CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM
UBND TỈNH BÀ RỊA-VŨNG TÀU HỘI ĐỒNG THI TUYỂN CÔNG CHỨC HÀNH CHÍNH TỈNH NĂM 2016
Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
TÀI LIỆU ÔN TẬP THI TUYỂN CCHC NĂM 2016 MÔN: TIẾNG ANH TRÌNH ĐỘ A, B Cơ quan biên soạn: Đại học Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu MỤC LỤC
oo
gl
e.
co
m /+
D
ạy
Kè
m
Q uy
N
hơ
n
I. Sentence Structure:........................................................................................................... 3 II. Tense Review ................................................................................................................. 3 2.1. Simple Present: ......................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Present Continuous: .................................................................................................. 9 2.3. Present Perfect: ........................................................................................................10 2.4. Present Perfect Continuous: .....................................................................................11 2.5. Simple Past: .............................................................................................................12 2.6. Past Continuous: ......................................................................................................13 2.7. Past Perfect: .............................................................................................................14 2.8. Past Perfect Continuous: ..........................................................................................14 2.9. Simple Future: .........................................................................................................15 2.10. Future Continuous: ................................................................................................17 2.11. Future Perfect: .......................................................................................................18 2.12. Future Perfect Continuous:.....................................................................................18 2.13. General Exercise: ...................................................................................................19 III. Comparatives – Superlative ..........................................................................................21 3.1. Comparatives – Superlative of Adjective .................................................................21 3.2. Comparison of Equals ..............................................................................................24 3.3. Double Comparision ................................................................................................24 3.4. Comparatives – Superlative of Adverb .....................................................................26 3.4.1. Introduction....................................................................................................26 3.4.2. Comparatives – Superlative of Adverb Patterns .................................................27 IV. Direct Speech and Reported Speech .............................................................................28 4.1. Direct Speech: .........................................................................................................28 4.2. Reported Speech: .....................................................................................................28 V. Verbs as Complement – Gerund or Infinitive ................................................................30 VI. Gerund after Prepossitions: ...........................................................................................31 VII. Pronouns before Gerunds and Infinitives .....................................................................32 VIII. Verb: need .................................................................................................................33 IX. Should have done / Must have done ..............................................................................33 X. So ...That…, Such...That… ............................................................................................34 10.1. so ...that ................................................................................................................34 10.2. such...that...............................................................................................................34 XI. Too / So / Either / Neither.............................................................................................36 11.1. Too / So .................................................................................................................36 11.2. Either / Neither ......................................................................................................36 XII. Verb: Wish 38 12.1. Present “Wish”: .....................................................................................................39 12.2. Past “Wish”: ..........................................................................................................39 12.3. Future “Wish”: .......................................................................................................39 XIII. Some Special Verbs 40
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13.1. Make......................................................................................................................40 13.2. Get .........................................................................................................................41 13.3. Have ......................................................................................................................41 13.4. Let .........................................................................................................................41 13.5. Help .......................................................................................................................42 XIV. Conditional Sentences 42 14.1. The real condition (future possible) ........................................................................42 14.2. Present Unreal........................................................................................................42 14.3. Past Unreal ............................................................................................................43 XV. Either….Or / Neither…Nor, Not Only…But Also…, Both…And…, …As Well As…44 15.1. Either….Or / Neither…Nor....................................................................................44 15.2. Not Only…But Also…, Both…And…,…As Well As… ........................................44 XVI. Because / Because of ................................................................................................46 XVII. Although / Even Though / Though, Despite / In Spite of...........................................47 XVIII. Subjunctive Verbs ...................................................................................................47 XIX. Passive Voice ...........................................................................................................48 19.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................48 19.2. Pasive structure ......................................................................................................49 19.3. Special Pasive Structures .......................................................................................50 XX. Relative Clause ...........................................................................................................51 XXI. Inversion Instruction ..................................................................................................54 Practice Test 1 ....................................................................................................................57 Practice Test 2 ....................................................................................................................61
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I. Sentence Structure:
S
a.
+
V
Ex: The boy is sleeping. S
V
They have arrived. S
V
b.
+
V
+
C
hơ
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S
Q uy
N
Có những động từ đứng một mình không có nghĩa và cần phải có những từ đi theo sau để làm rõ nghĩa cho động từ đó. Những từ đi theo đó gọi là bổ từ (Complement). Các complements có thể là noun hoặc adjective. Ex: She is a student. S
V
C (noun)
S
+
V
+
O
D
c.
C (adj)
Kè
V
ạy
S
m
They looked very happy.
S
V
m /+
Ex: We saw them in the street yesterday. O
adv
adv
co
(“them” là Object của “saw”) He teaches us English. V
O1 O2
e.
S
gl
(“us” là Object của “teaches”)
oo
He sold his house. S V
O
The doctor cured the patient.
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S
V
O
- Nhựng động từ “saw”, “teaches”, “sold”, “cured” là những transitive verbs. - Transitive verbs là những động từ diễn tả một hành động chuyển từ chuyển từ chủ từ sang một người hay một vật khác thụ nhận hành động từ đó. Người hay vật thụ nhận hành động đó gọi là Object. - Intransitive verb là những động từ không cần Object. Ví dụ: come, fall, cry,…
II. Tense Review 2.1. Simple Present:
S + VPresent + C Nơi bồi dưỡng kiến thức Toán - Lý - Hóa cho học sinh cấp 2+3 / Diễn Đàn Toán - Lý - Hóa ÔN THI CCQG B Page 3 1000B Trần Hưng Đạo Tp.Quy Nhơn Tỉnh Bình Định
Usage: Thì Simple Present được dùng để diễn tả: * Một thưc tế hay một sự việc hiện tồn tại ở hiện tại. Ex: My brother lives in The U.S. He speaks English quite well. I like pop music. Her husband works for Citybank. * Một hành động xảy ra thường xuyên hoặc lập đi lập lại. Ex: She usually watches TV after dinner. They go dancing once a week. * Một sự thật hiển nhiên.
hơ
n
Ex: The Amazon River flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The Earth goes around the Sun.
N
Positive form (dạng khẳng định):
Q uy
S + VPresent + C Ex: “To live”:
m
I live in Ba Ria. My uncle and his wife live in Vung Tau
ạy
Notice:
Kè
We live in Ba Ria.
John lives in New York.
m /+
Ex: My aunt lives in HCM city.
D
* Khi Subject là third singular person (ngôi thứ ba số ít) phải thêm “s” vào sau động từ.
co
* Nếu Subject là third singular person được theo sau bởi những động từ tận cùng bằng sh, ch, s, x, z, o thì phải thêm “es” vào sau động từ. “To watch”:
e.
Ex:
gl
I watch TV every evening.
oo
The children often watches cartoon movie after dinner. My son watches TV every evening.
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Mr. John usually watches TV after dinner.
“To go”:
They go to work by bus every day. He goes to school on foot. * Nếu Subject là third singular person được theo sau bởi tận cùng bằng “a consonant + y” thì phải chuyển “y” thành “i +es” Ex: “To study”: We study English 3 times a week.
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John studies maths and physics at university. But: “To play”: They often play tennis at the weekend. She plays the piano very well. Negative form (dạng phủ định): S + don’t + Vinfinitive + C
N
Ex:
hơ
S + doesn’t + Vinfinitive + C
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Nếu Subject là third singular person thì trợ động từ sẽ là “does”.
Q uy
“To live”: I don’t live in Ba Ria. I live in Vung Tau
m
My aunt doesn’t live in HCM city. She lives in Ba Ria. “To teach”:
ạy
I don’t teach French. I teach English.
Kè
Ex:
He doesn’t teach maths. He teaches chemistry.
Do + S + Vinfinitive + C …?
m /+
* Yes – No question:
D
Question form:
co
Does + S + Vinfinitive + C …??
e.
Ex: “To like”
Do you like music? – Yes, I do. I like it very much. I listen to music every day.
gl
Do they like swimming? – No, they don’t. They can’t swim.
oo
Does your girlfriend like flowers? – Yes, she does. Does she like smoking? – No, she doesn’t. She doesn’t like it at all.
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“To live”
Do they live in Ba Ria? - No, they don’t. They live in HCM city. Does Helen live with her family? – Yes, she does. “To teach” Does your brother teach in his center? – No, he doesn’t. He studies English in this center. Do you teach English? – Yes, he does. Do you work in office or in workshop? – I work in workshop. * WH- Question
Wh-+ do/does + S + Vinfinitive+……? Nơi bồi dưỡng kiến thức Toán - Lý - Hóa cho học sinh cấp 2+3 / Diễn Đàn Toán - Lý - Hóa ÔN THI CCQG B Page 5 1000B Trần Hưng Đạo Tp.Quy Nhơn Tỉnh Bình Định
Example: Where do you work?
- They live in London.
Where do they live?
- We often go to a pub after work.
Where do you often go after work?
- They usually watch TV after dinner.
What do they usually do after dinner?
- I am a teacher.
What is your job?/ What do you do?
- I come from Vietnam.
Where do you come from?
- I am from Vietnam.
Where are you from?
- These pens are 50p each.
How much are these pens?
- These pens cost 50p each.
How much do these pens cost?
hơ
n
- I want to work in a bank.
- We learn ten new words every day.
N
How many new words do you learn every day?
How do you go to school/work?
- We visit our parents once a week.
How often do you visit your parents?
Q uy
- I go to school / work by bus.
m
- They sometimes play tennis. / They play tennis twice a week. How often do you go to your English class?
Kè
- I study English because I like American culture. Why do you study English? - I often play with my son in my free time.
ạy
Who do you often play with in your free time?
D
- They often take their English lessons at night.
m /+
When do they often take their English lessons? EXERCISE
co
Use the correct form of verbs in Present Simple 1. We (read)___________ the newspaper in the class everyday.
e.
2. He often (go)___________ to work by bus.
gl
3. I always (walk)___________ to school.
oo
4. The child (play)___________ in the park every afternoon. 5. We usually (eat)___________ lunch in the cafeteria.
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6. Helen (work)___________ very hard. 7. He generally (sit)___________ at this desk. 8. He always (prepare)___________ his homework carefully. 9. Some girls (use)___________ too much make up. 10. My sister (use)___________ too much make up, too.
Translate these sentences into English 1. Tại sao bạn muốn học Anh văn? - Bởi vì tôi muốn đọc sách báo tiếng Anh. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Tôi đi đến câu lạc bộ nói tiếng Anh mỗi tuần 1 lần.
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………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Cô ấy học tiếng Anh ở đâu? - Cô ấy học tiếng Anh tại nơi làm việc. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. Hôm nay bạn có đi làm không? - Ồ không. Hôm nay là ngày lễ mà. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. Ông Jackson dạy môn gì ở trường vậy? - Ông ấy dạy Toán. ………………………………………………………………………………….. Make WH- questions to these sentences: Example:
hơ
n
1. They work in a bank. Where do they work? 2. He lives in London.
5. I am a teacher.
m
6. We are from Viet Nam.
Q uy
4. My children usually watch TV after dinner.
N
3. We often go to a pub after work.
7. We come from Viet Nam.
Kè
8. These pens are 50p each.
ạy
9. These pens cost 50p each. aquariem
10. She learns 10 new words every day.
my
Possessive adjective my book(s), my sister...
your
He
his
She
her
her father, her house…
It
its
its eyes, its cage…
our
our mother, our class...
They their
their children, their car…
You
e.
your car, your parents, your teacher…
gl
We
co
You
oo
I
m /+
Subjective Pronoun
D
Possessive Adjective
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his girlfriend, his office…
your
Example: - My sister is a famous singer. - My books are very expensive. - Your car is quite small. - His girlfriend is a shop assistant. - His friends are very rich. - Her father is an architect. - Her house is near the center of the city.
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- This is my dog. Its eyes are very bright. - The bird is in its cage. - Our mother is a great house-wife. - Our class is in room 4. - Mr. and Mrs. Blake are our neighbors. Their children are my friends. EXERCISE Use possessive adjective to fill in the blanks 1. The boy usually helps ______ sister. 2. Virginia has a present for ______ sister.
hơ
n
3. We like to visit ______ friends. 5. On what days do you have ______ English class? 7. Mrs. Miller loves ______ children very much.
Q uy
6. Charles and ______ brother are studying Spanish.
N
4. We are waiting for ______ class to begin.
m
8. Virginia says that ______ American friends use short greetings.
9. The American man does not use ______ mother's surname after his father's.
Kè
10. The children do not use ______ mother's surname.
ạy
Possessive Case
Example: John’s car, The Blakes’ house, the bird’s feather…
D
- Who is that girl over there? – She is Tom’s girlfriend.
m /+
- The Blakes’ house is near my house.
- I am married. My wife’s name is Helen.
co
- Helen’s father is our teacher.
e.
- He is my parents’ friend.
- Mr. and Mrs. Brown’s children are my friends.
gl
- The dog’s nose is very keen.
oo
EXERCISE
Use the Possessive case to rewrite these sentences
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This is the book of Nam. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. The tool of the mason is heavy. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. She prepared the outfit of her children. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. The coat of the boy was torn. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. The caps of the boys are on the shelves.
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………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. The desks of the pupils are always clean. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. He likes to read the poems of John Keats. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 8. The house of my mother-in-law is in the country. ………………………………………………………………………………….. The color of her skirt is pink. …………………………………………………………………………………..
n
He feeds the cat of his parents.
hơ
…………………………………………………………………………………..
m
Usage: Thì Present Continuous đươc dùng để diễn tả:
Q uy
S + am / is / are + Ving + C
N
2.2. Present Continuous:
Kè
* Một hành động đang diễn ra ngay lúc ta đang nói.
Ex: What are you doing at the moment? – We are learning English.
