Graduation project deepak tad 2012 s 1

Graduation project A MODERN STREET MOTORCYCLE FOR ROYAL ENFIELD Sponsor : Royal Enfield (A Unit of Eicher Motors Limited)

Volume : 1 of 1 STUDENT : DEEPAK P programme : Master in design. (M.Des)

GUIDE : VIPUL :VINZUDA programme Post-Graduate Diploma Programme

2015 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN (TRANSPORTATION AND AUTOMOBILE DESIGN)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DESIGN GANDHINAGAR

The Evaluation Jury recommends DEEPAK P for the Master of Design of the National Institute of Design IN INDUSTRIAL DESIGN (TRANSPORTATION AND AUTOMOBILE DESIGN)

herewith, for the project titled "A MODERN STREET BIKE FOR ROYAL ENFIELD" on fulfilling the further requirements by

Chairman Members :

*Subsequent remarks regarding fulfilling the requirements :

Registrar (Academics)

Originality Statement I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and it contains no full or partial copy of previously published material, or it does not even contain substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgment is made in this diploma project. Moreover I also declare that none of the concepts are borrowed or copied without due acknowledgment. I further declare that the intellectual content of this Diploma Project is the product of my own work.

Deepak P

Copyright Statement I hereby grant the National Institute of Design the right to archive and to make available my diploma project in whole or in part on the Institutes’s Knowledge Management Centre in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act. I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my document or I have obtained permission to use copyright material. Content of this Diploma Project is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. This diploma project (or part of it) was not and will not be submitted as assessed work in any other academic course.

Deepak P

Preface As part of the NID curriculum, all final year students are required to undertake a Thesis project which is a full scale design project in the industry. The Thesis Project, which is expected to be of a 4-6 months duration, is a complete demonstration of independent client service by the student, and is expected to generate a professional design assignment with application and implementation capabilities. It exposes the student to a real life situation of working in the industry and helps oneself to understand the constraints and limitations of an organization. It involves understanding the strength, infrastructure of the organization, analyze that and give them an appropriate solution within the given extent and time constraint. It also helps to understand the role of a designer, which in practical situation is not only restricted to just design alone, but also includes time management, communicating your idea well and trying to sell your design to those in charge. The Thesis project helps students to realize their strength and weakness before entering design profession and gives them an opportunity to learn/ adapt to the professional world of design. I had this opportunity to work with Industrial design studio, Royal Enfield motors, Chennai for the above said Thesis project from June 2014 to Jan 2015.

Deepak P

Acknowledgments I would like to express heartfelt gratitude towards Royal Enfield, for offering me an opportunity to work on the designs for modern motorcycle and helping me learn from this valuable experience. Special thanks to Mr. Vaijayant Singh Deka and Mr. Chittaranjan Gogoi my mentors at Royal Enfield and my project guide Mr. Vipul vinzuda (Co-ordinator, Transporatation and Automobile Design -NID Gandhinagar) for their guidance throughout the project. Many thanks to all, my faculty members at NID, who have imparted and shared their experience and knowledge to help me grow as a designer. Sincere thanks to Mr. Shivakumar (head, Industrial design Royal Enfield ID Studio) and all the designers for their constant support.

Deepak P

Contents

1.1 Quick Overview. 19

2.1 Project details and deliverables. 48

3.1 Types of motorcycles.

1.2 History Of Royal Enfield.

2.2 Project Timeline. 50

3.2 Mobility 2030.

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3.2.1 Connected mobility

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66

1.3 Mission and Values of Royal Enfield

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1.4 What makes Royal Enfield unique.

29

1.5 Legendary motorcycles of Royal Enfield.

37

3.2.4 Why 2030 72

3.2.5 Alternative fuels. 73

1.6 Royal Enfield Industrial Design studio Introduction.

44

3.2.2 CO2 emissions. 70 3.2.3 End of cheap oil

3.2.6 Future is electric.

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3.3 Future Cities.

