PORTFOLIO
DANIELA CHONG LUGON 2020 dchong@mit.edu Linkedin: dchonglugon
CONTENTS Landscape and Architecture Design Urban Design Architecture
1 Pachacamac Museum 2 Echo of the Wall 3 Urban Suture 4 Cusipata House 5 Ferre Apartment Building 6 Porta Hotel
Design Research Service Design
7 Creating an Innovation Hub 8 A New Pharmacy Experience 9 Accessible Healthcare for Peru
Systemic Design
10 A New Learning Methodology 11 Early Warning and Disaster Preparedness System
Data Visualization Spatial Analysis Graduate Thesis
Publications Teaching
12 Globalization’s Shadow: Human Trafficking 13 The Race to Displace 14 Dispossessing the Public: Privatization of Open Public Spaces in Lima, Peru 15 A7 + The Urban Project 16 Human Centered Design
PACHACAMAC MUSEUM The Sanctuary of Pachacamac is the third most visited archeological site in Peru, and its scale, paths, and relationship with the environment has turn it into one of the most admirable prehispanic complexes in South America. This project was inspired by the existing architecture with the use of long, confined spaces and its relationship with the environment.
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Landscape and Architecture Design Pachacamac, Lima, Peru, 2013 Link: https://goo.gl/ha3pwc Designed by: Llosa Cortegana Architects Role: Project leader The New Pachacamac Museum contrasts but at the same time respects and blends with the prehispanic site. The exterior paths frame the temples with the contemporary architecture, and the enclosed exhibition halls merge with the exterior plazas, ramps and stairs that integrate with the topography. Finally, the mass created by the adobe (mud bricks) in the archeological site is expressed by using an exposed concrete texture.
Level 0
Level -1
Transversal section
Photographs by Juan Solano 5
ECHO OF THE WALL This project aims to incorporate the needs of the contemporary city, with cars as one of the main transport vehicles, to the structure of the medieval city of Urbino, in Italy. The current problem that the city faces is that everyday people from neighboring cities commute to Urbino by car. Urbino is not only surrounded by a medieval wall, meaning it has a limited number of entrances, but the medieval urban fabric is not designed for cars and the city becomes congested. The project proposed to take out all the cars from inside the city and turn it primarily pedestrian, by providing a parking building
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Landscape and Architecture Design Urbino, Italy, 2011 Designed by: Daniela Chong and Daniella Suazo as an academic project outside the wall where one of the entrances is located, as a solution to the congestion and disorder. The echo of the wall is generated by deploying and replicating the medieval wall structure in the shape of echo waves. At certain points, this structure as a band folds to create ramps as accesses and exits. This course is complemented by a faster track using stairways. The east part of the building has a more compact structure, whereas on the west, these echo branches open up following existing crop lines and allowing the natural landscape to permeate the built environment.
The medieval wall structure is replicated in the shape of echo waves. The building is a series of "C" shaped structures that pose and insert on the natural slope of the territory. 6
Axonometric floor plans
Longitudinal section
Transversal section 7
URBAN SUTURE The project emerged from taking the problem of the implementation of the new and necessary road infrastructure — the extension of the expressway Paseo de La Republica — and turning it into a design challenge using architecture and connect back two sides of a divided neighborhood. The thesis project included two stages: before and after the construction of the expressway. The first one proposed a new cultural building in the park of San Roque, the heart of the neighborhood, to complement the intense commercial activity found there. In the second stage, as the expressway destroys part of the park and an existing market, the project proposes an integrating intervention that becomes
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Urban Design Surco, Lima, Peru, 2011 Designed by: Daniela Chong as graduation thesis project an urban suture. This suture sews back together the two divided sides by generating a programmatic plaza that dynamizes a transition area and turns a bridge into a space of permanence. This plaza includes a Metropolitano station, the integrated bus line that crosses Lima from north to south, and activates the neighborhood by connecting it to the rest of the city. Finally, the destroyed market is restored. A light coverage is created, inspired in the colors of the market bags used locally, and covers a series of selling modules but also provides shade for other activities, such as ambulatory commerce or local performance.