ạy
Where is your father? – He is working in the garden.
D
* Một hành động đang diễn ra xung quanh thời điểm hiện tại nhưng chỉ tạm thời.
m /+
Ex:
A: Have you found a new job yet?
co
B: No I haven’t. It’s too bad. At present, I’m working as a shop assistant in my uncle’s store. I hope I can find a new job soon. Toan is from VT. But he is living in HCM city at the moment to attend a training course.
gl
Ex:
e.
* Một hành động được sắp xếp hay lên kế hoạch cụ thể sẽ thực hiện trong tương lai.
oo
A: Are you doing anything this afternoon? B: Oh yes. I am meeting my parents at the station. They will arrive at 2 pm.
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Have you heard from Tom and Jane? They are getting married at the end of this year.
I’m having a meeting with the supplier at 2pm. EXERCISE Put the verbs into Present Continuous Tense: 1. John (not read) ________ a book now. 2. What you (do) ________ tonight? 3. Jack and Peter (work) ________ late today. 4. Silvia (not listen) ________ to music at the moment. 5. Maria (sit) ________ next to Paul right now.
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6. How many other students_____ you (study) ________ with today? 7. He always (make) ________ noisy at night. 8. Where your husband (be) ________? 9. She (wear) ________ earrings today. 10. The weather (get) ________ cold this season.
2.3. Present Perfect:
Usage: Thì Present perfect được dùng để diễn tả: * Một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và kéo dài đến hiện tại.
N
Ex: We have lived in this city for over 30 years.
hơ
n
S + have / has + Vpast participle + C
Q uy
They started to build this temple in 2005 and now the temple is still under construction. They have built this temple for 5 years.
m
My son has been sick since last Thursday.
Kè
* Một hành động đã xảy ra ở một thời điểm nào đó không xác định trong quá khứ, và người nói không quan tâm đến thời điểm xảy ra hành động mà chỉ quan tâm hoặc đề cập đến hay nhấn đến kết quả hay ảnh hưởng của nó ở hiện tại.
ạy
Ex: A: There is an interesting film at the movies. Would you like to go with us tonight?
D
B: Oh, I have seen that film already. Thank you anyway.
m /+
A: What are you doing out here? Why don’t you get into your house? B: Well, I’ve lost my key somewhere and I haven’t found it yet.
co
A: Oh hi, Peter. This is my boyfriend, David. Have you met each other before? B: Yes, we have.
e.
A: Oh, really? When was that?
gl
B: At Paul’s wedding last year, I think.
oo
A: Where is Jackson? I’d like to talk to him. B: He has gone to Washington.
Notice: Tim has been to India. ≠ Tim has gone to India.
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* Một hành động hoặc thông báo một điều gì đó vừa mới xảy ra (so với lúc nói) và thường đi vói trạng từ “just, recently, lately…” Ex: Have the guests arrived yet? – Yes, they’ve just arrived. Tom’s just quit his job at the chemical firm. A: Our boss has just left the office. B: When? A: He left here 5 minutes ago.
* Những trải nghiệm hay kinh nghiệm đã xảy ra trong đời từ trước đến nay.
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Ex: A: Have you ever eaten snake before? B: Yes. I ate it the first time when I went on a tour in Mekong Delta. I have been to Egypt twice. But I’ve never seen the Pyramids. This is the biggest crocodile that I’ve ever seen in my life. We have traveled by plane 3 times. (That is the third time we traveled by plane.) * Notice: Present perfect được dùng với các thành ngữ chỉ thời gian như: this morning, this evening, today, this week, this term… khi khoảng thời gian này vẫn chưa qua đi vào lúc ta nói. Have you seen John this morning? (Lúc này vẫn còn là buổi sáng.)
hơ
She hasn’t studied very much this term.
n
Ex: I have smoked 20 cigarettes today. (Thời điểm ngày hôm nay vẫn chưa trôi qua)
EXERCISE
1. The cat (steal) ___________ the fish.
m
2. I (ask) ___________ him to dinner several times.
Q uy
N
Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense, and complete the answers where necessary.
Kè
3. Would you like some coffee? I (just / make)___________some. 4. Someone (take) ___________ my bicycle. 6. He (just / go) ___________ out.
ạy
5. The phone (stop) ___________ ringing.
D
7. I (not finish) ___________ my letter yet.
m /+
8. There aren't any buses because the drivers (go) ___________ on strike 9. The phone (stop) ___________ ringing.
co
10. I (buy) ___________ a new carpet. Come and look at it!
e.
2.4. Present Perfect Continuous:
oo
gl
S + have / has been + Ving
Usage: Thì Present Perfect Continuous dùng để chỉ: * Một hành động diễn tiến liên tục trong khoảng thời gian từ quá khứ đến hiện tại mà ngay lúc này vẫn còn đang diễn ra hoặc vừa mới chấm dứt.
G
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Ex: He has been doing the homework for nearly an hour. They’ve been discussing about that since the early afternoon. It’s been raining all morning. We’ve been waiting for them for over2 hours. You are out of breath. Have you been running? Why is your clothes co dirty? What have you been doing? I’m exhausted. I’ve been working hard all day.
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* Notice: Ở Present perfect continuous ta chú ý nhiều đến hành động và thời gian diễn tiến của hành động đó, trong khi ở Present perfect ta chú ý đến sự hoàn thành của hành động hoặc kết quả hay tác động của hành động ấy. Ex: Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car. The car is now going again. Tom has repaired it. * Nhấn mạnh sự liên tục của hành động. Ex: I have worked for this company for 10 years. Or I have been working in this company for 10 years. A: how long have you been learning English?
n
B: I’ve been learning English for 3 years.
hơ
EXERCISE
Put the verbs into the correct tense (Present Perfect or Present Perfect Progressive).
N
A: (you / take) ____________ the dog for a walk yet?
A: How long (the dog / be) ____________ home alone?
Q uy
B: I (work) ____________ all day. I (come / just) ____________ home from work and I (have / not) ____________ the time yet to walk the dog.
Kè
m
B: For about 6 hours. You (walk / not) ____________ the dog for a long time. Don't you want to go?
ạy
A: Well, I (laze / not) ____________ about all day either, you know. I have a very important meeting tomorrow and I still (finish / not) ____________ my presentation. B: Okay, I will go then. Where (you / put) ____________ collar and leash?
2.5. Simple Past:
m /+
D
A: They are in the kitchen. By the way, (you / eat) ____________ anything yet? If not, could you get us something from the supermarket?
e.
co
S + Vpast + C
Usage: Thì Simple Past đươc dùng để diễn tả:
gl
* Một hành động hoặc một tình huống trong quá khứ.
oo
Ex: It rained all day yesterday but it is better today. When I lived in New York, I worked in bank.
G
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Mr. Edward died almost 10 years ago. Did you see Tim this morning? – No, I didn’t. Did she go to work today? – Yes, she did. But she came very late.
* Notice: Thì Simple Past chú ý đến thời điển của hành động trong khi thì Present Perfect chí chú ý đến kết quả hay tác động của hành động chú không quan tâm đến việc hành động ấy xảy ra khi nào. Ex: John went to Rome last night. But: He has gone to Rome. (He isn’t home so you can’t meet him.)
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EXERCISE Fill in the spaces with the correct words to complete the simple past sentences. 1. I _______ (play) video games last night. 2. Michael _______ (jump) on the sofa. 3. We _______ (go) to school yesterday. 4. Dana _______ (watch) a movie yesterday. 5. Last night, it _______ (rain) very hard. 6. He_______ (write) his name on the book.
hơ
8. The girls_______ (make) a sand castle at the beach last weekend.
n
7. The computer _______ (break) 2 weeks ago. 9. I _______ (open) the door 3 minutes ago.
2.6. Past Continuous:
m
S + was / were + Ving + C
Q uy
N
10. He _______ (forget) his jacket at his house.
Kè
Usage: Thì Past Continuous dùng để diễn tả:
* Một hành động đang diễn tiến tại một thời điểm trong quá khứ.
ạy
Ex: This time last year I was living in HCM city.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night? – I was watching the games on TV.
m /+
D
* Một hành động đang diễn tiến trong quá khứ thì một hành động khác xảy ra xen ngang. Ex: Last night I was sleeping soundly when I heard a strange noise in the kitchen.
co
He was waiting at the bus stop when he saw her pass by. When Bob came, everyone was eating.
e.
It suddenly rained while we were holding the camp-fire last night.
gl
When they left the office, it was raining.
oo
The children were discussing excitedly when the principal came in. When they arrived at the railway station, the train was leaving the platform.
G
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EXERCISE Put the verbs into the past continuous tense 1.
When I phoned my friends, they (play) __________ monopoly.
2.
Yesterday at six I (prepare) __________ dinner.
3.
The kids (play) __________ in the garden when it suddenly began to rain.
4.
I (practice) __________ the guitar when he came home.
5.
We (not / cycle) __________ all day.
6.
While Alan (work) __________ in his room, his friends (swim) __________ in the pool.
7.
I tried to tell them the truth but they (not / listen) __________.
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8.
Most of the time we (sit) __________ in the park.
9.
When I arrived, they (play) __________ cards.
10. We (study) __________ English yesterday at 4:00 pm.
2.7. Past Perfect:
S + had + Vpast participle + C Usage: Thì Past Perfect dùng để diễn tả:
hơ
n
* Một hành động qua 1khứ đã xảy ra hoặc hoàn thành trước một hành động hoặc một thời điểm quá khứ khác. Ex: When he came to the class, all the learners had left.
N
The children had gone to bed by 9 pm last night after quite a tiring trip. It’d rained heavily by the time the game began. * Thì Past perfect là quá khứ của Present perfect
Q uy
I had finished my report by the time I went out for some drink yesterday.
m
Ex: I’m very pleased to see Helen again now. I haven’t seen her for 5 years.
Kè
Last night I met Helen at Paul’s party and I was very pleased to see her again because I hadn’t seen her for 5 years.
ạy
Tim is getting down to work though he has just arrived at the office.
D
Tim got down to work though he had just arrived at the office this morning.
m /+
EXERCISE
Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple)
co
1. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build)___________. 2. He (not / be) ___________ to Cape Town before 1997.
e.
3. When she went out to play, she (do / already) ___________ her homework.
gl
4. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make) ___________.
oo
5. The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) ___________ six weeks before. 6. The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order) ___________. 7. I could not remember the poem we (learn) ___________ the week before.
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8. The children collected the chestnuts that (fall) ___________ from the tree. 9. (he / phone) ___________ Angie before he went to see her in London? 10. She (not / ride) ___________ a horse before that day.
2.8. Past Perfect Continuous:
S + had been + Ving + C Usage: Thì Past Perfect Continuous dùng để:
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* Nhấn mạnh sự kéo dài của một hành động hoặc sự diễn tiến của hành động đó trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ. Ex: He had been living in New York for 10 years before he moved to Los Angeles. Jane had been doing the housework all morning before she went to the market. * Thì Past Perfect Continuous là quá khứ của Present Perfect Continuous. Ex: How long have you been waiting (until now)? How long had you been waiting when the bus finally came? EXERCISE Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect progressive).
n
1. We (sleep) ____________ for 12 hours when he woke us up.
hơ
2. They (wait) ____________ at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived.
N
3. We (look for) ____________ her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom.
Q uy
4. I (not / walk) ____________ for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. 5. How long (learn / she) ____________ English before she went to London?
m
6. Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he (sing) ____________ in the rain too long.
Kè
7. He (drive) ____________ less than an hour when he ran out of petrol.
ạy
8. They were very tired in the evening because they (help) ____________ on the farm all day. 9. I (not / work) ____________ all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night.
m /+
2.9. Simple Future:
D
10. They (cycle) ____________ all day so their legs were sore in the evening.
co
S + will + Vinfinitive + C
gl
e.
S + be going to + Vinfinitive + C
oo
Usage: Thì Simple Future dùng Will và Be going to dùng để diễn tả: * Một hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai. Nhưng có những khác biệt trong cách dùng giữa Will và Be going to:
G
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- Will được dùng để nói về tương lai một cách khái quát, chung chung như về quy tắc, lịch trình và những tiên đoán hay dự báo về tương lai.
Ex: The train will leave in 5 minutes’ time. When you travel to New York by ship, you will see the Statue of Liberty. A: I’m very worried about my exam tomorrow. B: Don’t worry so much. You will pass. Later… B: When will you know your exam results? A: We will get our exam results next week.
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There will be a lot of changes in our country in the next 10 years. In the next century the world will run out of oil. - Will đươc dùng khi ta quyết định tức thời (ngay lúc nói) sẽ làm một điều gì đó. - Be going to được dùng khi ta đã có dự tính hoặc kế hoạch làm điều gì đó trước khi ta nói. Ex: John: There is an interesting film at the cinema this evening. Peter: Oh really? I think I will go to see it tonight. Later… Mary: Hi! What are you doing this evening? Peter: Well, I am going to see a very nice film at the cinema. Would you like to go with me?
hơ
n
A: Do you fancy a game of tennis this evening? B: I am sorry. I am going to have dinner with some partners.
N
A: Oh my God! I’ve left my wallet at home.
Q uy
B: Don’t worry. I will lend you some.
Ex:
Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain.
Kè
I feel terrible. I think I am going to be sick.
m
- Be going to đươc dùng khi ta cho rằng một sự việc chắc sẽ xảy ra theo một logic hợp lý căn cứ theo những biểu hiện hoặc chứng cứ ở hiện tại.
Tom has been drinking a lot so far. He is going to get drunk soon.
ạy
Those bad boys are racing in the street again. It’s so terrible and dangerous.
D
They are going to have an accident.
m /+
EXERCISE
co
Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either “going to” or “will” form of the future tense.
e.