3.3.1 Population and Congestion Problems.

80

3.3.2 Grid lock problem

81

3.3.3 Solo living 82 \

4.1 Indian automotive industry.

4.1.1 Key players in indian Two - wheeler industry.

90

4.1.2 Scooter and unisex market.

91

4.2 Opportunity mapping.

4.2.1 Unisex Royal enfield.

96

4.2.2 Decoding unisex. 98

4.3 Persona creation. 102

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5.1 Phase 1 108

6.1 Ergonomics and specifications.

5.2 Phase 2 122

6.2 Parts Explanation. 154

5.3 Refinements/Direction

5.3.1 Parts exploration.

6.3 Color and Trend analysis.

132

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162

6.4 Final Renders. 164

5.3.2 Renders. 140

6.5 Model making.

6.5.1 Alias model.

170

6.5.2 MDF Milling.

172

6.5.3 Final Model.

174

5.3.3 Changes made by others

144

6.6 Other Projects. 178 6.7 References. 184

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for royal Royal enfield Enfield

About NID The National Institute of Design (NID) is internationally acclaimed as one of the foremost multi-disciplinary institutions in the field of design education and research. The Business Week, USA has listed NID as one of the top 25 European & Asian programmes in the world. The institute functions an autonomous body under the department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India.

NID is recognized by the Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research (DSIR) under Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India, as a scientific and industrial design research organization. NID has been a pioneer in industrial design education after Bauhaus and Ulm in Germany and is known for its pursuit of design excellence to make Designed in India, Made for the World a reality. NID’s graduates have made a mark in key sectors of commerce, industry and social development by taking role of catalysts and through thought leadership. NID Gandhinagar is situated in the city of Gandhinagar, in Gujarat. As part of expansion plan, NID has started building a new postgraduate campus at Gandhinagar, the capital of Gujarat State. The upcoming campus will be spread over 11,362 square meters. Campus will consist of a jewellery and automobile design center along with lifestyle accessory design, new media design, toy and game design, strategic design management, transportation -and information design centers.

NID’s R&D Campus at Bangalore was set up as a joint initiative of and funding from the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and Industry and the Ministry of Information Technology, Government of India and was inaugurated in March 2006. R&D Campus commenced two research intensive PG Programmes namely Design for Retail Experience and Design for Digital Experience, from the academic year 2007-2008. From the academic year 2008-2009, the Campus has also commenced one more research intensive PG Programme, namely Information and Interface Design. NID’s Research & Development Campus addresses the immediate need for an exclusive Design Research center in the country, by fostering the creative design spirit and sighting new opportunities and frontiers through NID’s design acumen nurtured over the four decades of intense teaching-learning process.

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for royal Royal enfield Enfield

T.A.D (Transportation And Automobile Design) The Transportation and Automobile Design at NID is a specialized programme under the Department of Industrial Design. The programme focuses on design research, concept generation, strategies, methods and skills in the area of transportation products, systems and services. The students are required to have a broad understanding of contexts and systems, as well as attention to detail in design and aesthetics.

Through courses and projects, students work with various levels of complexity such as non-motorized transport, display/controls, vehicle design, and system design. The broader subjects of air pollution, population movement, alternate energy, artificial intelligence, safety, drivers’ cognition and afford-ability all contribute to a deeper understanding of the subject.

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for royal Royal enfield Enfield

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and automobile Automobile design Design || National National institute institute of of design Design

1.1

Quick Overview.

1.2

History Of Royal Enfield.

1.3

Mission and Values of Royal.

1.4

What makes RE unique.

1.5

Legendary motorcycles of RE.

1.6

ROyal Enfield Industrial design studio Introduction.

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1891

R.W.Smith and Albert Eadie take over the Townsend cycle company in Redditch to form the Enfield manufacturing compay Ltd.

1892

Enfield manufacturing company Ltd, starts supplying precision rifle parts to the Royal Small Arms factory in Enfield, Middlesex.

1893

The word Royal is taken from ‘The Royal Small Arms Company’ and name Royal Enfield is born with the trademark ‘Made Like a Gun’

A glance at the RE journey.

