REheat - Dayna Mailach Thesis Book

REheat A user-focused approach to temperature regulation

DAY N A M A I L AC H M AY 2 016

A t he sis subm itt e d in par tial fulf illm e nt o f t he re q uire m e nts f or t he de gre e of M ast e r of Industr ial De sign, Sc hool of De sign, P rat t Institut e .

R E h e a t : A U s e r - Fo c u s e d A p p r o a c h To H e a t i n g

by Dayna Mailach

Š 2016 Dayna Mailach

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Industrial Design, School of Design, Pratt Institute.

May 2016

R E h e a t : A U s e r - Fo c u s e d A p p r o a c h To Te m p e r a t u r e R e g u l a t i o n

by Dayna Mailach

Recieved and Approved

Katrin Mueller-Russo, Thesis Advisor

Date

Constantin Boym, Chairperson

Date

AC K N OW LED G EM EN T S There are so, so many people I want to thank.

First and foremost - my family and my parents.

For their unfailing support, comfort, humor, blind confidence, thoughtfulness, perspective, and logic when I needed it. I would never ever be here, standing with a complete thesis and a hunger to be the best, if not for you. Never, not for a second.

I will be forever and ever grateful. You are the light that leads me out of ruts, and the fire that tells me to trust in myself and in my abilities. You taught me that you must sometimes just start, that being effortlessly cool comes naturally, and that it is important to get lost in fantasy movies when taking breaks from work.

Katrin Mueller-Russo – Thank you for always pushing and questioning, asking the difficult questions early on, letting me argue back, and for understanding the uniqueness of thesis group.

My thesis group, Dawn, Hong, Dar – Thank you for raising the bar, sharing materials, always putting out quality work, helping in times of need, pushing me to be better, questioning what is presented, respecting my opinion, being a support system, working like crazy and being dependably awesome. You really made me a better designer, and made this project so much better. I am so sad to be leaving this group of amazing friends and cohorts.

MID graduating class – Michael, Todd, Woo Jin, Jesse, Chanel, Lexie, Liz, Dam, Tara, Rima, Ellen, Ya Lun. GUYS! We freaking got here. You all are so unfailingly kind and supportive. All of the late-night club sessions, hanging out in the studio eating take-out Indian food, etc. I feel lucky to have met every single one of you, and to have learned with you and learned from you.

GID people – Dar, Hong, Isis, Issa, Francesca, Ray, John, Mo, Dawn, Hannah – we went on a crazy adventure together, and I think we came

out covered in calluses and all the tougher for it.

So much was flung at us, and we freaking caught everything while travelling together, laughing together, suffering together, healing together and adventuring together. I learned so much from you and was able to depend on you. When I think about our time on GID, moving every 6 months, not knowing about what would happen when we got to a new city, I imagine us all as Lord of the Rings elvish warriors, always ready to fight, and come out with a sparkling product on the other end. Thank you to all the friends that lent material, helped in times of stress, acted in any of the product films over the 3 years, and lent an ear when I needed it. I will always be there for you to lend one back.

Thank you to all the people who were willing to offer their time and experience, and interview for me. Thank you to Dr. Victor Zuck, Dr. Patrick Oosthuizen and Dr. Arvind Narayanaswamy. I’d also like to thank all of the people that helped me at the NYC Spinal Cord Injury Association and Anonymous, Daniela Castagnino, Anonymous and Ian Ruder. I want to thank Barbara Frohlich, Coby Bergman, Mike Zylberlicht, Janelle Manning, Anonymous, and everyone who completed my survey. I’d also like to thank Jody Garellek; Engineer / avid snacker, Lord Dr. Tom Sevilla Senior Esquire, Cailyn Culp and Xiangning “Gordon” Gao. Thank you to Lea Patrice Fales, Sophie Erb and Hannah Trimble for modeling and in my video.

And lastly thank you to all the people I did not mention by name here. I hope you know who you are. Those that I messaged late at night with a quick question, those that helped me rehearse my presentation, and those I shot ideas off of. I am so grateful for everything. I really know that I am such a lucky kid.

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A B S T R AC T In this thesis the problem of temperature comfort and energy consumption due to heating ventilation and cooling loads is investigated, and possible implementable passive-focused solutions are explored.

Physiology and temperature regulation, ideal specific contexts, heat transfer properties and materials, and emotional and habit design theory are all considered in the design solution. The final solution is a suite of products that create mobile individualized microclimates to facilitate temperature comfort anywhere and everywhere. An undergarment (tank

top and shorts) and a modular patch system are proposed that use passive and active heating and cooling systems, and pair with an iPhone application, to allow female healthcare professionals to have temperature comfort throughout their day. Using modern materials, REheat stores and re-emits your own body heat when you need it and allows you to monitor your temperature with unobtrusive visuals. It reduces the need for high heating and cooling loads and speaks to the larger issue of constant comfort.

Contents 1. 0 I N T R O D U C T I O N

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1.1 Problem

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1.2 Need

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1.3 Brief

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1.4 Opportunity

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1.5 Thesis Approach

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1.6 Hypothesis

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2 . 0 D I S COV E R A N D R E S E A RC H

2.1 Secondary Research

31 31

2.1.1 General Background

31

2.1.2 Market Landscape

45

2.1.3 Case Studies

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2.2 Primary Research

52

2.2.1 Interviews With Laymen Experts

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2.2.2 Interviews With Extreme Users

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2.2.3 Interviews With Experts

56

2.2.4 Findings

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3.0 DEFINE

59

3.1 Scope

59

3.2 Context

62

3.3 Constants

64

3.4 Assumptions

67

4.0 DEVELOP

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4.1 Ideation, Trials and Materials Study

69

4.2 Iteration Cycle 1

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4.3 Iteration Cycle 2

80

4.4 Iteration Cycle 3

86

4.5 Process for Final Design

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5 . 0 F I N A L D E S I G N A N D A P P ROAC H

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6.0 CONCLUSIONS

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7. 0 F I N A L W O R D S

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8.0 REFERENCES

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9.0 APPENDICES

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Figures Figure 1: Survey results in infographic format

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Figure 2: Infographics showing HVAC statistics

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Figure 3: Infographic explaining the thermoneutral zone

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Figure 4: Infographic explaining the thermoneutral zone and design focus of core temperature

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Figure 5: PCM

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Figure 6: Competitive analysis

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Figure 7: Material connexion, material library

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Figure 8: Temperature testing on different areas of the body

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Figure 9: How It Works infographic

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Figure 10: Cross section infographic

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Figure 11: User journey infographic

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Figure 12: PCM microcapsule

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1.0

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

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1.1 Problem 1.2 Need 1.3 Brief 1.4 Opportunity 1.5 Thesis Approach 1.6 Hypothesis

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1.0 Introduction A wasteful system that is neither using our resources effectively, nor heating or cooling effectively.

Janelle Manning is a schoolteacher. In the summer she brings a sweater to school with her every day in case the air conditioning is set too high. In the winter she wears layers of clothes to work - sweaters, cardigans, leggings - because she often cannot predict how hot or cold she will be in her Brooklyn classroom. Coby Bergman works at an info tech research company. In the wintertime, he borrows a coworker’s fan to get through the day in his over-heated office. Barbara Frohlich leaves the window open in her bedroom every day of the year because she likes it cooler when she sleeps, while her husband wears an extra sweater to bed. In winter she still leaves the window open, despite the furnace running throughout the night.

These are not unusual stories. We have all experienced the relief of walking into a room where you feel physically comfortable. And, we all have also experienced the embarrassment, discomfort, and distraction of being in a place where we are unable to feel comfortable with the current room temperature. Our bodies work to bring us back to a comfortable temperature, and we perform workarounds to get some relief – touching a wrist to a metal surface to cool down, buying a hot tea to warm up, etc. But these are all treating a symptom of a larger issue – a one-temperature-fits-all approach that exists in all of the spaces in the modern world.

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This is one of my favorite kinds of problems – seemingly small issues that can make big change, and better the everyday lives of so many hardworking people. When I went to university, I chose to study Mechanical Engineering. During my time at school, I joined the solar design team and learned about insulation, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and cooling systems), and passive and active HVAC solutions. With my interest and background, I wanted to look at something that was personal, relevant and problematic, and that would be important for our future in a larger way.

In this thesis I propose the idea of “wearable microclimates�. This final actualized design is in some ways a placeholder for a larger vision of a globally relevant individualized heating and cooling wearable to replace what we currently know as central heating and cooling.

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1.0

THESIS STATEMENT

Thesis Statement A temperature-regulating garment that can

store and re-release human-generated heat would work more effectively than existing centralized HVAC systems at maintaining comfort, facilitating overall health and responding to personal needs, per Joule of energy consumed.

In this paper I will dissect the need for a new approach to heating and cooling, and will discuss my research, process, and methodology in responding to that need with a solution.

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1.1 PROBLEM COMFORT -

The discomfort and ineffectiveness of the current one-

temperature-fits-all approach to heating and cooling.

When one person feels uncomfortable on a Tuesday in their office job, and their boss is unwilling to talk to maintenance to raise the heat, in truth, it is not a big deal. It is not a need. It is one person.

In the summertime, when 10 people in an office bring in heaters because their building’s thermostat is centrally controlled and they are all freezing, personal

temperature comfort is still a luxury. Those employees aren’t directly paying for

that extra electricity bill. And they do what they have to do. They are lucky to be able to perform a workaround.

But when this happens to literally thousands people around the world, in every country, everyday, who spend so much of their time indoors [40], it becomes a resonant, relevant, and important problem that cannot be ignored.

ENERGY CONSERVATION - The wastefulness of heating large spaces instead of specifically the people in them.

In my day-to-day life, I observed unnecessary heat losses and gains over and

over again in different environments, age groups, times of the day, times of the

year, and locations in the world. I observed users wearing sweaters and jackets in air-conditioned movie theatres. I observed a user opening windows in a kitchen

during the winter because the kitchen’s oven was overheating the space, and then consuming more energy to reverse a room’s temperature back when it became

too cold. I observed users coming in from the gym and opening a window, only to put a heater back on later. I observed space heaters under desks and personal

fans in workplaces. This is undoubtedly a wasteful system that is neither using our resources effectively, nor heating or cooling effectively.