1 Sally: There's no milk left!
gl
Betty: Oh. I _______________ some from the shop. (get)
oo
2 The population of Valencia _______________ 2 million by the year 2010. (reach)
3 Mum: I told you to tidy up your room.
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Son: Sorry, Mum, I forgot. I _______________ it after lunch.(do)
4 Sally: Why don't we meet for coffee on Friday morning? Willy: Sorry. I can't. I _______________ the doctor then. (see)
5 "Tomorrow _______________ a bright and sunny day everywhere in Spain, except in La Coruña," said the weatherwoman. (be)
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6 Look at that big black cloud. I think it _______________. (rain) 7 Sally: What are your plans for the week-end? Betty: Brad Pitt phoned. We _______________ on a picnic. (go) 8 Betty: Have you booked the flights yet? Sally: Don't worry. It's all organized. I _______________ to the travel agent's tomorrow morning. (go)
hơ
n
9 In the future people _______________ bigger heads. (have)
Q uy
N
10 If we miss the bus, we _______________ a taxi. (take)
Kè
S + will be + Ving + C
m
2.10. Future Continuous:
ạy
Usage: Thì Future Continuous dùng để diễn tả:
* Một hành động sẽ xảy ra và đang tiếp diễn ở một thời điểm xác định trong tương lai. At this time tomorrow, we will be taking the test.
D
Ex:
m /+
At this time next week, I’ll be on holiday. I’ll probably be lying on a beautiful beach. Tom works every morning from 9 am until midday. So:
co
- At 10 o’clock yesterday he was working. - At 10 o’clock now. He is working.
gl
EXERCISE
e.
- At 10 o’clock tomorrow, he will be working.
1.
oo
Put the verbs into the correct form (future progressive). Tomorrow morning we (work) _______________.
G
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2.
This time next week we (have) _______________ a party.
3.
At midnight I (sleep) _______________.
4.
This evening we (watch) _______________ a talk show.
5.
They (not/do) _______________ their homework this afternoon.
6.
He (listen) _______________ to music.
7.
I (read) _______________a book this evening.
8.
(walk / you) _______________ home this afternoon?
9.
He (not/draw) _______________ tomorrow morning
10. They (argue) _______________ again?
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2.11. Future Perfect:
S + will have + Vpast participle + C Usage: Thì Future Perfect dùng để diễn tả * Một hành động tương lai sẽ xảy ra và hoàn thành (chấm dứt) trước một thời điểm hoặc một hành động khác trong tương lai. Ex: We will have arrived there by 12 o’clock. We are late. I think the film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.
hơ
n
Tom is a football fan and there is a football match on TV this evening. The match begins at 7.30 pm and ends at 9.15 pm. Jack wants to came and see Tom this evening.
Q uy
Tom: No, don’t come then. I’ll be watching the match on TV.
N
Jack: Is it all right if I come at 8.30? Jack: Oh, well. What about 9.30?
Tom: That’’ be fine. The match will have finished by then
m
EXERCISE
Kè
Change the verb into the correct form of Future Perfect tense: 1. By this time tomorrow, I ______________ (finish) the project.
ạy
2. By 8 o'clock, the kids ______________ (fall) asleep.
D
3. By tomorrow morning, he______________ (sleep) wonderfully.
m /+
4. By next year, she ______________ (receive) her promotion. 5. Robin ______________ (sell) his car by next Sunday.
co
6. Morgan ______________ (clean) the entire house by lunch. 7. We ______________ (dance) a few dances before midnight.
e.
8. At this time tomorrow morning, they ______________ (begin) working.
gl
9. At this time next week, we ______________ (catch) the thief.
oo
10. By 2015, I ______________ (live) in Madrid for 5 years.
2.12. Future Perfect Continuous:
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S + will have been + Ving + C Usage: Thì Future Perfect Continuous _Dùng để nhấn mạnh đến khoảng thời gian diễn tiến của một hành động ở thì Future Perfect Ex:
By the time we take the test, we will have been taking English for a year. By the end of the year, she will have been working here for 20 years. By the time we get home, we will have been driving for 3 hours.
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EXERCISE Change the verb into the correct form: 1. By midnight, you ______________ (dance) for 4 hours. 2. By dinner, she ______________ (cook) the whole afternoon. 3. He ______________ (work) there for 10 years by 2015. 4. By next year, I ______________ (study) English for 7 years. 5. By next week, we______________ (renovate) for over a month. 6. In 2012, they ______________ (live) here for 4 years. 7. Before December, Barbara ______________ (teach) for a year. 9. Jessica ______________ (help) them for 12 months.
N
10. Bob and Sarah ______________ (cook) for 2 hours at 8 o'clock.
hơ
n
8. By this time tomorrow, I ______________ (do) this exercise for a long time.
Q uy
2.13. General Exercise: Use appropriate tenses for these sentences:
m
1. Helen (study)______________ since 6 o’clock this morning.
Kè
2. Listen! What language______________ they (speak)______________ ? 3. John (be)______________ to Italy twice. 5. I (not tell)
ạy
4. We promise we (finish)______________ the work by the time you come back. ______________ her what you’ve said. I promise.
D
6. They (leave)______________ by the time we arrived.
m /+
7. I’ve got a terrible headache. – Oh dear, I (get)______________ you some aspirin. 8. Tom, is it true that you (get)______________ married next week?
co
9. Would you like a cigarette? – No, thanks. I (not smoke)______________ .
e.
10. Jane (clean)______________ her house all morning before the guests arrived.
gl
11. We (have)______________ dinner when my father came home. 12. My brother (study)______________ engineering next week.
oo
13. Excuse me! I (look)______________ for a phone box. Is there one near here? 14. The teacher returned the papers we (prepare)______________ for him.
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15. What______________ you (do)______________ this weekend? 16. How many novels______________ you (write)______________ so far, Mr. Jason? 17. We’ll leave as soon as it (stop)
______________ raining.
18. Lan (learn)______________ English before she came to The U.S. 19. Helen (study)______________ very hard for the mid-term test next week. 20. I (meet)______________ her the first time when I attended a meeting in HCM city last year. 21. She has spent the whole day in the sun. She (get)______________ sun-burnt. 22. Soon everybody (have)______________ a computer.
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23. After we (finish)______________ dinner, we went for a walk. 24. How long closed?
______________ you (work)______________ for the company when it
25. We (complete)______________ the railway system by the end of this year. III. Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives bổ nghĩa cho nouns: a big house; a pretty girl; a large tree; a sweet voice. Adjectives còn bổ nghĩa cho linking verbs như: feel, look, taste, smell, sound, turn, become, appear, stay, remain… Adverbs bổ nghĩa cho verbs:
She speaks softly.
Dùng adjective hoặc adverb trong những câu sau:
hơ
n
They work rapidly. 1.
He always does his homework______________ .
(careful)
2.
He is a very______________ student.
(quick)
3.
Come______________ . We need your help.
(slow)
4.
You should drive more______________ along this road.
(slow)
5.
An old man is walking______________ in the park.
(slow)
6.
Helen is a very______________ student.
(rapid)
7.
Her brother, on the other hand, learns very______________ .
(permanent)
8.
Mr. Smith has a ______________ visa.
(permanent)
9.
He hopes to remain in this country______________ .
(easy)
10. This is an____________ exercise. I can do all the exercise____________.
(hard)
11.
Helen works very______________ in her new job.
(fast)
12.
You are speaking too______________ .
(fast)
13.
(serious)
14. They are both______________ students. They study very______________ .
Q uy
m
Kè
ạy
D
m /+
co
gl
e.
He is a very______________ worker.
15.
This apple is very______________ .
(soft)
16.
She always speaks______________ to the child.
(beautiful)
17. Mary is a______________ girl. She always plays the piano______________ .
(good)
18.
She speaks French very______________ .
(good)
19.
The weather today is very______________ .
oo
(soft)
N
(careful)
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(good) 20. This isn’t a very______________ pen. It doesn’t work very______________. (sad)
21.
She looked very______________ .
(sad)
22.
He looked at her______________ and said goodbye to her.
(happy)
23. They feel very ______________ today and are talking______________ to each other.
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(delicious)
24.
The cake tastes so______________ .
(sweet)
25. The roses smell______________ . The oranges taste very______________ .
III. Comparatives – Superlative 3.1. Comparatives – Superlative of Adjective Để so sánh 2 sự vật, hiện tượng ta dùng so sánh hơn (Comparative Form) Công thức:
S + More + Adjective + than + S S + Adjective + ER + Than + S
Q uy
N
hơ
n
Để so sánh 1 sự vật với 2 hoặc nhiều sự vật khác chúng ta sử dụng cấu trúc so sánh nhất (Superlative Form) Công thức: S + Be+ the most + Adjective + Noun S + Be+ the Adjective + EST + Noun Quy tắc thêm er hoặc more và -est hoặc Most
Tính từ 1 âm tiết
Comparative Form
Tall
Taller
Old
Older
Long
Longer
ạy D
Oldest Longest
co
Mary is taller than Max.
Superlative Form
Tallest
m /+
Ex:
Kè
m
Tính từ chỉ có 1 âm tiết - One-syllable adjectives: ta thêm –er đối với so sánh hơn và thêm –est đối với so sánh nhất vào sau tính từ.
e.
Mary is the tallest of all the students. Max is older than John.
gl
Of the three students, Max is the oldest.
oo
My hair is longer than your hair. Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.
G
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Nếu tính từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng bằng e, thì với so sánh hơn, ta chỉ việc thêm -r, đối với so sánh nhất thì ta thêm -st Tính từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng là –e
Comparative Form
Superlative Form
Large
Larger
Largest
Wise
Wiser
Wisest
Nếu tính từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng là 1 phụ âm và liền trước nó là một nguyên âm thì ta sẽ nhân đôi phụ âm trước khi thêm -er (đối với so sánh hơn) hoặc -est (đối với so sánh nhất)
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Tính từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng bằng
Comparative Form
Superlative Form
Big
Bigger
Biggest
Thin
Thinner
Thinnest
Fat
Fatter
Fattest
1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ âm
Với tính từ 2 hay nhiều âm tiết Hầu hết chúng ta thêm More đối với so sánh hơn và the most đối với so sánh nhất vào phía trước tính từ 2 hay nhiều âm tiết Superlative Form
Peaceful
more peaceful
most peaceful
pleasant
more pleasant
most pleasant
careful
more careful
most careful
thoughtful
more thoughtful
most thoughtful
Q uy
N
hơ
n
Tính từ 2 hay nhiều âm tiết: Comparative Form
m
Ex: This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.
Kè
Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
ạy
Max is more careful than Mike.
Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.
D
Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
m /+
Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.
busy
happier
happiest angriest
angrier
oo
angry
Superlative Form
gl
happy
Comparative Form
e.
Adjectives:
co
Nếu tính từ 2 âm tiết tận cùng là Y, OW, ER, LE thì ta áp dụng như tính từ 1 âm tiết (thêm –er đối với so sánh hơn, hoặc thêm –est với so sánh nhất.)
busier
busiest
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narrow
narrower
narrowest
shallow
shallower
shallowest
clever
cleverer
cleverest
simple
simpler
simplest
Ex: John is happier today than he was yesterday. John is the happiest boy in the world. Max is angrier than Mary. Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.
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Mary is busier than Max. Mary is the busiest person I've ever met. The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city. This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California. Big dogs are gentler than small dogs. Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest. Trường hợp ngoại lệ -Irregular adjectives Comparative Form
Superlative Form
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst
far
farther
farthest
little
less
least
many
more
Q uy
N
hơ
n
Irregular Adjective
most
My dog is the best dog in the world.
Kè
Italian food is better than American food.
m
Ex:
ạy
My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
D
Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.
m /+
Dưới đây là tập hợp các tính từ gồm có 2 vần có thể thêm more hoặc Er đối với so sánh hơn, và most hoặc -est đối với so sánh nhất.
cleverer
cleverest
clever
more clever
most clever
gentle
gentler
gentlest
more gentle
most gentle
friendly
friendlier
friendliest
friendly
more friendly
most friendly
quiet
quieter
quietest
quiet
more quiet
most quiet
simple
simpler
simplest
simple
more simple
most simple
oo
gentle
gl
clever
e.
co
Tính từ 2 vần Comparative Form Superlative Form
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3.2. Comparison of Equals
S + V + as + adj + as + noun/ pronoun Ex: Rome is as beautiful as Paris. San Francisco is not as big as Los Angeles. Mary is as old as Jane.
Not so many as
/ not as many
as as
= more than
Ex: Not as many people came to the meeting this week as last week.
hơ
n
Not so much ___as _ / not as much
= more …..than
N
= There were more people at the meeting last week (than this week).
Q uy
More tobacco was sold in 1994 than in 1995.
= Not as much tobacco was sold in 1995 as in 1994. More people live in New York than in Washington.
Kè
1.
m
EXERCISE: Change the following sentences:
Not… ………………………………………………………………………………….. Not as many people go to the movies nowadays as they went in the 1940s.
ạy
2.
Many more……………………………………………………………………………… Not as much coffee is drunk by young people as sodas.
D
3. 4.
m /+
More young people……………………………………………………………………… More people are health conscious nowadays than they were 20 years ago. More butter is eaten in America than in Europe.
e.
5.
co
Not……………………………………………………………………………………..
6.
gl
Not…………………………………………………………………………………….. Not as many people were unemployed in Britain in the 1980s as in the 1990s.
oo
Many more……………………………………………………………………………………..
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7.
More students attend college in America than in Europe.
Not…………………………………………………………………………………….. 8.
Not as many students took art courses last year as science courses. More……………………………………………………………………………………..