1914

At the time of the outbreak of WW I, Royal Enfield supplied large numbers of motorcycles to the British War Department and also won a motorcycle contract for the Imperial Russian Government.

1940

During World War II, The Flying Flea, a lightweight 125 cc motorcycle was designed to be dropped by parachute with airborne troops. They continued manufacturing the models developed during the war and the legendary J 2 model appeared which went on to be the ancestor of the legendary Bullet. The same motorcycle became one with the longest production run in the world.

1955

In 1955, the Indian government started looking for a suitable motorcycle for its police forces and the army. The Bullet 350 was chosen as the most suitable bike for the job. Thus the Redditch Company partnered with Madras Motors in India to form what was called ‘Enfield India’ to assemble these 350 cc Bullet motorcycle under license in erstwhile madras (Now called Chennai).

1994

Enfield India entered into a strategic alliance with the Eicher Group, and later merged with it in 1994. It was during this merger that the name Enfield India changed to Royal Enfield.

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“History”

of Royal Enfield.

Newspaper advetestments of the early 90’s

THE EARLY YEARS In 1909 Royal Enfield surprised the motorcycling world by introducing a small Motorcycle with a 2 ¼ HP V twin Motosacoche engine of Swiss origin. In 1911 the next model was powered by a 2 ¾ HP engine and boasted of the well known Enfield 2-speed gear. In 1912 came the JAP 6 HP 770 CC V twin with a sidecar combination. It was this motorcycle which made Enfield a household name. 1914 saw the 3 HP motorcycles this time with Enfield’s own engine which now had the standardised Enfield paint scheme of black enameled parts and green tank with gold trim.

Clockwise Royal enfield HP V, Jap6, De Dion

THE BEGINNING The Enfield Cycle Company made motorcycles, bicycles, lawnmowers and stationary engines under the name Royal Enfield out of its works based at Redditch, Worcestershire. The legacy of weapons manufacture is reflected in the logo comprising the cannon, and the motto “Made like a gun”. Use of the brand name Royal Enfield was licensed by the Crown in 1890.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

BETWEEN THE WARS At the time of the outbreak of WW I Royal Enfield supplied consignments of their 6 HP sidecar Outfit motorcycles with Stretchers to the Crown. This same motorcycle also came with a Vickers machine Gun sidecar attachment which could also be turned skywards and used against low flying aircraft. Royal Enfield supplied large numbers of motorcycles to the British War Department and also won a motorcycle contract for the Imperial Russian Government.

As the factory developed in the 20’s the range of models also increased and in 1924 Royal Enfield was offering four versions of the 2 ¼ HP two-stroke motorcycle, two new JAP engined 350 cc motorcycles and two versions of the 8 HP Vickers engine sidecar combinations. During the great depression of the 30’s Royal Enfield was also affected and the demand for motorcycles waxed and waned but the bicycle manufacturing continued at the same pace and the company trudged on. The Cy-car, a fully enclosed motorcycle model appeared in the early 30’s. During World War II, like other manufacturers of that time Royal Enfield was also called upon by the British authorities to develop and manufacture military motorcycles. The models produced for the military were the WD/C 350 cc SV, WD/CO 350 cc OHV, WD/D 250 cc SV, WD/G 350 cc OHV and WD/L 570 cc SV. One of the most well-known Enfields was the Royal Enfield WD/RE, known as the Flying Flea, a lightweight 125 cc motorcycle designed to be dropped by parachute with airborne troops. After the war the factory continued manufacturing the models developed during the war and the legendary J 2 model appeared which went on to be the ancestor of the legendary Bullet. The same motorcycle which perhaps had the honor of the being the one with the longest production run in the world.

