Hammarby sjostad - Urban Design Analysis

HAMMARBY SJOSTAD

URBAN HOUSING : CASE STUDY BY : DEENA KHAROUF ANWAR SARSOUR AHMED MAKHAMREH MURAD ASEEDEH

PRESENTED TO : MOKARRAM ABBAS

AN-NAJAH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FALL 2015

CONTENT CONTENT ....................................................................................................................2 FIGURES ......................................................................................................................4 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................6 1.1 LOCATION ..........................................................................................................6 1.2 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................7 1.3 CONCEPT ............................................................................................................8 1.3.1 Sustainability .................................................................................................8 1.3.2 Urban Morphology Of Stockholm .....................................................................8 2 MASTERPLAN AND SURRONDINGS ............................................................................9 2.1 INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS................................................................................ 10 3 URBAN HOUSING QUALITIES | SPATIAL ANALYSIS ................................................... 11 3.1 DENSITY ........................................................................................................... 11 3.2 ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 12 3.2.1 ACCESSIBILITY WITHIN HAMMARBY SJOSTAD ............................................... 12 3.2.2 ACCESSIBILITY MODEL WITHIN STOCKHOLM................................................ 12 .......................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.3 TRAVEL MODES AND SUSTAINABILITY .......................................................... 13 3.3 BUILDING TYPES................................................................................................ 14 3.3.1 BUILDING'S LAYOUT ................................................................................... 14 3.3.2 RESIDENTAL BUILDING ANALYSIS ................................................................. 15 Style 1 ............................................................................................................. 15 Style 2 ............................................................................................................. 15 3.4 SERVICES .......................................................................................................... 16 3.5 SPATIAL HIERARCHY .......................................................................................... 17 4 STREETS DESIGN ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 18 4.1 MAIN STREET..................................................................................................... 18 4.1.1 DIMENSIONS ............................................................................................. 18 4.1.2 HIEGHT TO WIDTH RATIO ............................................................................ 18 4.2 SUB STREET ....................................................................................................... 19 4.2.1 DIMENSIONS ............................................................................................. 19 4.2.2 HEIGHT TO WIDTH RATION ......................................................................... 19 4.3 SEASIDE STREET ................................................................................................. 20 4.3.1 DIMENSIONS .............................................................................................. 20 4.3.2 HEIGHT TO WIDTH RATIO ............................................................................ 20 5

OPEN SPACES ....................................................................................................... 21

............................................................................................................................. 21 5.1 NATURAL OPEN SPACES ..................................................................................... 21 5.2 DESIGNED OPEN SPACES ................................................................................... 21 5.2.1 SEMI-PRIVATE OPEN SPACES ........................................................................ 22 5.2.2 PUBLIC SQUARES ......................................................................................... 23 6 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY (ANALYSIS) ....................................................................... 24 6.1 THE PUBLIC OPINION ........................................................................................ 24 6.2 CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN.............................................................. 25 6.2.1 EXISTING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL STUCTURE ................................................. 25 6.2.2 ACCESSIBILITY ............................................................................................ 25 6.2.3 MIXED USE AND VITALITY............................................................................ 25 6.2.4 NATURAL SURVEILLANCE ............................................................................ 25 Visibility .......................................................................................................... 25 6.2.5 TERRITORIALITY .......................................................................................... 25 6.3 SAFETY AND CRIME............................................................................................ 26 6.3.1 Crime rates ................................................................................................. 26 6.3.2 PERCEIVED SAFTEY AND FEAR OF CRIME ........................................................ 26 7 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES.............................................................................. 27 7.1 STRENGTHS...................................................................................................... 27 7.2 WEAKNESSES ................................................................................................... 27 8 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 27 GENERAL PHOTOS...................................................................................................... 28 REFRENCES ................................................................................................................ 31

