GENTRIFICATION
“
GENTRIFICATION
a process of renovating deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the influx of more affluent residents (...) Gentrification can improve the material quality of a neighborhood, while also potentially forcing relocation of current, established residents and businesses, causing them to move from a gentrified area, seeking lower cost housing and stores
�
Sources: Wikipedia.com
gentry - fication british term from old french: “genterise” “of noble birth”
“
One by one, many of the working class neighbourhoods of London have been invaded by the middle-classes, upper and lower. Shabby, modest mews and cottage - two rooms up and two down - have been taken over, when their leases have expired, and have become elegant, expensive residences ... Once this process of ‘gentrification’ starts in a district it goes on rapidly, until all or most of the original working-class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed.
”
Ruth Glass - 1964 Sources: Wikipedia.com www.don-aire.blogspot.com
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
London Movement of mid-high classes into Islington in the 1960s due to: Mobility Urban diversity and structure of the centre neighbourhoods Architecture value
Sources: Gentrification and the Middle-class Remaking of Inner London, 1961-2001, Chris Hammet, May 2003
1. INNER GENTRIFICATION process of displacement of traditional inhabitants of an area by more affluent citizens of other areas inside the city
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
INNER GENTRIFICATION
Paris (Le Marais) Movement of mid-high classes into le Marais in the 1970s due to: Loi Malraux: Law by which old buildings are catalogued and public fundings are committed to their refurbishment Centre Pompidou: building of a new art centre and opening of public space around it
Sources: Le Marais : modèle typique de gentrification, Bénédicte de Lataulade.
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
INNER GENTRIFICATION
Barcelona (el Raval) Movement of mid-high classes into el Raval in the 1980s and 1990s due to: Revitalisation of Raval Plan New Culture Venues (MACBa, CCCB) Opening up of new Public Spaces (Plaรงa dels ร ngels, Rambla Raval)
Sources: Pla Central del Raval, www.bcn.cat
INNER GENTRIFICATION
INNER GENTRIFICATION
INNER GENTRIFICATION
2. OUTER GENTRIFICATION process of displacement of locals in global cities caused by the moving in of new foreign citizens.
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
World Migration 1990
35M 1M Sources: New York Times: Migrants Are on the Rise Around the World, and Myths About Them are Shaping Attitudes, June 2018
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
World Migration 2017
63.3M 35M 1M Sources: New York Times: Migrants Are on the Rise Around the World, and Myths About Them are Shaping Attitudes, June 2018
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
IMMGRANTS VS GENTRIFIERS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
Average income of destination city
Lower income
JOBS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
The Immigrant vs Gentrifier Differentiation Higher income
CULTURE
WEATHER
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
Barcelona Population Evolution
Barcelona Tourism Evolution
Olympic Games
2.0M 1.8M
no. of tourists (in millions)
1.6M
Foreign Residents
1.4M 1.2M
30.0
29.2 M 25 M
25.0
30.2 M
26.4 M
22.5M
Local Residents
1.M 0.8M 0.6M
20.0 17.4M
15.0
18.1M
13.9M
10.0
0.4M
5.0
0.2M
years
2016
2011
2006
2001
1996
1991
1986
1981
1976
2000
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016 2017
Sources: Departament d’Estadística. Ajuntament de Barcelona
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
Barcelona Brand Marketing Campaign
Sources: Data: Departament d’Estadística de Barcelona
0 San Francisco, CA, United States Geneva, Switzerland Dallas, TX, United States San Diego, CA, United States Los Angeles, CA, United States Portland, OR, United States Aalborg, Denmark Sydney, Australia Stavanger, Norway Salt Lake City, UT, United States Madison, WI, United States Columbus, OH, United States San Antonio, TX, United States Melbourne, Australia Kansas City, MO, United States Perth, Australia London, United Kingdom Adelaide, Australia Karlsruhe, Germany Amsterdam, Netherlands Memphis, TN, United States Hanover, Germany Rotterdam, Netherlands Southampton, United Kingdom Cologne, Germany Berlin, Germany Kelowna, Canada Christchurch, New Zealand Mannheim, Germany Victoria, Canada Uppsala, Sweden Seoul, South Korea Manchester, United