Productivity of tomatoes and ball papers cannot be increased by enriching

DẠ

environment by CO2 77. Water stress leads to A. Closing of stomata.

C. Reduced activity of leaf.

B. Wilting of leaves.

D. All of these

73

B. Temperature. C. CO2 concentration.

D. Water

FI CI A

A. Light.

L

78. Which factor indirectly affects the process of photosynthesis?

79. Photosynthesis takes place A. Only in sunlight.

B. Only in yellow light.

C. In the visible light obtained from any source.

OF

D. Only in very high intensity of light 80. Photo-oxidation of chlorophyll is called

A. Intensification. B. Chlorosis. C. Solarization. D. Defoliation

Câu

ĐA

Câu

ĐA

Câu

ĐA

Câu

ĐA

Câu

ĐA

1

C

2

A

3

B

4

C

5

D

6

D

7

B

A

9

B

10

A

11

D

12

D

13

D

14

C

15

A

16

B

NH

8

17

B

18

B

19

D

20

B

21

A

22

QU Y

B

23

A

24

C

25

D

26

C

27

B

28

B

29

A

30

B

31

A

32

C

33

B

34

A

35

C

36

D

37

A

38

B

39

A

40

B

41

A

42

A

43

B

44

A

45

B

46

B

47

A

48

A

49

B

50

A

51

A

52

C

53

C

54

B

55

D

56

A

57

A

58

A

59

D

60

B

61

C

62

B

63

C

64

A

65

C

66

D

67

B

68

D

69

D

70

C

71

D

72

D

73

C

74

A

75

A

76

D

77

D

78

D

79

C

80

C

M KÈ Y DẠ

ƠN

ĐÁP ÁN

74

2.4.4. Câu hỏi chủ đề Hô hấp

glucose?

A. 30.

B. 36.

C. 4.

FI CI A

L

1. How many molecules of ATP are produce by oxidation of 1 molecule of

D. 40

2. Which of the following is incorrect about fermentation?

A. It accounts for the partial breakdown of glucose.

OF

B. Net gain is only 2 ATP.

C. The NADH to NAD+ formation reaction is vigorous.

D. It occurs in cytoplasm.

A. Catabolic pathway.

ƠN

3. Respiratory pathway is best defined as B. Anabolic pathway.

C. Amphibolic pathway. D. None of these

A. Mitochondria.

NH

4. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the B. Cytoplasm.

C. Lysosomes.

D. ER

5. What is the total gain of energy during anaerobic respiration?

QU Y

A. One molecule of ATP. B. Two molecules of ATP. C. Four molecules of ATP.

D. Eight molecules of ATP

6. Cyanide resistant pathway is

A. Anaerobic respiration. B. Aerobic respiration.

D. None of these

M

C. Both A and B

KÈ

7. Energy accumulating in ATP is A. Disulphide bond.

B. Hydrogen bonds.

C. High energy phosphate bond.

D. Ester bond

Y

8. In plants, respiration takes place

DẠ

A. Only in leaves during night.

C. In all living cells.

B. Only in leaves during day.

D. None of these

9. In both aerobic and anaerobic respiration which same product is formed?

75

A. Lactic acid.

B. Pyruvic acid.

C. Citric acid.

D.

FI CI A

L

acid

Organic

10. Which of the following is the reverse of photosynthesis?

A. Respiration.

B. Protein synthesis.

synthesis.

D. All of these

C.

11. The process of phosphorylation takes place in B. Kreb‘s cycle.

C. HMP pathway. D.

All

of

OF

A. Glycolysis.

Fat

these

12. Match the given below organelles with their function:

Column II

ƠN

Column I

1. Stalked particles of mitochondria.

B. Photorespiration –

2. Cytoplasm.

C. Oxidative phosphorylation –

3. Peroxisomes.

D. Glycolysis – mitochondria

NH

A. Kreb‘s cycle –

4. Inner surface of membrane of

B. A‒1, B‒2, C‒3, D‒4.

C. A‒4, B‒3, C‒1, D‒2.

D. A‒3, B‒2, C‒4, D‒1

QU Y

A. A‒2, B‒3, C‒4, D‒1.

13. Match the name of scientist with his work: Column I

1. Kuhne.

B. Demonstration of fermentation –

2. Kreb‘s.

C. TCA cycle –

3. Warburg‒Dickens.

D. Glycolysis –

4. Embden Mayerhof Parnas

KÈ

M

A. PPP (Pentose Phosphate Pathway) –

Y

A. A‒1, B‒2, C‒3, D‒4.

C. A‒1, B‒2, C‒4, D‒3.

DẠ

Column II

B. A‒2, B‒4, C‒3, D‒1.

D. A‒3, B‒1, C‒2, D‒4

14. Match the correct answers with the type of respiration and respiratory substrates: Column I

Column II

76

A. Respiration

–

1. Proteins.

2. Starch.

C. Cytoplasmic respiration –

3. Carbohydrates.

D. Protoplasmic respiration –

4. Lactose

FI CI A

L

B. Floating respiration –

A. A‒3, B‒2, C‒1, D‒4.

B. A‒2, B‒3, C‒4, D‒1.

C. A‒1, B‒2, C‒3, D‒4.

D. A‒2, B‒4, C‒1, D‒3

OF

15. The energy yielded as a result of total oxidation of one glucose molecule during cellular respiration is to convert

ƠN

A. 34 molecules of ADP into 34 molecules of ATP. B. 30 molecules of ADP into 30 molecules of ATP. C. 36 molecules of ADP into 36 molecules of ATP.

