Geology

Krishna river and canals cannot be left unnoticed and ignored by planners and policy makers” as cautioned by Dr Razak. He also added that the protection and conservation of the region will also benefit rural areas and the livelihoods of thousands. Dr. Razak also stated that the Biodiversity spots require mapping and identification of hinterlands though preparation of regional district and subregional level plans for balanced development of rural and urban regions of a state and pointed out that AP should come up with a policy to develop such spots and regions. Geology

The khondalite group of rocks are prominent in the hill ranges in south of Vijayawada. The rocks of Khondalite, Charnockite groups & layered complex show foliation trending dominantly N-S with local swerves to NE-SW and NW-SE as shown in Figure 3. The city has consolidated formations which include crystalline and Meta sediments. Generally black cotton soil with exceptions in hilly areas is dominant in the zone. The sub soil is moist clay which is good for agriculture. The urban area mainly constitutes three types of soils namely alluvial, black and red ferruginous. Fertile alluvial soils are available in Krishna delta area whereas red ferruginous soils are spread over the uplands. In Giripuram area, metamorphic rocks are found in the sub-soil strata.

Figure 17.3: Soil Type Map of Vijayawada