Kingdom Linz, Austria Birmingham, United Kingdom Brighton, United Kingdom Sheffield, United Kingdom Haifa, Israel Belfast, United Kingdom Milan, Italy Barcelona,Spain Spain Barcelona, Rome, Italy Valencia, Spain Sliema, Malta Malaga, Spain Ajman, United Arab Emirates Nicosia, Cyprus Shenzhen, China Tartu, Estonia Moscow, Russia Beirut, Lebanon Guangzhou, China Vilnius, Lithuania Porto, Portugal San Jose, Costa Rica Katowice, Poland Santiago, Chile Bangalore, India Thessaloniki, Greece Lodz, Poland Cluj- Napoca, Romania Brasov, Romania Noida, India Amman, Jordan Sibiu, Romania Mumbai, India Chiang Mai, Thailand Baghdad, Iraq Pristina, Kosovo (Disputed Territory) Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina Oradea, Romania Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Rostov- na- donu, Russia Antalya, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Izmir, Turkey Krasnodar, Russia Pattaya, Thailand Samara, Russia Kaliningrad, Russia Casablanca, Morocco Kochi, India Almaty, Kazakhstan Guwahati, India Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Asuncion, Paraguay Dnipro, Ukraine Cebu, Philippines Medellin, Colombia Tbilisi, Georgia Lagos, Nigeria Colombo, Sri Lanka Kathmandu, Nepal Alexandria, Egypt
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES Social Demographical DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Art Traditions/Heritage
MOBILITY
World 360 Global cities in income per capita CULTURE JOBS WEATHER
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS Chart Title
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Sources: Average IncomeData: Global Departament Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org d’EstadĂstica de Barcelona
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
Sources: Average Income Global Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
Sources: Average Income Global Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS Sources: Average Income Global Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS Sources: Average Income Global Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS Sources: Average Income Global Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS Sources: Average Income Global Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS Sources: Average Income Global Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS Sources: Average Income Global Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS Sources: Average Income Global Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS Sources: Average Income Global Cities, https.datacatalog.worldbank.org https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
3. TOURISTIFICATION process of displacement of locals caused by the change of use of the built environment from housing to touristic accommodation
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
Evolution of global tourism 1.2 billion 1.1 billion Asia & Pacific
1 billion
Middle East
900 million 800 million
America
700 million 600 million 500 million 400 million
Europe
300 million 200 million 100 million
1950
Africa
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2018
Sources: International Tourist Arrivals by World Region, https://ourworldindata.org/
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
DIVERSITY
JOBS
WEATHER
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
25
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
CULTURE
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
Most visited cities in the world 20 15 10 BALI, INDONESIA
OSAKA,JAPAN
BARCELONA
HONG KONG
MILAN ITALY
PALMA DE MALLORCA
PATTAYA,THAILAND
MAKKAH,SAUDI ARABIA
PHUKET,THAILAND
SEOUL,SOUTH KOREA
ANTALYA,TURKEY
TOKYO JAPAN
ISTANBUL,TURKEY
KUALA LUMPUR,MALAYSIA
NEW YORK, USA
SINGAPORE
DUBAI,U.A.E
PARIS,FRANCE
LONDON,UK
0
BANGKOK,THAILAND
5
Sources: Worlds Most Popular Cities for Tourists 2018, www.traveller.com
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
0.3 SHANGHAI
0.4
0.6 TOKYO
LOS ANGELES
0.6 NEW YORK
0.7 TAIPEI
0.7 MILAN
0.9
1.1 VIENNA
ISTANBUL
1.1 SEOUL
1.2
1.3 ROME
HONG KONG
1.3
1.5 BARCELONA
PARIS
1.6 BANGKOK
KUALA LUMPUR
SINGAPORE
LONDON
PRAGUE
AMSTERDAM
DUBAI
1.8
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.7
5.7
Most visited cities in the world (per capita)
Sources: Ranking of tourist destination worldwide 2018, www.statista.com
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
+ Increase of GDP GDP GROWTH 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0
Second recession + debt crisis
-2.0
Recession
-3.0 -4.0 -5.0 -6.0 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