3.3. Double Comparision + Cùng một tính từ: - Tính từ/Trạng từ ngắn: - Tính từ/Trạng từ dài:
S + V + adj/adv + er + and + adj/adv + er S + V + more and more + adj/adv
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Ex: The weather gets colder and colder. (Tính từ ngắn) His daughter becomes more and more intelligent. (Tính từ dài) + 2 tính từ khác nhau:
The + comparative + S + V the + comparative + S + V (The + comparative: The + từ ở dạng so sánh hơn) Ex: The richer she is the more selfish she becomes.
Q uy
1. The less he works,______________ (happy) he is.
N
EXERCISE: Use double comparative in these sentences:
hơ
n
The more intelligent he is the lazier he becomes.
2. The bigger the car is,______________ (fast) you can go.
3. ______________ (fresh) it is, ______________ (good) it will taste.
you spend,______________ (much) you save.
Kè
5. ______________ (little)
m
4. ______________ (much) you eat,______________ (fat) you will get.
ạy
6. It was becoming______________ (cold) and______________ (cold). 7. I was getting______________ (exhausted) and______________ (exhausted).
D
8. The weather was bad and getting______________ (bad)______________ (bad).
m /+
9. ______________ (much) I think about his behavior,______________ (angry) I feel. 10. You’ve looked______________ (beautiful) and______________ (beautiful).
co
* Notice:
a/ After “than” or “as” we should use a subjective pronoun.
e.
Ex: He is more careful than I (am).
gl
He is not as old as she (is).
oo
She has more power than I (do).
b/ When the objects of two clauses are being compares, then the objective pronouns are used for both.
G
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Ex: I like you better than him. / I like you better than he.
EXERCISE: Correct the following sentences: 1. I am not as rich as him. 2. She has more time than me. 3. We are stronger than they. 4. They are more ignorant than us. 5. He does not like me as much as her. 6. He is not as fast as her.
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7. You speak English better than him. 8. She loves him more than I. c/ After “like” we use nouns or pronouns. After “as” we use a clause Ex:
He eats with chopsticks like the Chinese. He eats with chopsticks as the Chinese do. Nobody dances as well as you do.
In informal English it is possible to use “like” before a clause: Nobody dances like you do.
hơ
n
EXERCISE: 1. John swims_____________a fish. 3. David works_____________a slave.
m
4. When in Rome, do_____________the Roman do.
Q uy
2. Can you eat raw fish_____________they do in Japan?
N
- Use “as” or “like” correctly in these sentences:
5. Women still cover their heads in some countries_____________they did in the past.
Kè
6. She cooks just_____________her mother.
ạy
7. My brother isn’t much_____________me.
D
8. He is clever_____________his grandfather was.
3.4.1. Introduction
m /+
3.4. Comparatives – Superlative of Adverb
e.
co
Chỉ có các trạng từ có mức độ mới có thể có các dạng so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất. Không thể so sánh với các trạng từ như: daily, extremely, only, really, then, there, uniquely… vì chúng không có mức độ. So sánh hơn
oo
Trạng từ
gl
Trạng từ chỉ mức độ tạo ra từ so sánh hơn và từ so sánh nhất như sau: 1. Trạng từ đồng dạng với tính từ
So sánh nhất fast
faster
fastest
2. Trạng từ chỉ cách thức tận cùng bằng -ly easily
more easily
most easily
3. Một số trạng từ chỉ tần suất
rarely
more rarely
most rarely
4. Các trường hợp ngoại lệ
badly
worse
worst
far
farther/further farthest/furthest
little
less
least
much
more
most
well
better
best
G
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Lưu ý: - Hầu hết các trạng từ chỉ cách thức có hai âm tiết trở lên, cho nên chúng thành lập dạng so sánh hơn với more/less và so sánh nhất với most/least. Ex:
more briefly
most clearly
less quickly
least easily
3.4.2. Comparatives – Superlative of Adverb Patterns Với trạng từ, ta có thể áp dụng các hình thức so sánh sau: A) So sánh bằng
as + adv + as
- Công thức bằng:
n
Minh works as hard as Hung.
hơ
Ex:
Run as fast as you can.
N
Sylvia sings as sweetly as her sister.
Q uy
not so/as + adv + as
- Công thức so sánh không bằng: Ex: Hung doesn’t run as fast as Quang.
ạy
B) So sánh hơn
Kè
She can’t jump so high as Billy (can).
m
I can’t swim as well as you (can).
D
trạng từ ngắn + er + than
m /+
more + trạng từ dài + than Ví dụ: Quang runs faster than Hung.
co
Hung drove more carefully than Duong. I’ve been waiting longer than you.
e.
The rain cleared more quickly than I expected.
gl
C) So sánh cao nhất
oo
Ví dụ: He has had no accidents this year. He drives the most carefully of all. Tim tries the hardest of all the boys in his class.
G
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the + trạng từ ngắn + est
the + most + trạng từ dài EXERCISE: Write the following sentences correctly: 1.
He arrived more late than his boss. ……………………………………………………………………………………..
2.
Instead of slowing down, he drove more fastly. ……………………………………………………………………………………..
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3.
He did this test easily than the one before. ……………………………………………………………………………………..
4.
She drives worst than I on the freeway. ……………………………………………………………………………………..
5.
Try and come more early tomorrow. ……………………………………………………………………………………..
6.
He ran quickly than all the others. ……………………………………………………………………………………..
7.
Peter works most hard of all.
8.
hơ
n
…………………………………………………………………………………….. He did very bad in the examination.
N
……………………………………………………………………………………..
Q uy
IV. Direct Speech and Reported Speech 4.1. Direct Speech: Câu khẳng định:
m
•
Kè
You are a student. He speaks English. Câu hỏi:
D
•
ạy
She saw the movie.
Does he speak English? Did she see the movie?
Những câu hỏi WH:
e.
Where do you live?
co
•
m /+
Are you a student?
gl
What is the time?
oo
When did he come?
How will he get here? Why can’t he speak?
G
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4.2. Reported Speech: •
Câu hỏi gián tiếp không phải là câu hỏi thật sự. Vì vậy ta không cần phải chuyển vị trí của động từ hay mựon trợ động từ.
Câu hỏi trực tiếp
Câu hỏi gián tiếp
Where do you live?
I would like to know where you live.
When will he come?
I don’t know when he will come.
What time does it start?
Can you tell me what time it starts?
How can he do that?
I have no idea how he can do that.
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Why did you give up your job?
I wonder why you gave up your job.
Nếu là câu hỏi Yes/No question thì ta thêm IF hoặc WHETHER vào câu hỏi gián tiếp. Câu hỏi trực tiếp
Câu hỏi gián tiếp
Are they ready?
I don’t know if they are ready.
Has the class begun?
Can you tell me whether the class has begun.
Exercise: Chuyển những câu sau sang câu hỏi gián tiếp. 1.
When did you write to the university?
- I don’t know ……………………………………………………………………………… 2.
Is that the new version?
3.
hơ
n
- I am not sure ………………………………………………………………………………… What do you mean? Is she coming?
Q uy
4.
N
- I don’t understand …………………………………………………………………………… - We have no idea ……………………………………………………………………………… Where did you find it?
m
5. 6.
How far is it to the nearest bus stop?
Kè
- Tell me ……………………………………………………………………………………
7.
ạy
- I wonder …………………………………………………………………………………… Have I passed the test?
What time does the supermarket close?
m /+
8.
D
- I would like to know ………………………………………………………………………… - He wants to know …………………………………………………………………………… Did I have to write the report?
co
9.
e.
- He didn’t tell me …………………………………………………………………………… 10. Will they come tomorrow?
gl
- I wonder ………………………………………………………………………………………
oo
Dịch sang tiếng Anh.
11. Tôi không biết các bạn ấy có đến lớp không nữa.
G
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………………………………………………………………………………… 12. Đừng hỏi tôi tại sao tôi làm vậy. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 13. Tôi tự hỏi không biết cô ấy có yêu tôi không. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 14. Anh ấy không cho chúng tôi biết hôm qua anh ấy đi đâu. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 15. Anh cho tôi biết anh đã đi bao nhiêu nước rồi? ……………………………………………………………………………………..
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V. Verbs as Complement – Gerund or Infinitive (Động từ đóng vai trò là một Complement) - Có nhiều câu trong đó động từ được dùng như một Complement và thường ở 2 dạng: “Vinfinitive” và “Ving”tùy thuộc vào động từ đứng trước Complement đó S + V +Complement I
him
like
(Objective pronoun) He
a car.
wants
happy.
look
hơ
They
n
(noun) (adjective) quickly.
learns
N
He She
reading
enjoys
Q uy
(adverb) science fictions.
to stay
wanted
at home.
Kè
We
(infinitive) to see
hoped
her again soon.
ạy
He
(infinitive)
swimming very much.
likes
D
She
m
(present participle)
I
m /+
(present participle) smoking
stopped
3 years ago.
Verb that require a Vinfinitive in the Complement:
gl
e.
•
co
(present participle)
agree arrange ask
fail
intend
mean
preparetend
demand
forget
learn
need
promise
expect
hope
manage
plan
refuse
oo
decide
G
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wait
want
•
Verb that require a Ving in the Complement:
admit avoid
consider
discuss mind mention
quit
delay
enjoy
miss
postpone
keep
practice
report
risk recommend
stop finish
suggest
appreciate
deny
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EXERCISE 2. Mary learnt (swim)______________ when she was young. 3. We expect (take)______________ the exam next week. 4. Tommy admitted (steal)______________ the jewels. 5. We enjoyed (meet)______________ after so many years. 6. You shouldn’t risk (enter)______________ the building in this condition. 7. Jill has agreed (play)______________ a role in the film. 8. The soldiers are preparing (attack)______________ the village. 9. The committee decided (postpone)______________ the meeting.
hơ
n
10. They postponed (set out)______________ the project until next month.
11. The government is trying (reduce)______________ the inflation in the next 2 years.
N
12. Mr. John has been considering (take)______________ the job they’re offering him.
Q uy
13. The Coast Guards reported (see)______________ a strange ship.
14. Would you mind (turn)______________ down the TV? I am on the phone.
m
15. I intend (inform)______________ him that his application can’t be approved. 16. I want (speak)______________ with Mr. Brown right now.
Kè
17. We missed (see)______________ our old friend when we traveled to his hometown.
ạy
18. We demand (know)______________ our status.
19. She mentioned (call at)______________ our house in her letter.
D
20. The weather often tends (improve)______________ in November.
m /+
21. Would you mind (not smoke)______________ here?
co
22. One of the least effective ways of storing information is learning (repeat)______________ it. 23. He decided (not buy)______________ the house.
e.
24. We hate /like/love/enjoy (do)______________ exercise in the morning.
gl
25. He pretended (be)______________ sick yesterday.
oo
VI. Gerund after Prepossitions:
G
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Gerund thường được dùng sau các giới từ 1. John gave up (smoke)______________ because of his doctor’s advice. 2. Mary insisted on (take)______________ the bus instead of the plane. 3. Fred confessed to (steal)______________ the money. 4. We are looking forward to (hear)______________ from you. 5. Henry is thinking of (move)______________ the Ireland in August. 6. You would be better off (leave)______________ now instead of tomorrow. 7. They didn’t approve of (permit)______________ common people in the base. 8. We succeeded in (persuade)______________ him to join with us.
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9. She is accustomed to (go)______________ for a walk every night. 10. Mick is afraid of (get)______________ married now. 11. Jean is not capable of (solve)______________ the problem. 12. Ellen is fond of (dance)______________ . 13. We are interested in (see)______________ the game. 14. They objected to (increase)______________ the number of students in the class. 15. George has no excuse for (drop)______________ out of school. 16. Melanie has no excuse for (not go)______________ to the meeting. 17. There is no reason for (leave)______________ this early. 19. After (leave)______________ the party, he drove home alone.
hơ
n
18. He should have stayed in New York instead of (move)______________ to Milan.
N
20. These students are not able to (handle)______________ such a difficulty.
Q uy
21. There students are not capable of (handle)______________ such a difficulty. 22. George has no intention of (leave)______________ the city at the moment.
m
23. When I came to The Browns last night, they were having dinner but they stopped (talk)______________ with me.
Kè
24. Last night I didn’t go out because I was busy (do)______________ my homework. 25. I’m not surprised (hear)______________ about that.
ạy
26. Michiko is pleased (be)______________ admitted to the university.
m /+
D
27. It is very difficult (persuade) ______________ him. But, anyway, I will try (persuade)______________ him. 28. Alan is eager (come)______________ back to his homeland. 29. A: I’ve tried (contact)______________ him all the morning but I can’t.
co
30. B: Why don’t you try (phone)______________ his home number.
gl
e.
31. Remember (turn)______________ off all the electrical equipments before (leave)______________ .
oo
VII. Pronouns before Gerunds and Infinitives - Objective Pronoun thường được dùng trước To infinitive.
G
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- Possessive Adjective hay Possessive case thường đựơc dùng trước Gerund. Ex: I asked him to wake me up at 7 am. They appreciated his giving them a ride. She doesn’t approve of John’s leaving early.
Supply either Objective pronoun or Possessive adjective in these sentences: 1. The judge ordered (he)___________ to appear in court. 2. They urged (I)___________ to reconsider my decision. 3. I understand (he)___________ leaving soon.
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4. He regretted (they)___________ leaving 5. We are looking forward to (our grandparents)___________ next week. 6. Richard is expecting (we)___________ to go to class tomorrow. 7. She objected to (we)___________ inviting Helen to the dinner. 8. She wants (he)___________ not to go out this evening. 9. I regret (John)___________ being in trouble. 10. Ellen expected (Henry)___________ to call her last night. 11. John appreciated (Mary)___________ informing him about the delay.
hơ
n
12. The teacher permitted (they)___________ to hand in their assignments late.
S + need + to do sth
Q uy
- Nếu Subject ở tình trạng chủ động:
N
VIII. Verb: need
m
S + need + Ving OR S + need + to be + Vpast - Nếu Subject ở tình trạng bị động: OR
His house needs to be painted.