FIGURES Figure 1 : Arial photo of Hammarby sjostad .......................................................................6 Figure 2 : The location of Hammarby sjostad .....................................................................6 Figure 3: geneal photo of the industrial area .....................................................................7 Figure 4: The olympic village layout .................................................................................7 Figure : general photo of Hammarby sjostad 2009 5 ........................................................7 Figure 6 : intiating the demolition in 1998 .......................................................................7 Figure 7 : the sustainable solutions hammarby sjostad aimed for. .........................................8 Figure 8 : morphology of downtown stockholm .................................................................8 Figure 9: map of stockholm shows relation between hammaby sjostad and city center ............8 Figure 10 : The master plan of Hammarby Sjostad ..............................................................9 Figure 11 : map shows the water interface in Hammarby Sjostad ..........................................9 Figure 12 : the waste vaccume design ............................................................................ 10 Figure 13 : Figure ground plan of Hammarby Sjostad shows a low built density .................... 11 Figure 14: the ferry boat ............................................................................................... 13 Figure 15 : bridge for bikes-pedestrians only ................................................................... 13 Figure 16: Bikes rout .................................................................................................... 13 Figure 17: The light tram .............................................................................................. 13 Figure 18 : diagrams shows the modes of travel to work .................................................... 13 Figure 19 : diagram shows the percentages of travel modes .............................................. 13 Figure 20 : map shows the urban morphology .................................................................. 14 Figure 21 : the inspired morhpology in block design from downtown stockholm .................. 14 Figure 22: map for a small zone in the project ................................................................. 14 Figure 23 : balconies orientation to common spaces ........................................................ 14 Figure 24 location ....................................................................................................... 15 Figure 25: Plan ............................................................................................................ 15 Figure 26 : Elevation .................................................................................................... 15 Figure 27: location ...................................................................................................... 15 Figure 28: Plan ............................................................................................................ 15 Figure 29: Elevation ..................................................................................................... 15 Figure 30: Shops and malls distrubtion around the main streets ......................................... 16 Figure 31: Library ........................................................................................................ 16 Figure 32 : services location on the map of hammarby sjostad............................................ 16 Figure 33: sport hall ..................................................................................................... 16 Figure 34 : map shows the spatial hierarchy in hammarby sjostad ....................................... 17 Figure 35: location of the street..................................................................................... 18 Figure 36 : Plan and sections shows the dimensions of the main street ................................ 18 Figure 37 : Location ..................................................................................................... 19 Figure 38 : Plan and section shows the dimensions of the sub street .................................... 19 Figure 39: Location of the street .................................................................................... 20 Figure 40 : Plan and section shows the usage and dimensions of the seaside street ............... 20 Figure 41: Map shows the distribution of open spaces in hammarby sjostad ......................... 21 Figure 42: photo from the natural park ........................................................................... 21 Figure 43: photo shows the natural woods ...................................................................... 21 Figure 44 : Designed plan for the common space ............................................................. 22 Figure 45: Location of the common space ....................................................................... 22 Figure 46 : Section through the common space ............................................................... 22 Figure 47: Location of the public square ......................................................................... 23 Figure 48 : designed plan of the public square ................................................................. 23

Figure 49 : Section through the public square .................................................................. 23 Figure 50: diagram shows the crime rate in hammarby sjostad, another district, Stockholm itself, and Sweden. ...................................................................................................... 26 Figure 51 : the fear of crime statics between Hammarby sjostad, another district, Stockholm itself, and Sweden. ...................................................................................................... 26

1 INTRODUCTION Hammarby stjostad is a housing project that aims to achieve a balanced closed-loop urban metabolism, it is said that this project is an “effective demonstration that ecological and urban go together� by means of comprehensive planning (Beatley 2004).

1.1 LOCATION

Hammarby Sjostad is a district in Stockholm, Sweden. adjacent to the downtown. It is one of multiple housing project lunched by the municipality of Stockholm to expand the city in a controlled and designed environments.

Figure 2 : The location of Hammarby sjostad

Figure 1 : Arial photo of Hammarby sjostad

1.2 BACKGROUND

The site was a brownfield, and previously classified as an industrial area. planning for the redevelopment of the site began in 1996, when Sweden was in the bid to host the 2004 Olympic. A proposed design for an Olympic village was set. however after Sweden did not receive the bid, the city shifted its development focus to building a sustainable community that is twice as efficient as a typical one.

Figure 4: The olympic village layout

Figure 3: geneal photo of the industrial area

The demolition began in 1998, and the overall housing construction was completed in 2009. The project runs until 2016. Today, half of the project is completed.