Longitudinal section 8
Workshops
Library Elevated plaza
Auditorium Cafe
Urban hall Metropolitano station
Gallery
Ambulatory commerce Local dining hall
Market
Expressway
Stage 1: Cultural node that reconnects the neighborhood
Metropolitano corridor
Axonometric floor plans
Stage 2: The expressway is built and one market disappears.
Stage 3: Urban suture to reconnect the neighborhood
Scale model 9
CUSIPATA HOUSE The task was to design a house located in Chaclacayo, an hour east of Lima, place where many families seek for an escape away from the chaotic city. The architectural program included a house with four bedrooms, and a separate volume with additional bedrooms for visitors. The main house has an over dimensioned, integrated living and dining room, as this was the most important place for the family to gather. With a tall roof, the space expands vertically but also horizontally, and
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Architecture Chaclacayo, Peru, 2017 Link: https://bit.ly/3lRtRZQ Designed by: Daniela Chong connects seamlessly interior and exterior. The bedroom area opens to a different garden to maintain privacy, while other social spaces, such as the kitchen, and T.V. room, integrate visually to the rest of the house. Volumetrically, the first floor of the house is composed by two separate brick boxes — the bedrooms and kitchen to one side and the service area to the other — that support a long white and pure volume that contains the living room.
Photographs by Renzo Rebagliati 10
Level 0
Concept diagrams
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FERRE APARTMENT BUILDING This project is located in the heart of Miraflores, one of the most active pedestrian districts in Lima. The 7 floor building contains 8 apartments with 5 different typologies in order to adapt to different people’s needs and foster a diverse tenant audience. The apartment on the first floor is designed to resemble a small house, turning the building’s ventilation and lighting duct into the house garden. Two flats occupy each half of the second and third floor, while the rest of the combined area create a duplex. The rest of the floors
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Architecture Miraflores, Lima, Peru, 2017 Designed by: Daniela Chong, Daniella Suazo & Andrea Silva (SOMA Lima) contain one apartment per level, except the penthouse that uses the rooftop as a social area. Horizontal elements are used for the facade composition, combining concrete beams and railings in the exterior with concrete eaves that filter the sunlight and provide privacy to the interior of the building. Every apartment has an integrated living and dining room that open up to an outdoor terrace that connects it with the street.
Photographs by Renzo Rebagliati 12
PORTA HOTEL The concept of this hotel is inspired by backpacker hostels, spaces where young people meet and different cultures are shared. With this in mind, Porta proposes a hotel for an older audience and offers the same spirit of meeting, sharing, learning, and having fun, but at the same time provides all the amenities that these target might want. For example, in contrast to conventional backpacker hostels, the hotel offers private bedrooms and bathrooms, providing more privacy and comfort to its guests. The first floor of the building becomes the social space and heart of the hotel, full of activity all day long. It is part coworking, restaurant and meeting space. The rooftop is also used for social purposes, as
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Architecture Miraflores, Lima, Peru, 2017 Designed by: Daniela Chong, Daniella Suazo & Andrea Silva (SOMA Lima) it includes a large exterior terrace for events, a more private meeting room and a kitchen hall where cooking classes can be held. The facade is inspired in the balconies built in the spanish colony found in the old city centre of Lima. The wooden lattice that covers these balconies were once used by women to see outside, while at the same time preventing them to be seen by people in the streets. The concept is abstracted and replicated, and a metallic lattice is used to cover the whole facade of the hotel to inspire a Lima identity and allow guests to get privacy and also be able to see outside one of the most popular neighborhoods in Lima.
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CREATING AN INNOVATION HUB
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Design Research La Victoria, Lima, Peru, 2014 Designed by: Daniela Chong for La Victoria Lab
THE CONTEXT In the last years, many innovation initiatives, such as companies’ innovation centers and start ups, have been emerging in the city of Lima. One of these has been La Victoria Lab, the Innovation Lab of Intercorp Group, the largest company in Peru, located in the district of La Victoria. This project started with the initiative to populate a certain quadrant in the district with other innovation centers to create an innovation hub. This area was not only chosen because of the location of La Victoria Lab, but also because it is a strategic and accessible sector in Lima,
right in the intersection of two major avenues, and because of its proximity to other important companies and public buildings. I was asked to develop a strategy to make this Innovation Hub possible. The exploration started by talking to the neighbors and understanding closely the area and its urban dynamics. I also talked to possible early movers to understand what were their needs and what would it take for them to join this movement, and I mapped out locations for rent and sale to see how much this would cost and find out if the proposal was feasible. After this analysis, I proposed three intervention strategies and studied which was the most convenient.