D
His house needs painting.
ạy
Ex: John needs to paint his house again.
Kè
participle
m /+
Supply the suitable forms of verb in the following sentences: 1. My car needs (repair)___________ . 2. I need (change)___________ some money.
co
3. The roads need (upgrade)___________ as soon as possible.
e.
4. Your hair is getting long. I think it needs (cut)___________ .
gl
5. These flowers need (water)___________ twice a day.
oo
IX. Should have done / Must have done Should have done dùng để nói về một nghĩa vụ hay trách nhiệm nào đó lẽ ra phải được thực hiện, nhưng vì một lý do nào đó đã không được thực hiện.
G
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Ex: John should have attended the meeting this morning. (He didn’t attend the meeting.) You shouldn’t have told her about that. (You told her.) The policeman should have made a report about the burglary. (He didn’t make the report.) Must have done dùng để nói về một kết luận logic trong quá khứ. Ex: The grass is wet now. It must have rained last night. John looks very tired and sleepy this morning. He must have stayed up so late last night. Sandra failed the test. She must not have studied much.
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EXERCISE Choose between Should have done and Must have done in the following sentences: 1. Henry was deported for having an expired visa. He (have)______________ his visa renewed. 2. Julia was absent for the first time yesterday. She (be)______________ sick. 3. The photos are black. The X-ray at the airport (damage)______________ them. 4. Blanco got a parking ticket. She (not park)______________ in a reserved spot. 5. Mary did very well on the exam. She (study)______________ very hard. 6. Helen did very badly on the exam. She (study)______________ harder.
N
9. Alex failed the exam. He (not study)______________ enough.
hơ
8. John isn’t here yet. He (forget)______________ about our meeting.
n
7. Divid called ud as soon as his wife had her baby. He (be)______________ very proud.
Q uy
10. Thomas received a warning for speeding. He (drive)______________ so fast.
X. So ...That…, Such...That…
m
10.1. so ...that
Kè
S + tobe/ V + so + adj/adv + that + clause
- Cách dùng so...that… để nối câu
ạy
Công thức:
D
+ Trước adj/adv nếu có: too, so, very,quite... thì bỏ
m /+
+ Nếu có “a lot of ,lots of” thì phải đổi thành “much,many” + Sau that viết lại toàn bộ mệnh đề
co
Ex:
He is very strong .He can lift the box.
e.
-> He is so strong that he can lift the box.
gl
He ate a lot of food. He became ill.
oo
-> He ate so much food that he became ill. He bought lots of books .He didn't know where to put them.
G
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->He bought so many books that he didn't know where to put them.
10.2. such...that Công thức:
S + tobe/ V + such ( a/an) + adj + N + that + clause - Cách dùng such...that… để nối câu + Trước adj/adv nếu có “too, so, very, quite...” thì bỏ + Nếu danh từ là số ít hoặc không đếm được thì không dùng “a/an” + Nếu sau adj không có danh từ thì lấy danh từ ở đầu câu vào rồi thế đại từ vào chủ từ .
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+ Nếu trước danh từ có “much, many” thì phải đổi thành “a lot of”. Ex: He is a very lazy boy. No one likes him. ->He is such a lazy boy that no one likes him. The coffee is too hot .I can't drink it. ->It is such hot coffee that I can't drink it. Her voice is very soft .Everyone likes her. ->She has such a soft voice that everyone likes her.
hơ
-> He bought such a lot of books that he didn't know where to put them.
n
He bought many books. He didn't know where to put them.
Q uy
1) The room is so tidy that it took us one hour to clean it.
N
EXERCISE: Chuyển sang câu dùng cấu trúc “…so…that…”, “…such…that…’’ => It is.........................................................................................................................
m
2) The man is so fool that no one took any notice of him.
=> He is........................................................................................................................
Kè
3) The film is so long that they can't broadcast it on one night.
ạy
=> It is.......................................................................................................................... 4) The books are so interesting that we have read them many times.
D
=> They are..................................................................................................................
m /+
5) The news was so bad that she burst into tears on hearing it. => It was.......................................................................................................................
co
6) The food was so hot that it turned my tongue.
e.
=> It was....................................................................................................................... 7) There is so much rain that we can't go out.
gl
=> There is such...........................................................................................................
oo
8) The boy is so fat that every calls him Stuffy. => He is........................................................................................................................
G
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9) The milk is so excellent that all the children want some more. => It is......................................................................................................................... 10) The weather was so warm that they had a walk in the garden. => It was...................................................................................................................... 11) There were so many people in the hall that we couldn't see him. => There were such..................................................................................................... 12) The match was so exciting that all the fans shouted loudly. => It was...................................................................................................................... 13) They drank so much coffee that they couldn't sleep all night.
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=> They drunk such..................................................................................................... 14) Alice had so many exercises to do that she couldn't go out. => Alice had such........................................................................................................ 15) The woman was so poor that she needed everyone's help. => She was...................................................................................................................
XI. Too / So / Either / Neither 11.1. Too / So * Too và So có nghĩa là "cũng vậy".
n
Khi nhắc lại một điều giống người đã nói trước, ta có thể dùng Too, So
hơ
- Too đặt ở cuối câu, sau một dấu phẩy. Ex:
N
A: I can speak English.
Q uy
B: I can speak English, too.
Trong thực tế người ta thường dùng động từ đặc biệt (động từ khiếm khuyết, trợ động từ) để nói ngắn gọn thay vì phải lặp lại cả câu
m
Ex:
A: I am hungry.
A: I like
B: I can, too.
B: I am, too.
B: I do, too
ạy
Kè
A: I can speak English. films.
m /+
D
- So đặt ở đầu câu, sau So là động từ đặc biệt (động từ khiếm khuyết/ trợ động từ) rồi đến chủ từ.
So + V (đặc biệt) + Subject
co
Ex:
A: I am hungry.
B: So can I.
B. So am I.
gl
e.
A: I can speak English.
Ex:
oo
Nếu là động từ thường, ta dùng trợ động từ Do, Does. A: I like football.
A: I drink coffee.
A: I go to school by bus.
B: I do, too.
B: So do I.
B: So does Tom/ my brother.
G
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11.2. Either/Neither * Either và Neither nghĩa là “cũng không" Khi người thứ nhất nói một điều phủ định và người thứ hai nói giống như vậy, có thể dùng hai từ này - Either đặt ở cuối câu, sau một dấu phẩy (có người không dùng dấu phẩy) Ex: A: I’ m not sick.
A: I don’t live here.
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B: I’ m not sick, either. (Thực tế: “I’m not, either.”)
B: I don’t (live here), either.
- Neither đặt ở đầu câu, sau Neither là động từ đặc biệt (động từ khiếm khuyết, trợ động từ) rồi đến chủ từ.
Neither + V (đặc biệt) + Subject *Lưu ý: Sau Neither không có not, chúng ta có thể nhớ Neither = not + either, như vậy đã có neither thì không cần not nữa. A: I don’t smoke.
B: Neither can I
B: Neither do I.
2. I am twenty, and _______ is Peter.
Kè
3. My sister can swim and _________ can I.
m
1. I am a student, and Mary is, _________.
Q uy
A. Điền thêm Too, So, Either, Neither vào chỗ trống:
N
EXERCISE
hơ
A: I can’t swim.
n
Ex:
4. We can sing, and _________ can they.
ạy
5. Peter likes tea, and I do, ________.
D
6. We play tennis, and ________ do they. I can, ________. 8. - I drink coffee.
co
________ do I.
m /+
7. - I can cook.
e.
B. Sửa lỗi trong những câu sau: (mỗi câu một lỗi)
gl
1. I am from London, and my friend too is. ==>
oo
2. I can dance, and so my sister can. ==> 3. I am not rich, and Tom ins’t, too. ==> 4. You don’t smoke, and neither don’t I. ==>
G
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5. Ann plays tennis, and Ben plays, too. ==> 6. David drinks tea, and so do Mary. ==> 7. My father doesn’t drive to work, and my brother doesn’t neither. ==> 8. She doesn’t like books, and neither doesn’t her sister. ==>
XII. …Too…To… Khi cần diễn tả một việc là quá sức với ai đó, hoặc một việc không thể xảy ra ta có thể dùng cấu trúc Too ...to…
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“Too...to…” nghĩa là "quá....đến nỗi không thể…" Ex: He is too young to go to school. The exercise is too difficult for me to do. CÔNG THỨC:
Too + adj/adv + (for sb) To inf.
* 3 NGUYÊN TẮC CẦN NHỚ KHI NỐI CÂU DÙNG TOO...TO
- Nếu chủ từ của hai câu giống nhau thì bỏ phần for sb
hơ
- Nếu chủ từ câu đầu và túc từ câu sau là một thì phải bỏ túc từ câu sau
n
- Nếu trước tính từ, trạng từ có các trạng từ như too, so, very, quite, extremely... thì khi chuyển sang cấu trúc Too … to… phải bỏ những trạng từ đó đi.
Q uy
He is so weak. He can't run. He is too weak to run.
N
Ex:
The coffee was very hot. I couldn't drink it. The coffee was too hot for me to drink.
m
EXERCISE
Kè
Viết lại câu dùng “…too...to...”
oo
gl
e.
co
m /+
D
ạy
1) The weather is so bad that we can’t go out. => The weather is too…….. 2) The film was so boring that we couldn’t go on seeing it. => The film was too….. 3) He was so old that he couldn’t run fast. => He was too….. 4) He spoke so fast that we couldn’t understand him. => He spoke too….. 5) The fair was so noisy that we couldn’t hear each other. => The fair was too…. 6) You speak so fast that I can’t catch up with your words. => You speak too…… 7) It is so early that we can’t go out. => It is too….. 8) The water is so hot that I can’t drink it. => The water is too…… 9) The restaurant is so expensive that we can’t eat in that restaurant. => The restaurant is too……… 10) He studied so badly that he couldn’t pass the exam. => He studied too…….
G
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XII. Verb: Wish Wish có 2 cách dùng: - Wish mang ý nghĩa như hope. Có nghĩa là hi vọng hay cầu chúc điều gì đó. Ex: We wish you a Merry Christmas! They wished us a pleasant journey. His colleagues wished him happiness on his retirement.
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- Wish (luôn đi cùng với mệnh đề that-clause) chỉ một mong ước không có thật hoặc không xảy ra. Ex: I wish I were rich. (In fact I am not rich) We wish they could come. (They are not coming) He wished that she had had come to see his performance last night. (She didn’t come) Notice: Wish được dùng tương tự như dạng câu điều kiện không có thật (unreal condition) Present unreal condition: If I were rich, I would be very happy. (I’m not rich) Present wish: I wish (that) I were rich. (I’m not rich) Past unreal condition: If you had been last night, we would have enjoyed it.
n
Past wish: I wish that you had been here last night (You were not here last night)
hơ
12.1. Present “Wish”:
* Dùng để chỉ một mong ước không có thật ở hiện tại.
Q uy
N
S + wish (that) + S + V2 +C Ex: I wish that he studied harder. (He doesn’t study hard)
m
They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today. (They have to go to class)
Kè
He wishes that he were old enough to join the army. (He is too young)
wish (that) + S + had
D
+
+
V3
+ S + could have
+
V3
+ S + would have
+
V3
co
m /+
S
ạy
12.2. Past “Wish”:
* Dùng để chỉ một mong ước không có thật ở quá khứ.
e.
Ex: I wish I hadn’t missed the TV program last night. (I miss it last night)
gl
He wishes he could have passed the driving test. (He didn’t pass)
oo
We wish that we would have come to Sarah’s party last weekend. (We didn’t come)
12.3. Future “Wish”:
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S + wish (that) + S + could +V + S + would + V + S + were + Ving
Dùng để chỉ 1 mong ước không có thật ở tương lai Ex: They are leaving tomorrow. I wish they would change their mind about leaving tomorrow. We wish that she were coming with us. (She is not coming with us)
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He wishes that his brother who is now living in Belgium could return and come to his wedding next week. (His brother can’t come to his wedding next week) EXERCISE: 1. 1.Wish they (stop) _________ making so much noise so that I could concentrate on my lesson. 2. Joel wishes that he (spend) _________his vacation in Hawaii next year. 3. The camp-fire was cancelled because of the rain last night. They wish that it (not rain)_________. 4. Tom and Helen wished that they (not get) _________ married so young.
n
5. I am in trouble and I don’t know what to do. I wish you (be) _________ here with me.
hơ
6. We wish that we (invest) _________ our money in the stock market last year.
N
7. Mary wishes that she (study) _________ law instead of history when she was in college.
Q uy
8. Sarah wishes that her father (take) _________her swimming this weekend. 9. I wish I (know)_________what is going to happen.
10. She wishes that her husband (not go) _________out every night.
Kè
m
11. Although it is normal to wish that life always (remain) _________.happy, it is healthy to be able the accept difficulties.
D
XIII. Some Special Verbs
ạy
12. I wish you (be) _________present at the scene.
m /+
Causative: make, get, have, let, help
- Trong câu có causative, subject không thực hiện hành động một cách trực tiếp mà nó làm cho chủ thể khác thực hiện hành động đó.
e.
co
13.1. Make
or
Make sth do
oo
gl
Make someone do sth
Ex: His mother made him take the medicine. I have made the machine work.