NH

D. 32 molecules of ADP into 32 molecules of ATP

16. The connecting link among glycolysis, Kreb‘s cycle and beta-oxidation of fatty acid is

QU Y

A. Pyruvic acid. B. Acetyl-CoA. C. Acetaldehyde. D. Citric acid 17. Which of the following is the source of respiration?

A. Stored food.

B. RNA.

C. DNA.

D. ATP

A. 2.

M

18. From the substrate level, how many phosphorylation ATP are produced?

B. 6.

C. 10.

D. 8

KÈ

19. Select the incorrect statement: A. Plants have no special system for breathing or gaseous exchange.

B. Acetyl-CoA enter in TCA cycle running in matrix of mitochondria.

Y

C. The RQ depends upon the type of respirarory substance used during

DẠ

respiration.

D. In fermentation, the complete oxidation of glucose occur in some bacteria.

77

B

2

C

3

C

4

B

6

A

7

C

8

C

9

B

11

D

12

C

13

D

14

B

16

B

17

A

18

B

19

D

5

B

10

A

15

C

OF

1

FI CI A

Câu ĐA Câu ĐA Câu ĐA Câu ĐA Câu ĐA

L

ĐÁP ÁN

2.5. Giải pháp 5: Đánh giá quá trình học tập thông qua các đề kiểm tra

ƠN

2.5.1. Đề số 1 và đáp án

A Hai Hau high school

TEST BIOLOGY 1

NH

Grade 11 - Time allowed: 45 minutes

I. Part 1- Multiple choice questions (7.0 points) Choose the best answer

QU Y

Question 1: Transport of food material in higher plants takes place through A. Companion cells.

C. Tracheids.

B. Transfusion tissues.

D. Sieve elements

Question 2: Which one of the following structures between two adjacent cells is

M

an effective transport pathway?

B. Plastoquinones.

KÈ

A. Plasmodesmata.

C. Endoplasmic reticulum. D. Plasmalemma Question 3: Which one of the following is correctly matched?

Y

A. Passive transport of nutrients – ATP.

DẠ

B. Apoplast – Plasmodesmata.

C. Potassium – Readily immobilization.

D. Bakane of rice seedlings – Folke K. Skoog Question 4: Transpiration and root pressure cause water to rise in plants by

B. Pulling and pushing it respectively.

C. Pushing it upward.

D. Pushing and pulling it respectively

FI CI A

A. Pulling it upward.

L

78

Question 5: A column of water within xylem vessels of tall trees does not break under its weight because of:

A. Tensile strength of water.B. Lignification of xylem vessels.

C. Positive root pressure.

D. Dissolved sugars in water

OF

Question 6: Water vapour comes out from the plant leaf through the stomatal opening. Through the same stomatal opening carbon dioxide diffuses into the plant during photosynthesis. Reason out theabove statements using one of

ƠN

following options: A. Both processes cannot happen simultaneously.

and CO2 is different.

NH

B. Both processes can happen together because the diffusion coefficient of Water

C. The above processes happen only during night time.

D. One process occurs during time and the other at night

QU Y

Question 7: The process of guttation takes place A. When the root pressure is high and the rate of transpiration is low.

B. When the root pressure is low and the rate of transpiration is low.

C. When the root pressure equals the rate of transpiration.

M

D. When the root pressure as well as rate of transpiration are high.

KÈ

Question 8: Match the following and choose the correct option (a) Leaves (i) Anti-transpirant (b) Seed (ii) Transpiration

Y

(c) Roots (iii) Negative osmotic potential

DẠ

(d) Aspirin (vi) Imbibition (e) Plasmolysed cell (v) Absorption Options: A. (a)–(iii), (b)–(iv), (c)–(i), (d)–(ii), (e)–(v).

79

B. (a)–(ii), (b)–(iv), (c)–(v), (d)–(i), (e)–(iii).

D. (a)–(iii), (b)–(ii), (c)–(i), (d)–(iv), (e)–(v)

FI CI A

L

C. (a)–(iii), (b)–(ii), (c)–(iv), (d)–(i), (e)–(v).

Question 9: Which one of the following is not a micronutrient?

A. Molybdenum. B. Magnesium.

C. Zinc.

D. Boron

Question 10: Which one of the following is not an essential mineral element for

A. Iron.

OF

plants while the remaining three are?

B. Manganese.

C. Cadmium.

Phosphorus

D.

A. Azospirillum. B. Rhizobium.

Azotobacter

ƠN

Question 11: An organism used as a biofertilizer for raising soyabean crop is C. Nostoc.

D.

NH

Question 12: Read the following four statements (A to D): (A) Both, photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation involves the uphill transport

QU Y

of protons across the membrane.

(B) In dicot stems, a new cambium originates from the cells of pericycle at the time of

secondary growth.

M

(C) Stamens in flowers of Gloriosa and Petunia are polyandrous.

KÈ

(D) Symbiotic nitrogen-fixers occur in free-living state also in soil.

How many of the above statements are right?

A. Three.

B. Four. C. One.

D. Two

Y

Question 13: The most abundant intracellular cation is

DẠ

A. Na+.

Question 14:

B. Ca+. C. H+.

D. K+

Mineral known to be required in large amounts for plant

growth include: A. Phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium.

80

B. Calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper.

FI CI A

L

C. Potassium, phosphorus, selenium, boron.

D. Magnesium, sulphur, iron, zinc

Question 15: During biological nitrogen fixation, inactivation of nitrogenase by oxygen poisoning is prevented by: A. Xanthophyll.

B. Carotene. C. Cytochrome. D. Laghaemoglobin

essential element?