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1 La Victoria Lab 2 Intercorp Tower
3 INTERVENTION STRATEGIES:
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3. The Maloca:
1. The Quinta
2. The Street
Intervention of the urban typology of the quinta, which is a set of houses, with shared access through a common space that connects to the public access of the street.
Intervention in a parking lot located next Intervention of Carlos Villaran Street, that connects La Victoria Lab with Intercorp’s office to Intercorp’s Tower. The idea is to place an elevated building that becomes an innovation tower. icon in the neighborhood. “Maloca” refers to the building typology in the Amazon that is elevated by pilotis.
CONCLUSIONS After analyzing the area, I compared it with other potential innovation districts, and studied the costs and the existing offering of available locations for rent and sale. The reality was that the offering was not very high in the defined quadrant, and that although La Victoria is a middle class neighborhood and the perceived cost of renting and buying was low, the real costs were much higher, even more than other districts that were in advantage of becoming innovation hubs. The conclusions for the capacity of implementation were as follows.
1 The Quinta Insufficient offering. To implement this proposal it would be necessary to have a bigger number of houses for sale in the existing quintas in the neighborhood. I only found 2 houses in quintas that were for sale, in the dozens of quintas that exist in the quadrant.
2 The Maloca: Insufficient demand. There was not a real demand of early movers willing to move to the maloca. Mainly because they were already settled somewhere else in the city, and as La Victoria is still in the majority a residential area, it lacks many urban equipment that can attract possible early movers.
3 The Street Possible scenario. It allows to grow organically, and to start we only required to buy or rent a house and start the process of innovation injection. This option was the most feasible one because of the current offering of houses.
Today, La Victoria Lab has already rented and occupied 3 houses in Carlos Villaran street, and we are helping to provide the conditions to create an innovation hub in La Victoria. 15
A NEW PHARMACY EXPERIENCE
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Service Design Peru, 2015 Link: https://goo.gl/EuRTWr Designed by: La Victoria Lab Role: Senior Designer
How might we create a unique drugstore experience that is low-cost, scalable, and adaptable?
THE CONTEXT
THE PROCESS
In Peru, as access to health is hard and expensive, drugstores have become the first point of contact for middle class peruvians to access health care. Pharmacy technicians act and become the family doctors.
We set to learn what was the current relationship between peruvians and healthcare. We talked to almost 100 people and 60 Inkafarma workers, and we visited more that 50 Inkafarma stores and its competition in 6 cities in Peru. We wanted to learn about the context we were facing, but most of all, what were the real user needs. After the research phase and synthesis we ideated different concepts and prototyped them with real users. This allowed us to keep on learning according to the reactions users had when we made them experience part of the redesigned service.
In this context, Inkafarma became the leader in the market of pharmacy chains, with a value proposition of offering everyday low prices, quality medicines, and being present all over Peru. But with time, competition of new pharmacy chains has increased. This project was born with the objective to design a new pharmacy experience that could differentiate Inkafarma from the rest and provide a better service for its customers.
We conducted three prototyping phases and tested different concepts to find desirability from real users. In the third phase, we hacked a real pharmacy to test the complete pharmacy experience.
THE JOURNEY
Entrance
Easy navigation by the use of color coding that helps the user differentiate what area to approach. 16
Consult
The customer has a private consult space and a screen where he can see his profile, history, products and recommendations.
Payment
The customer reviews the final prices, confirms the shopping cart by clicking on the screen, and pays in the same space.
Pick up
The customer approaches the green pick-up area, where the dispatcher calls him by the name and checks that all the products are correct.
Exploration
Exit
Some customers The customer exits explore the Inkafarma. multifunctional area, where products are displayed and where they can update their personal information.
The final design considered different design principles. The most important were the following: Provide privacy: we designed dividers between selling points to delimitate and define the personal space for consults so customers feel more comfortable. Broadcast transparency: we designed a double screen facing the customers, so they can follow the consult process, see the products names, pictures and prices, and even show them whenever the product they are asking for is out of stock. Today, there are more than 90 stores around Peru with the new service experience and space format that we designed, and Inkafarma is deploying a strategy to remodel the rest of the stores before the end of 2018.