G
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EXERCISE: 1. She made the baby (take)_________a nap. 2. Professor Rogers didn’t make us (type up)_________our lab reports. 3. Are you going to make your son (work)_________part time in the store this summer? 4. I can’t make this dishwasher (run)_________. 5. Psychologists believe that incentives make us (want)_________to increase our productivity. 6. Too much water makes plants (turn)_________brown on the edges of their leaves.
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13.2. Get Get someone to do sth or Get sth done Ex:
Let’s get John to go with us.
Let’s get our car repaired first. EXERCISE: 1. Do you think that we should get Helen (take)___________ us to the airport?
hơ
3. We will have to get someone (fix)___________ the phone right away.
n
2. I want to get the house (paint)___________ before winter. 4. We’d like to get some money (exchange)___________ for Vndongs.
N
5. She often get the children (wash)___________ their hands before the meals.
Q uy
13.3. Have
ạy
I’d like to have this book renewed, please.
Kè
Ex: My English teacher had us give oral report.
m
Have someone do sth or Have sth done
D
EXERCISE:
m /+
1. Tom had a tooth (fill)___________ .
2. Have you had your temperature (take)___________ yet?
co
3. They had their lawyer (change)___________ their will. 4. I like the way you had the beautician (do)___________ your hair.
gl
oo
13.4. Let
e.
5. He has his hair (cut)___________ once a month.
Let someone do sth or Let sth do
G
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Ex: His mother let him go to school. I am letting this machine cool. EXERCISE: 1. Professor Baker let us (write)___________ paper instead of taking a final exam. 2. When I was learning to drive, my father let me (use)___________ his car. 3. Would you let me (borrow)
___________ your notes?
4. Larry is so good-hearted; he lets people (take)___________ advantage of him. 5. Don’t let that (bother)___________ you.
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13.5. Help Help someone to do sth or Help SO do sth Ex: He is helping me to type my paper. He is helping me type my paper. EXERCISE: 1. Her husband always helps her (do)___________ the laundry.
n
2. Do you help each other (study)___________ for tests? 4. Bobby said that he would help us (find)
hơ
3. My uncle helped me (get)___________ this job.
___________ the place.
Q uy
N
5. This reference book will help you (understand)___________ the lecture.
XIV. Conditional Sentences The real or future possible condition
-
Present unreal condition
-
Past unreal condition
ạy
Kè
-
m
Có ba loại câu điều kiện (There are 3 types of conditionals)
D
14.1. The real condition (future possible)
m /+
If + S + V1......, S + will + Vinfinitive +……
co
Ex: If they invite me, I will go to their party.
e.
If it rains, we will stay home. I will go fishing this weekend if I have free time. (It’s possible that I’ll go…)
oo
gl
14.2. Present Unreal
G
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If + S + V2......, S + would / could + Vinfinitive +……
Ex: If they invited me, I would go to their party. (In fact, they don’t invite me so I don’t go.) If I didn’t have to work, I could meet you this evening. (In fact, I have to work this evening so I can’t meet you.) She would be very happy if he were here now. (In fact she isn’t happy because he isn’t here.) I would go out with you if I weren’t tired.
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(I am tired now so I can’t go out with you.) Notice: Ở câu điều kiện loại này, WERE được dùng cho tất cả các ngôi.
14.3. Past Unreal If + S + had + V3......, S + would have / could have + V3……
Ex: If they had invited me, I would have come to their party last weekend. (In fact, they didn’t invite me so I didn’t come to their party.) (We could leave yesterday because it snowed badly.)
hơ
n
We could have left yesterday if it hadn’t snowed so badly. If I hadn’t been so sick, I would have attended the meeting last week.
N
(In fact, I was so sick last week so I didn’t attend the meeting.)
Q uy
Notice: Ta có thể rewrite các câu trên như sau:
Had they invite me, I would have come to the party.
m
Had it not snowed so badly, we could have left yesterday.
Kè
Had I not been sick, I would have attended the meeting last week.
ạy
EXERCISE
1. If you listen to the questions carefully, you (answer)_________them easily.
D
2. If you (listen)_________to the questions carefully, you could answer them easily.
m /+
3. If you had listened to the questions carefully, you (answer)_________them easily.
co
4. If we finish our work a little early today, we (attend)_________the lecture at the art museum.
e.
5. If you (not register)_________before the last day of regular registration, you will pay a late fee.
gl
6. We (wait)_________if he wanted to go.
oo
7. You (pass)_________the exams if you had studied harder. 8. If Judy (not drink)_________so much coffee, she wouldn’t be so nervous. 9. If you don’t stay up late at night, you (not be)_________sleepy in the morning.
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10. You will lose weight if you (eat)_________fewer sweets. 11. If American (eat)_________fewer foods will sugar and salt, their general health would be better. 12. Fewer accidents (occur)
_________if drivers obeyed the speed limit.
13. Had I known he was that bad, I (not accept)_________him to work in my store. 14. If the neighbors (not quiet)_________down, I would have called the police. 15. Anne would have stayed longer if her mother (let)_________her.
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Dịch sang tiếng Anh 1. Bạn sẽ làm gì nếu bạn trúng số? – Tôi sẽ mua 1 ngôi nhà lớn và một chiếc xe mới. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Bạn sẽ làm gì nếu bạn bị mất xe? -……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Bạn sẽ làm gì nếu bạn làm mất giấy thông hành ở nước ngoài? -……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. Nấu ngày ấy trời không mưa, thì mình đạ không có cơ hội gặp nhau. -………………………………………………………………………………………..
hơ
n
5. Tôi sẽ báo cho bạn biết nếu tôi nhận được tin tức của anh ta.
-………………………………………………………………………………………..
Q uy
N
XV. Either….or / Neither…nor, Not only…but also…, both…and…, …as well as… 15.1. Either….or / Neither…nor
Either
or noun
+
+
singular noun
+
plural noun
ạy
+
Kè
m
- Động từ theo sau Either… or hoặc Neither… nor có thể ở số ít hoặc số nhiều tùy thuộc vào danh từ theo sau or và nor (tức là danh từ đứng gần động từ đó).
+
singular verb
nor
Either
m /+
D
Neither
or
+
+
+
plural verb
nor
co
Neither
noun
e.
Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
gl
Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.
oo
Either Tom or his brother is going to drive the car. We’d like to travel either by car or by train.
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15.2. Not only…but also…, both…and…,…as well as… S + V + not only + S + V + both S + V +
OR:
noun + but also adjective and adverb as well as preposition
+ noun adjective adverb preposition
S + not only + verb + but also + verb…… S + verb + both + and
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OR:
S + verb + as well as + verb……
Ex: Mary plays not only the guitar but also the violin. Mary plays
both
Mary plays
the guitar
and
the violin.
the guitar as well as the violin.
Or: Mary not only plays but also composes music. Mary plays as well as composes music. Benjamin Franklin was not only a scientist but also a statement. and neatly.
He is famous not only in Italy but also in Germany.
Incorrect:
He is not only famous in Italy but also in Germany.
Q uy
Correct:
Translate these sentences into English: Cả ông Smith và vợ ông ta đều không có ở nhà.
Kè
1.
m
Notice:
N
Mr. Smith owns chains of restaurants in Europe as well as in America.
hơ
Helen wrote both correctly
n
Bob is not only talented but also intelligent.
2.
ạy
-……………………………………………………………………………………….. Tôi không những đã gặp Tổng thống mà còn trò chuyện với ộng ấy nữa. Cô ấy vừa đẹp lại vừa thông minh.
m /+
3.
D
-……………………………………………………………………………………….. -……………………………………………………………………………………….. Tom không biết hút thuốc cũng như uống rượu. Tom không mệt cũng không đói.
co
4. 5.
e.
-……………………………………………………………………………………….. Cô ấy nói và viết tiếng Anh rất giỏi. Hoặc bạn hoặc anh ta phải rời khỏi đây.
oo
6.
gl
-……………………………………………………………………………………….. -………………………………………………………………………………………..
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7.
Bạn có thể viết thư hoặc gọi điện cho tôi.
-……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8.
Tôi đã để nó trên bàn hoặc trong ngăn kéo. -………………………………………………………………………………………..
9.
Hoặc là anh rời khỏi đây hoặc tôi sẽ gọi cảnh sát. -………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. Anh ta không biết cũng không quan tâm chuyện gì đã xảy ra. -……………………………………………………………………………………….. 11. Cả thầy trò đều không có mặt tại buổi họp lớp.
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-……………………………………………………………………………………….. 12. Tại sao cô ta hôm nay không đi làm? – Tôi không biết. Có lẽ cô ta bị bệnh hoặc bận việc nhà. -……………………………………………………………………………………….. 13. Bạn có thể ở lại hoặc ra đi. Tùy bạn. -……………………………………………………………………………………….. 14. Anh ta biết nói cả tiếng Anh lẫn tiếng pháp. -……………………………………………………………………………………….. 15. Cô ấy đánh máy không những nhanh mà còn chính xác nữa.
n
-………………………………………………………………………………………..
hơ
16. Mr. Henry dạy và hành nghề luật.
N
-………………………………………………………………………………………..
Q uy
17. Cô ấy không những dễ thương mà còn tốt bụng.
-……………………………………………………………………………………….. 18. Tôi vừa mệt lại đói nữa.
m
-………………………………………………………………………………………..
Kè
19. Học qua 1khuya sẽ không tốt cho sức khỏe lẫn điểm số của bạn. -………………………………………………………………………………………..
ạy
20. Ông ta không những phát hiện ra mà còn thám hiểm vùng đất đó nữa.
m /+
D
-………………………………………………………………………………………..
XVI. Because / Because of
e.
co
Because + clause Because of + noun/ noun phrase/ V-ing
gl
Ex: The flights were cancelled because the weather conditions were bad.
oo
Or: The flights were cancelled because of bad weather conditions. Supply Because or Because of in these following sentences:
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1. We arrived late
_________ the traffic jam.
2. He could not play in the game_________his foot injury. 3. She didn’t buy it
_________the price was too high.
4. _________it is a national holiday, there will be no class tomorrow. 5. We couldn’t sleep last night_________the noise next door. 6. _________the storm warnings, we did not go out last night. 7. They went to the beach_________it is cooler there. 8. We have cancelled the party_________the rain. 9. We decided to leave early_________the party was boring.
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10. The chickens have died_________the intense heat.
XVII. Although / Even Though / Though, Despite / In Spite of Despite / In spite of + Noun/ Noun Phrase/ V-ing Although / Even though / Though + Clause (S + V + C) Ex: They decided to go on the trip though / although it was raining heavily. Or: They decided to go on the trip despite / in spite of the heavy rain. - Supply Despite / In spite of or Although / Even though / Though in these sentences:
n
1. _________she had a bad cold, she went to the class.
hơ
2. He passed the test_________he had not studied very much. 4. _________it was cloudy, the photos came out fine. 6. She felt tired_________she had a good sleep.
Q uy
5. _________John is only 17, he has entered university.
N
3. _________his poor English, he managed to communicate his problem quite clearly.
m
7. Tuition fees were increased_________many objectives from the students.
Kè
8. He will take a plane_________his dislike for flying.
ạy
9. _________Mary lived in New York all her life, she had never seen the Statue of Liberty.
D
10. _________Helen’s sadness at losing the contest, she managed to smile.
Subjunctive Verbs
m /+
XVIII.
- Những động từ Subjunctive bao gồm:
co
ask demand
recommend request require suggest
oo
prefer
gl
insist
e.
desire
propose
urge
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- Những động từ subjunctive diễn tả sự quan trọng hay cần thiết của một hành động nào đó. Lưu ý đến dạng động từ trong mệnh đề theo sau các subjunctive verbs:
S + Vsubjunctive + that + S + Vinfinitive + C Ex: Mr. John prefers that S
she speak
subjunctive
with him personally. infinitive
C
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EXERCISE 1. The doctor suggested that she (not smoke)_________. 2. I propose that the vote (be)_________secret ballot. 3. The advisor recommend that he (study)_________more English. 4. The manager requires that everyone (come)_________to the workshop on time. 5. She insisted that they (give)_________a receipt. 6. The manager asks that the work (be finished)_________by the end of this week. 7. He asked me (lend)_________him some money.
hơ
n
8. They demand that we (tell)_________them their status. 9. They demand (know)_________their status.
N
10. He prefers (live)_________in the country.
Q uy
11. The doctor suggests that she (take)_________more exercise.
12. The terrorists demand that the airline (provide)_________a plane.
m
13. The education law requires that all students (take)_________entrance examinations to be admitted to a university.
Kè
14. The director requests his staff (attend)_________the company’s annual meeting.
ạy
15. He requests that the entire staff (attend)_________the company’s annual meeting.
m /+
19.1. Introduction
D
XIX. Passive Voice
gl
e.
co
Bị động cách là cách đặt câu trong đó chủ ngữ đứng vai bị động. Passive Voice là dạng câu mà trong đó Subject không thực hiện action mà lại thụ nhận hoặc bị tác động bởi action đó qua một agent (tác nhân) verb
Passive :
Subject
be + V3
EX:
Columbus
discovered
Subject
Object
oo
Active :
G
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America
was discovered
by + agent America.
by Columbus.
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Active
Passive
Peter builds a house.
A house
Peter is building a house.
A house is being built by Peter.
Peter has built a house.
A house has been built by Peter.
Peter
A house was built by Peter.
built a house.
is built
A house was being built by Peter.
Peter had built a house.
A house had been built by Peter.
Peter will build a house.
A house will be built by Peter.
Peter can build a house.
A house can be built
Peter should build
A house should be built
a house.
by Peter.
Kè
A house is going to be built by Peter. A house must be built by Peter.
ạy
Peter must build a house.
by Peter.
m
Q uy
N
hơ
n
Peter was building a house.