Decreasing large HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning system) would

create enormous benefits. Since about 50% of most residential energy consumption is due to HVAC usage, even if overall usage is lowered 1-2% a significant

difference can be made on a global level.[2] HVAC systems consume so much

power and heat large spaces instead of the people in them. Heating and cooling

have a massive impact on our energy consumption. There is and has always been a strong need for more efficient products and systems for heating and cooling.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT Current central heating and cooling systems are a problem for female healthcare

professionals because they cause discomfort to workers and expensive energy losses to hospitals/homeowners/companies when they do not fit the individual needs of the employee.

WHY DESIGN “Dieter Rams: Ten Principles of “Good Design” 1. Good design is innovative

2. Good design makes a product useful 3. Good design is aesthetic

4. Good design makes a product understandable 5. Good design is unobtrusive 6. Good design is honest

7. Good design is long-lasting

8. Good design is thorough down to the last detail 9. Good design is environmentally-friendly

10. Good design is as little as possible” [41] Design thinking is the best solution approach because the problem requires creativity and innovation in thinking in order to find a solution that works

within the many constraints. The problem also requires the consideration of many stakeholders and an understanding of human needs, both physically and psychologically. It asks for an understanding of methods of solution

implementation, and an ability and skill to create a sustainable and valued solution that will promote change. Design is able to combine fields of study, such as

science, engineering, aesthetics, history, etc. to create one harmonious perspective that reflects all of these things. All of the elements of a solution to this problem already exist, but they exist as disparate pieces, each unconnected with human needs. Therefore, design is needed to unite these ideas. In the words of Deiter

Rams, the solution must be useful, aesthetic, long-lasting, and as little as possible.

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These considerations are all required in forming the solution, and therefore design is the only appropriate approach for this problem.

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W H E N A S K E D I N A S U RV E Y. . . c o m p l e t e d by 67 p e o p l e ; JA N 2 016

S W E AT Y & C H I L LYS A M E DAY ?

34 % f r e q u e n t l y 52% occationally

86%

h a ve ex p e r i e n c e d t h i s

52% 34%

13 %

67 %

PERFORMED WO R K A RO U N D S DA I LY to maintain a comfor table personal temperature

91 %

69% 60%

o f t h o s e 67 % , 91 % WA N T E D T E M P A DJ U S T E D ONCE A WK OR MORE

D I F F E R E N T RO O M T E M P T H A N OT H E R S A RO U N D T H E M

ex p e r i e n c e t h i s O N C E A WEEK or more

Figure 1: Survey results in infographic format. Completed in Jan 2016, by 67 people. Full results in Appendix 1.

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1.2 NEED The current one-temperature-fits-all approach that exists in all of the spaces in the modern world forces all of us, and particularly women, to sit in discomfort and wastes energy in our homes and from our bodies.

INEFFECTIVE SYSTEM One-temperature-for-all is not human-focused design – it is convenient. From speaking to potential users and releasing a survey, I found that undoubtedly the current heating and cooling system is ineffective. The biggest insight I noticed was from an interviewed “Laymen Specialist”, Anonymous, who has poor circulation throughout her body. As she said, “Everybody is totally different. Everyone prefers a different temperature.” People have different environmental temperature preferences on any given day, based on many different variables – their weight, their clothing, the previous environment they’ve been in, how quickly their body temperature transitions from colder in the morning to warmer in the evening, the outdoor temperature, placebos and perceived optimal temperatures, emotional state, etc. When asked in a survey (completed by 65 people), 65% said that they prefer a different room temperature than those around them, and 57% said that they experience this once a week or more.

People said they that they argued about thermostat setting with spouses, roommates and siblings, about their workplace never being the right temperature, about preferring different temperatures for different activities, and about having to use workarounds to be able to live and work effectively. When asked in a survey, 67% said that they performed daily workarounds to

maintain a comfortable temperature (for example, open a window in a heated environment, turn on a fan in heated environment, heater on or blanket in a cooled environment, coat on indoors, etc.). Of those people, 91% said that they used workarounds once a week or more. There is clearly a significant desire from the public to have a more personalized, individualized heating system for their day-to-day lives.

GLOBAL AND LOCAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION DUE TO HEATINGING AND COOLING There is a huge need for the reduction of global energy consumption. In 2009, space heating and air conditioning consumed 48% of all residential energy consumption (US EIA)[2]. In 2014, 41% of total US energy consumption was from residential and commercial buildings (US Energy Information Administration)[3], and in 2011, 28% of all US consumption was from transportation, 32% from industry, while 40% was from building consumption (US Department of Energy Quadrennial Technology Review)[4] – more than either transportation or industry. 31% of global final energy demand was from people’s activities in buildings (Global Energy Assessment, IIASA).

[5] These are powerful statistics that demand change. The statistics show such high energy usage for heating/cooling, and thus should direct designers to where solutions must be pursued.

The research and product design explored in this paper can be leveraged so as to bring the public towards conserving energy in a way that can make significant changes.

Part of the reason these statistics are so overwhelming is because of inefficient and old systems, losses due to poor insulation, broken systems, inaccurate thermostats, etc. 90% said

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(according to a survey completed by 65 people done this year, Appendix 1) that they have had problems with an HVAC system or thermostat in the past. Another reason for these overwhelming statistics are the result of users – accidents like leaving doors open or windows open even a crack, not dressing weather appropriate because of personal preference, etc. Another reason for these high numbers is the amount of space needed to be heated and cooled. Full rooms, halls, offices, large entryways, etc. will be heated or cooled, while a person may only take up a small percentage of the total volume of that space. Thermostats are left on in homes and apartment building when people are only occupying part of the building, or when no one is home at all.

A project with similar goals, ATTACH (Adaptive Textiles Technology with Active Cooling and Heating), from the University of California, San Diego, predicted that retaining body heat could reduce heating bills by 15%. (Their project was about developing textiles that would thicken and thin throughout different areas on the body, to maintain an overall temperature of 93 degrees F or 34 degrees C.)[15] Reusing plastic bags at the grocery store and bringing in your own water bottle does make a difference, but there are also big ways to make positive sustainable changes that seem to be less advertised. Heating and cooling has a massive impact on our energy consumption. There is and has always been a strong need for more efficient products and systems for heating and cooling.

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HUMAN NEED AND EXTREME NEED When I was a child, whenever I stayed at my grandmother’s house in the winter, before going to sleep she always used to take out a hair dryer and blow dry the bed sheets so that when we slipped into them they were nice and toasty. There are so many emotional associations to our bodies’ sensations of warmth and coldness. Hot and cold are not just a part of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, but effect our emotions and well-being, and as such should be perceived as of greater importance in being reconsidered.

I was able to interview extreme users - people that have experienced spinal cord injuries that have resulted in damage to the autonomic nervous system and therefore to their temperature selfregulation. It is very clear that is no distinct solution exists for their more extreme need for an individualized, personal heating system. All who were interviewed discussed an imperfect series of workarounds to deal with different situations. All personalized heating systems (electric blankets or clothing, glove or shoe heated inserts, etc.) were ineffective in some way, or extremely uncomfortable, and were often abandoned. They spoke of embarrassment of overdressing in situations, or for asking for temperatures to be turned to a level that others would find uncomfortable. A heavy dependence on workarounds is established for these users who do not have any system designed for their needs. Current solutions include adding layers of clothing, blankets, using space heaters, using fans, drinking cold/hot drinks, or turning up the central heating cooling system. These workarounds are ineffective, not always available, wasteful and often do not effectively solve the problem.

Figure 2: Infographics showing HVAC statistics

31 % G LO BA L E N E RGY F RO M AC T I V I T I E S I N B U I L D I N G (Global Energy Assessment, I I A S A , 2 012 )

41%

TOTA L U S C O N S U M P T I O N

R E S I D E N T I A L A N D C O M M E RC I A L

(US Energy Information A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 2 014 )

48% S PAC E H E AT I N G / C O O L I N G

of all residential consumptionis due to space heating/cooling (US EIA , 2009)

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1.3 BRIEF

BRIEF How might you design a product or system that regulates and maintains the body temperature of individuals in a way that is connected with human needs?

The sub brief chosen focus on very different applications of the initial question:

SUB BRIEF

1. How might you design a product or system that regulates and maintains the body temperature of individuals in a way that is connected with human needs?

KEY WORDS: heat, cool, passive, thermostat, responding, custom, human, adapt.

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There is a large gap between the engineers that develop energy conserving technologies and systems, and the people who use them. I saw a great design opportunity.

1.4 OPPORTUNITY An opportunity presented itself when no ideal functional solution was found to exist that responds to the needs outlined above - a product or system that regulates and maintains the body temperature of individuals in a way that is connected with human needs and that reuses lost human resources.

The current system of heating spaces with a centralized system has existed for thousands of years, originating in ancient Rome. Although significant updates have occurred over the years, no full-scale rethinking of heating people-versus-spaces has been done successfully so as to filter into the everyday lives of users. A system update is necessary and far overdue.

The products on the market that work to heat and cool individuals all were focused on extreme applications such as camping, skiing or other outdoor sports, temperature regulating within NASA space suits [10], cooling racecar driver suits, etc. I saw the opportunity to create a product focused on the “everyday� application in both functionality and aesthetics.

Also, no individualized heating product was found that focused on using passive (non-powered) and active (powered) heating components together on the individual in one system. Leveraging both body and environmental heat to heat or cool the individual greatly reduces the need for energy consumption to heat or cool. When the passive components are full or depleted, active components are able to turn on as supplemental systems.

Appliances, furniture, electronics and the stuff we own does not need to stay at room temperature to stay in operation (often electronics are operational between 0 degrees C and 35 degrees C. [43]). The most popular room temperature (thermostat setting) is 22 degrees C [42]) If we could use less energy to heat smaller spaces, recycle heat, and store unwanted heat until it was needed again, there would be no need for costly HVAC systems.

1.5 THESIS APPROACH OBJECTIVES The purpose of this thesis paper is to find a method that will enable additional temperature comfort for users. The purpose also is to find applications for recycling heat and energy in new contexts that

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are closely connected to human needs and behaviors. Creating energy-conservation designs that better relate to users and that shift lifestyles and environments, will be a powerful tool in overall consumption mindfulness.