YEARS
Travel & Tourism generated €7.1 billion in Barcelona in 2016 accounting for 5.3% of the city’s GDP, but 12.4% of Travel & Tourism’s contribution to GDP within Spain. Sources: Ranking of tourist destination worldwide 2018, www.statista.com
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
+ Increase of GDP + Embellishment of the city Costa Barceloneta, 1970
Platja i Passeig Barceloneta, 1992
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
+ Increase of GDP + Embellishment of the city Les Rambles, 2019
Les Rambles, Project (km ZERO)
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
+ Increase of GDP + Embellishment of the city + From provincial to global city
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
+ Increase of GDP + Embellishment of the city + From provincial to global city Les Rambles
JOBS
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
- Massification and public space damage Raval
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
CULTURE
JOBS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
+ Increase of GDP + Embellishment of the city + From provincial to global city Les Rambles, Souvenir Kiosk
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
- Massification and public space damage - Loss of character
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
+ Increase of GDP + Embellishment of the city + From provincial to global city
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
- Massification and public space damage - Loss of character - Increase of price of life
Increase of housing prices in BCN (rental and purchase) 440.000 420.000 400.000 380.000 360.000 340.000 320.000 300.000 280.000 260.000 240.000
5.000 4.00
Euros/m2
3.000 2.000 1.000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Years
2015
average pricing per household
Sources: Ranking of tourist destination worldwide 2018, www.statista.com
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Sources: www.insideairbnb.com https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Sources: www.insideairbnb.com https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Sources: https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS P supply
P1
demand
Rental Market
P
Q
Q1
supply
demand Q
Purchase Market P
supply
demand Q
Tourism Market
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS P supply
D2 D1 Q
Rental Market
P
supply
demand Q
Purchase Market P
supply
demand Q
Tourism Market
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS P supply
dP D2 D1
Rental Market
dQ increase of supply
P
supply
demand Q
Purchase Market P
supply
demand Q
Tourism Market
Q
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS P supply
dP D2 D1
Rental Market
dQ increase of supply
P
supply
dP
demand dQ
Q
Purchase Market P
supply
dP
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
Q
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
P supply
P
supply
demand dP
Q
Rental Market D2 D1
Rental Market
dQ increase of supply
P
P supply
Q
supply
dP D1
demand dQ
Q
Purchase Market
Purchase Market P
supply
Q
P
supply
dP
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
P supply
P
supply
demand dP
Q
Rental Market D2 D1
Rental Market
dQ increase of supply
P
P supply
Q
supply
dP
D2 D1
demand dQ
Q
Purchase Market
Purchase Market P
supply
Q
P
supply
dP
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
P supply
P
supply
demand dP
Q
Rental Market D2 D1
Rental Market
dQ increase of supply
P
P supply
Q
supply dP
dP
D2 D1
demand dQ
Q
Purchase Market
Purchase Market P
supply
P
dQ increase of supply
supply
dP
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
Q
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
P supply
P
supply
demand dP
Q
Rental Market D2 D1
Rental Market
dQ increase of supply
P
P supply
Q
supply dP
dP
D2 D1
demand dQ
Q
Purchase Market
Purchase Market P
supply
P
dQ increase of supply
supply
dP
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
Q
NEW TOURISTS
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
P supply
P
P
supply
supply
demand dP
demand
Q
Q
Rental Market D2 D1
Rental Market
dQ increase of supply
P
Rental Market
P supply
P
supply
Q
demand
supply dP
Purchase Market
dP
D2 D1
Q
P supply
demand dQ
Q
Purchase Market
Purchase Market P
supply
P
dQ increase of supply
Q
supply
dP
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
demand dQ
demand
Q
Tourism Market Tourist Market
Q
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
P supply
P
P
supply
supply
demand dP
demand
Q
Q
Rental Market D2 D1
Rental Market