A. Being a component of biomolecules.

OF

Question 16: Which one of the following roles is not the characteristic of an

ƠN

B. Changing the chemistry of soil.

C. Being a structural component of energy related chemical compounds.

D. Activation or inhibition of enzymes.

NH

Question 17: Deficiency symptoms of an element tend to appear first in young leaves. It indicates that theelement is relatively immobile. Which one of the following elemental deficiency would show such symptoms?

B. Magnesium. C. Nitrogen. D. Potassium

QU Y

A. Sulphur.

Question 18: With regard to the Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Rhizobium in association with soyabean, which one of the following statement/statements does not hold true

M

A. Nitrogenase may require oxygen for its functioning.

KÈ

B. Nitrogenase is Mo–Fe protein.

C. Leghaemoglobin is a pink coloured pigment.

D. Nitrogenase helps to convert N2 gas into two molecules to ammonia.

Y

Question 19: Plants can be grown in (Tick the incorrect option)

DẠ

A. Soil with essential nutrients.

B. Water with essential nutrients.

C. Either water or soil with essential nutrients.

D. Water or soil without essential nutrients

81

Question 20: PGA as the first CO2 fixation product was discovered in the

FI CI A

A. Bryophyte.

L

photosynthesis of B. Gymnosperm.

C. Angiosperm.

D. Alga

Question 21: C4 plants are more efficient in photosynthesis than C3 plants due to A. Higher leaf area.

OF

B. Presence of larger number of chloroplasts in the leaf cells.

C. Presence of thin cuticle.

D. Lower rate of photorespiration

ƠN

Question 22: The correct sequence of cell organelles during photorespiration is A. Chloroplast, Golgibodies, Mitochondria.

B. Chloroplast, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Dictyosomes.

NH

C. Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Peroxisome.

D. Chloroplast, Vacuole, Peroxisome

Question 23: In a chloroplast the highest number of protons is found in: B. Lumen of thylakoids.

QU Y

A. Stoma.

C. Inter membrane space.

D. Antennae complex

Question 24: Which metal ion is a constituent of chlorophyll?

A. Iron.

B. Copper.

C. Magnesium.

D. Zinc

KÈ

A. Blue.

M

Question 25: Which light range is most effective in photosynthesis?

B. Green.

C. Red.

D. Violet

Question 26: The ultimate electron acceptor of respiration in an aerobic organism is

B. Oxygen.

C. Hydrogen.

D. Glucose

Y

A. Cytochrome.

DẠ

Question 27: Pyruvic acid, the key product of glycolysis, can have many metabolic fates. Under aerobic condition it forms A. Lactic acid.

B. CO2 + H2O. C. Acetyl CoA + CO2. D. Ethanol + CO2

Question 28: The end product of oxidative phosphorylation is

82

B. Oxygen. C. ADP.

D. ATP + H2O

FI CI A

L

A. NADH.

II. Part 2- Problem solving (3.0 points) Question: Why do plants transpire?

Answer

OF

I. 0,25 điểm 1 câu

1. d, 2. (a), 3. (c), 4. (b), 5. (a), 6. (b), 7. (a) 8. (b), 8. (b), 10. (a), 11. (b), 12. (d), 13. (d), 14. (a), 15. (d), 16. (b), 17. (a), 18. (a), 19. (d), 20. (d), 21. (d), 22. (c), 23. (b),

ƠN

24. (c), 25. (c), 26. (b), 27. (c), 28. (d) II. Mỗi ý 0,75 điểm

- Evaporative cooling: As water evaporates or converts from a liquid to a gas at the

NH

leaf cell and atmosphere interface, energy is released.. These gas molecules and their associated energy are released into the atmosphere, cooling the plant.

- Accessing nutrients from the soil: The water that enters the root contains

QU Y

dissolved nutrients vital to plant growth. It is thought that transpiration enhances nutrient uptake into plants.

- Carbon dioxide entry: When a plant is transpiring, its stomata are open, allowing gas exchange between the atmosphere and the leaf. Open stomata allow water

M

vapor to leave the leaf but also allow carbon dioxide (CO2) to enter. Carbon

KÈ

dioxide is needed for photosynthesis to operate -Water uptake: Although only less than 5% of the water taken up by roots remains in the plant, that water is vital for plant structure and function. The water is

Y

important for driving biochemical processes, but also it creates turgor so that the

DẠ

plant can stand without bones.

83

FI CI A

L

2.5.2. Đề số 2 và đáp án

A Hai Hau high school

TEST BIOLOGY 2

Grade 11 - Time allowed: 45 minutes

I. Part 1- Multiple choice questions (7.0 points) Choose the best answer

OF

Question 1: Function of companion cells is

A. Providing energy to sieve elements for active transport.

B. Providing water to phloem.

ƠN

C. Loading of sucrose into sieve elements by passive transport.

D. Loading of sucrose into sieve elements.

Question 2: Root pressure develops due to:

NH

A. Low osmotic potential in soil.

B. Passive absorption.

C. Increase in transpiration.D. Active absorption Question 3: Which one of following will not directly affect transpiration?

QU Y

A. Temperature. B. Light. C. Wind speed. D. Chlorophyll content of leaves Question 4: When a plant part undergoes senescence, the nutrients may be A. Exported. B. Withdrawn. C. Translocated.

D. None of the above

Question 5: The best defined function of Manganese in green plants is B. Calvin cycle.

C. Nitrogen fixation.

D. Water absorption

KÈ

M

A. Photolysis of water.

Question 6: Which one gives the most valid and recent explanation for stomatal movements?

Y

A. Transpiration.

DẠ

C. Starch hydrolysis.

B. Potassium influx and efflux.

D. Guard cell photosynthesis

Question 7: Deficiency symptoms of nitrogen and potassium are visible first in A. Senescent leaves.