I believe all products should have a human focus. The humanand user-centric approach is pivotal to the approach to product development and research outlined in this paper. There is a large gap between the engineers that develop energy conserving technologies and systems, and the people who use them, and I saw a great design opportunity. To learn to create a system that really works for its context, to design with communities and people, and to create solutions deeply rooted in people’s actual needs, lifestyle and problems creates a much more beautiful, sustainable end product [45], which is ultimately my greater goal.

The purpose of the first sub brief (individualized heating) is to find a way to store and reuse environmental heat and body heat when and where it is needed, in a way that speaks to our bodies’ natural reactions and triggers for producing or feeling heat. Instead of constantly losing body heat, only to need to generate more, this project aims to recycle and release heat where needed. The initial hypothesis was that a deep understanding of how the human body heats, where it heats, and in what ways (internally, sweat, hot to touch) will give valuable insights and will unlock the key to this design. [45] [44]

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1.6 HYPOTHESIS I believe I might help solve these problems by applying habit and routine-hijacking design methods, emotional design methods, modern science and technology research, and design thinking, ideation, research, insight, discovery and iteration techniques.

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2.0

DISCOVER AND RESEARCH

Discover and Research

2.1 Secondary Research

2.1.1 General Background

2.1.2 Market Landscape

2.1.3 Case Studies

2.2 Primary Research

2.2.1 Interviews With Laymen Experts

2.2.2 Interviews With Extreme Users

2.2.3 Interviews With Experts

2.2.4 Findings

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2.0 Discover and Research This section outlines primary and secondary researched that was done, and some of the key findings from that research.

2.1 SEONDARY RESEARCH 2.1.1 BACKGROUND HEAT TRANSFER In this paper, all three types of heat transfer are explored: conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction requires contact and occurs within and between solids (sometimes with a liquid as well), for example, coils on a metal stove touching a metal pan, or even between different atoms within the coils on the stove. Convection does not require physical contact, and occurs in liquids and gases. An example of convection is when a breeze moves over the coils of a stove. Radiation does not need a medium or particles to transfer heat and is an electromagnetic wave. An example of radiation is when the sunrays heat the earth or a plate of food in a microwave. The understanding of these 3 means of heat transfer was used in developing

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Heat (enthalpy) = sum of internal energy of a body, and the product of its volume x pressure) Enthalpy = sensible heat + latent heat Sensible heat = the type of heat that increases the temperature of the air e.g. an electric fire.

Latent heat = the heat that is present in increasing moisture in the air. E.g. when water boils in a kettle or when using a steam humidifier. (To evaporate 1 pound of water at 212°F requires 1061 Btu which is approximately 6 times the energy required to heat 1 pound of water from 32°F to 212°F). This moisture in the air doesn’t necessarily change air temperature but the heat energy it contains can be released when this moisture condenses (latent heat of vaporization). [6]

PHYSIOLOGY AND THERMOREGULATION AMOUNT OF HEAT PRODUCED BY HUMANS

As the surface area of skin of an average adult equal to ~1.8 m^2, and the unit of metabolic rate is 1 met = 58.2 w/m^2 (SI units), the total heat

production of an “average” adult at rest per hour is 58.2 x 1.8 = 104.76 = 105 Watts (18.4 x 19.368 = 356.37 = 356 BTU per hour). [47] 1 BTU

= amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 pound (1 pint) of water by 1 degree F

= heat produced by 1 standard wooden match

=> Every square foot of body gives off heat of about 19 matches/hour [46]

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THERMO NEUTRAL ZONE

=

30 C 26 C

ENVIR TEMP RANGE WHEREIN IDEAL INTERNAL B O DY T E M P E R AT U R E I S E A S I LY M A I N TA I N E D

F O R H U M A N B O DY T. N . Z . B E T

26 C AND 30 C

Figure 3 (above): Infographic explaining the thermoneutral zone [82] Figure 4 (right): Infographic explaining the thermoneutral zone and design focus of core temperature [82]

THERMONEUTRAL ZONE

to 22 0 C.[30])

“The thermoneutral zone (TNZ) … [is the] range of ambient temperatures without regulatory changes in metabolic heat production or evaporative heat loss.”[20] Factors that influence the thermoneutral zone include body composition, clothing, energy expenditure, age and gender. These must be taken into consideration when considering thermal comfort, but there is an accepted range that is considered the TNZ for humans. The internal body temperature in the thermoneutral zone generally ranges from 36.5 to 37.5 0 C [21], while the environmental temperature ranges from 27 0 C to 31 0 C.[22] That is, when the environmental temperature is within this range (TNZ), the body easily maintains ideal internal body temperature and does not need to shiver, sweat, constrict blood vessels, etc. to maintain body temperature.

(According to a study published by the Physiology and Behavior Journal, the metabolism of women was reduced when exposed to an ambient temperature of 27 0 C (TNZ) compared

“Thermoregulatory control involves the interplay between peripheral and central thermoreceptors, an integrating control center (hypothalamus [portion of the brain]), and efferent autonomic and behavioral response systems.[23] …

Heat balance is typically regulated by means of vasomotor responses. Shivering, which increases heat production 2–5-fold, is activated when behavioral compensations and maximal vasoco¬nstriction are insufficient to maintain core temperature [27][28].”[29]

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In this design, I chose to focus on the core (chest, abdomen, hips, etc.) instead of the quick cooling and heating spots (like the wrist or the knee) because the goal of this project is to facilitate temperature regulation, consistent and steady over long periods of time. This will not respond quickly to burning a finger on the stove or freezing your nose on a cold day. By keeping the body in the thermo neutral zone, overall health and comfort increases and the body’s metabolic rate is maintained [20].

D E S I G N F O C U S E S O N C O R E T E M P E R AT U R E TO M A I N TA I N I D E A L I N T E R N A L B O DY T E M P E R AT U R E ( i . e . M A I N TA I N I N G C O N S TA N T M E TA B O L I S M )

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SPINAL CORD INJURY AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION Temperature regulation issues occur with people that have experienced cervical and high thoracic injuries (C1 to T12 level injury)[11]. Those that have experienced this type and level of injury have damaged their autonomic nervous system, and depending on the details of the injury, will live within a spectrum of abilities to be able to sense and regulate temperature. Often central (internal) and peripheral (skin, external) thermo receptors do not work properly below the injury.

That is, they are not able to send signals about the environmental temperature or condition to the brain.

The sympathetic nervous system is itself a part of the autonomic nervous system. Victims are unable to sweat below their injury, have blood vessels constrict or expand, or to shiver below injury level because the sympathetic cholinergic neurons, the sympathetic adrenergic neurons, and the sematic motor neurons that control these functions are often damaged in spinal cord injury victims.[12] Due to the constant sitting position, there is also poor circulation in the lower half of the body. This also makes it difficult to maintain warmth.[13] Therefore, it is very easy for spinal cord injury victims to overheat or to get too cold to dangerous levels.[14]

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“Design is important to me, but which design I choose depends on the occasion, the context, and above all, my mood.”

DONALD NORMAN [39]

DESIGN THEORY APPLIED: EMOTIONAL DESIGN

is considered to be the conscious experience of affect.[39]

“We are all designers – because we must be.

We live our lives, encounter success and failure, joy and sadness. We structure our own worlds to support ourselves throughout life. Some occasions, people, places, and things come to have special meanings, special emotional feelings.

These are our bonds, to ourselves, to our past, and to the future. When something gives pleasure, when it becomes a part of our lives, and when the way we interact with it helps define our place in society and in the world, then we have love.

Design is part of this equation, but personal interaction is the key. Love comes by being earned, when an object’s special characteristics makes it a daily part of our lives, when it deepens our satisfaction, whether because of its beauty, its behavior or its reflective component.”- Donald Norman[39]

When designing a product, how can we connect beauty and aesthetics to functionality?

Emotions. “… [Attractive] things make people feel good, which in turn makes them think more creatively.”[39] Creativity triggers users to look for alternative solutions when they cannot figure something out, and opens them to positive interactions.[39]

There are many different components of product design - usability, aesthetics, practicality, etc. but all of these are affected by an emotional component, which is as important, or often times, more important than all other components. There are three aspects of design: visceral (appearance), behavioral (pleasure and effectiveness of use) and reflective (rationalization and intellectualization of a product). The three components interweave emotion, affect and cognition. The affective system is the conscious and subconscious judgmental systems within our minds. Emotion

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Emotions are also critical to human behavior.

They allow us to make non-logic based decisions and live functional normal lives. Since, biologically, we are programed to interact with others, and our ability to interact is based on our ability to understand one another’s moods, we often cannot help but do this with products and inanimate objects. As such, it is also critical for intelligent machines and products to have ‘emotions’ or a character for us to correctly or incorrectly interpret. When something interacts with us, we automatically interpret the interaction and the mental intentions without any real basis. That is, “… if the design itself is elegant, beautiful, or perhaps playful and fun, once again the affective system reacts positively.”[39] This is important since much of modern technology is focused on creating social interaction, that is trust and emotional bonds. Trust often comes from understanding, ubiquitous presence, expectation fulfillment, etc.

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“Good design is obvious.

Great design is transparent.”

JOE SPARANO [66]

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DESIGN THEORY APPLIED: DESIGN TO HIJACK HABITS Habits are “’automatic behaviors triggered by situational cues’”.[48][38] Habit-forming products are products or services we use habitually to alter our everyday behavior. The economic and emotional value of a product created is a function of the strength of the habits created. Applying the techniques of habitforming design is useful and relevant because it allows the user to have the most seamless transition possible in first experiencing the new product, the least amount of disruption to their lifestyle in using the product and the greatest dependency in creating unique, product-specific habits. Integrating products into existing habits, in addition to increasing capital can be “…used to help nudge people to make better choices…”[38] Following the Hook Model is one way to create a habit-forming product. As outlined in the book ‘Hooked’ by Nir Eyal, it is a four-phase process: the trigger phase, the action phase, the investment phase and the variable reward phase.

[38]

cravings by using feedback loops that are unpredictable, to create desire. The investment phase increases a likelihood that the user will return through the Hook cycle by facilitating the investment of time, data, effort, social capital, money, etc. into the product. The investment phase also improves the service during the next use.[38] Habit forming products often increase “customer life-time value” (CLTV), create more positive associations with the product, increase customers willingness to pay for the product, and are less susceptible to attacks from other companies.[38] The Hook Model was considered in the design of REheat, so that each time you decide to put on the product and engage with the application, you receive better service, more custom temperature settings, etc. and the product easily integrates into everyday life.