dQ increase of supply
P
Rental Market
P supply
P
supply
Q
demand
supply dP
Purchase Market
dP
D2 D1
Q
P supply
demand dQ
Q
Purchase Market
Purchase Market P
supply
P
dQ increase of supply
Q
supply
dP
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
D2 D1
demand dQ
Q
Tourism Market Tourist Market
Q
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
P supply
P
P
supply
supply
demand dP
demand
Q
Q
Rental Market D2 D1
Rental Market
dQ increase of supply
P
Rental Market
P supply
P
supply
Q
demand
supply dP
Purchase Market
dP
D2 D1
Q
P supply
demand dQ
Q
Purchase Market
Purchase Market P
supply
P
dQ increase of supply
Q
supply dP
dP
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
D2 D1
demand dQ
Q
Tourism Market Tourist Market
dQ increase of supply
Q
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
P supply
P
P
supply
supply
demand dP
demand
Q
Q
Rental Market D2 D1
Rental Market
dQ increase of supply
P
Rental Market
P supply
P
supply
Q
demand
supply dP
Purchase Market
dP
D2 D1
Q
P supply
demand dQ
Q
Purchase Market
Purchase Market P
supply
P
dQ increase of supply
Q
supply dP
dP
demand dQ
Tourism Market
Q
D2 D1
demand dQ
Q
Tourism Market Tourist Market
dQ increase of supply
Q
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
RENTAL MARKET
PURCHASE MARKET
TOUR. ACCOM. MARKET
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
RENTAL MARKET
PURCHASE MARKET
TOUR. ACCOM. MARKET
DEPOPULATION OF LOCALS
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
RENTAL MARKET
PURCHASE MARKET
TOUR. ACCOM. MARKET
DEPOPULATION OF LOCALS
REPOPULATION BY RICHER CITIZENS
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
RENTAL MARKET
PURCHASE MARKET
TOUR. ACCOM. MARKET
DEPOPULATION OF LOCALS
REPOPULATION BY RICHER CITIZENS
CHANGE OF CHARACTER Neighbourhood ‘Hipsterisation’
Neighbourhood ‘Globalisation’
LOSS OF CHARACTER Desertification
1990 - ongoing AirBnB invasion AirBnB listings multiply in the area Foreigners sell for less touristic areas
IN
N
ER
G
EN
TR
IF
IC
A TI
O
O
N
U
TE
R
G
EN
TR
IF
IC
A TI
O
N
TO
U R
IS
TI
FI
C
A TI
O
N
Ultra-Super-Gentrification ?
La Barceloneta
1990-2000 Globalisation of BCN Foreign Investment renovate apartments Barcelonian Middle Class are priced out 1980-90 Sea Front Renovation Barcelonian middle class move in Local Fishermen are displaced
Sources: https://developer.twitter.com/ https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
Sources: https://developer.twitter.com/ https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
Sources: https://developer.twitter.com/ https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
Sources: https://developer.twitter.com/ https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
WHAT IS BEING DONE?
WORLD POLICIES
WORLD POLICIES
San Francisco
Refusal to global chains for local commerce protection, Points for local hiring in public bidding processes
Amsterdam
Airbnb to restrict the length of time that people can rent out their homes to 60 days and now 30. Construction of new hotels in the city centre banned. Ban of businesses catering exclusively to tourists: souvenir shops, postcard kiosks, cheese stores. Images pop up with slogans explaining that Amsterdam deserves respect, and fines for inappropriate behaviour. Amsterdam’s official application, reports back on visitors
GOVERNMENT BASED POLICES
San Francisco, Amsterdam, Lisbon, Venice, San Diego, Athens, Vienna, Salzburg, Madrid, New York
Sources: see Sources
WORLD POLICIES
San Francisco Amsterdam Hong Kong
Obstacles to licensing touristic apartments (400 days av. process duration) Aggressive raise of punishment for illegal listings: 500.000$ fines - 3 year imprisonment.
New York
Hotel room occupancy tax introduced in addition to New York State sales tax and the New York State hotel unit fee daily tax. Short-term rentals through Airbnb or other rental platforms subject to tax fee as well.
GOVERNMENT BASED POLICES
PRIVATE CORPORATION BASED POLICES
San Francisco, Amsterdam, Lisbon, Venice, San Diego, Athens, Vienna, Salzburg, Madrid, New York Hong Kong, San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles, San Diego, Milan,
WORLD POLICIES
San Francisco Amsterdam Hong Kong New York
Chicago
Building communities can ban short term rentals (“prohibited buildings” list)
GOVERNMENT BASED POLICES
Prague
Each community should have this authority and could set the rules according to their needs, the city maintains. The situation is specific in every community, so it should be up to the community to decide on the regulations, the City Council states in a document at approved.