Figure 6 : intiating the demolition in 1998

5 Figure : general photo of Hammarby sjostad 2009

1.3 CONCEPT The layout design of the housing was mainly based on two concepts: sustainability, and the morphology of Stockholm.

1.3.1 Sustainability The philosophic, underlying approach to the Hammarby Stostad project is its ambition to achieve both environmental and social sustainability in its development.

Figure 7 : the sustainable solutions hammarby sjostad aimed for.

1.3.2 Urban Morphology Of Stockholm Considering the site location is close to the city center of Stockholm, with a distance of 3 km between them. the designers aimed to make it a continues flow of the morphology and urban form that can be seen in downtown Stockholm as well as other parts of the city.

Figure 9: map of stockholm shows relation between hammaby sjostad and city center

Figure 8 : morphology of downtown stockholm

2 MASTERPLAN AND SURRONDINGS The masterplan of hammarby sjostad shows two different sets of planning, for the zone in purple is a business area that existed before the development project, and was preserved as it is. And the buildings in red are a part of the new layout.

Figure 10 : The master plan of Hammarby Sjostad

Regarding the surrounding of the site, the main component is the water interface formed from a river and a lake. the design preserved the original natural water interface, and created a new social interface that included bike lanes and setting area.

Figure 11 : map shows the water interface in Hammarby Sjostad

2.1 INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS The sustainable approach in Hammarby sjostad was able achieve efficient energy consumption in building. Regarding the waste collection system, individual households dispose of their solid waste into a vacuum-based underground collection system that allows for separating the waste into organic, recyclable and other forms. Combustible garbage is processed and returned to the community as electricity and hot water.

Figure 12 : the waste vaccume design

3 URBAN HOUSING QUALITIES | SPATIAL ANALYSIS Hammarby sjostad housing project meets multiple urban specifications, and was able to display good urban qualities. Whether in the layout, accessibility means, or spatial hierarchy.

3.1 DENSITY The project was able to modulate a population density of 131 person per hectare, that lies in the urban spectrum at ease. With a developed area of 130 hectare, and a population of 17000 person until today. Where the project is expected to reach a density of 150 person/ha, after completion, with 24000 residents, an total area of 160 hectare.

For the aspect of housing units, the current residential units are 8000, and will reach 11000 by the end of the development.

Figure 13 : Figure ground plan of Hammarby Sjostad shows a low built density

The figure ground plan shows a low built density in the overall design, which is reflected in a good open spaces management.

The lower parts of the map is the old business area, it hasn't been developed hence the high built density compared to the new design.

3.2 ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS The accessibility analysis was carried on two parts, the accessibility between the city of Stockholm and the housing itself, and the accessibility within the project.

3.2.1 ACCESSIBILITY WITHIN HAMMARBY SJOSTAD There is two major axis's in the project that defines the main entrances, where a tram rail passes through. They are the main streets in the project and contains also lanes for both cars and bikes. The tram has 4 stops within the housing.

Sub streets connect the housing together. Moreover, bike's streets are spread throughout the project, along with some pedestrians only streets. The social water interface mentioned before is lanes dedicated to bikes and pedestrians and the designers went all the way with a bridge connecting the two banks of the canal that is specified for those types of circulations.

3.2.2 ACCESSIBILITY MODEL WITHIN STOCKHOLM The tram lines connects the housing with main streets in Stockholm, as well as the subway system, with tram stops located near the subway entrances. whereas a ferry travels through the lake to assure faster access to other banks.

Figure 17: The light tram

Figure 15 : bridge for bikes-pedestrians only

Figure 16: Bikes rout

Figure 14: the ferry boat

3.2.3 TRAVEL MODES AND SUSTAINABILITY The design of the hammarby sjostad aimed for a lower CO2 emissions, there for, pushed toward more environmental solutions for travel, By means of encouraging the usage of bikes and walking.

It succeeded to reduce the using of cars to 20% of the people, where the rest of 80% depends on public transportations and other means of traveling.

In figure (), a comparison between hammarby sjostad and another district in Stockholm shows the success in the projected aims. And figure () shows the modes of traveling to work for the residents, and a low car using can be noticed.

Figure 19 : diagram shows the percentages of travel modes

Figure 18 : diagrams shows the modes of travel to work

3.3 BUILDING TYPES All the residential units falls in the category of "Apartment Buildings".

By analyzing the morphology of Hammarby Sjostad, a hence of Stockholm city center can be noticed in the design of buildings and common spaces.