B. Young leaves.

C. Roots.

Question 8: In which of the following all three are macronutrients?

D. Buds

84

B. Iron, copper, molybdenum.

D. Nitrogen, nickel, phosphorus

L

C. Molybdenum, magnesium, manganese.

FI CI A

A. Boron, zinc, manganese.

Question 9: Which is essential for the growth of root tip?

A. Fe.

B. Ca.

C. Mn.

D. Zn

Question 10: Match the element with its associated functions/roles and choose the correct among given below.

OF

(A) Boron (i) Splitting of H2O to liberate O2 during photosynthesis (B) Manganese (ii) Needed for synthesis of auxins (C) Molybdenum (iii) Component of nitrogenase

(E) Iron (v) Component of ferredoxin Options:

ƠN

(D) Zinc (iv) Pollen germination

NH

A. (A)–(i), (B)–(ii), (C)–(iii), (D)–(iv), (E)–(v).

B. (A)–(iv), (B)–(i), (C)–(iii), (D)–(ii), (E)–(v).

C. (A)–(iii), (B)–(ii), (C)–(iv), (D)–(v), (E)–(i).

QU Y

D. (A)–(ii), (B)–(iii), (C)–(v), (D)–(i), (E)–(iv) Question 11: Plants can be grown in (Tick the incorrect option) A. Soil with essential nutrients.

B. Water with essential nutrients.

M

C. Either water or soil with essential nutrients.

KÈ

D. Water or soil without essential nutrients Question 12: CAM helps the plants in B. Disease resistance.

C. Reproduction.

D. Conserving water

Y

A. Secondary growth.

DẠ

Question 13: A process that makes more important difference between C3 and C4 plants is A. Transpiration. B. Glycolysis. C. Photosynthesis. D. Photorespiration Question 14:

In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions take place at

B. Photosystem II.

C. Stromal matrix.

D. Thylakoid lumen

FI CI A

A. Photosystem I.

L

85

Question 15: A plant in your garden avoids photorespiratory losses, has

improved water use efficiency shows high rates of photosynthesis at high

temperatures and has improved efficiency of nitrogen utilization. In which of the following physiological groups would you assign this plant?

B. C4.

C. CAM.

D. Nitrogen

OF

A. C3.

Question 16: During light reaction in photosynthesis, which of the following are formed?

B. Hydrogen, O2 and sugar.

C. ATP, hydrogen donor and O2.

ƠN

A. ATP and sugar.

D. ATP, hydrogen and O2 donor

Question 17: Dark reaction in photosynthesis is so called because B. It does not depend on light energy.

NH

A. It can occur in dark also.

C. It cannot occur during day light. D. It occurs more rapidly at night.

Question 18: PEP is a primary CO2 acceptor in

QU Y

A. C4 plants. B. C3 plants. C. C2 plants. D. Both C3 and C4 plants Question 19: The enzyme that is not found in a C3 plant is A. RuBP carboxylase.

B. PEP carboxylase.

C. NADP reductase.

D. ATP synthase

KÈ

energy?

M

Question 20: Which pigment acts directly to convert light energy into chemical

A. Chlorophyll a.

B. Chlorophyll b.

C. Xanthophyll.

D. Carotenoid

Y

Question 21: In which one of the following processes CO2 is not released?

DẠ

A. Aerobic respiration in plants. B. Aerobic respiration in animals.

C. Alcoholic fermentation.

D. Lactate fermentation

Question 22: Mitochondria are called powerhouses of the cell. Which of the following observations supports this statement?

86

A. Mitochondria synthesise ATP.

FI CI A

L

B. Mitochondria have a double membrane.

C. The enzymes of the Krebs cycle and the cytochromes are found in mitochondria.

D. Mitochondria are found in almost all plants and animal cells.

Question 23: The end product of oxidative phosphorylation is B. Oxygen. C. ADP.

D. ATP + H2O

OF

A. NADH.

Question 24: Which of the following statements does not apply to reverse osmosis?

ƠN

A. It is used for water purification.

B. In this technique, the pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied to the

C. It is a passive process.

D. It is an active process.

NH

system.

Question 25: Which of the following is an example of imbibition?

B. Exchange of gases in stomata.

C. Swelling of seed when put in soil.

D. Opening of stomata.

QU Y

A. Uptake of water by root hair.

Question 26: Choose the correct option: mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of fungus with root system which helps in B. Mineral nutrition.

C. Translocation.

D. Gaseous exchange

KÈ

M

A. Absorption of water.

Question 27: Which one of the following elements in plants is not remobilized?

A. Calcium. B. Potassium. C. Sulphur.

D. Phosphorus

Y

Question 28: Deficiency symptoms of an element tend to appear first in young

DẠ

leaves. It indicates that the element is relatively immobile. Which one of the following elemental deficiency would show such symptoms?

A. Sulphur.

B. Magnesium. C. Nitrogen.

D. Potassium

87

II. Part 2- Problem solving (3.0 points)

FI CI A

L

Question: How do uptake of mineral elements?

ANSWER I. Mỗi ý đúng 0,25 điểm

1. (d), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (b), 5. (a), 6. (a), 7. (b), 8. (b), 9. (b), 10. (b), 11.(d), 12. (d),

OF

13. (d), 14. (c), 15. (b), 16. (a), 17. (c), 18. (a), 19. (a), 20. (b), 21. (d),22. (a), 23. (d), 24. (c), 25. (c), 26. (c), 27. (a), 28.(c) II. Mỗi ý đúng 1,5 điểm

ƠN

The uptake of mineral ions by the roots may be passive or active. (a) Passive Absorption : It is the initial and rapid phase wherein ions are absorbedinto the ―outer space‖ of the cells, through the apoplast pathway. It does

NH

not require use of any metabolic energy.