The trigger phase connects internal dialogues with the external. The product should form associations with designed triggers, for example, Facebook “likes” (external trigger) are associated with emotional connection. This trigger automatically cues a next behavior, for example automatically engaging in message-conversation with the person who “liked” the post.[38] The action phase creates action in anticipation of reward. It leverages the ease of performing an action with the motivation to perform that action. The variable reward phase facilitates

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WORKPLACE Most New Yorkers work in an office every day, 5 days a week, approximately 8 hours per day (2015, US Department of Labor)[1]. According to a New York Times article from August 2015, many women find the workplace temperature either far too cold or too hot because most office buildings are set to temperatures based on the metabolic rates of men based on an equation developed in the 1960’s, which is intrinsically less energy-efficient.[17] According to Dr. Lam, individualized temperature controls are the eventual answer.[16] Although this is not within the scope of this

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project, being comfortable in the workplace also effects one’s focus and concentration. According to a study Cornell University researchers conducted, a drop in performance increases 10% per hour per employee if employees feel cold. When the body’s temperature drops, energy must be expended to keep ourselves warm, making less energy available for concentration. Alternatively, according to a CareerBtuilder survey, 22% said that if an environment was too hot it made it difficult to concentrate.[19] There are also studies that show that office environments that are warm but comfortable make employees more trusting and empathetic within the environment.[18]

TYPES OF HEAT STORAGE AND PCM

to be 37 deg C, when core body temperature is hotter

Phase change material or PCM (often made from

lidifies while releasing stored heat. PCM is a material

whose dominant property is that it is able to store

equilibrator.

ty) compared with its mass. It has the ability to store

There are other types of heat storage materials avail-

to store, depending on the amount and its chemical

latent heat capacity as PCM. Water, stone, brick and

than 37 degrees C, the material liquefies and absorbs

body heat. When the core of the body is colder, it sothat works as a thermal mass, that is, a heat storage

Paraffin, fatty acids, salt hydrates, etc.) is a material large amounts of heat (has a large latent heat capacifrom 5-15 times the amount of heat that water is able

able, but none that are as light or that had as high of a

make-up.[64]

concrete are all able to store and rerelease heat for long

Phase change material can be manufactured to a set

stantial for these materials. PCM was first brought to

melt at 15.6 degrees C or at 26.7 degrees C (in the

is where I first learned of this material. It was soon

cooling. If its melting temperature was manufactured

years is often too short of a lifespan for housing, but

periods of time, but weight and maintenance are sub-

melting point. Most phase change material is set to

market in the context of the housing industry, which

same way water melts at 0 degrees C) to facilitate

phased out of this industry because of its life span. 30 very long for clothing and wearables.[50][51]

TEMPERA TURE

PCM =

PHASE CHANGE M AT E R I A L

P H A S E C H A N G E M AT E R I A L

=

H E AT S TO R AG E / E M M I T E R

=

ABSORB H E AT E N E RGY

RELEASE H E AT E N E RGY

PA R R A F I N , S A LT H Y D R AT E S , FAT T Y AC I D S , E TC .

TEMPERA TURE

C A N S TO R E A N D R E L E A S E 5 - 15 X A M O U N T O F H E AT O F WAT E R Figure 5: PCM [49]

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[36]

2.1.2 MARKET LANDSCAPE The energy crisis is a long-term concern. Using our consumed power more efficiently has been thoroughly researched. In the 1970’s researchers and architects thought about using thermal masses to absorb, store and slowly dissipate heat into homes, to passively maintain a room temperature. Since then, there have been so many developments - from VIP (vacuum insulated panels) insulation, to air-source heat pumps, to responsive blinds that react to the temperature in a room to reduce air conditioning loads.

In this age of the energy crisis, other than within the housing industry, there does not seem to be much focus on the act of conserving and reusing one’s own heat and the heat within their environment. There has, nevertheless, been a new surge of interest in this idea of individualized

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heating. Different projects from MIT including Local Warming, 2014[7] and Wristify, 2013[8] speak to the idea of not changing the temperature of an entire space, but just one’s body. As seen in the figure above, many products on the market or in development focus exclusively on passive or active heating and cooling (i.e.: wearables have no external power supply versus wearables that require an external power supply to function).

Phase change material vests and coats are on the market as an option [9], but no products combine both active and passive functionality.

Additionally, almost all products focused on extreme contexts, as opposed to the everyday context, such as NASA space suits [10], racecar driving suits, professional soccer athletic wear, etc.

I saw an opportunity to create a temperature regulation garment that combines both passive and active functionality, in an ‘everyday’ context. regulation garment that combines both passive and active functionality, in an ‘everyday’ context.

WEARABLE PERSONAL H E AT I N G / C O O L I N G

PA S S I V E

no additional energy input once installed

Design Oppor tunity

E V E RY DAY CONTEXT

SPECIFIC EXTREME CONTEXT

AC T I V E

requires batteries, e l e c t r i c i t y, e t c .

Figure 6: Competitive analysis – graph showing current existing heating and cooling wearable products on the market, and the opportunity for product development. Products featured: Ministry of Supply Appollo dress shirt [32], Helly Hansen Odin jacket [33], MIT Biologic project[35], TexhKewl PCM industrial safety vest [36], Puma Euro away kits football jersey [34], Nasa space suit [10], electric heating jacket, F.A.S.T. Cool Suit Systems shirt [37], UC San Diego project [15], Wristify [8] cooling bracelet.

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2.1.3 CASE STUDIES

common.

CASE STUDY 1: MODERN COMPUTER KEYBOARD DESIGN

(Aside: Even before the keyboard, the earliest

A. RELEVANCE

was designed this way so that users would immediately

typewriter was designed to resemble a piano, also

using an existing knowledge, habit and skill base. It

In its inception, the modern keyboard successfully

know where to find each letter.)

reapplied it to make it easy for users to transition to

Other details were also added to create familiarity –

Project REheat, I am proposing an abstract concept:

down, the sound that keyboards make when pressing,

integrate my product into everyday life, I would like

keys and the labeling of the keys all stem from the

hijacked an existing habit within the populace and

a new medium and understand the functionality. In

the stickiness and texture of the keys when pressing

total individualized climate control. In order to

the evolution of the shape of the keys, the color of the

to apply aspects of the Hook Model (refer to 2.1.1

original mechanical typewriter.[52][38][53][54]

principles of habit and familiarity re-appropriation in

B. EXPERIENCE OF THE PRODUCT

Background and Design To Hijack Habits) and

order to integrate REheat into everyday life.[38]

When looking at the first image, in first row of letters,

The current computer keyboard references a familiar

there are small changes and additions to the keyboard,

how users would type from mechanical typewriters

keyboard and the mechanical typewriter (lower image)

you can see the letters Q-W-E-R-T-Y. Although

habit and skill that was prevalent during its launch –

and major aesthetic differences, the letters of the

with letters placed in a particular arrangement,

are largely the same. [55] [56]

Sholes had designed many different versions of the

C. TAKEAWAYS

prevent mechanical keys from jamming between uses,

- An immediate understanding of interface

layout, on the Sholes and Glidden typewriter sold to

- A comfort and familiarity with new technologies

known as the QWERTY layout. Christopher Latham arrangement of letters in order to slow down typists to

POS+

but the QWERTY layout became the most popular

- Built-in skill level

Remington in 1873.

NEG-

Of course on computer keyboards, there are no

- This design approach doesn’t practice comfort with

applying a faster keyboard layout, like the famous

embrace the future of product

layout, and re-introducing the typist’s keyboard

functionality, holds back innovation, only to create

layout to shorten the learning curve when users first

- Placating the public means that you must ignore

integrated into our computer use that many that don’t

- Could prevent faster transition to more adventurous

draw on familiarity when using the modern computer

forces a slow and gradual adoption

mechanical parts to be jammed. But, instead of

change and new ideas, products, interfaces – doesn’t

Dvorak keyboard layout or the Colemak keyboard

- Approach ties keyboard (product) to a set

layout, designers continue to keep the familiar existing

comfort, safety, familiarity with a product

begin to use the product. The QWERTY layout is so

better, more effective, faster, healthier alternatives

have mechanical typewriter physical memories still

products – instead of quick submersion and adapting,

keyboard because it has become so universal and

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CASE STUDY 2: STELLA MCCARTNEY FOR ADIDAS ATHLETIC WEAR A. RELEVANCE

“Since 2005, Stella McCartney has worked with the sportswear super-brand to design a collection of high performance sportswear for women, across a wide range of disciplines including running, gym, yoga, winter sports, cycling, tennis, swim and even surf.”[57] McCartney often chooses specific complex colors or one or two patterns, and keeps the palate or pattern in her line consistent and simple, and focuses on re-contextualizing pieces, or rearranging patterns and placements in unusual ways, such as silky underwear as outerwear, the boyfriend blazer, or modern versions of 90’s cocoon coats with slip dresses underneath.

The aesthetic is a balance between feminine and masculine, edgy but not too edgy, and very wearable. The clothes in Stella McCartney for Adidas has a strong sense of modernity, empowerment, intelligence and lifestyle. The clothing line often uses use of dark or complex colors and interesting forms. The colors are not specifically common athletic wear or specifically feminine, and the forms can range from fitted and strong pieces, to looser shapes that change the silhouette of the body.

In REheat I want to infuse the design with a feeling of trust, functionality, intelligence, subtle empowerment and simplicity in the way that Stella McCartney for Adidas is able to do so successfully. Using techniques of both

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emotional design and habit-forming design, Stella McCartney for Adidas gives customers the balance between masculine and feminine, and edgy and simple in a way that looks wearable, functional, and effortlessly powerful and trustworthy.[57][58]

B. EXPERIENCE OF THE PRODUCT

In all of the clothing shown, with the exception of color accents, all colors have either has a low value (large amount of black in them) or have a low intensity (a large amount of grey in them), and all are complex colors (are far from primary colors, and are a red-blue (purple-blue) or a brown-pink or an orange-grey. This brings interest and a sense of expensiveness to the pieces. The character of all of the pieces feels strong and introspective at the same time, and powerfully and simplistically feminine. [58]

C. TAKEAWAYS

POS+ - Within the category of fashion, uses colors, form, etc. to create a feeling of trust, functionality, empowerment - Creates wearable approachable pieces that seem familiar to consumer - Unique combination of approaches – color choice, form choice, character choice - for athletic-wear NEG- Does not fit within every demographic - not simple enough to be able to see aesthetic as a placeholder for a variation of demographics

[61] [60] [59]

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a 3D coordinate system, as they travel throughout CASE STUDY 3: LOCAL WARMING, MIT SENSEABLE CITY a large room.