Figure 20 : map shows the urban morphology

Figure 21 : the inspired morhpology in block design from downtown stockholm

3.3.1 BUILDING'S LAYOUT The residential building are arranged in such way to hold a green common space between them, creating a semi-private area to serve the residents social needs. And the orientation of buildings and it's balconies is toward this space, creating a more social space.

This method in design integrate the modern design elements with the traditional urban morphology can be a good tool to achieve social sustainability. The further analysis will be carried on small zone near the water.

Figure 22: map for a small zone in the project

Figure 23 : balconies orientation to common spaces

3.3.2 RESIDENTAL BUILDING ANALYSIS Though all units are apartment buildings, they have different characteristics and unique architectural design. Two examples will be demonstrated to show the various ways of dealing with plans and elevations.

Style 1

Figure 24 location

Figure 25: Plan

Figure 26 : Elevation

Style 2

Figure 27: location Figure 28: Plan

Figure 29: Elevation

3.4 SERVICES Hammary sjostad included multiple types of services, from commercial areas to schools.

Figure () demonstrate the shopping zones grocery stores and malls in the project, it's noticed they all fall between the main axis's and streets, giving the fact they are the major public zone.

Figure 30: Shops and malls distrubtion around the main streets

In addition, the project includes 3 schools ( one public and two private), 12 preschools scattered throughout, a public library, a small chapel. Moreover, recreational services were included such as a sport hall, a go kart ring ( the largest in Sweden), and a ski resort near the housing.

Figure 31: Library

Figure 32 : services location on the map of hammarby sjostad

Figure 33: sport hall

3.5 SPATIAL HIERARCHY There is a clear spatial hierarchy in Hammerby sjostad, as seen in figure (). The areas marked as public are the main streets of the tram that connects the housing project with the city of Stockholm, as well as the two parks. This due to the fact people from all around the city are able to use them freely, and are frequently visited.

For the areas marked as semi-public, it's the open zones used mainly by the resident of the housing project. And regarding the semi-private areas, it's those used by the residents of one block (quarter), for they serve as a common space as children play grounds.

The apartment buildings themselves are classified as private spaces, because they are only used by the residents that lives in them. the seaside (water front) was categorized as a semi-public zone, for its usage as a creational and social area for the residents. Whereas the zones specified as a ferry stop fall into the classification of a public zone.

Figure 34 : map shows the spatial hierarchy in hammarby sjostad

The influence of the traditional city spatial hierarchy from downtown Stockholm achieved the second concept mentioned before.

4 STREETS DESIGN ANALYSIS It was stated by the designers that the street design of Hammarby Sjostad followed thoroughly the urban design regulations for streets design. Putting these statement to the test, three streets with different hierarchy were analyzed. The chosen streets were the main axis that contains the tram rail, a sub street from the main road, and finally a bike-pedestrian street along the seaside.

4.1 MAIN STREET It consist of three lanes: tram, cars, bikes. And a sidewalk.

Figure 35: location of the street

4.1.1 DIMENSIONS As we can see in figure () , the dimensions of the streets meet the requirements at ease.

Figure 36 : Plan and sections shows the dimensions of the main street

4.1.2 HIEGHT TO WIDTH RATIO The height to width ratio in the main street is a little more than 1:2, which is considered a reasonable ratio.

4.2 SUB STREET The chosen sub street connects the main street with the seaside, it contains only lanes for cars circulation, and a sidewalk. Figure () shows multiple parking on the side of the street to serve the community.

4.2.1 DIMENSIONS

Figure 37 : Location

Figure 38 : Plan and section shows the dimensions of the sub street

4.2.2 HEIGHT TO WIDTH RATION The height to width ratio in the sub streets in general is more than 1:1, still located within the acceptable spectrum.

4.3 SEASIDE STREET This street was designed to encourage the usage of bikes between the residents. A separate bike lane was planned near the sea end, and a pedestrian lane can be seen on a lower level, with a provided setting area.

Figure 39: Location of the street

4.3.1 DIMENSIONS In this street, as well as the other analyzed above, the dimensions fits perfectly with the urban design requirements and regulations.