Fairbnb
the golden rule of 1 house for 1 resident host The second difference is that 50 percent of the commission will be used to fund community projects.”
PRIVATE CORPORATION BASED POLICES
COMMUNITY BASED POLICES
San Francisco, Amsterdam, Lisbon, Venice, San Diego, Athens, Vienna, Salzburg, Madrid, New York Hong Kong, San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles, San Diego, Milan, Chicago, Fairbnb, Prague
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work? In 20XX, Barcelona implemented a tourist tax based on: TIME SPENT IN BCN Number of nights spent in hotels or touristic apartments TIme spent (cruisers) +12h 2. 25 € -12h 0. 65 €
PURCHASE POWER Based on type of accommodation: 5 star H 2. 25 € 4 star H 1. 10 € - 4 star 0. 65 €
Sources: https://developer.twitter.com/
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work? P
supply
equilibrium point
demand Q
Tourism Market
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work? P
S2 S1
equilibrium point
demand Q
Tourism Market
TOURISM PROMOTION Beautification and Public Space Maintenance
ECONOMIC BOOST Increase of GDP
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work? P
S2 S1
new equilibrium point
demand Q
Tourism Market
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work? P
S2 S1
equilibrium point
dP
demand Q
Tourism Market
dQ
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work? P
S2 S1
equilibrium point
dP
Increase in price demand Q dQ
Decrease in quantity P
Demand moves to competing markets
others Italy València
Tourism Market
supply
demand dQ
Q
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work?
Why doesn’t it work?
P
S2 S1
equilibrium point
dP
Increase in price demand Q
Tourism Market
dQ
Decrease in quantity
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work?
Why doesn’t it work?
P
P
S2
S2
S1
supply S1
equilibrium point
dP
dP
Increase in price
EQUILIBRIUM POINT
Increase in price
Tourism Market
dQ
Decrease in quantity
D2
demand
demand D1
Q
Q
Tourism Market
dQ
Decrease in quantity
TOURISM PROMOTION
TOURISM PROMOTION
Beautification and Public Space Maintenance
Beautification and Public Space Maintenance
ECONOMIC BOOST
CHAIN EFFECT
Increase of GDP
Exponential increase of popularity
LOW TAX TURNOVER
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work?
Why doesn’t it work?
P
P
S2
S2
S1
S1
new equilibrium point equilibrium point
dP
dP
Increase in price
Increase in price
D2
demand
D1
Q
Tourism Market
dQ
Decrease in quantity
Q
Tourism Market
dQ
Decrease in quantity
TOURISM PROMOTION Beautification and Public Space Maintenance
ECONOMIC BOOST Increase of GDP
LOW TAX TURNOVER
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work?
Why doesn’t it work?
P
P
S2
S2
S1
S1
equilibrium point equilibrium point
dP
dP
Increase in price
Increase in price
Tourism Market
dQ
Decrease in quantity
demand
demand
Q
Q
Tourism Market
dQ
Increase in quantity
TOURISM PROMOTION Beautification and Public Space Maintenance
ECONOMIC BOOST Increase of GDP
LOW TAX TURNOVER
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
1. TOURIST TAX How does it work?
Why doesn’t it work?
P
S2 S1
equilibrium point
dP
Increase in price demand Q
Tourism Market
dQ
Decrease in quantity
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
2. CAPPING How does it work? In 2015, Barcelona implemented a policy on touristic accommodations (PEUAT). HOTELS The city Council stopped all licenses on new hotels based on 4 areas Area 1: Above capacity No licenses (+ progressive decrease of capacity) Area 2: At capacity No licenses Area 3, 4: Below capacity New licenses
TOURISTIC APARTMENTS In 20XX the City Council halted all new licenses for touristic apartments
Sources: https://developer.twitter.com/
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
2. CAPPING How does it work? P
supply
equilibrium point
demand
Q
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
2. CAPPING How does it work? P
CAPPING supply
demand
Q dQ Decrease in quantity
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
2. CAPPING How does it work? P
CAPPING supply
deadweight loss equilibrium point
demand
Q
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
2. CAPPING How does it work? P
S2
CAPPING S1
dP
Increase in price
demand
Q dQ Decrease in quantity
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
2. CAPPING How does it work? P
S2
CAPPING S1
dP
Increase in price
demand
Q dQ Decrease in quantity
Demand moves to competing markets
others Italy València
P
supply
demand dQ
Q
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
2. CAPPING How does it work? P
Why doesn’t it work?