Peter is going to build a house
D
Peter ought to build a house.
m /+
Peter has to build a house.
A house ought to be built
by Peter.
A house has to be built by Peter.
Điều kiện để có thể chuyển câu chủ động sang bị động:
co
Chú ý:
by Peter.
e.
Thứ 1: Câu chủ động phải xác lập có được tân ngữ. (object)
gl
Thứ 2: Câu chủ động phải có Ngoại động từ. (transitive verbs)
oo
19.2. Pasive structure a. Động từ của câu bị động: To be + Past Participle
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b. Tân ngữ của câu chủ động thành chủ ngữ của câu bị động c. Chủ ngữ của câu chủ động thành chủ ngữ của giới từ "BY" Ví dụ: The farmer dinks tea everyday. (Active) Tea is drunk by the farmer everyday. (Passive) Note: Khi một ngoại động từ ở chủ động có hai tân ngữ, một trực tiếp và một gián tiếp (nhóm tặng biếu), có thể chuyển thành hai câu bị động. Ví dụ: I gave him an apple. An apple was given to him. He was given an apple by me.
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19.3. Special Pasive Structures - It is said that … Ví dụ: It is said that = people say that: (Người ta nói rằng) It was said that = people said that. (Người ta nói rằng) Một số động từ được dùng như trên: believe, say, suggest, expect,... - After Verbs: to have, to order, to get, to bid, to cause hay một động từ chỉ về giác quan hoặc cảm tính, ta dùng Past Participle bao hàm nghĩa như bị động:
n
Ví dụ: We had your photos taken.
hơ
We heard the song sung.
N
We got tired after having walked for long. Ví dụ: I remember them taking me to the zoo. (active)
Q uy
- Special verbs: remember; want; try; like, hate... I remember being taken to the zoo.(passive)
m
Ví dụ: She wants her sister to take some photographs.(active)
Kè
She wants some photographs to be taken by her sister. (passive) Ví dụ: She likes her boyfriend telling the truth. (active)
ạy
She likes being told the truth. (passive)
D
- Some verb with “To”: Suppose; see; make;
m /+
Ví dụ: You are supposed to learn English now. (passive) = It is your duty to learn English now. (active)
co
= You should learn English now. (active) Ví dụ: His father makes him learn hard. (active)
e.
He is made to learn hard. (passive)
gl
Ví dụ: You should be working now. (active)
oo
You are supposed to be working now. (passive)
Ví dụ: People believed that he was waiting for his friend. (active) He was believed to have been waiting for his friend. (passive)
G
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EXERCISE: Change the following sentences into passive voice. 1. The manger will sign the contract today. 2. You have to finish the report by tomorrow. 3. They can’t delay the flight. 4. The criminal used this knife to kill the victim. 5. He has given her the file. 6. You ought to water these plants everyday.
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7. They could have seen you if it hadn’t been so dark. 8. They didn’t allow him to enter the building. 9. We can’t accept your suggestion. 10. How many people have they rescued so far? 11. Is anyone following you? 12. We don’t permit smoking in this building. 13. What did they tell you to do? 14. No one has ever asked me such a question before. 15. The students are going to hold the meeting next week.
hơ
n
16. Have they upgraded the roads in rural areas? 17. Did the barking of the dog annoy you last night?
N
18. Mary was reporting the case to the police.
Q uy
19. The fire caused a lot of damage.
20. You shouldn’t keep the flowers under strong sunshine.
m
21. You must maintain the machine regularly. 22. People say that prevention is better than cure.
ạy
24. Lightning hits many tall buildings.
Kè
23. We had warned him not to touch the chemical.
25. She is interviewing the President at the moment.
D
26. The postman has already delivered the mail.
m /+
27. You have to show your ID card to the security guard.
co
XX. Relative Clause
oo
gl
e.
Relative Clause được dùng để tạo thành một câu phức từ 2 câu riêng biệt. Relative Clause thường được bắt đầu bằng các Relative Pronouns như: Who – Whom - Which – That – Whose (Lưu ý: Who, Whom, Which, Whose ở đây không phải là các questions words – là các từ dùng để hỏi trong các câu hỏi WH-questions.) Ex: The man is talking to the manager. The man lives near my house.
G
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Ta có thể kết hợp 2 câu trên như sau: The man who lives near my house is talking to the manager. Relative Clause Hoặc: The man who is talking to the manager lives nears my house. Relative Clause Trong trường hợp trên who là relative pronoun thay cho danh từ the man
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•
Như vậy ta có thể dùng WHO thay cho một danh từ (chỉ người) làm Subject trong câu.
•
Ta có thể dùng WHOM thay cho một danh từ (chỉ người) làm Object trong câu.
Ex: He is the man I saw the man in Mr. Blair’s office yesterday. Ta có thể kết hợp hai câu trên như sau: He is the man whom I saw in Mr. Blair’s office yesterday. (Whom thay cho “the man” – Object trong câu: I saw the man in Mr. Blair’s)
n
Ex:
hơ
You met the girl at Tom’s party. The girl studies in the same class as I.
N
Ta có thể kết hợp hai câu trên như sau:
Q uy
The girl whom you met at Tom’s party studies in the same class as I.
Trong trường hợp này whom thay cho “the girl” là Object trong câu “You met the girl at Tom’s party”.
Kè
m
Ta dùng Relative Pronoun WHICH hoặc THAT để thay cho danh từ (chỉ vật) làm Subject hoặc Object trong câu.
•
The book is very interesting.
D
Ta có thể kết hợp 2 câu trên như sau:
ạy
Ex: You lent me the book.
m /+
The book which you lent me is very interesting. Or: The book that you lent me is very interesting.
co
Ex: The watch is mine.
e.
The watch has brown leather strap.
gl
Ta có thể kết hợp 2 câu trên như sau:
oo
The watch which has brown leather strap is mine. The watch that has brown leather strap is mine. Ta dùng WHOSE để thay cho Possessive Adjectives (Tính từ sở hữu) hoặc Possessive Case (Sở hữu cách) chỉ cả người và vật.
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•
Ex: The man is now reporting to the Police. His car was stolen last night. Ta có thể kết hợp 2 câu trên như sau: The man whose car was stolen last night is now reporting to the Police. Ex: The cat looks very pitiful.
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Its leg is broken. Ta có thể kết hợp 2 câu trên như sau: The cat whose leg is broken looks very pitiful. Ex: The company has to close down for 2 weeks. The company’s employees are on strike. Ta nối 2 câu trên như sau: The company whose employees are on strike has to close down for 2 weeks. Hãy kết hợp các câu sau đây:
hơ
n
1. The record became the gold record. The record was produced by this company. 2. You want to meet the official. The official is at the meeting now.
Q uy
4. My uncle bought a camera. The camera has 3 lenses.
N
3. John has received a scholarship. John’s grades are the highest in the school.
5. The manager of the program is planning to retire next year. He has worked on this program for 5 years.
m
6. Sir Ferguson looks very disappointed. His team has lost the match.
Kè
7. The student cheated on the examination. The student had to leave the room. 8. He was the only American. We saw him at the conference.
ạy
9. I know the candidate. The candidate was elected.
m /+
D
10. The parents are invited to the school – year closing ceremony. Their children receive the awards for their study achievement. Notice:
Trong Relative clause ta có thể giản lượt không dùng whom hoặc that và which nếu nó đóng vai trò có một object trong câu.
co
1.
e.
Ex: Trong câu: The man who is working in the garden is my father. Ta không thể giản lượt relative pronoun who vì nó làm Subject trong câu.
gl
Nhưng trong câu: The man whom you met yesterday is my father.
oo
Ta có thể bỏ whom như sau: The man you met yesterday is my father. Ex: Trong câu: Have you found the key which you lost?
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Ta có thể giản lượt: Have you found the key you lost?
Ex: Is this the book that you are looking for? Is this the book you are looking for? Nhưng trong câu: He gave me the book which has some information that I need for my essay. Ta không thể bỏ which vì nó làm subject trong mệnh đề. Nhưng ta có thể bỏ that vì nó làm object trong mệnh đề trên He gave me the book which has some information I need for my essay. 2.
Trong một số Relative clause, ta có thể bỏ Relative Pronoun who - which và động từ Be trong các trường hợp sau:
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3.
Relative clause ở dạng Passive voice ( bị động)
Ex: I like reading the novels which are written by E. Hemingway. Ta có thể giản lượt: I like reading the novels written by E. Hemingway. Ex: The hostage who was kidnapped last week has been released. = The hostage kidnapped last week has been released. Trong câu: The official languages spoken in Canada are English and French. Ta có thể viết câu đầy đủ như sau: The official languages which are spoken in Canada are English and French.
hơ
n
4. Relative clause ở dạng tiếp diễn. Ta có thể giản lượt như sau:
Q uy
The woman talking with the cashier at the counter is my wife.
N
Ex: The woman who is talking with the cashier at the counter is my wife.
Ex: The man who is standing by the entrance looks very suspicious.
Kè
m
= The man standing by the entrance looks very suspicious.
XXI. Inversion Instruction
ạy
Cấu trúc thông thường của 1 câu là: chủ từ đứng trước động từ nhưng có trường hợp ngược lại: động từ lại đứng trước chủ từ .Trong trường hợp này người ta gọi là đảo ngữ
D
Đảo ngữ được sử dụng trong nhiều trường hợp, thông dụng nhất là trong cấu trúc câu hỏi
m /+
Ex: He is nice
co
=> Is he nice?
Đôi khi đảo ngữ không phải là câu hỏi như các trường hợp sau:
e.
Về hình thức đảo ngữ có thể chia làm 2 loại:
oo
gl
1) Đảo ngữ như câu hỏi: là hình thức đem động từ đặc biệt (hoặc trợ động từ) ra trước chủ từ. ***Khi nào dùng đảo ngữ như câu hỏi? + Khi gặp các yếu tố phủ định ở đầu câu: not, no, hardly, little, never, seldom, few, only, rarely .....)
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Ex: I never go to school late Chữ never bình thường nằm trong câu thì không có chuyện gì xảy ra nhưng khi đem nó ra đầu câu thì sẽ có đảo ngữ Never do I go to school late + Khi có các chữ sau ở đầu câu: so, such, often, much, many, many a, tính từ Ex: He read many books yesterday.
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Many books did he read yesterday (đảo many ra đầu) The trees are beautiful in their autumn colors. Beautiful are the trees in their autumn colors (đảo tính từ ra đầu) The days when we lived in poverty are gone. (gone là tính từ) Gone are the days when we lived in poverty. (đảo gone ra đầu) The doctor was so angry that he went away. So angry was the doctor that..... (so + adj + be + S + that + clause) So nice a girl was that....( so + adj + a N +be + that + clause ) Such a noise was there that I couldn’t work
hơ
n
Many a time has he helped me with my experiment 2) Đảo ngữ nguyên động từ
N
Là hình thức đem nguyên động từ ra trước chủ từ (không cần mượn trợ động từ )
Q uy
***Khi nào dùng đảo ngữ loại này?
+Khi có cụm trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn ở đầu câu: on the ...., in the...., here, there...
m
Ex: _His house stands at the foot of the hill
Kè
At the foot of the hill stands his house. (đem nguyên động từ stands ra trước chủ từ )
ạy
_The bus came there
There came the bus. (đem nguyên động từ came ra, không mượn trợ động từ did)
m /+
D
Lưu ý: Trong cách này chủ ngữ phải là danh từ thì mới đảo ngữ được, đại từ không đảo ngữ Ex:
co
_Here came the bus
Nhưng chủ từ là đại từ thì không được
e.
Here it came (không đảo came ra trước)
gl
3) Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện
oo
Loại này chỉ áp dụng riêng cho câu điều kiện mà thôi Các chữ: HAD trong câu ĐK loại 3, chữ WERE trong loại 2, chữ SHOULD trong loại 1 có thể đem ra trước chủ từ thế cho IF
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Ex:
_If I were you, I would.... = Were I you, I would.... _If I had gone to school... = Had I gone to school… _If I should go.... = Should I go…
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EXERCISE Rewrite each of the following sentences with the given words in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed above it. 1. He spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me. "Not only …………………………………………………………………………… 2. He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang. "No sooner …………………………………………………………………………… 3. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back. "Hardly ……………………………………………………………………………
n
4. He didn’t finish his work until the bell rang.
hơ
"Not until ……………………………………………………………………………
N
5. We only began to see the symptoms of the disease after several months.
Q uy
"Only …………………………………………………………………………… 6. I have never seen anyone in my life drink as much as you.
"Never ……………………………………………………………………………
m
7. A sleeping dog was lying under the table. 8. His brother had rarely been more excited.
Kè
"Under the table ……………………………………………………………………………
ạy
"Rarely……………………………………………………………………………
D
9. The facts were not all made public until later.
m /+
"Only…………………………………………………………………………… 10. If I had realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.
oo
gl
e.
co
"Had ……………………………………………………………………………
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Practice Test 1 I . Choose the word or phrase which best complete each sentence. 1. Not only ………….…… to take the medicine, he also hit the nurse. A. he refused
B. did he refuse
C. he was refused
D. does he refuse
2. Mary did very well on the exam. She ……………………….very hard for the exam. A. must have studied
B. shouldn’t have studied
C. should have studied
D. mustn’t have studied
3. He lives………….. but he doesn’t feel……………...because he has plenty to do. B. lonely – alone
C. single – alone
D. alone – singly
n
A. alone- lonely B. time
C. case
D. preparation
A. didn’t waste
B. hadn’t wasted
Q uy
5. My uncle wishes he ……………….. time when he was young.
N
A. order
hơ
4. You may have to stay the night, so take a toothbrush just in…………………
C. wouldn’t waste
D. hasn’t wasted
6. They asked me …………..…... I had seen Dr. Clark the day before B. who
C. whether
D. when
m
A. that A. you know
Kè
7. Only when you grow up ……………….. the truth. B. do you know
C. you will know
D. will you know
B. whom
C. who
D. that
D
A. whose
ạy
8. My uncle, …………….. you met yesterday, is a lawyer.
A. do
B. to do
m /+
9. I like the way you had the beautician……………………your hair. C. done
D. does
co
10. You can rely ………………... Jack. He always keeps his promise. A. in
B. for
C. on
D. with
B. leave
gl
A. to leave
e.