LABORATORY A. RELEVANCE

C. TAKEAWAYS

This project was considered as a case study because it deals with similar problems to REheat: the issue of individualized heating and energy losses due to heating spaces instead of people.

This project was considered from a functionality perspective.[63]

NEG+ - Only solves for heating (not cooling) - Doesn’t account for huge amounts of heat loss due to spot-heating (e.g. no insulation around each person as they travel throughout a room so heat is lost quickly) - Only considers active, electrically powered heating components - Aesthetics – doesn’t consider the emotional associations around HVAC systems or heating systems. Looks quite industrial, whereas the spaces it was designed to heat are not industrial spaces.

Local Warming is “a research project by the MIT Senseable City Laboratory that dynamically controls highly localized heating: It is a system that puts the heat where the people are.”[62]

B. EXPERIENCE OF THE PRODUCT

Using WiFi location tracking and an array of heat lamps installed in the ceiling, this research project senses a person’s location and path, and the heat lamps rotate and focus to warm the person individually, in their specific placement in

POS+ - Extremely individualized - Quick to heat a person up - Likely saves a lot of power with approach

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First, in exploring this area of temperature regulation, I interviewed laymen experts. People who were passionate about their Nest system or had blood circulation problems.

2.2 PRIMARY RESEARCH 2.2.1 INTERVIEWS WITH LAYMEN EXPERTS In exploring temperature regulation, I interviewed laymen experts. People who were passionate about their nest system or had blood circulation problems. Questions were asked about the interviewees setting/s throughout a day, bodily reactions to temperature, lifestyle (regarding heat loss/gain), etc.

(For full question list, see Appendix 2).

“Everybody is totally different. Everyone just prefers a different temperature.”

“Every single night of the year my husband and I sleep with the window open and a fan on, no mater if the furnace is on, too.”

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INTERVIEWS WITH LAYMEN EXPERTS

“I pretty much always bring a sweater. I’m often unsure of how much sweat I’ll work up when I’m working, or how warm or cold the building will be.”

“Women in my office literally bring space heaters and blankets into the office in the summer and fans in the winter, because the HVAC is cranked up so high always.”

“My nest just keeps my home at more comfortable temperature for a bit cheaper. I love it. There is only one furnace for the house of course, so if we never access the basement, and we’re upstairs, the whole house is still heated. ”

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INTERVIEWS WITH EXTREME USERS

“I’d like to be able to SEE the temperature, so that I know if a device is at a healthy temperature.

Sometimes things feel very hot that are not, sometimes I don’t realize when a spaceheater is

Anonymous

burning me.”

“Quadrapelegics are not supposed to use electric blankets or shirts or anything, so there really is nothing except layering clothing, hot or cold drinks and hot paws to keep me warm. I don’t use the hot paws, personally.”

“Sometimes if the weather is mild, to others I may seem fine, but I’m actually really cold. I’d want to be able to have a manual override so that I can go hotter or colder than the ideal internal body

Daniela Castagnino

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temperature, if I know I really need it.” temperature

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Ian Ruder

I then spoke with extreme users - spinal cord injury victims. People who had experienced damage to their autonomic nervous system and were unable to shiver or sweat below their injury.

2.2.2 INTERVIEWS WITH EXTREME USER: SPINAL CORD INJURY VICTIMS I then spoke with extreme users - spinal cord injury victims. People who had experienced damage to their autonomic nervous system and were unable to shiver or sweat below their injury. Questions were asked about the interviewees setting/s throughout a day, bodily reactions to temperature, lifestyle (regarding heat loss/gain), etc. (For full question list, see Appendix 3).

“I cannot wear anything fussy or that’s difficult to put on. All my clothes or devices should be easy to put on. Clothing changes take a long time.”

David

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I interviewed different experts to gain insight and deeper understanding in the different fields of research I explored.

2.2.3 INTERVIEWS WITH EXPERTS I interviewed different experts to gain insight and deeper understanding in the different fields of research I explored. I spoke to a doctor, to learn more about physiology and to confirm my grasp of the subject. I also spoke with two mechanical engineering professors, both specializing in the area of heat transfer. I was also able to ask them questions throughout the design process, and confirm design ideas.

“Skin folds have the greatest amount of heat. It would actually be beneficial to take heat from skin folds, since germs often grow in environments with heat, light and moisture. If the core is warm, the extremities of the body should remain reasonably warm, depending on the rate of cooling.”

DR. VICTOR ZUC K, MD

“The ratio of the surface area compared to mass is a critical balance. The smaller the body, the easier it is to control the temperature of, for example, insect easy to change temperature, whereas elephant huge problem in keeping cool.”

“The body can generate electricity. To charge a cell phone, you can now generate electricity from your body heat, or your kinetic movement.”

DR. PATRIC K OOSTHUIZEN , QUEEN’S UNIVERSIT Y, MEC HANICAL ENGINEERING

“Because of the latent heat, while in contact with the skin, the phase change material will not change temperature for a while, even if your body keeps changing temperature, because of temperature stability during phase change.”

DR. ARVIND NARAYANASWAMY, COLOMBIA UNIVERSIT Y, MEC HANICAL ENGINEERING

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2.2.4 FINDINGS From these interviews, some takeaways that I got were about where a solution was most needed, and how feedback and visualization should be featured more prominently in heating and cooling devices, but today really aren’t.

BIGGEST WASTES OF HEAT - heat on and fan on - heat on window open - space heaters + central heating/cooling - inefficient / ineffective central heating/ cooling system

WHAT THEY WANT IN A PRODUCT - customizable - breathable - washable - discreet - comfortable - focused on area where is most needed, at a time when is most necessary

MOST CRITICAL ISSUES TO USERS - Custom temperature everywhere - Ease of use (easy to clean, operate, etc.)

- Significant energy savings - Comfort (breatheable, soft, etc.)

- Visuals, specifically visual of temperature settings - Manual override, in case they want to be warmer/cooler than normal thermoneutral zone

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3.0 DEFINE

Define

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3.1 Scope 3.2 Context 3.3 Constraints 3.4 Assumptions

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3.0 Define

3.1 SCOPE The scope of this thesis design will be limited to the everyday user. Although primary and secondary research has been done about the user with C1 to T5 level spinal cord injury (or cervical or high thoracic injuries) who have experienced temperature regulation issues due to their injury, people who have experienced spinal cord injuries are not be the primary user of this product.

This research was done in order to consider an extreme user of the product.

The product may, nevertheless, work well for this specific group of users since their more extreme problems with temperature regulation helped direct the final design. This limit to the scope was chosen because design for spinal cord injury is a very specific and in-depth field, and focusing the design proposal on it would limit resources used in other aspects of the proposal.

The design will also be focused on recycling and reusing heat (body and environmental), and on keeping the system as passive as possible. Design, resources and research will go into active components that supplement the heat storage system, but the focus of the design is to integrate passive body heat storage into the “daily-use� sphere.

The design will not be driven by season (winter versus summer), time of day

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or by clothing choice. The goal of the design is to adapt, within a moderate to harsh range, to different environmental conditions and to the needs of different individuals. The design will not focus on the needs of children, the elderly or those with specific illnesses or diseases that might affect temperature regulation. The user of the design is specifically the average individual between the ages of 18 and 65 years.

This design will not be focused on replacing HVAC (heating, ventilation and cooling) systems, only supplementing them. Although that HVAC replacement the long-term goal, since electronics and furniture need a

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minimum environmental temperature to function and be maintained, the finalized goal of this thesis paper is to lower overall HVAC usage. Since about 50% of residential energy consumption is due to HVAC usage, if overall usage is lowered even 1-2% this can make a significant impact on a global level.[2] The design will be focused on a timeline ranging from the present day to 5 years into the future. Throughout the proposal, a vision of a longer-term 10 year future application and integration is being considered, but is not a main focus.

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3.2 CONTEXT / SCENARIO The design will focus on adult females between the age range of 18 – 65 years old. The product will be designed for urban locations within North American - specifically New York City. One goal of this project is to have a solution that works seamlessly in the ‘everyday’ urban context, as opposed to extreme environments, such as racecar uniforms or space suits.

REheat is designed as an undergarment for the workplace - more specifically as an undergarment for female healthcare professionals. I spoke to different doctors and nurses and repeatedly heard about their uniforms, long hours and varied conditions. Since workers have limited clothing options, and no control over thermostats, this context seemed very appropriate. When speaking with nurses, many of them mentioned that they wear compression shorts or boy short-underwear under their scrubs, and never ever wear a scrub top without a tank top underneath.

REheat has also considered the office workplace as a secondary context. Many New Yorkers visit the office every day, 5 days a week, approximately 8 hours per day (2015, US Dept of Labor)[1].

This secondary environment was chosen because of the number of times it was brought up during interviews with users and in the survey response.

Many people found the environmental temperature within the workplace to be either too cold or too hot. Upon further research, according to a New York Times article from August 2015, many women find workplace temperatures either far too cold or too hot because most office buildings are set to temperatures based on the metabolic rates of men.[16] (Refer to the Background section for more information about the workplace context.) Often for the workplace the thermostat setting is based on what is believed to make workers most productive. The goal of this product will not be focused on productivity, but on personal comfort and health.

In this thesis I propose the idea of “wearable microclimates”. This idea could be applied to many contexts – outdoor workmen, women experiencing menopause, the elderly, etc. This is just one user case applied to this larger idea of individualized microclimates. The more specific context of the design was specified to aid in the design process. In addition to this context extreme users for future consideration are spinal cord injury victims – people who had experienced damage to their autonomic nervous system and are totally unable to temperature regulate.