(b) Active Absorption : It is the second phase of ion uptake. The ions are takenin

metabolic energy.

QU Y

slowly into the ‗inner space‘ the symplast of cells . It needs the expenditure of

2.5.3. Đề số 3 và đáp án

KÈ

M

A Hai Hau high school

TEST BIOLOGY 3 Grade 11 - Time allowed: 45 minutes

I. Part 1- Multiple choice questions (7.0 points) Choose the best answer Question 1. Energy released during fermentation is B. Low

C. High

D. Very low

Y

A. Very high

DẠ

Question 2. The part of Root involved in water absorption is A. Zone of root

B. Zone of

C. Zone of cell

D. Zone of root

hairs

elongation

division

cap

Question 3. In which organelle (part of the cell) does photosynthesis take place?

88

A. cell membrane

B. nucleus

C. chloroplast

D. mitochondria

FI CI A

L

Question 4. The mitochondria plays a dominant role in A. Reproduction

B. Synthesis of Carbohydrates

C. Aerobic Respiration

D. Digestion of proteins

Question 5. The production of alcohol by yeast is called __________.

B. fermentation

C. respiration

Question 6. The products of photosynthesis are

D. none of the above

OF

A. brewing

B. sugar and oxygen.

C. sugar and water.

D. water and carbon dioxide.

ƠN

A. oxygen and water.

Question 7. In plants, the gaseous exchange take place in a) Stomata b) Roots c) Stems d) Lenticles B. a) and d)

C. b) and d)

NH

A. b) and c)

D. a) and b)

Question 8. Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A. thylakoid

B. stroma

C. lumen

D. mitochondria

QU Y

Question 9. What is the source of energy for photosynthesis?

A. carbohydrates-chemical

B. sunlight-solar

C. heat-thermal

D. television-electrical

Question 10. Which of the following statements about xylem is incorrect?

M

A. It conducts material from root tips to leaves.

KÈ

B. It typically has a lower water potential than is found in soil.

C. It transports mainly sugars and amino acids.

D. The conducting cells are part of the apoplast.

Y

Question 11. Light energy captured by photosynthesis is used in a plant for the

DẠ

synthesis of A. Carbohydrates, Fatty acids and Proteins

B. Carbohydrates

89

D. Fatty Acids and Proteins

FI CI A

Question 12. Oxygen made during photosynthesis results from the

L

C. None of the above

A. mitochondrial membranes.

B. splitting of carbon dioxide molecules.

C. absorption of light.

D. splitting of water molecules.

Question 13. Why do plants appear green?

A. They reflect green light.

OF

B. They absorb electrons by green pigments when exposed to sunlight.

C. They excite electrons which emit green light in the visible spectrum.

D. They absorb green light.

ƠN

Question 14. Which of the following best describes the general role of micronutrients in plants?

A. They are cofactors in enzymatic reactions.

NH

B. They are components of nucleic acids.

C. They are necessary for the formation of cell walls.

D. They prevent chlorosis.

QU Y

Question 15. The first step in photosynthesis is the A. absorption of light energy.

B. synthesis of water.

C. production of oxygen.

D. formation of ATP.

Question 16. Plants need carbon dioxide from their environment to produce

M

glucose during which stage of photosynthesis?

KÈ

A. ATP formation

B. The electron transport chain C. The light-independent stage (The Calvin Cycle)

Y

D. The light-dependent stage

DẠ

Question 17. Nutrients that are required by plants in smaller quantities are considered as A. mega nutrients

B. macronutrients

C. chemical

D. micronutrients

90

nutrients

FI CI A

A. cytoplasm

L

Question 18. Kreb's cycle operates in ________.

B. mitochondrial

C. mitochondrial

matrix

cristae

D. outside the cell

Question 19. What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree?

B. the force of root pressure

C. active transport of ions into the stele

D. atmospheric pressure on roots

OF

A. evaporation of water through stoma

Question 20. The most common substrate of respiration is _________.

B. amino acids

C. sucrose

ƠN

A. fats

D. glucose

Question 21. Which of the following elements, if increased in concentration,

A. calcium

B. zinc

C. chlorine

NH

would increase the stability of cell walls?

D. manganese

Question 22. Where does most of a plant's biomass come from?

B. from water

QU Y

A. from the soil

C. from nutrients in the soil

D. from carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil Question 23. As light intensity increases, the transpiration rate ________. The

M

stomata _____ to allow more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis.

KÈ

A. Increases, open

B. Increases, close

C. Decreases, open

D. Decreases, close

Question 24. The diagram below represents some events that take place in plant

Y

cells.

DẠ

In which organelle would the above events most likely occur?

A. lysosome

B. mitochondrion

C. ribosome

D. chloroplast

Question 25. During anaerobic respiration less energy is produced than aerobic respiration because

A. Incomplete oxidation of glucose

C. It takes place is micrograms

FI CI A

B. Glucose is not available

takes place

L

91

D. It takes place in inert medium

Question 26. Photosynthesis takes place in two separate but dependant series of

steps, the light reactions and the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle; this second cycle (also known as the dark reaction / light independent stage / or the Calvin-

OF

(Benson-Bassham)* cycle) of photosynthesis occurs A. Only in the dark in intact plants B. In the light and dark in intact plants

ƠN

C. Only in the light in intact plants, although will work in the dark in a test-tube D. None of the above

Question 27. The number of ATP molecules produced during aerobic and

NH

anaerobic respiration are _____ and ________ respectively.