S2
CAPPING S1
dP
Increase in price
demand
Q dQ Decrease in quantity
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
2. CAPPING How does it work? P
Why doesn’t it work?
S2
HOTEL LOBBY PRESSURE
CAPPING
The Council had to back down and concede due to lobby S1
dP
Increase in price
demand
Q dQ Decrease in quantity
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
2. CAPPING How does it work? P
Why doesn’t it work?
S2
HOTEL LOBBY PRESSURE
CAPPING
The Council had to back down and concede due to lobby S1
DIFFICULTY IN ENFORCING THE POLICY More than 7.000 illegal listings have been on AirBnB. It is not until September 2018 that the Council managed to delete them from the system.
dP
Increase in price
demand
Q dQ Decrease in quantity
listings on AirBnB continue to grow in Barcelona (10%)
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
2. CAPPING How does it work? P
Why doesn’t it work?
S2
HOTEL LOBBY PRESSURE
CAPPING
The Council had to back down and concede due to lobby S1
DIFFICULTY IN ENFORCING THE POLICY More than 7.000 illegal listings have been on AirBnB. It is not until September 2018 that the Council managed to delete them from the system.
dP
Increase in price
listings on AirBnB continue to grow in Barcelona (10%)
THE LOOPHOLE Apartments without a touristic license split into several listings of shared rooms. The policy does not affect room renting. demand
Q dQ Decrease in quantity
Supporting this hypothesis: AirBnB has increased number of listings AirBnB has decreased total turnover in Barcelona Against this hypothesis: The total number of full apartment listings has still increased
WORLD POLICIES ONE HOST = ONE HOUSE POLICY FairBnB operates in Barcelona since June 2019
BARCELONA POLICIES
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
STATIC CRITERIA
TOP DOWN
In an increasingly fast changing urban dynamics reality time space t is required a more adaptable approach in:
In order for the full reconciliation of citizens and tourists we need to let them have a say on the policy
Sources: http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/pla-allotjaments-turistics/ca/
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
T4C
From cities for tourism to tourism for cities
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
1. DYNAMIC CAPPING How does it work?
GOVERNMENT BASED POLICES
COMMUNITY BASED POLICES
TOP-DOWN
BOTTOM-UP
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
1. DYNAMIC CAPPING How does it work?
TOP-DOWN 4 AREAS
to
BOTTOM-UP NEIGHBOURHOODS
Sources: http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/pla-allotjaments-turistics/ca/ https://opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
1. DYNAMIC CAPPING How does it work? P
P
CAPPING
(WINTER)
supply
supply
demand
demand
Q
Q
dQ Decrease in quantity
TOP-DOWN 4 AREAS STATIC CATEGORIES
Barceloneta (SUMMER)
dQ Decrease in quantity
to
BOTTOM-UP NEIGHBOURHOODS DYNAMIC CATEGORIES
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
1. DYNAMIC CAPPING How does it work? P
P
CAPPING
(WINTER)
supply
supply
demand
demand
Q
Q
dQ Decrease in quantity
TOP-DOWN 4 AREAS STATIC CATEGORIES
Raval (SUMMER)
dQ Decrease in quantity
to
BOTTOM-UP NEIGHBOURHOODS DYNAMIC CATEGORIES
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
1. DYNAMIC CAPPING How does it work? P
P
CAPPING
(WINTER)
supply
supply
demand
demand
Q
Q
dQ Decrease in quantity
TOP-DOWN 4 AREAS STATIC CATEGORIES
El Gòtic (SUMMER)
dQ Decrease in quantity
to
BOTTOM-UP NEIGHBOURHOODS DYNAMIC CATEGORIES
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
1. DYNAMIC CAPPING How does it work? P
P
CAPPING supply
supply
demand
demand
Q
Q
dQ Decrease in quantity
TOP-DOWN 4 AREAS STATIC CATEGORIES
Sant Pere (WINTER) (SUMMER)