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ACCESSIBLE HEALTH CARE FOR PERU
Service Design
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Peru, 2015 Designed by: IDEO + La Victoria Lab Role: Senior Designer
How might we design an affordable, scalable, quality healthcare ecosystem for Peruvian middle class families?
THE CONTEXT Today, around 7.5 million Peruvians (25% of the population) do not have health insurance, and the public health system is broken. Weeks to get appointments, followed by hours of wait time, followed by rushed and unclear medical consults is the usual experience of middle class Peruvians with health providers. This project was set to design a new healthcare service that solved these current problems and allowed Peruvians to access an accessible and high quality service that adapted to their current needs.
THE PROCESS To get a better understanding of these needs and the opportunities of improvement, we conducted a qualitative research phase, where
we found opportunity areas that guided the design. We built out the whole space in a scale 1/1 to prototype the service experience, where we tested the space, brand, communications, digital tools and service roles.
THE DESIGNED OFFER Aviva Clinic: This is the umbrella brand of clinics that holds two offers for patients seeking sick care and well care: Aviva Cura: Quality and efficient sick care that gets patients quickly back on track. Outpatient and urgent care to respond to Peruvians in ‘fix-me’ mode, covering general medicine and the 11 most demanded specialties. Aviva Cuida: Comprehensive and guided well care for the whole family whenever they need it. Preventive well care for all family members, with a special focus on gynaecology and pediatric care.
THE JOURNEY Aviva Cura (sick care)
Booking
Reception
Seating area
Preconsult
Consult
Labs + Imaging
Follow up
Aviva Cuida (well care)
Reception + Welcome 18
Booking
Community Space
Pre-consult
OB/GYN Consult
Pharma + Labs/Imaging
Offsite Guidance
Labor + Delivery
Top: The new medical and OBGYN consult rooms, that divide the conversation area from the examination area. The changing rooms provide privacy to the patients and the furniture and materials are designed to give comfort and ease to the expectant parents. Left: Waiting area for Aviva Cura, with a comfortable seating space, clear signage and digital screens that allow patients to know when its their turn to meet their doctor.
The new Aviva Clinic located in Los Olivos district. The building, developed by Movil, incorporates all the concepts and design. 19
A NEW LEARNING METHODOLOGY
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Systemic Design Peru, 2016 Designed by: IDEO + La Victoria Lab Role: Senior Designer
How might we make school more engaging for high school students in Innova Schools?
THE CONTEXT Innova Schools is a network of schools across Peru that offers excellent, affordable education to the peruvian middle class. The whole system was designed by IDEO in 2015. Today, Innova Schools has 41 schools and more than 33,000 students. As the network scaled, Innova realized that their high school students were losing motivation, and they gave La Victoria Lab the design challenge to make school more engaging for them.
THE PROCESS To understant the current problems, we conducted a research phase that involved Innova’s different stakeholders such as students, teachers, school directors and people at Innova’s Central Office. We conducted interviews and prototypes that allowed us to design a learning experience tailored for Innova’s ecosystem needs We designed a project based learning methodology that adjusts to the current needs of students, teachers, school leaders and the whole Innova Schools system.
Prototyping with students
Prototyping materials
THE PROJECT JOURNEY Pre Project
Project design
During Project
Kick off
Post Project
Documentation
Planning
Formative assessment
Re energizing
Closure
Summative assessment
Reflection
This journey guides all stakeholders to set a PBL project for success at Innova. Every project starts with the selection or creation of the project brief by teachers, which is informed by the students interests. During the project, there is a kick-off and a closure, and the central moments can repeat according to the needs of teachers and students. Finally, when the project ends, there is an assessment and reflection phase, aimed to assure learnings and feedback. 20
MY PBL DIGITAL TOOL In the project we developed different journey concepts that allows the different stakeholders to align and navigate the process of Innova PBL. One of them was My PBL Digital Tool, a digital platform that encompasses the project journey, while providing a holistic view of the student’s progress and achievements. This tool helps both students and teachers manage projects on a day to day basis. It also connects to the current parent tool, Innova Family, to allow communication and visibility of the kids’ process, and for them to engage in their kid’s learning.