Royal Enfield and its association with wars

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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THE INDIA CONNECTION Royal Enfield motorcycles were being sold in India ever since 1949. In 1955, the Indian government started looking for a suitable motorcycle for its police forces and the army for patrolling duties on the country’s border. The Bullet 350 was chosen as the most suitable bike for the job. The Indian government ordered 800 of these 350 cc motorcycles, an enormous order for that time. Thus In 1955, the Redditch Company partnered with Madras Motors in India to form what was called ‘Enfield India’ to assemble these 350 cc Bullet motorcycle under license in erstwhile madras (Now called Chennai). As per their agreement Madras Motors owned the majority (over 50%) of shares in the company. In 1957 tooling equipment was also sold to Enfield India so that they could manufacture components and start full-fledged production. The Enfield Bullet dominated the Indian highways and with each passing year its popularity kept rising.

Royal Enfield assembly in Madras Motors

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

THE EICHER CHAPTER In 1990, Enfield India entered into a strategic alliance with the Eicher Group, and later merged with it in 1994. It was during this merger that the name Enfield India changed to Royal Enfield. The Eicher Group is one of India’s leading automotive groups with diversified interests in the manufacture of Tractors, Commercial Vehicles, Automotive Gears, Exports, Garments, Management Consultancy and Motorcycles. Since then, the Company has made considerable investments in modernizing its manufacturing technology and systems. In 1996, when the Government decided to impose stringent norms for emission Royal Enfield was the first motorcycle manufacturer to comply, a tradition which has stuck on thus making emission norms being one of the most important factors the company focuses on.

Royal Enfield Company in Redditch

Royal Enfield Company at oragadum, Chennai

CLOSEOUT IN THE UK Royal Enfield UK continued manufacturing motorcycles and came out with some more innovative and powerful machines notably the Royal Enfield Meteor, Constellation and finally the Interceptor 700, before being sold to Norton-Triumph-Villiers (NVT) in 1968.

Production ceased in 1970 and the company was dissolved in 1971. Remaining tooling and equipment of the Redditch works were auctioned off. Meanwhile the Bullet 350 continued to be manufactured in India and by the 1980’s the motorcycles were even exported to Europe out of India. Even after the motorcycle manufacturing closed down the precision engineering division ran for some more time and even bicycles were produced until quite late.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Royal Enfield Company Commercials and Manufacturing process

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for royal Royal enfield Enfield

INFRASTRUCTURE AND TECHNOLOGY To manufacture quality bikes that are well known worldwide for their reliability and toughness state-of-the-art infrastructure is required, and that is just what Royal Enfield has done at their Chennai manufacturing facility. An active in-house Research & Development wing is constantly at work to meet changing customer preferences and the challenges of Indian and International environment standards. When introducing a new product, this team undertakes all related planning which includes a rigorous customer contact program, design, concurrent engineering and testing processes. The Motorcycle Design team at Royal Enfield is well equipped with high-end CAD/CAM workstations and the latest modeling software. Top-notch designers work continuously to come up with innovative bikes designs to meet the market’s expectations. Continuous rigorous testing of motorcycles and components is carried out in the Product Development testing lab to come up with more improvements in enhancing the customer experience.

MANUFACTURING Royal Enfield’s manufacturing operations go through a series of modernization and improvement efforts, with a number of automated processes. The Company has put in place modern manufacturing practices like Cellular layouts, Statistical process controls and Flexible manufacturing systems. The Chennai manufacturing facility has received the ISO 9001 certification and for managing its operations in a clean and safe environment, it has obtained the ISO 14001-quality certification and kaizens are implemented to ensure the quality levels are kept at an ever rising pace.

MARKETING NETWORK You can feel the pulse of your customers, only if you get close to them. This thought process has driven Royal Enfield to set up has a wide network of 11 Brand Stores, 250 dealers in all major cities and towns, and over 200 Authorized Service Centers. The Company also exports motorcycles to 42 countries like the USA, Japan, UAE, Korea, Bahrain, UK, France, Germany, Argentina and many other countries through 40 importers and over 300 dealers across the globe.