Figure 40 : Plan and section shows the usage and dimensions of the seaside street

4.3.2 HEIGHT TO WIDTH RATIO The street doesn’t aim to achieve a high sense of closure, on the contrary, it allows to explore the view from the water interface.

5

OPEN SPACES

There is a large areas of open spaces in Hammarby sjostad, and can be divided into two type: natural open spaces, and design open spaces. And in the category of the later, semi-private spaces, and public square are included.

Figure 41: Map shows the distribution of open spaces in hammarby sjostad

5.1 NATURAL OPEN SPACES Mainly include a large woods area, that has been preserved for its wide life. Now it serves as a park for the city of Stockholm, and hammarby sjostad.

Figure 43: photo shows the natural woods

Figure 42: photo from the natural park

5.2 DESIGNED OPEN SPACES This type is the majority in the housing project. each of spaces has a unique design, some includes water. parted according to their spatial hierarchy, two main examples will be analyzed.

5.2.1 SEMI-PRIVATE OPEN SPACES Focused mainly on soft landscape, and planting. Sometimes is also contained small playgrounds for children. The example in figure () demonstrate the popular elements in these kind of spaces.

Figure 45: Location of the common space

Figure 44 : Designed plan for the common space

Figure 46 : Section through the common space

5.2.2 PUBLIC SQUARES The example shown below emphasized on the usage of the water element. And was able to achieve strong relation with the water social interface to create one large enclosed social space.

Figure 47: Location of the public square

Figure 48 : designed plan of the public square

Figure 49 : Section through the public square

6 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY (ANALYSIS) Studying the social aspects in hammarby sjostad was carried through the analysis of a questioners and interviews held with residents from the area. The first study included the urban quality of the housing project and how people perceive it, while the other discussed the crime rates and the fear of crime among residents.

6.1 THE PUBLIC OPINION In a residential survey with 805 responses in 2005 revealed that: • • • •

residents are generally very satisfied with the environment in Hammarby Sjöstad. two-thirds of all trips are made by public transport, bicycle or walking and a third of trips are car-borne. a ferry link directly into the centre of Stockholm and an extension of the tram directly into the inner city were considered the highest priorities.

The library was the most frequently used service in the area, followed by hairdressers and dry cleaners. Priorities for additional service provision include another grocery store/supermarket, an off-license, a chemist and post-office services, a bank, a pub and a health centre.

In an interview with a student residing in Hammarby Sjostad in (2007), he stated that he likes living there “very much”. He answered the questions as following : Question: Do you like living there?

Response: Very much. The apartment is brand new and I like the idea that no one has lived there before me. It´s close to the water, shopping malls, training facilities and nature at the same time. No need for a car. The only downside is the price, I’m renting the apartment (54 square meters) and paying around 1,000 dollars a month for it.

Question: What do you think about the place?

Response: Close to the city center but still has the quietness of the suburb. In the summer you can take the ferry directly to the city center. Before I moved there, I´d heard about shoddy building (right word?). They were building so fast that they didn’t have time to do it correctly.

I’ve not experienced any trouble with my apartment though.

Many critics stated their opinion regarding Hammarby Sjostad. Dastur writes that Hammarby is “a vibrant center that is contiguous with and integrated into the inner city core” and that “the characteristics of the plan give the area a pleasant human-scale feeling of a good waterfront development. Dastur also states “it is impossible to tell the difference between public and private housing, something I had intended to try to notice. Most of the housing looks great, and is built with large balconies, big windows and small interconnecting parks” (Dastur 2005).

Other critiques state that “the invisibility of the environmental program is refreshing” and that “the individual contributions of each of the architectural practices have given the homogeneous developments some degree of individualism and variety”. (Natural Space Magazine 2004)

6.2 CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN Some of the professionals involved in the Hammarby Sjostad project were interested in Crime prevention through environmental design principles. A further assessment of safety will be carried on the crime prevention strategies in urban design applied in this project.

6.2.1 EXISTING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL STUCTURE The existing social and physical structures were never a barrier since there were no dwellings in the area. Most of the industrial area was cleared, and a modern architecture landmark, the Luma Factory, was converted into to modern business purposes.