A. 2 and 38

B. 38 and 0

C. 38 and 2

D. 0 and 2

Question 28. Which of the following diagrams represents the correct cycling of

C.

Y

KÈ

M

A.

QU Y

gases?

DẠ

B.

D.

II. Part 2- Problem solving (3.0 points) ---Question 1. (1,5point). Fill in the blanks: (1) Transportation in plants is carried out by a _______ system.

92

(2) The upward movement of sap that contains water and minerals is called ______

(3) Transpiration is more when the wind is blowing _____.

FI CI A

L

of the sap.

(4) Most water gets evaporated from the plant from its ______.

(5) Transpiration is reduced if the air is ______.

(6) The leaves have more ______ on their lower surface.

OF

Question 2. (1,5point). The diagram provided shows an experiment set up to

investigate respiration in plants. A plant and a vial of limewater are placed inside a large, upturned jar. In the presence of carbon dioxide, limewater turns from clear to

QU Y

NH

ƠN

cloudy. The lamp is turned on, and the plant is left for 24 hours.

1. What would you expect to happen to the limewater?

KÈ

M

2. Why would you expect to see this result?

Anwser

DẠ

Y

Phần đáp án câu trắc nghiệm: mỗi câu trắc nghiệm đúng cho 0.25 điểm Câu

Đáp án

Câu

Đáp án

1

D

15

A

2

A

16

C

17

D

4

C

18

B

5

B

19

6

B

20

7

D

21

8

B

22

9

B

23

10

C

24

B

11

A

25

A

12

D

26

C

13

A

27

C

14

A

28

D

ƠN NH

Phần tự luận

Câu 1 (1,5 điểm, mỗi ý đúng cho 0,25 điểm)

- 2. ascent - 3. fast - 4. leaves

QU Y

- 1. conducting

M

- 5. humid

KÈ

- 6. stomata

Câu 2 (1,5 điểm, mỗi ý đúng cho 0,75 điểm) - 1. It would remain clear.

Y

- 2. The plant would be respiring and releasing CO2,but also

DẠ

photosynthesising and absorbing it.

A D A D A

L

C

OF

3

FI CI A

93

94

FI CI A

L

2.5.4. Đề số 4 và đáp án

A Hai Hau high school

TEST BIOLOGY 4

Grade 11 - Time allowed: 45 minutes

I. Part 1- Multiple choice questions (7.0 points) Choose the best answer

OF

Question 1. The energy rich compound generated as final product during respiration is ________.

B. ATP

C. FADH

D. ADP

ƠN

A. NADH

Question 2. The products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are B. sugar and oxygen.

C. ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

D. ATP and sugar.

NH

A. sugar and water.

Question 3. When electrons are passed through an electron transport chain, released energy

QU Y

A. is transformed into a hydrogen ion gradient to drive ATP synthes B. fuses carbon dioxide molecules into a sugar.

C. is lost as heat.

D. splits water into hydrogen and oxygen.

M

Question 4. Which of the following essential nutrients plays an essential role in

KÈ

the opening and closing of the stomatal aperture?

A. Mg

B. Bo

C. Fe

D. K

Question 5. Anaerobic respiration takes place _________.

Y

A. in the

DẠ

cytoplasm

B. in the mitochondria

C. outside the cell

D. both a and b

Question 6. Conversion of pyruvic acid into either ethyl alcohol or lactic acid is called

95

B. Oxidative phosphorylation

C. Transpiration

D. Fermentation

FI CI A

L

A. Aerobic respiration

Question 7. Which statement regarding cellular respiration is correct?

A. Cellular respiration in plants occurs only during the day.

B. All living organisms carry out some form of cellular respiration.

C. Fungi and bacteria carry out aerobic cellular respiration only.

OF

D. Only plants and animals use glucose and oxygen for cellular respiration.

Question 8. Which substance from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the light-independent reactions?

B. NADPH

C. H2O

ƠN

A. ADP

D. pyruvic acid

Question 9. What molecule absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis?

A. chloroplast

B. thylakoid

C. grana

D. chlorophyll

NH

Question 10. Thinking about photosynthesis and respiration in plants, which statement is correct

A. Respiration for maintenance and growth only occurs in the dark

QU Y

B. Photosynthesis and respiration both occur in plants C. Photosynthesis is the opposite of respiration D. Only photosynthesis occurs in plants

M

Question 11. What drives the flow of water through the xylem?

KÈ

A. passive transport by the endodermis

B. active transport by sieve-tube elements

C. the evaporation of water from the

D. the number of companion cells in the

leaves

phloem

Y

Question 12. Where do the light-dependent reactions occur?

DẠ

A. thylakoid membrane

B. stroma

C. mesophyll

D. mitochondria

Question 13. Which part of plant gets CO2 from air during photosynthesis?

96

A. sepal

B. leaf vein

C. root hair

D. stomata

FI CI A

L

Question 14. Where does the water evaporate in the leaf A. At the waxy cuticle

B. In the sunlight

C. At the stomata

D. At the surfaces of the mesophyll cells

Question 15. In a typical plant, which factor is NOT necessary for photosynthesis?

A. chlorophyll

B. light

C. oxygen

OF

Question 16. What is photosynthesis?

D. carbon dioxide

A. Where green plants create energy to allow them to live using carbon dioxide and water

ƠN

B. Where green plants create energy to allow them to live using oxygen and water.

C. Where green plants use up energy, producing carbon dioxide and water.

D. Where green plants use up energy, producing oxygen and water.

NH

Question 17. Nutrients that are required by plants in large quantities are considered as

B. mega nutrients

QU Y

A. micronutrients

C. macronutrients

D. chemical nutrients

Question 18. The product of glycolysis is ___________.