ROYAL ENFIELD - REVVING UP With the finest and brightest of teams in the country, comprising of management professionals and a skillful, committed workforce, the Company has a unique and open culture, making Royal Enfield a vibrant and responsive company. To its customers in India and elsewhere in the world, Royal Enfield means more than just motorcycles; it’s a sense of belonging to an exclusive community with unfading passion, emotion and interest. The Company is all set to augment its leadership position, be it in the power and leisure bike segment in India or the classic bike segment elsewhere in the world, by introducing distinctively styled and higher-powered motorcycles, strengthening existing communities around its products, expanding its network, and delivering a unique motorcycling experience.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and automobile Automobile design Design || National National institute institute of of design Design

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Royal Enfield Standard 500

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

What makes an Enfield

“Fiercely Unique”

Every Royal enfield motorcycle is in the league of its own.

1. Well in some sense people generally don’t buy an enfield out of necessity, they buy it for a pride.

2.

The way people like to ride an enfield is not in rush but rather in peace, calmly enjoying the ride itself instead of speeding to reach destination.

3.

Unlike other bike owners Bulleteer forms a brotherhood among them. Go for a ride with group of bulleteer and you will understand what I mean.

4.

It’s powerful, classic, beautiful, stable and over all its distinctive.

5. And there is a legacy with Royal Enfield which we people love to carry forward.

6.

If you are someone who goes with the slogan “Speed Thrills”, it is certainly not your cup of tea. RE can catch and consistently keep up the speed for a much longer duration then other bike but RE never talks about the speed, it talks about the experience, the comfort and the emotions.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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One of the many Road-trips organised by Royal Enfield

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

The THUMP! Enfield Riders are born out of passion. The bullet is not just a machine lying in your garage, it becomes a part of your life.

It is like your brother, your sister or may be your parents. They are not perfect either. But they are yours.

The best thing about an Enfield is that it is not perfect and never claims to be. It is not the fastest, nor the most powerful, nor the cheapest and neither is it the most luxurious. It most certainly is not fuel efficient and neither is it maintenance-free.

An Enfield grows with you. Gets old with you. In many ways an enfield is like a person. So much that the thump starts to feel like a heart beat.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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The Brotherhood!

Sometimes i feel that the bike manufacturers of today, more than selling bikes are trying to sell the “Biking as a lifestyle� image to the people.

To be honest the thing that attracts them most about riding in groups on their flashy bikes is that they get a lot of attention to themselves.

Well thats how it starts. But that soon turns into something entirely new. A lifestyle, a bonding with the fellow bikers which stays for a life time.

It was Royal Enfiled, this was the brand which got the biker tradition and clubs to India.

Today, there are more than 5,000 royal enfield clubs in India alone.

Royal Enfield groups and their logos

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Every trip has a few experiences that have been etched in your memory and can never be forgotten. Stories about with the stranger that you met on the highway, the person that helped you during your trip etc. This bond of brotherhood is what keeps the RE cult alive.

The Royal Enfield Brotherhood - Never ride alone.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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The Rides!

Royal Enfield has been associated with leisure and adventure motorcycling and under the various initiatives they activate which bring their enthusiasts closer to this aspect. Their rides primarily can be segregated into the Marquee rides and events conducted at a national level (through our dedicated rides & events team) and subsequently into the regional rides conducted through the regional showrooms as well our dealers.

MARQUEE RIDES They have marquee rides conducted by RE which are scheduled for a week to a good 3 weeks and traverse some of the most interesting and challenging terrains in

the country and even abroad. These Rides and events happen all through the year and have been designed to cater to the adventure callings of RE enthusiasts. Enthusiasts can register themselves for these rides and event and be a part of the whole adventure experience we are creating.

EVENTS As part of our ‘Events’ initiatives RE also conduct shorter rides from all their dealers and showrooms all over the country. Necessary support as well as guidance to the enthusiasts are provided on these rides from the company side which serves as an important factor for these rides.

MEMBER RIDES RE also provides a platform for their enthusiasts to create and propagate rides they plan amongst themselves and use their website to spread the message as well as communicate.

CLUB RIDES Apart from the official RE trips, the Enfield madness has spread all over the country with various clubs organiseRoad trips almost every weekend.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Official Royal Enfield ride posters

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

The iconic bikes of RE

“The legends�.