6.2.2 ACCESSIBILITY Hammarby sjostad guarantee accessibility and avoid enclaves, however the Southern area can be seen as an enclave enclosed by the sea and hills, but there is traffic routes for cars, bicycles and pedestrians. Of special importance is the light rail, which increases accessibility compared to bus services and also increases visibility, overview and orientation.

6.2.3 MIXED USE AND VITALITY The district has a functional mix. about one-quarter of the floor space is commercial. The layout is attractive with its contact to the sea, several parks with attractions, and shops and restaurants concentrated along the main street.

6.2.4 NATURAL SURVEILLANCE Time schedules coordinated to guarantee continuous natural surveillance. The light rail, the ferry boat, the main food stores and the restaurants continue their services well into the evenings. And creating adequate urban density, allows vitality and natural surveillance.

Moreover, There are almost no pedestrian cul-de-sacs, And Stairwells are almost always kept locked, and in some of the most recent blocks, they have electronic key systems.

However, there are times at night when natural surveillance is considered weak, thus from the low pedestrian movement and generally the nature of the area as a residential focused function lays it more on the quite side at night.

Visibility The area has clear sight lines. Most places have good visibility and overview in public spaces, at entrances and to and from windows and balconies. Common rooms and facilities (e.g. laundry rooms) are placed at ground level and with large windows towards courtyards or streets.

6.2.5 TERRITORIALITY There are clear public and private zones. All the dwellings have courtyards, often servicing about 100 dwellings, which is an acceptable scale.

Many dwellings at ground level have private gardens with direct access from the inside. And all the balconies looks over the common space.

6.3 SAFETY AND CRIME 6.3.1 Crime rates Crime statics from 2008 shows that the crime rates in Hammarby Sjostad are generally lower than the average for the city of Stockholm, but also in most cases lower than the Swedish average, which includes many smaller towns and settlements. The only type of crime that does not show lower levels in Hammarby Sjostad is car-related offences. This is partly due, to some large multi-use garages in the area.

Figure 50: diagram shows the crime rate in hammarby sjostad, another district, Stockholm itself, and Sweden.

6.3.2 PERCEIVED SAFTEY AND FEAR OF CRIME Residents declare feeling safe in Hammarby Sjostad. About 90% of the population feels safe, which is high compared to many other areas in Stockholm City. All figures show a lower level of fear of crime in it than that found in other areas in comparison. Only vandalism and poorly lit environment can be a concern in the project.

Figure 51 : the fear of crime statics between Hammarby sjostad, another district, Stockholm itself, and Sweden.

Nobody can deny that residents’ high satisfaction with safety in Hammarby Sjostad is, at least partly, due to the urban planning and design qualities that the area has so far achieved in its construction and current management.

7 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 7.1 STRENGTHS •

Achievement of sustainable practices.

•

the choice of a site in close proximity to the city center.

•

the environment has been successfully integrated into the design.

7.2 WEAKNESSES •

deficient in regards to intra-generational equity. Hammarby sjostad is not proactively addressing the existing problems of socioeconomic segregation in the city of Stockholm, but is continuing them.

•

The overall design failed to be part of the larger context that is the city of Stockholm, It was more of a focal point instead.

8 CONCLUSION In conclusion, we can say this project is a success. It exemplifies large scale urban design principles and vision that are the result of solid master planning and strong public leadership. It includes multiple sustainable elements, a diverse collection of neighborhoods, social housing and a thoughtful public realm system.

The urban design of Hammarby Sjostad is based on Stockholm city standards in terms of street width, block sizes, densities and land uses, thus integrating it with the city through familiarity of scale. The traditional city block structure combines with contemporary architectural styles that respond specifically to the waterside context and promote integrated sustainable technology.

GENERAL PHOTOS

REFRENCES Gronlund, B. (2012). Is Hammarby Sj€ostad a Model Case? Crime Prevention Through

Environmental Design in Stockholm, Sweden.

Franne, L. (2007). Hammarby Sjostad – A unique environmental project in Stockholm.

Roth, N., & Sandahl, J. (2008). Trygg i Stockholm 2008. Socialtj€anstf€orvaltningen, Stockholms.

Svane, O. (2005). Situation of Opportunity – Hammarby Sjostad and Stockholm City’s Process of Environmental Management.

KVARTERET HAMMARBY GÅRD MM (manual of plans).