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3.2 CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS OF DESIGN PROCESS

Constraints of the design process include time, budget and resources. The amount of time spent researching, exploring alternative solutions, sketch modeling, troubleshooting, cycling design iterations, shipping, producing and sourcing materials for the presentation model, etc. was limited and affected the overall final product. Additionally, my ability to gain access to certain materials, specialists, resources, etc. was also limited. The number of people and the demographic that I was able to interview, survey and test the product on, was far too small of a sample size, and therefore is likely somewhat inaccurate.

CONSTRAINTS OF DESIGN - CONTEXT BASED

One constraint of the design is that it needs to work with the existing habits of the user. For example, nurses already wear undershirts and underwear underneath their scrubs. This was chosen as a constraint so as to create as simple of a user journey as possible. The design also needs to be comfortable, stylish, breathable, discreet, affordable and must not inhibit natural processes of body (e.g. sweating, digestion, movement).

CONSTRAINTS OF DESIGN – FUNCTION BASED

Additionally, the design must function optimally.

Functionally, the final design must successfully maintain a comfortable core body temperature, and must successfully facilitate the lowering of thermostats. The design must also successfully communicate statistics on how the garment is operating (give understandable visual feedback), and be easy to charge, wash and maintain.

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3.4 ASSUMPTIONS

Some assumptions, based on interviews, personal experience or observation, that were made during the design process include the following: - Having constant core body temperature is an important and valued benefit - People would be willing to slightly alter habits for a significant benefit - People have problems at least once a day with temperature comfort - Human weight/size is within a certain range - Design could eventually seamlessly integrate into HVAC systems and work together to optimize maintain comfort with lowest amount of energy consumption - maintain comfort with least amount of energy consumption

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3.0 DEVELOP

Develop

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4.1 Ideation, Trials and Material Study 4.2 Iteration Cycle 1 4.3 Iteration Cycle 2 4.4 Iteration Cycle 3 4.5 Process for Final Design

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4.0 Develop Ideation, sketches, sketch models, prototypes.

4.1 IDEATION, TRIALS AND MATERIAL STUDY TRIALS

I began by trying many different personal heating and cooling products, for example, heat packs, cold packs, electric blankets, PCM (phase change material) cooling vests, athletic wear with cooling beads, etc.cooling beads, etc.

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Figure 7: Material connexion, material library

MATERIAL STUDY

A key component was being able to passively store heat produced by humans, while staying comfortable as a user. Various materials were tested along the prototyping process. When working in the field of sustainable building I had heard about PCM in the context of sustainable building materials. (Refer to PCM AND HEAT STORAGE in the background section for a more in depth explanation.) With my interest in PCM I began to do a material study, by researching PCM textiles, heat conductive textiles, insulating but breathable textiles and breathable and durable adhesives.

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T E M P E R AT U R E T E S T I N G O N N E C K , F I N G E R , W R I S T, A R M P I T

45 40 35 30 25

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11

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12.2

14

14.7

I tested my peers’ and my own temperature at different parts of the body throughout a 4-day period, as seen in the figure below.

16.7

21.3

Figure 8: This experiment was done to get an idea of how frequently body temperature fluctuates throughout the day, in different testing areas on the body. As can be seen, most testing points fluctuate around 34-38 degrees C, as expected. Temperature was measured throughout each day, over a 4-day period at the neck, finger, wrist (quick heat/cool zones) and armpit (accurate location for testing internal body temperature).[31] The y-axis indicates body temperature and the x-axis indicates time of day (hours). Each line describes a different source location on the body for temperature readings for each day.

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4.2 ITERATION CYCLE 1 I began ideating and sketch modeling. Initially I pursued the idea of a modular patch or patch system that would not restrict clothing choice or placement.

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There was a concept of a heating and cooling blazer, and a set of products that would use the heat or cold from objects in your environment to charge your patches. For example, an insulated reflective box that would store the heat given off from your computer, and work to preheat a patch. There were also more abstract ideas, like having the patch be a tattoo on the skin, a spray or cream, or be integrated into furniture or products within a space.

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4.3 ITERATION CYCLE 2 In the second iteration I wanted to bring the design more concretely into the context and into present day feasibility. I decided to focus on a base layer that a woman could wear under her work clothes during the day, and an outfit that could be worn at night that would regulate body temperature. These two pieces would speak directly to the uniqueness of both contexts – in the workplace you are unable to control the thermostat, and in the home, you want to lower your overall energy consumption.

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A PCM undershirt that I made and wore for a couple of days to see how it would work and feel.

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Figure: Exploration of aesthetics and how the design might look and work. This is a page of ideation.

As can be seen in the image, I played with the idea of a sort of ‘lunch box/thermos’ that could work as an insulator/electric heater/cooler for a backup suit, to be used on extremely hot or cold days, in case the stored heat in the suit becomes gradually depleted. The function of the case would be totally hidden and would need to look appropriate on a desk or in a handbag. As you can see from the sketches, one source of inspiration was an oversized glasses case or pod.

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Figure: Started exploring aesthetics and how the design could look and work. This is a page of ideation.

As can be seen in Figure I also played with the idea of a sort of ‘lunch box/thermos’ that could work as a insulator/electric heater/cooler for a backup suit, for extreme hot or cold days, in case the stored heat in the suit was eventually lost.

This function of this case would be totally hidden and needed to look appropriate on a desk or in a handbag. As you can see from the sketches, an inspiration was an oversized glasses case or pod.

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4.4 ITERATION CYCLE 3 A works-like and looks-like model of the first version of the final design.

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I consulted with an athletic-wear specialist, to get help on how the sketch had to be altered to improve its functionality and construction.

Proposed 2 sets of clothing: 1. Work set: PCM top and shorts, Electronic tank with back up heating and cooling.

2. Sleep set: PCM crop top and shorts, with a Nightgown overlay (no electronics).

AESTHETICS OF ITERATION 3 The character that I was trying to embody was techy-lingerie. I wanted it to speak to its function and uniqueness. I wanted it to be beautiful and expensive looking, and an item women would want to wear.

CONTEXT OF ITERATION 3 At this stage, the contexts that were decided upon were (1) the workplace environment and (2) the home (sleep) environment. Originally this was chosen in order to respond to what was thought of as the greatest needs. The two contexts were chosen so that the products could speak to the uniqueness of both contexts individually – in the workplace comfort is the greatest issue, and in the home lowering overall energy consumption is the largest concern.

This was later shifted to respond more closely to greatest relevance and need, and to create a more realistic and simple scenario.

USER JOURNEY OF ITERATION 3 AM: Put on PCM top and shorts (with or without electronic tank), Go to work, Get feedback or manually control by using the App. PM: When you arrive at home: 1. charge your electronic tank, 2. change into temperature regulating sleepwear, 3. Lower the HVAC.

SCENARIO_2: SLEEP

S C E N A R I O _ 1 : WO R K P L AC E

DESK

C H A N G E C LOT H E S

LU N C H

DOOR

SLEEP

DESK

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HOME

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MATERIALS OF ITERATION 3 I chose to focus on the core instead of quick cooling/heating spots, because the goal of this project is to facilitate temperature regulation (refer to Background and Research for more information).

I began researching different technologies and materials to apply to my prototype. Ideally, I wanted the garment to be entirely human powered – either thermally or kinetically. I also wanted to have a layer of insulation added to the outside of the garment and a softer, thermally conductive fabric in contact with the skin, but it added bulk where it would be very noticeable. I also explored other heating and cooling sources other than Peltier units. Flexible heating units were found but were not as readily available. If manufactured, I would not use Peltier units but a custom unit that is more flush and flexible with the garment.

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5.0 FINAL DESIGN AND APPROACH

Final Design and Approach

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3.1 Scope 3.2 Context 3.3 Constraints 3.4 Assumptions

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A SUITE OF PRODUCTS T H AT C R E AT E M O B I L E I N D I V I D UA L I Z E D M I C R O C L I M AT E S T O FA C I L I TAT E T E M P E R AT U R E COMFORT ANYWHERE AND E V E RY W H E R E

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5.0 Final Design and Approach REheat – a suite of products that create mobile individualized microclimates to facilitate temperature comfort anywhere.

Three products were created: 1. An undergarment for women, the gender most affected by this problem, specifically for women working as healthcare professionals.

2. A modular patch system that could be used independent of clothing choice, and could be added to or reduced.

3. An app that gives the user a visualization of the product working and allows the user to manualoverride.

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The product is simple – using modern materials, REheat stores and re-emits your own body heat when you need it, and allows you to monitor your temperature with unobtrusive visuals.

It reduces the need for high heating and cooling loads and speaks to the larger issue of constant comfort.

P C M & P E LT I E R

Both the undergarment and the patch system include 2 heating/cooling components: 1. Phase Change Material and 2. Peltier Units The phase change material stores and re-releases your body heat to heat and cool you, and the Peltier units act as a back up heating and cooling unit, for more extreme temperatures.

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iPhone Application Both pair with an accompanying application that

up heaters or coolers if necessary. It gives feedback

and allows the user to manually-override the

suit yourself. It also collects data to optimize your

gives the user a visualization of the product working automatic temperature settings.

With a temperature sensor imbedded in the

undergarment and patch system, the application allows users to set their own ideal temperature within the optimal range. Based on this

temperature, the suit automatically turns on back

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to let you know how much you are powering the temperature settings based on your location or

assigned presets. Interviewing quadriplegics and re searching the effects of their injury demonstrated the importance of visual feedback and manual

override control of the suit’s temperature. (Refer to Appendix 5)

Enables V I S UA L I Z AT I O N and M A N UA L OV E R R I D E

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TEMPERATURE SENSOR

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TMP 36

APP

P E LT I E R U N I T

P E LT I E R U N I T

0.63V 13.48C 36.26F

Figure 9: How It Works infographic [82]

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P E LT I E R U N I T

Figure 10: Cross Section infographic

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USER JOURNEY The user would wake, don the undergarment set or patch system, go to work, and monitor their temperature or let the garment self-regulate.