Over the ages Royal Enfield has evolved as a brand.

But like any other company there have been few bikes which stood through the test of time Here is a list of few such timeless beauties.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Inter-war years (1921–1939)

Royal Enfield Flying flea

During World War II, The Enfield Cycle Company was called upon by the British authorities to develop and manufacture military motorcycles. The models produced for the military were the WD/C 350 cc side-valve, WD/CO 350 cc OHV, WD/D 250 cc SV, WD/G 350 cc OHV and WD/L 570 cc SV. One of the most well-known Enfields was the Royal Enfield WD/RE, known as the Flying Flea, a lightweight 125 cc motorcycle designed to be dropped by parachute with airborne troops.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Postwar Model G and Model J (1946–1954)

Royal Enfield model J

Post-war, Royal Enfield resumed production of the single cylinder ohv 350cc model G and 500cc Model J, with rigid rear frame and telescopic front forks. These were ride-to-work basic models, in a world hungry for transport. A large number of factory reconditioned ex-military sv Model C and ohv Model CO singles were also offered for sale, as they were sold off as surplus by various military services

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Springframe Bullets 350cc (1949-1970)

Royal Enfield trial models

In 1948, a groundbreaking development in the form of rear suspension springing was developed, initially for competition model “trials� models (modern enduro type machines), but this was soon offered on the road-going Model Bullet 350cc. A 500cc version appeared shortly after. A later 1950s version of the Bullet manufacturing rights and jigs, dies and tools was sold to India for manufacture there, and where developed versions continue to this day.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

500 Twins, Meteors, Super Meteors and Constellations (1949-1963)

Royal Enfield Meteor and Constellation

In 1949, Royal Enfields version of the now popular selling parallel twins appeared. This 500cc version was the forerunner of a range of Royal Enfield Meteors, 700cc Super Meteors and 700cc Constellations. Offering good performance at modest cost, these sold widely, if somewhat quietly in reputation. The 700cc Royal Enfield Constellation Twin has been described as the first Super-bike.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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The 250 cc, The racers, Interceptor (late 1950s to 1970s)

Royal Enfield GP

Royal Enfield continental GT

Royal Enfield Interceptor

The 250cc class was important in the UK as it was the largest engine which a ‘learner’ could ride without passing a test. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, In 1965, a 21 bhp variant called the Continental GT, with red GRP tank, five-speed gearbox, clip-on handlebars, rear-set footrests, swept pipe and hump-backed seat was launched. It sold well with its race-styling including a fly-screen resembling a race number plate which doubled as a front number plate mount.

During the onslaught of the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers in the late sixties and early seventies, the English factories made a final attempt with the 1962–1968 with the interceptors

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Enfield India(Since 1949)

Current motorcycle portfolio of Royal Enfield

The Indian government looked for a suitable motorcycle for its police and army, for patrolling the country’s border. The Royal Enfield Bullet was chosen as the most suitable bike for the job. The Indian government ordered 800 350 cc model Bullets. In 1955, the Redditch company partnered with Madras Motors in India to form ‘Enfield India’ to assemble, under license, the 350 cc Royal Enfield Bullet motorcycle in Madras (now called Chennai).

Royal Enfield was a brand of the Enfield Cycle Company, a British manufacturing firm. It started in India for the Indian Army 350 cc bikes were imported in kits from the UK and assembled in Chennai. After a few years, the company started producing the 500 cc Bullet.

In 1990, Royal Enfield collaborated with the Eicher Group, an automotive company in India, and merged with it in 1994. Apart from bikes, Eicher Group is involved in the production and sales of tractors, commercial vehicles, and automotive gears.

Royal Enfield currently sells motorcycles in more than 50 countries. Recently Royal Enfield surpassed Harley-Davidson in global sales in 2015.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

“Royal Enfield� Industrial Design Studio.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

2.1

Project details and deliverables.

2.2

Project Timeline.

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“Project brief”.

A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield.