11. A lot of my friends left school at 16, and they now regret ………….….school so early. C. left
D. leaving
oo
12. We are grateful………...our friends, who have done everything for us in the making of the film. A. for
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13.
B. to
D. on
I will have our car ……….….... soon.
A. repaired 14.
C. with B. to repair
C. repairing
D. being repaired
Neither the employees nor the director ………….….yet.
A. have come
B. haven’t come
C. has come
D. hasn’t come
15. My boss is angry with me because I didn’t do all the work that I ………….…… last week. A. should have done have done 16.
B. should do
C. must have done
D. might
Are you accustomed to ……………… in that small flat?
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A. live 17.
B. living
C. lived
D. have lived
If he …………… me a chance, I could have told him the truth.
A. gave
B. has given
C. could give
D. had given
18. ………………. you didn’t have the key, I wouldn’t have locked the door. A. If I knew 19.
B. If I have known
C. Have I known
D. Had I known
The salary of a bus driver is much higher ………
A. than a teacher
C. in comparison with the salary of a teacher
B . to compare as a teacher.
D. than that of a teacher
Our flight from Amsterdam to London was delayed ……………… the heavy fog. B. because
C. due to
D. on account for
hơ
A. as result
n
20.
Q uy
N
II. Read the passage and choose the best answers. In 1914, after some thirty-four years of problems with disease, high costs, and politics, the Panama Canal was officially opened, finally linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by allowing ships to pass through the fifty-mile canal zone instead of traveling some seven thousand miles around Cape Horn.
ạy
Kè
m
It takes a ship approximately eight hours to complete the trip through the canal and costs an average of fifteen thousand dollars, one-tenth of what it would cost an average ship to round the Horn. Annual traffic through the canal has risen from about one thousand ships in the canal's early days to about fifteen thousand vessels nowadays, measuring a total 350.6 million tons. In total, over 815,000 vessels have passed through the canal so far.
m /+
D
The French initiated the project but sold their rights to the United States. The latter controlled it until the end of the twentieth century when Panama took over its duties. 21. In what year was the construction probably begun on the canal? B. 1948
C. 1920
co
A. 1880
D. 1914
A. $1,500
e.
22. On the average, how much would it cost a ship to travel around Cape Horn? B. $150,000
C. $15,000
D. $10,000
oo
A. 1000
gl
23. How many ships pass through Panama Canal every year ? B. 15,000
C. 815,000
D. 360,6 million
24. Who currently controls the Panama Canal?
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A. the Canal Zone
B. France
C. The U.S.
D. Panama
25. What can be inferred from this reading? A. This is a costly project which should be reevaluated? B. Many captains prefer to sail around Cape Horn because it is less expensive. C. Despite all the problems involved, the project is beneficial. D. Due to all the problems, three governments have had to control the canal over the years.
III. Read the passage and choose the best answer to fill in the blanks.
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26.
A. for
B. on
C. about
27.
A. when
B. after
C. which
28.
A. from
B. in
C. to
29.
A. those
B. a
C. some
D. the
30.
A. While
B. However
C. Therefore
D. As
31.
A. and
B. but
C. with
m
D. without
32.
A. continued
B. decided
C. would like
33.
A. minds
B. ideas
Kè
D. insisted
C. comments
D. decisions
34.
A. into
B. by
C. out of
D. from
35.
A. suddenly
B. immediately
C. easily
D. comfortably
36.
A. that
B. after
C. people
D. who
37.
A. Until
B. However
C. Therefore
D. As
38.
A. saw
m /+
hơ
n
While preparing a meal for her guests, Mrs. Grants got rather worried …(26) … some unusual mushrooms .…(27) … a kind friend had sent her …(28) .… the country. Feeling suspicious, she gave ….(29) .… mushroom to her dog. ..….(30) … the dog ate it …(31) … no ill effects. Mrs. Grant .…(32) …. to cook the mushrooms for her guests. That evening the guests greatly enjoyed the mushrooms, commenting on their unusual flavor. They quickly changed their ….(33) .… after Mrs. Grant’s daughter, Jill, burst…. (34) … the dining room and announced that the dog was dead. On hearing the news, Mrs. Grant, now in a state of shock, phoned Dr. Craig, who came round ….(35) ….and pumped out the stomachs of all those ….(36) .… had eaten the mushrooms – a very unpleasant experience for them. ….. (37) … Dr. Craig asked if he could see the dog, he was led out of the house. He soon ….(38) …. that the dog had been killed by a …..(39) … car. Not knowing anything of her mother’s …..(40) …. about the mushrooms, Jill hadn’t mentioned this important fact when announcing the death of the dog.
B. understood
C. discovered
D. told
39.
A. passing
B. running
C. speeding
D. driving
40.
A. suspicion
B. anxiety
C. fear
D. opinion
N
D. by
Q uy
ạy
D
co
D. where
gl
e.
D. of
oo
IV. Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences. 41. Tourists / attract / beautiful scenery / sunny beaches
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………………………………………………………………………………
42.
He / used to / play football / famous team / but / too old / play / now ………………………………………………………………………………
43. You / become / ill / unless / stop / work / so hard ……………………………………………………………………………… 44. Nobody / know / exactly / when / the earth / create ……………………………………………………………………………… 45.
By the time/ the police / come/ victims/ accident/ bring/ hospital.
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……………………………………………………………………………… V. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their original meaning. Begin with the given words. 46. Speaking English fluently is not easy. It ………………………………………………… 47. Without a passport, she couldn’t leave the country. If …………………………………………………
n
48. It will be too late, if we don’t start conserving fossil fuels now.
hơ
Unless ………………………………………………… 49. I’m sorry that he isn’t with us now. 50. He could not afford to buy the car.
oo
gl
e.
co
m /+
D
ạy
Kè
m
The car …………………………………………………
Q uy
N
I wish ……………………………………
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Practice Test 2 I. Choose the word or phrase which best complete each sentence. 1. We are grateful……...our friends, who have done everything for us in the making of the film. A. for
B. to repair
D. being repaired
n
C. has come
D. hasn’t come
hơ
B. haven’t come
A. should have done B. should do
C. must have done
Are you accustomed to ……… in a small flat yet?
A. live
B. living
C. lived
N
My boss is angry with me because I didn’t do all the work that I ……… last week. D. might have done
Q uy
4.
D. have lived
If he ……… me a chance, I could have told him the truth.
A. gave
m
6.
C. repairing
Neither the employees nor the director …….yet.
A. have come
5.
D. on
I will have your car ……….... soon.
A. repaired 3.
C. with
B. has given
C. could give
Kè
2.
B. to
D. had given
7. ……… you didn’t have the key, I wouldn’t have locked the door. D. Had I know
The salary of a bus driver is much higher ………
C. in comparison with the salary of a teacher.
m /+
A. than a teacher
B. to compare as a teacher.
D. than that of a teacher
Our flight from Amsterdam to London was delayed ……… the heavy fog.
co
9.
C. Have I known
D
8.
B. If I had known
ạy
A. If I knew
A. as result
B. because
C. due to
D. on account for
B. did he refuse
gl
A. he refused
e.
10. Not only ……… to take the medicine, he also hit the nurse. C. he was refused
D. does he refuse
oo
11. Had I known Arabic was so difficult to learn, I ……..it up. A. would never take
C. will never take
B. would have never taken
D. would never have taken
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12. He lives….. but he doesn’t feel….because he has plenty to do. A. alone- lonely
B. lonely – alone
C. single – alone
D. alone – singly
13. You may have to stay the night, so take a toothbrush just in…… A. case
B. time
C. order
D. preparation
14. My uncle wishes he …….. time when he was young. A. didn’t waste
B. hadn’t wasted
C. wouldn’t waste
D. hasn’t wasted
15. They asked me ……... I had seen Dr. Clark the day before A. that
B. who
C. whether
D. when
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16. Only when you grow up ….. the truth. A. you know
B. do you know
C. you will know
D. will you know
17. My uncle, ….. you met yesterday, is a lawyer. A. whose
B. that
C. who
D. whom
18. I will have your car ….. soon. A. repaired
B. to repair
C. repairing
D. being repaired
19. You can rely ….. Jack. He always keeps his promise. A. in
B. for
C. on
D. with
B. leaving
C. left
D. leave
hơ
A. to leave
n
20. A lot of my friends left school at 16, and they now regret …….school so early.
oo
gl
e.
co
m /+
D
ạy
Kè
m
Q uy
N
II. Read the passage and choose the best answers. Computer programmer David Jones earns ￡35,000 a year designing new computer designing new computer games, yet he cannot find a bank prepared to let him have a check card. Instead, he has been told to wait another two years, until he is 18. The 16-year-old works for a small firm in Liverpool, where the problem of most young people of his age is finding a job. David's firm releases two new games for the expanding home computer market each month. But David's biggest headache is what to do with his money. Despite his salary, earned by inventing new programs within fight schedules, with bonus payments and profit-sharing, he cannot drive a car, take out a mortgage, or obtain credit cards. He lives with his parents in their council house in Liverpool, where his father is a bus driver. His company has to pay ￡150 a month in taxi fares to get him the five miles to work and back every day because David cannot drive. David got his job with the Liverpool-based company four months ago, a year after leaving school with six O -levels and working for a time in a computer shop. "I got the job because the people who run the firm knew I had already written some programs," he said. "I suppose ￡35,000 sounds a lot but actually that's being pessimistic. I hope it will come to more than that this year." He spends some of his money on records and clothes, and gives his mother ￡20 a week. But most of his spare time is spent working. "Unfortunately, computing was not part of our studies at school," he said. "But I had been studying it in books and magazines for four years in my spare time. I knew what I wanted to do and never considered staying on at school. Most people in this business are fairly young, anyway." David added, "I would like to earn a million and I suppose early retirement is a possibility. You never know when the market might disappear."
G
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21. Why is David different from other young people of his age? A. He earns an extremely high salary. B. He is employed. C. He does not go out much. D. He lives at home with his parents. 22. David's greatest problem is ______. A. making the banks treat him as an adult B. inventing computer games
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C. spending his salary D. learning to drive 23. He was employed by the company because ______. A. he had worked in a computer shop B. he had written some computer programs C. he works very hard D. he had learned to use computers at school 24. He left school after taking 0-levels because ______.
hơ
B. he wanted to work with computers and staying at school did not help him
n
A. he did not enjoy school C. he was afraid of getting too old to start computing 25. Why does David think he might retire early? A. You have to be young to write computer programs.
m
B. He wants to stop working when he is a millionaire.
Q uy
N
D. he wanted to earn a lot of money
ạy
D. He thinks his firm might go bankrupt.
Kè
C. He thinks computer games might not always sell so well.
III. Read the passage and choose the best answer to fill in the blanks.
m /+
D
In a village on the east coast of Scotland, people were waiting anxiously for news. Two of their fishing-boats ….(26)… caught in the storm (27)…….had blown up during the night. In the cottages round the harbor people stood …..(28)…….their doors………(29)……worried to talk.
oo
gl
e.
co
The rest of the fishing fleet had….. (30)….the harbor before dark, and the men from these ships waited and watched with the wives and families of……(31)……missing men. Some had ……(32)…..thick blankets and some flasks of hot drinks, knowing that the men ….(33) ….be cold and tired. As dawn began to break over ….. (34)….. the east, a small point of light was….. (35)…..in the darkness of the water and a ….(36)…..minutes later, ….(37)…..was a shout. Before long, the two boats were turning in, ……(38)….. the lighthouse, to the inside of the harbor. The men were……(39)….out of their boats, and although they were stiff ….(40)….cold and tiredness, they were all safe.
G
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26.
A. have been
B. had been
C. were
D. could be
27.
A. when
B. after
C. which
D. where
28.
A. from
B. in
C. to
D. at
29.
A. so
B. feeling
C. too
D. very
30.
A. parked
B. passed
C. come
D. reached
31.
A. the
B. several
C. some
D. that
32.
A. made
B. bought
C. brought
D. used
33.
A. would
B. had to
C. could
D. should
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34.
A. in
B. on
C. out of
D. from
35.
A. seen
B. looked
C. shown
D. appeared
36.
A. lots
B. number
C. little
D. few
37.
A. that
B. it
C. there
D. this
38.
A. into
B. under
C. past
D. over
39.
A. jumped
B. helped
C. forced
D. drawn
40.
A. with
B. by
C. for
D. under
IV. Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
hơ
n
41. take / them / three years / build / the bridge
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
N
42. doctor / whom / see / party / friend
Q uy
………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43. I / not think / enough qualifications / job 44. Mr Thomas / not interested / buy / new / car.
m
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Kè
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
ạy
45. because / heavy rain / students/ late / class.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
m /+
D
V. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their original meaning. Begin with the given words. 46. He has to pay the bills before the fifth of the month.
co
The bills ………………………………………………… 47. The owners of the newspapers are usually very rich.
e.
The people ………………………………………………
gl
48. I’m sorry that he isn’t with us now.
oo
I wish ………………………………………………….… 49. He didn’t know where John was and I didn’t either.
G
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Neither ………………………………………………. 50. She has to quit smoking or she will die. If ………………………………………………………..
The end
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