A. carbon dioxide and water

B. pyruvic acid

C. acetyl CoA

D. none of the above

M

Question 19. Biological Oxidation in which energy is extracted from organic

KÈ

compounds is

A. Transpiration

B. Respiration

C. Growth

D. Guttation

Question 20. What gas is released by plants during photosynthesis?

B. carbon dioxide

C. hydrogen

D. oxygen

Y

A. sulfur

DẠ

Question 21. Glycolysis takes place in __________.

A. cytoplasm

B. mitochondrial

C. mitochondrial

matrix

cristae

Question 22. What is a major function of magnesium in plants?

D. outside the cell

97

A. to be a component of chlorophyll

D. to be active in amino acid formation

FI CI A

C. to be a component of DNA and RNA

L

B. to be a component of lignin-biosynthetic enzymes

Question 23. As temperature increases, transpiration speed ________.

Evaporation and diffusion are _______ at higher temperatures.

B. Increases,

C. Decreases,

slower

faster

OF

A. Increases, faster

D. Decreases, slower

Question 24. The pathway in which water moves through cell wall without

ƠN

crossing any membrane A. Vaculoar pathway

B. Symplast pathway

C. Trans membrane pathway

D. Apoplast pathway

NH

Question 25. Energy releasing enzymatically controlled catabolic process which involves step-wise oxidative breakdown of organic substance inside living cells is

A. Anaerobic respiration

B. Cellular

C.

respiration

Decarboxylation

QU Y

called

D. Fermentation

Y

KÈ

M

Question 26. Use the following diagram to answer questions

DẠ

The gas released in this investigation is A. carbon dioxide.

B. hydrogen.

C. nitrogen.

D. oxygen.

98

Question 27. In eukaryotic organisms aerobic respiration takes place in presence

A. Ethanol

B. Carbon dioxide

C. Oxygen

FI CI A

L

of

D. Lactic acid

Question 28. The gas evolved in bubbling pond weed in the light is...

A. pure carbon dioxide

B. pure oxygen

C. air enriched with O2 plus CO2 and

D. none of the above

OF

N2 II. Part 2- Problem solving (3.0 points)

Question 1. (2,0 point). The set up shown alongside was kept in sunlight for an

ƠN

hour. It was observed that drops of water appeared on the inside of the polythene

M

QU Y

NH

bag.

KÈ

(a) Name process which is being demonstrated. (b) Why was the pot and its soil left uncovered by the polythene bag? (c) Why was the pot left in the sunlight?

Y

(d) Suppose the pot in this experiment was placed inside a dark room instead of

DẠ

placing it in sunlight for some time. What difference will be noticed?

Question 2. (1,0 point). State whether the following statements are true or false.

Rewrite the false statements correctly.

99

(a) Water absorption mainly occurs through the root-hair.

(c) Water enters the root-hair by osmosis.

------------------------------------------------------ THE END ----------

OF

Answer

FI CI A

L

(b) During transpiration, the leaves lose more water from their upper surface.

Phần đáp án câu trắc nghiệm: mỗi câu trắc nghiệm đúng cho 0.25 điểm Đáp án

Câu

Đáp án

1

B

15

C

2

C

16

A

3

A

17

C

4

D

18

B

5

A

19

B

6

D

20

D

7

B

21

A

B

22

A

D

23

A

B

24

D

C

25

B

A

26

D

13

D

27

C

14

C

28

C

9

Y

KÈ

M

10

12

NH

QU Y

8

11

ƠN

Câu

DẠ

Phần tự luận Câu 1 (2,0 điểm, mỗi ý đúng cho 0,5 điểm) (a) The process that is being demonstrated is transpiration.

100

(b) The part with its soil was left uncovered with a polyethene bag so that the roots

FI CI A

L

can absorb water from the soil.

(c) The pot was left uncovered in sunlight because transpiration occurs faster in sunlight.

(d) If the pot was left in the dark the process of transpiration would not have occured. (a) True (0.25 điểm) (b) False. (0.25 điểm)

OF

Câu 2 (1,0 điểm)

- During transpiration, the leaves lose more water from their lower surface. (0.25 (c) True (0.25 điểm) 1. Hiệu quả kinh tế

NH

III. Hiệu quả do sáng kiến đem lại

ƠN

điểm )

Đây là sáng kiến về mặt khoa học giáo dục, được áp dụng trong quá trình giảng dạy ở nhà trường dựa trên các thiết bị dạy học sẵn có như sách giáo khoa,

về mặt kinh tế.

QU Y

máy tính, máy chiếu, phòng học thông thường, …, dễ áp dụng, không gây tốn kém

2. Hiệu quả về mặt xã hội 2.1. Kết quả thực nghiệm

M

Từ năm học 2015 - 2016 đến nay chúng tôi đã tiến hành dạy tích hợp tiếng anh chuyên ngành trong các giờ sinh học đồng thời bồi dưỡng học sinh tham gia

KÈ

hội thi Toán và các môn khoa học tự nhiên bằng tiếng anh do sở giáo dục và đào tạo Nam Định tổ chức. Mức độ sử dụng ngôn ngữ trong các giờ dạy thực nghiệm

Y

được vận dụng một cách linh hoạt phù hợp với từng đối tượng học sinh. Sau khi

DẠ

tiến hành thực nghiệm, chúng tôi đánh giá kết quả học tập bộ môn và đánh giá năng lực sử dụng tiếng anh chuyên ngành của học sinh đã thu được kết quả như sau: a) Đánh giá qua quan sát, phản hồi thái độ