A project guide for students to visualize goals and activities
Students and teachers can share achievements with parents
A tool that simplifies formative assessment for teachers
THE STUDENT GROWTH JOURNEY The student growth journey that has 3 major phases: 1. Gain confidence (8th grade): Students are introduced to the PBL methodology doing projects that start short and simple and increase complexity towards the end of the year. 2. Explore and focus (9th and 10th grade): As students gain confidence in the methodology, the PBL ecosystem starts offering ways to engage with their own interests and passions. 3. Apply (11th grade): Students dominate the PBL methodology and have an informed idea of their interests. However, their time is limited since college prep will start and it will consume most of their week. Students will work throughout the year on a selfguided personal project a few hours per week.
8th
9th + 10th
11th
Gain confidence
Explore + focus
Apply
autonomy
interests
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EARLY WARNING AND DISASTER PREPAREDNESS SYSTEM
How might we build a more comprehensive risk preparedness system that is effective, trustworthy, and involves the local community?
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Systemic Design
Mocoa, Colombia, 2019 Link to full report: https://bit.ly/3lUv8zc Team Members: Daniela Chong, Julia Field, Zöe McAlear, Sarabrent McCoy
THE CONTEXT Mocoa is an Amazonian city and the capital of the Department of Putumayo, in the south of Colombia. It has a number of environmental and socio-economic challenges, related to the region’s history of extractive industries and proximity to Colombia’s armed conflict.Additionally, Mocoa experienced a catastrophic landslide on April 1st, 2017 that killed at least 316 people, injured several hundred more, and caused significant property damage. The event brought the city’s geographic vulnerability to flooding and avalanches to the forefront, demonstrating the urgent need to improve risk management and emergency response solutions.
THE PROJECT The Early Warning and Disaster Preparedness System project maps the current Early Warning System (EWS) in Mocoa and highlights its challenges and weaknesses. The project proposes conceptualizing a more holistic system, which is concerned with fostering a culture of risk preparedness in Mocoa. This project’s recommendations call for incorporating new data sources and participatory monitoring into the system, increased transparency in decision-making, leveraging relationships with academic institutions such as MIT, creating new ways of communicating realtime risk levels, and increased risk preparedness through educational programming. The final report included design principles for the overall system and described in detail all recommendations and showcased inspirations and references of other locations in the world where these have been implemented. 22
GLOBALIZATION’S SHADOW: HUMAN TRAFFICKING
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Data Visualization Cambridge, MA, US, 2019 Team Members: Daniela Chong, Cindy Si, Dan Powers
THE CONTEXT
DEFINITION
This was the final project for the Data, Visualization and Society class. Students had to choose a topic around migration, find a dataset and design a data visualization website. We chose to do human trafficking as we consider it is an invisible type of migration. There is a lack of awareness around this topic because there is little information as there are gaps in the detection and data collection.
"The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation."
THE PROJECT The project has two goals. First, to increase awareness, engage and inform people about the magnitude of the problem and expose real facts about the issue. Second, to serve as a data exploration tool, that allows people to explore in detail available data such as demographics, countries, citizenship, modes, and the flows of people between countries. Our data source was the Human Trafficking Global Database between 2002 and 2018 from the International Organization for Migration.
- UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons
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THE RACE TO DISPLACE
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Spatial Analysis Boston, MA, US, 2018 Team Members: Daniela Chong, Natalia Coachman, David Robinson
Evictions, Legal Counsel and Race in Boston Housing Court
Density of rate of The city of Boston is home to the fourth most expensive rental eviction cases THE CONTEXT
housing market in the United States. It also has one of the highest rates of economic and racial inequality in the country. As property values rise, gentrification is radically transforming traditionally middle- and low-income neighborhoods and displacing long term residents.
Evictions are one of the primary mechanisms of displacement. Most evictions occur when tenants cannot pay their rent. However, they can also occur for a variety of other reasons, including property damage or disturbances, or even for no reason at all. This was the final project for the Geographic Information System Workshop class. We used housing court data to do a spatial analysis to understand where evictions were happening in the city of Boston.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1) Are there spatial differences between tenants in evictions cases who have legal representation and tenants in eviction cases who do not have legal representation? 2) Is there spatial clustering of eviction cases more generally? 3) What are the demographic characteristics of neighborhoods where there are high rates of eviction cases?