dQ Decrease in quantity
to
BOTTOM-UP NEIGHBOURHOODS DYNAMIC CATEGORIES
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
1. DYNAMIC CAPPING How does it work? listings
a a a
r
Occupancy
r
Dynamic Capping
r r
a time
TOP-DOWN 4 AREAS STATIC CATEGORIES LICENSE BASED
to
BOTTOM-UP NEIGHBOURHOODS DYNAMIC CATEGORIES OCCUPANCY BASED
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
2. TOURIST TAX How does it work?
mid & low
SEGMENTED
high
%
luxury
to
MAX %
+
MIN % tax bar
FULLY PROGRESSIVE
cap
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
2. TOURIST TAX How does it work?
HOTELS FULL APARTMENTS
ALL ACCOMMODATIONS
CAMPINGS
SEGMENTED PARTIAL
ID BASED
to
FULLY PROGRESSIVE WHOLISTIC
WORLD POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
BARCELONA POLICIES
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
coding school
recreation centre
THE FUTURE
WORLD POLICIES
BARCELONA POLICIES
USER EXPERIENCE
coding school
recreation centre
THE FUTURE
IMPACT
Housing Public Space PHYSICAL FEATURES
Social Demographical DIVERSITY
Art Traditions/Heritage MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
RENTAL MARKET
PURCHASE MARKET
TOUR. ACCOM. MARKET
DEPOPULATION OF LOCALS
REPOPULATION BY RICHER CITIZENS
CHANGE OF CHARACTER Neighbourhood ‘Hipsterisation’
Neighbourhood ‘Globalisation’
LOSS OF CHARACTER Desertification
PHYSICAL FEATURES
DIVERSITY
MOBILITY
CULTURE
JOBS
WEATHER
NATURAL BEAUTY
NEW LOCAL INHABITANTS
NEW FOREIGN INHABITANTS
NEW TOURISTS
RENTAL MARKET
PURCHASE MARKET
TOUR. ACCOM. MARKET
DEPOPULATION OF LOCALS
REPOPULATION BY RICHER CITIZENS
CHANGE OF CHARACTER Neighbourhood ‘Hipsterisation’
Neighbourhood ‘Globalisation’
LOSS OF CHARACTER Desertification
1. DISPERSION OF TOURISM NEW TOURISTS
TOUR. ACCOM. MARKET
- Increase of price of life DEPOPULATION OF LOCALS
a - Massification and public space damage LOSS OF CHARACTER Desertification
SIMULATION OF IMPACT
Touristic accommodation in Barcelona 2035
SIMULATION OF IMPACT
Touristic accommodation in Barcelona 2035
SIMULATION OF IMPACT
Tourism Occupancy level
Tourism per neighbourhood 2035
Tourism Occupancy level
Tourism per neighbourhood 2020
1
2
3
4
5
6
District
7
8
9
10
T4C 7 YEARS T4C 3 YEARS T4C 1 YEAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
District
7
8
9
10
1. DISPERSION OF TOURISM 2. TAX USE FOR Rent subsidies
NEW TOURISTS
TOUR. ACCOM. MARKET
- Increase of price of life DEPOPULATION OF LOCALS
a - Massification and public space damage LOSS OF CHARACTER Desertification
1. DISPERSION OF TOURISM 2. TAX USE FOR Rent subsidies Community Projects
NEW TOURISTS
TOUR. ACCOM. MARKET
- Increase of price of life DEPOPULATION OF LOCALS
a - Massification and public space damage LOSS OF CHARACTER Desertification
Additional Sources: Roger Kain, Loi Malraux Barcelona’s got talent: migration, residential change and socioeconomic polarisation, Antonio López, July 2016 Llibre Verd, Pressupost Barcelona, Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2018 Distribució territorial de la Renda Familiar a Barcelona, Ajuntament de Barcelona, Gener 2017 La Població de Barcelona Nascuda a l’estranger, Departament d’estadística i difusió de dades, Gener 2018 A dynamic regulation in the field of tourist accommodation, Autoritat Catalana de la Competència, December 2016 L’activitat turística a Barcelona: desenvolupament i gestió, Barcelona Activa, 2014 Los falsos mitos del turismo. Capítulo 1, la gentrificación, JA Donaire, http://don-aire.blogspot.com/