101

Học sinh chủ động trong hoạt động học tập, tích cực tương tác, phản hồi, tự

L

tin trong giao tiếp hợp tác. Khi được phỏng vấn các em đều bày tỏ sự thích thú với

FI CI A

việc học môn sinh bằng tiếng anh vì tạo sự thoải mái, dễ hiểu, dễ nhớ bài đặc biệt vừa có thể nâng cao năng lực tri thức sinh học vừa có thể nâng cao năng lực tiếng anh của bản thân, vừa hình thành ở học sinh khả năng tự giác, tự khám phá tri thức, củng cố và hoàn thiện những kĩ năng , năng lực của người học đáp ứng yêu

OF

cầu của học tập, công việc sau khi tốt nghiệp THPT.

b) Đánh giá qua kết quả hội thi Toán và các môn khoa học tự nhiên bằng tiếng anh do sở giáo dục và đào tạo Nam Định tổ chức

ƠN

Thực hiện các công văn về việc tổ chức Hội thi giải Toán và các môn KHTN bằng tiếng Anh các năm học 2015-2016; 2017-2018; 2018 - 2019 ; 2020 - 2021 của Sở GDĐT Nam Định, ban giám hiệu nhà trường đã chỉ đạo triển khai việc dạy, học

NH

các môn khoa học tự nhiên bằng tiếng anh. Nội dung triển khai được giáo viên và học sinh hào hứng đón nhận góp phần thúc đẩy phong trào dạy và học Toán và các môn khoa học tự nhiên bằng tiếng Anh ở trường THPT A Hải Hậu. Nhiều học sinh

QU Y

đã tự nguyện đăng ký tham gia hội thi . Với việc lựa chọn nội dung, phương pháp, cách tiếp cận hợp lí chúng tôi đã cùng với các em học sinh đều đạt giải cao cá nhân.

- Trong năm học 2015-2016, đề thi là sự tổ hợp của nhiều môn: Toán; Vật

M

lí; Hóa học. Từ năm 2017-2018, ban tổ chức đã tách riêng từng môn nên kết quả của bộ môn được thể hiện rõ nét hơn.

KÈ

- Năm học 2017 - 2018 Môn sinh học đạt 2 giải nhất, 2 giải nhì, 1 giải ba cá

nhân.

Y

- Năm học 2018 - 2019 Môn sinh đạt 2 giải nhì, 1 giải ba cá nhân

DẠ

- Năm học 2020 - 2021 Môn sinh đạt 1 giải nhì, 1 giải ba, 2 giải khuyến

khích.

2.2. Hiệu quả xã hội Đối với giáo viên, sau khi đưa sáng kiến vào thảo luận ở tổ chuyên môn

102

các thầy cô giáo có thêm kinh nghiệm để giảng dạy và nâng cao chất lượng giờ

L

học môn sinh bằng tiếng anh. Với SKKN trên, mỗi giáo viên có thể dùng làm cơ

FI CI A

sở để xây dựng nên hệ thống bài giảng, bài tập cho riêng mình sao cho phù hợp

với trình độ của học sinh, qua đó học sinh vừa tiếp thu kiến thức một cách chủ động, và có thể tự khai thác thêm trên internet.

Đối với học sinh, SKKN trên sẽ đưa học sinh đến một không gian khác, học

OF

sinh có thêm môi trường để tiếp tục rèn luyện các kỹ năng, có thêm trải nghiệm mới trong việc sử dụng tiếng Anh, giúp học sinh có động lực và cơ hội nâng cao năng lực tiếng Anh của mình cũng như giúp học sinh phát triển đồng thời năng lực

ƠN

ngoại ngữ và năng lực sinh học, mở ra khả năng tiếp cận với nguồn học liệu khổng lồ bằng ngôn ngữ thông dụng nhất, mang lại sự tự tin cho người học trong quá trình tiếp cận với hội nhập quốc tế.

NH

Đề tài được thực hiện thành công không chỉ góp phần nâng cao chất lượng dạy và học môn sinh bằng tiếng anh, chất lượng bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sinh bằng tiếng Anh cấp THPT mà còn tác động tích cực đến sự phát triển năng lực sinh

QU Y

học, năng lực ngoại ngữ cho học sinh.

2.3. Khả năng áp dụng và nhân rộng Sáng kiến có tính khả thi cao, có thể áp dụng đối với mọi đối tượng học sinh lớp 11 trong toàn tỉnh nhằm nâng cao vốn từ vựng, khơi dậy niềm yêu thích say mê

M

của các em với ngoại ngữ, tạo tiền đề cho khả năng hội nhập quốc tế trong tương lai.

KÈ

Sáng kiến đã được áp dụng và cấp giấy xác nhận tại trường THPT A Hải

Hậu, trường THPT Vũ Văn Hiếu huyện Hải Hậu tỉnh Nam Định mang lại hiệu quả

Y

cao trong công tác giảng dạy môn Sinh bằng tiếng Anh.

DẠ

IV. Cam kết không sao chép hoặc vi phạm bản quyền Chúng tôi xin cam đoan đây là sáng kiến kinh nghiệm của chúng tôi làm và

viết, không sao chép nội dung của người khác hoặc vi phạm bản quyền.

Hải Hậu, tháng 09 năm 2021

FI CI A

L

TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO

1. D G Mackean and Dave Hayward (2014), Biology, Cambridge International Examinations.

2. Rajiv vijay (2019), Objective biology for NEET, Pearson India Education

DẠ

Y

KÈ

M

QU Y

NH

ƠN

OF

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