USER JOURNEY WA K E

C H A RG E BAT T E RY

DRESS

PAC K

PATC H / U N D E RGA R M E N T

G O TO WO R K

RETURN HOME

M O N I TO R O R L E T T H E A P P D O T H E WO R K

Figure 11: User journey infographic

MATERIALS

The fabric used is made up of tiny microcapsules of phase change material – PCM - whose dominant property is that it is able to store huge amounts of heat (has a high latent heat capacity) compared with its mass. It is able to store 5-15 times the amount of heat water is able to store. Since its melting temperature is 37 degrees C, when your core temperature is hotter than 37 degrees C, the material liquefies and absorbs your body heat. When

your core is colder, it solidifies while releasing the stored heat. NASA currently uses PCM in spacesuits. Today, REheat brings that material into a new, everyday context.

The specific fabric used in the prototype is a textile made out of Switzerland that I had shipped in. This fabric

is woven, and therefore is not ideal for undergarments. In production I would have a knit or a stretch used as

the backing fabric, to add comfort and improve fit.

PCM = P H A S E C H A N G E M AT E R I A L

Figure 12: PCM microcapsule

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CORE As was mentioned in the research section, I chose to focus on the core instead of quick cooling/ heating spots, like the wrist or the behind the knee because the goal of this project is to facilitate temperature regulation – consistent and steady over long periods of time. It will not respond quickly to burning your hand, but by keeping the body in the thermoneutral zone, overall health and comfort increases and the body’s metabolic rate is maintained.

AESTHETICS Aesthetically, I chose to keep the palate neutral with an influence from very wearable athletic undergarments. I wanted this to act as a placeholder, so that for different demographics, the design could easily alter to fit with relevancy.

When speaking with nurses, many of them mentioned they wear compression shorts, or boy short-underwear under their scrubs, and never ever wear a scrub top without a tank top underneath.

The patterning was made with a layer of heat-color changing fabric underneath, to add an additional level of visual feedback on the garment. The pattern was designed to speak to the visuals language of electronics, and power bars, charging up.

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DESIGN THEORY APPLIED This design is preventative, and speaks to daily, consistent temperature comfort. Therefore habit hijacking is essential to this design. The habits required for this design to function are for users to wear the garment everyday, and if desired, to ‘charge’ the garment every day (by putting it in the freezer or microwave). It is expected that users will use this product every day, especially during months of more extreme temperature, and interface with the product at least once daily (when putting on garment, checking app, etc.). A gateway short-term habit is for users to check the application for energy savings, however this is only relevant for early use. Once users habitualize the use of the product and begin to notice the benefits, this becomes unnecessary.

VALUE PROPOSITION Why is REheat better than what exists now? Why is it better than central HVAC systems, or existing individualized heating/cooling garments? Why not just put on another sweater or take off another layer of clothing? REheat gives added comfort anywhere, anytime, in any temperature without the user always having to over-prepare. With REheat you are actually recycling your own body heat and energy. This system can considerably reduce energy consumption (possible 5% to 15% reduction of HVAC system use [15]) due to heating and cooling. With a back up power source and comfort testing, it actually works better than both existing wearables and existing central HVAC systems. REheat does not require any significant lifestyle changes, and gives visual feedback about how the suit is being powered, unlike many heating and cooling wearables. It also works automatically to adjust to an optimal temperature and enables a manually override of the temperature settings, unlike both HVAC systems and existing wearable heating and cooling garments.

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6.0 Conclusions

The problem of individual temperature comfort everywhere affects so many people all over the world. Centralized heating and cooling has existed for so long without any major systematic changes and updates, and the inefficiencies in current HVAC units are overwhelming.

Heating unused rooms, turning on air conditioners and heaters simultaneously and living in discomfort. There is so much that is wasteful in the current system. You can add sweaters or take off layers, but sometimes this is not an option and I believe that we shouldn’t have to overcompensate by bringing in extra layers to account for excessive energy consumption in the workplace. It all seems so unnecessary and inefficient.

REheat is a suite of products that create mobile individualized microclimates to facilitate environmental temperature comfort anywhere. REheat provides added comfort anywhere, anytime, and in any temperature without always having to over-prepare. With REheat you are actually recycling your own body heat and energy. With a back up power source and comfort testing, it actually works better than both existing wearables and existing central HVAC systems. REheat does not require any significant lifestyle change to be used, and gives visual feedback on how the suit is being powered, unlike many heating and cooling wearables. The REheat system works automatically to adjust to optimal temperature, unlike HVAC systems, and offers manual temperature override options, unlike existing wearable heating and cooling garments.

REheat is designed specifically for female healthcare professionals.

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I spoke to different doctors and nurses and repeatedly heard about their uniforms, long hours and varied conditions. However, this product is also a product that could be applied to many different users and in many different contexts. This just one user case applied to the larger idea of individualized microclimates. Extreme users for future consideration are spinal cord injury victims – people who had experienced damage to their autonomic nervous system and are unable to temperature regulate.

A project with similar goals, ATTACH (Adaptive Textiles Technology with Active Cooling and Heating), from the University of California, San Diego, predicted that retaining body heat could reduce heating bills by 15%. (Their project was about developing textiles that would thicken and thin throughout different areas on the body, to maintain an overall temperature of 93 deg F.)[15] I believe this project could assume similar heating bill reduction predictions.

This product sits on a timeline of products that push to create a more individual heating and cooling solution. People spend an average of 87% of their time indoors (National Human Activity Pattern Survey, USA Berkley National Laboratory)[40], and the discomfort and waste of mass heating and cooling affects almost everyone. The overall vision of this design is to eventually mostly replace HVAC systems.

When looking at history, so many systems have gone from communal to personal – the telephone for example used to be one to a town, and now we all have one in our back pockets. I believe that heating, ventilation and cooling systems will move towards this more personal, individualized direction, and REheat is my attempt to move with it.

In the future I would like to continue to develop the REheat patch product, as I believe a modular solution, although more ambitious, is quite an interesting approach. I also would like to see if product could eventually move into production, after a custom undergarment stretch textile is developed.

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F I N A L WO R D S Why is design the best industry to study

of design, there is a huge push to reach

The answer – its not.

into the future one. Designers today work

and work in?

It can be all about flash or sex appeal or

shallow beauty – nothing about function.

It can get lost in the function and have

zero concern for the fact that humans will

be using it. It can be planned obsolescence or just another thing for a landfill. It can grossly ignore its context, or worse, be

condescending to its user. It can be all about 2D and digital interfaces and unconcerned that our world is 3D, or all about 3D and

ignore the push towards the future. It can assume that we have already solved the

great mystery of what is the “best” aesthetic, and preach timeline superiority.

So when I think about what makes design the best industry, I don’t know what I’m

talking about because it sure as hell is not always the best.

On my first day of Pratt, in my first class, Martin Skalski asked us, “What does

an industrial designer bring to the room that no one else does?” His answer was aesthetics. But I don’t think that’s true.

beyond our grasp of the present world and tirelessly, bring their whole lives to their

work, try to share perspectives and try to

design vulnerably. We aspire to greatness and to finding the balance of commerce

and good work. We do not accept the first attempt, and we do not accept giving in

and selling our work to those that couldn’t

care less about the idea of ‘living mindfully’.

We accept negative feedback and criticism as fodder for better work, and we don’t

identify as our work, we identify as what our work can be.

The first step to solving a problem is

recognizing that there is one – and there are problems in the design industry. But throughout this project and my time

at Pratt, with all of the peers I met and

worked with along the way, all across the world, we fought against these ideas of

irresponsible design and aspired to create design that is good and positive and

beautiful and strong and thoughtful. And this is what I worked to imbue into my project REheat.

I think a designer synthesizes as many

Design is not the best industry in the

expertise as possible, and tries to spit out

slow and steady with sandpaper, Solidworks

perspectives, fields of study, areas of

something that matters. Something that brings a reaction or aid or convenience or reflection. In the current movement

world, but we are here anyway, working

or Arduino to make it what we know it can be.

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“What we seek, at the deepest level, is inwardly to resemble, rather than physically to possess, the objects and places that touch us through their beauty.”

ALAIN DE BOTTON, THE ARCHITECTURE OF HAPPINESS [65]

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10.0 Appendix APPENDIX 1: SURVEY CONCLUSIONS – AT 67 PEOPLE, JAN 2016 5. PLACES People experience around 5 different environmental temperatures every day.

6. HVAC 90% said that they’ve had a problem with a HVAC system or thermostat in the past.

7. WORK AROUNDS Environmental workarounds performed daily 67%, 91% said once a week or more (E.g. open a window in a heated environment, turn on a fan in heated environment, heater on or blanket in a cooled environment, coat on indoors, etc.).

8. ADJUSTED How often are you in an environment and feel that the temperature should be adjusted? (Either public or private environments) 40% Said DAILY 85% Said once a week or more 9. IMP? Comfortable temperature important to you?

32% Said 10/10 importance (curve down to 4/10) 10. SWEAT/CHILL In the same day do you ever feel both sweaty and, earlier or later that day, chilly?

34% Frequently, 52% Occasionally -> 86% Said have experienced this 11. DIFF Different room temp than those around you (spouse, roommate, coworkers, siblings, etc.)

69% Said YES 60% Said they experience this once a week or more 12. HOW OFTEN? 26% DAILY! 57% Once a week or more 13. WINTER VS SUMMER Almost 50-50 split! (as suspected) winter slightly higher at 53%, summer 47%

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14. BODY PARTS 53% Extremities 36% Core 12% Face 15. / 16. Additional thoughts/feelings Notables – mention workout, extremities, heater workarounds, breathable+cozy QUOTES: In winter, my feet gets really cold and I feel like that’s part of the reason why I feel the cold sensation more strongly.

The sweatiest moments are after a walk or bike ride when you stop moving at your destination.

It is easier to fix being too cold (i.e. putting on a sweater), but more difficult to fix being too warm.

I love the idea of heating the person and not the environment! Everyone has different personal preferences to what temperature they are comfortable at. This could also save money on electricity bills.

I always feel like I am colder than everyone around me, especially in my office.

For cooling, my core is more important, for heat, extremities are more important Often colder than my male friends and family.

There needs to be a ban on ACs in croporate buildings where you can’t adjust the temptrature and it’s frezzing year-round Hearing that doesn’t cause too much dryness and other consequences to health Air conditioning makes me feel ill as well as cold. Something to counteract that effect as well would be nice Government supported heating system is quite economic (for the individual) At work i have a little heater which i have on year round - since the ac is on full blast in the summer. My feet get very cold and its uncomfortable so i love my mini heater.