METHODOLOGY
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
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Legal Representation of Tenants in Eviction Cases
KEY FINDINGS
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Tenants without legal representation and tenants with legal representation are not evenly distributed throughout the city.
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Tenants without legal representation make up a vast majority of all eviction cases (92%).
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Eviction cases are disproportionately clustered in neighborhoods where: there is a high proportion of non-white people, there is a lower median income, a high proportion of the population lacks a bachelor’s degree, the unemployment rate is high
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When controlling for median income, educational attainment, and unemployment rate, the portion of black and “other” people in a block group are the only statistically significant predictors of eviction cases in Boston Housing Court.
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Eviction case rates are highest in Roxbury and Mattapan.
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DISPOSSESSING THE PUBLIC: PRIVATIZATION OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES IN LIMA, PERU
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Graduate Thesis Cambridge, MA, US, 2020 Thesis advisor: Lawrence Vale Reader: Sharif Kahatt
ABSTRACT
Green Areas per Inhabitant per District (m2)
In such a scenario, this thesis examines the conditions under which open public spaces are privatized and identifies the mechanisms. Through different case studies and interviews, I create three types that attempt to explain the different forms in which privatization develops to expose the motivations behind it, the processes of how it happens, the actors who are involved, and the manifestations it has in the built environment. The first type is Concession for Development, and takes place when public space is rented to private entities in the form of concessions with the excuse of bringing development and improvement. The second is Appropriation for Livelihood, and occurs when public space is informally appropriated to fulfill a basic need such as housing or a productive activity. The third is Enclosure for Control, and results when public space is enclosed and its access is restricted in order to provide safety or facilitate its management. I analyze and expose the structural governance conditions and flaws in current planning processes — formal and informal, top-down and bottom-up — that lead to privatization in order to help create awareness about how and why this invisible phenomenon takes place and who is most affected by it. Finally, this thesis proposes recommendations that can help Lima and other Peruvian cities promote the protection and preservation of public spaces and also encourage a more equitable distribution.
0.0 - 1.5 1.5 - 2.5 2.5 - 3.8 3.8 - 7.4 7.4 - 31.5 Constitutional Province of Callao Selected Case Studies
3b. Sinchi Roca Park 1a. Primavera Park
2a. Lomas de Amancaes
2b. Gamarra 3a. Zone 42, Santa Catalina 1b. Castilla Park
Graph 2. Green and Average Income Per Green Area andArea Average Income PerInhabitant Inhabitant SAN ISIDRO
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Green Area Per Inhabitant
The Metropolitan Area of Lima has on average 3.6m2 of green area per person, for a total of 10 million inhabitants. Although this is not the most accurate metric, it is the most available proxy to measure and understand the magnitude of open public space in the city. In addition, it is not equitably distributed: districts with higher socioeconomic levels and larger municipal budgets have greater area and higher quality public spaces. In a context of inequitable distribution on quantity and quality, one of the biggest threats that public spaces face is their privatization, a process in which a space is dispossessed from the public and transformed for a private or restricted use. From sidewalks, streets, parks, and plazas, to natural spaces such as beaches and the coastal lomas natural ecosystems, in recent years, these unprotected areas have become shopping centers, supermarkets, parking lots, private clubs, formal and informal housing, amusement parks, synthetic grass courts, and other infrastructure that has altered at some degree its openness, ownership, accessibility, and function. This shift from public to private spaces ultimately reduces the opportunity of all citizens to have available open public spaces, increases social fragmentation, and ultimately deepens issues of social injustice and spatial inequalities.
15 MIRAFLORES SAN BORJA
10 SAN BARTOLO CHACLACAYO SANTA ROSA
5
SAN LUIS LOS OLIVOS
ANCON
0
JESUS MARIA LA MOLINA SANTIAGO DE SURCO BARRANCO LINCE MAGDALENA DEL MAR
CHORRILLOS SURQUILLO ATE CARABAYLLO PUNTA NEGRA LURIN RIMAC BREÑA PUCUSANA
1000
2000
3000
Average Income per Capita per Household (S/.)