Breathable & cozy fabrics are best Easier to heat than cool.

Something that activates on my shoes would be very nice (right now I am even using some heating japanese thingy inside my shoes, but they only last for one day and I have to always replace them) Something that activates on my shoes would be very nice (right now I am even using

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some heating japanese thingy inside my shoes, but they only last for one day and I have to always replace them) It would have to be very small and unobtrusive. I prefer not to wear any jewelry or sports bands or anything like that, Maybe part of a textile?

Adjust to physical exertion, not just set temperature.

Something comfortable, looks stylish and not like i’m wearing some special heating device (I want to fit in still without it drawing attention). Something with breathable material if possible.

I carry around a microwave-able heat pack and have to constantly remicrowave it (every hour at least) It would need to not look like I was wearing a personalized heating or cooling system. mall size, light weight Warm sweaters so I can stay warm when everyone’s cold. Also space heaters are key for local warmth. stylish and comfy layers and layers of jackets/sweaters are bulky enough! not more bulk please!

I would maybe be concerned if it gets wet what happens, does it stick out as I am wearing “something extra”, i.e. could it be “invisible” to others Something lightweight, maybe small if possible - bracelet? Or something attached to clothing - i dont know how it works but something easy to use! I think its a great idea.

Well fitting, don’t notice you’re wearing it. undershirt that is controlled by thermostat

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APPENDIX 2 : Questions for Laymen Experts Setting questions - Where do you live?

- What is the most extreme hot/cold temperature?

- What are the settings you experience throughout your day? Do you often find different settings throughout your day too hot or too cool? How different are the temperatures within each location? How do you work around to maintain a comfortable body temperature?

Body questions - Do you think of any specific part of your body when I mention heating and cooling? Do you find when you are often cold or hot you notice it most in a certain part of your body?

- What makes the most difference for you to warm up? E.g. Mits, neck warmer? What makes the most difference in cooling down?

- After reaching an extreme temperature (hot and cold) how long does it take for your body to heat/cool again to a comfortable temperature?

- Tell me about an experience of great discomfort due to environment temperature? How did you deal with the issue? What did you learn from it?

Questions about lifestyle - Heat / cool related habits (turn heat on and off at a certain time in your home? Leave things on when enter, leave, sleep? Do you set the thermostat? Use a temperature regulating service?

- Do anything just to give heat/cool â&#x20AC;&#x201C; make/drink coffee, soup, etc.?

- When and where do you feel you waste the most energy due to heating and cooling?

(Kitchen, air conditioning in the summer, after working out, etc.) Spend the most money due to personal temperature regulation?

Personal specific issues - What is more of a concern for you â&#x20AC;&#x201C; staying warm in the winter or cool in the summer?

- Are there any times when you prefer to be hotter or colder than your naturally regulated temperature? Eg. Sitting by the fire to experience soothing of heat, slipping into a cool bed, etc.

- Any additional thoughts about body/environment temperature regulation? Personal heating and cooling?

- Any thoughts about what would make the best personalized heating and cooling system that you wear throughout day?

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APPENDIX 3 : Questions for Spinal Cord Injury Victims Setting questions - What is your level of injury? What type of temperature regulation issues do you experience?

- Where do you live?

- What is the most extreme hot/cold temperature?

- What are the settings you experience throughout your day? Do you often find different settings throughout your day too hot or too cool? How different are the temperatures within each location? ** - What work-arounds do you find best helps you to maintain a comfortable body temperature?

Body questions - What makes the most difference for you to warm up? E.g. Mits, neck warmer? What makes the most difference in cooling down?

- What are signs that your internal body temperature is rising and dropping?

- Do you or your caregiver notice specific part of your body when I mention heating and cooling?

- Do you feel uncomfortable when you are overheated/cooled? How so?

Questions about lifestyle - What do you do at home to help maintain a 98F internal body temperature? Some heat / cool related habits (turn heat on and off at a certain time in your home? Leave things on when enter, leave, sleep? Do you set the thermostat? Drink water at a regular time? Use a temperature regulating service? ) - Do anything just to give heat/cool â&#x20AC;&#x201C; make/drink coffee, soup, etc.?

- What are the biggest problems you run into, with regards to heating and cooling, in your daily life?

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APPENDIX 4 : REheat Film

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APPENDIX 5 : iPhone Application

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APPENDIX 5 : iPhone Application Video

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APPENDIX 6 : Electronics and Coding

Materials Used: - Arduino Mini - LCD Screen 16x2 - 2 Peltier Units - 1 Dual H-Bridge Motor Driver for DC or Steppers (600mA - L293D [ADA807]) - 22 uF Capacitor - TMP36 Temperature Sensor

- Switch - 2 9-V Batteries w/ 9-V Battery Clip Connectors - Cables - Breadboard

// WITH H-BRIDGE, SO THAT CAN SWITCH POLARITY, OF 1 PELTIER // SWITCH HOT SIDE AND COLD SIDE //2 PELTIER UNITS!!!!

TMP36 THERMOMETER int sensorPin = 0; //the analog pin the TMP36's Vout (sense) pin is connected to //the resolution is 10 mV / degree centigrade with a //500 mV offset to allow for negative temperatures

//EXTERNAL POWERSOURCES FOR ALL // COMBINE LCD DISPLAY HELLO WORLD WITH TMP36 THERMOMETER //WITH PELTIER IF STATEMENT // FOR REAL!: if lower than 25C hot goes on, if hotter than 30C cool goes on // FOR TESTING!: if lower than 21C hot goes on, if hotter than 25C cool goes on // COMBINE LCD DISPLAY HELLO WORLD WITH

//LCD SCREEN //Call library #include <Wire.h> #include "rgb_lcd.h" //?LCD variables rgb_lcd lcd; const int colorR = 0; const int colorG = 0; const int colorB = 0;

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//H-BRIDGE VARIABLES //H-bridge 1 - Peltier 1 const int motor1Pin = 3; // H-bridge leg 1 (pin 2, 1A) const int motor2Pin = 4; // H-bridge leg 2 (pin 7, 2A) const int enablePinA = 9; // H-bridge enable pin // H-bridge 1 - Peltier 2 const int motor3Pin = 6; // H-bridge leg 1 (pin 2, 1A) const int motor4Pin = 7; // H-bridge leg 2 (pin 7, 2A) const int enablePinB = 10; // H-bridge enable pin /* * setup() - this function runs once when you turn your Arduino on * We initialize the serial connection with the computer */ void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); //Start the serial connection with the computer //to view the result open the serial monitor // set up the LCD's number of columns and rows: lcd.begin(16, 2); lcd.setRGB(colorR, colorG, colorB); // initialize digital pin 13 as an output for Peltier pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // initialize H Bridge pins // set all the other pins you're using as outputs: pinMode(motor1Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(motor2Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(enablePinA, OUTPUT); //pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(motor3Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(motor4Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(enablePinB, OUTPUT); // set enablePin high so that motor can turn on: digitalWrite(enablePinA, HIGH); digitalWrite(enablePinB, HIGH); } void loop() // run over and over again { //getting the voltage reading from the temperature sensor int reading = analogRead(sensorPin); // converting that reading to voltage, for 3.3v arduino use 3.3 float voltage = reading * 5.0; voltage /= 1024.0; // print out the voltage in SERIAL MONITOR Serial.print(voltage); Serial.println(" volts"); // now print out the temperature CELCIUS

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float temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ; //converting from 10 mv per degree wit 500 mV offset //to degrees ((voltage - 500mV) times 100) Serial.print(temperatureC); Serial.println(" degrees C"); // now convert to Fahrenheit float temperatureF = (temperatureC * 9.0 / 5.0) + 32.0; Serial.print(temperatureF); Serial.println(" degrees F"); //print out VOLTAGE, CELCIUS and FAHRENHEIT in LCD screen //print out voltage in LCD screen // set the cursor to column 0, line 0 lcd.setCursor(0, 0); lcd.print(voltage); lcd.println("V"); // set the cursor to column 7, line 0 // (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0): lcd.setCursor(7, 0); lcd.print(temperatureC); lcd.println("C"); // set the cursor to column 0, line 1ĂŠ // (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0): lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print(temperatureF); lcd.println("F"); delay(1000);

//waiting a second

///PELTIER CONTROLS // FOR REAL!: if lower than 25C hot goes on, if hotter than 30C cool goes on // FOR TESTING!: if lower than 21C hot goes on, if hotter than 25C cool goes on //IF TOO HOT if (temperatureC > 25) { digitalWrite(motor1Pin, LOW); // set leg 1 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor3Pin, LOW); // set leg 1 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor2Pin, HIGH); // set leg 2 of the H-bridge high digitalWrite(motor3Pin, LOW); // set leg 3 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor4Pin, HIGH); // set leg 4 of the H-bridge high delay(1000); // wait for a second digitalWrite(motor1Pin, LOW); // set leg 1 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor2Pin, LOW); // set leg 2 of the H-bridge high digitalWrite(motor3Pin, LOW); // set leg 3 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor4Pin, LOW); // set leg 4 of the H-bridge

high delay(3000); }

// wait for a second

//TOO COLD if (temperatureC < 21) { digitalWrite(motor1Pin, HIGH); // set leg 1 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor2Pin, LOW); // set leg 2 of the H-bridge high digitalWrite(motor3Pin, HIGH); // set leg 3 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor4Pin, LOW); // set leg 4 of the H-bridge high delay(1000); // wait for a second digitalWrite(motor1Pin, LOW); // set leg 1 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor2Pin, LOW); // set leg 2 of the H-bridge high digitalWrite(motor3Pin, LOW); // set leg 3 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor4Pin, LOW); // set leg 4 of the H-bridge high delay(3000); // wait for a second } //TURN OFF IN THE MID RANGE if (25 <= temperatureC >= 21) { //BLINK REGULAR digitalWrite(motor1Pin, LOW); // set leg 1 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor2Pin, LOW); // set leg 2 of the H-bridge high digitalWrite(motor3Pin, LOW); // set leg 3 of the H-bridge low digitalWrite(motor4Pin, LOW); // set leg 4 of the H-bridge high // turn the PELTIER off by making the voltage LOW delay(5000); // wait for a second } }

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