3
Primavera Park in Comas (Concession for Development) 26
Lomas de Amancaes in Rimac (Appropriation for Livelihood)
4000
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OPEN PUBLIC SPACE
WHO PRIVATIZES OPEN PUBLIC SPACE?
Spaces that are open and have none or few building interventions, they are owned by the government, they are accessible without any restriction (physical, visual, economic, social, etc.), and are destined for a collective use, one that provides a space for citizens’ encounters and which fosters diversity and inclusion.
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PRIVATIZATION The process where a public space is taken away or dispossessed from the public to transform it into one that is destined for more private or restricted use.
Concession for Development
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Appropriation for Livelihood
Enclosure for Control
WHY ARE OPEN PUBLIC SPACES PRIVATIZED? 0ăĬú½§ĦÝăúĝƖ·ăú½ÝĦÝăúĝ ĦÙ§Ħ Äú§¶òÄ ēĖÝĺ§ĦÝҧĦÝăú
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CONSEQUENCES OF PRIVATIZATION AT THE CITY SCALE mportance of p reness of i ublic f awa spa o k ces c t n s e i l i n c s d t e n a a d s La of citi er m u s z ens Con
Phenomenon
Consequences Reduction of open public spaces
Privatization
Social and spatial fragmentation
Search for economic benefit Indiv idualizatio ation n and differenti
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;ú½ÝĺݽĬ§ò Ä·ăúăùÝ· ÄŀĦĖ§·ĦÝăú
Privatization of open public spaces can happen for multiple reasons. Nonetheless, in Lima there are some structural conditions at a city scale that act as the foundation and enable this phenomenon to happen. These include having a fragmented governance of open public spaces in the city, which leads to an indifferent state of authority and lack of control. Likewise, there is a conflict between policies that promote private developments and investments and a lack of those that protect open public spaces, which leads to their neglect and abandonment. In addition to these conditions, there is also an external motivation that encourages actors to privatize: the need or desire for economic extraction and to make a profit out of this process.
As a city-scale phenomenon, a vicious cycle is generated between privatization and its consequences. Viewed in one direction (from the phenomenon to its consequences), as more spaces are privatized, there is an increase in the lack of awareness of the importance and role of public spaces as areas to foster citizenship and diversity. The importance and the value attributed to the public sphere is reduced as people living in the city become consumers and clients of private spaces and services, willing and accepting to pay for them, and move away from the concept of being citizens. Moving in the other direction (from consequences to phenomenon), the reduction of public spaces and the city’s social and spatial fragmentation contribute to thinking that public spaces can be dispossessed from the public to benefit some people economically at an individual level. Additionally, it feeds on the idea and need of being protected from the “other” and the desire to separate from those dissimilar to one self, leading to exclusion, segregation, and privatization. 27
A7
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THE URBAN PROJECT
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Publications
05/2013 “A7”, PUCP, Lima 12/2015 “The Urban Project”, PUCP, Lima
A7
THE URBAN PROJECT
The subject of A7 magazine is “city and architecture”. The content includes the best graduation thesis projects of the Department of Architecture of PUCP. These show students’ exploration of how architecture, through buildings, can integrate with the urban context and transform the quality of life of the people who inhabit it.
The book consists in a seleccion of graduation thesis projects (PFC) directed by Arch. Reynaldo Ledgard. The 1 year workshop focuses in the urban problems found in the city of Lima and how urban equipment can help solve them.
HUMAN CENTERED DESIGN STUDIO
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Teaching
2017-1 Pontifical Catholic University of Peru 2017-2 University of the Pacific of Peru
Nowadays, we live in an interdisciplinary world, where problems cannot be solved through a unique disciplinary lens. My 3 years of experience in La Victoria Lab, working closely with IDEO, made me understand Human Centered Design as a very important methodology to design solutions to any type of problem. That is the reason why I decided to teach with a colleage the first HCD course in Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. We had students from different departments such as architecture, communications, political
sciences, industrial design, which made the collaboration and sinergies extremely rich when developing the design projects. On the second semester of 2017, I decided to repeat the experience but in the University of the Pacific, the best business school in Peru. This allowed me to explore how although the audience was very different, HCD is a methodology and mindset that can be absorbed by anyone trying to solve a problem.
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DANIELA CHONG LUGON 2020 dchong@mit.edu 30