To design a motorcycle which will be a modern interpretation of the Royal Enfield brand, still separating itself from the current breed of motorcycles. “Fiercely unique” is the key word here.

Project Deliverables: • • • • • •

A research synopsis on understanding the brand ‘Royal Enfield’ Exploration sketches Persuasive final concept sketch 3D CAD model (optional).

Scale Model Project report (Hard copy)

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Objectives: To understand the functioning of RE Design studio.

Improve visualization skill.

To learn and understand Brand language.

To learn and improve model making skills.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Schedule

2014

“Project Timeline”

A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

3.1

Types of motorcycles.

3.2

Mobility 2030.

3.2.1 Connected mobility

3.2.2 CO2 emissions.

3.2.3 End of cheap oil

3.2.4 Why 2030

3.2.5 Alternative fuels

3.3

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

3.2.6 Future is electric.

Future Cities.

3.3.1 Population and congestions.

3.3.2 Grid lock problem

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3.3.3 Solo living

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

An insight into different categories of motorcycles and to understand a standard motorcycle (project brief) and its categories.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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“Types of Motorcycles.

There are many systems for classifying types of motorcycles, describing how the motorcycles are put to use, or the designer's intent, or some combination of the two. Six main categories are widely recognized:

Sport Cruiser Touring Standard Dual-purpose Adventure Touring

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Sport Bike There is no universal authority defining the terminology of sport bikes or any other motorcycle classes. Legal definitions are limited by local jurisdiction, and race sanctioning bodies like the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) and the FĂŠdĂŠration Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) set rules that only apply to those who choose to participate in their competitions. Nonetheless, by present day standards in Europe, North America and the rest of the developed world, sport bikes are usually divided into three, four, or five rough categories, reflecting vaguely similar engine displacement, horsepower, price and intended use, with a good measure of subjective opinion and simplification.

The sport bike classes in common usage are: Lightweight, also called entry level, small or beginner bikes. Some two strokes in this class have dramatically higher performance than the four strokes, being likened to miniature super-bikes. Sport bikes with engine displacements of up to about 500 cc are usually in this class.

Middleweight, mid-sized, mid-level, or supersport. Some of the models in this range qualify for racing in the classes AMA Supersport Championship, British Supersport Championship and the Supersport World Championship, but many middleweights do not have a significant presence in racing. Displacements of 600–750 cc are typical.

Super-bike, liter-class, or literbike, i.e. 1,000 cc. As with supersport, many of the models in this class compete in super-bike racing.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Cruisers Cruisers are styled after American machines from the 1930s to the early 1960s, such as those made by Harley-Davidson, Indian, and Excelsior-Henderson. Harley-Davidsons largely define the cruiser category, and large-displacement V-twin engines are the norm, although other engine configurations and small to medium displacements also exist. Their engines are tuned for lowrpm torque, making them less demanding to ride because it is not necessary to shift as frequently to accelerate or maintain control. Cruisers are sometimes called "custom" even in the absence of after-market modifications.

The riding position places the feet forward and the hands are up relatively high, so that the spine is erect or leaning back slightly. At low to moderate speeds, cruisers are more comfortable than other styles, but riding for long periods at freeway speeds can lead to fatigue from pulling back on the handlebars to resist the force of the wind against the rider's chest. Cruisers have limited cornering ability due to a lack of ground clearance.

Choppers are a type of cruiser, so called because they are a "chopped", or cut-down, version of a production cruiser. Choppers are usually custom projects that result in a bike modified to suit the owner's ideals, and, as such, are a source of pride and accomplishment.

Power cruiser is a name used to distinguish bikes in the cruiser class that have significantly more engine output, around 80–100 hp as opposed to about 50–70 hp. They often come with upgraded brakes and suspensions, better ground clearance, and premium surface finishes, as well as more exotic or non-traditional styling..

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Tourers Although any motorcycle can be equipped and used for touring. These motorcycles are specifically designed to excel at covering long distances.

They have large-displacement engines, fairings and screens that offer good weather and wind protection, large-capacity fuel tanks for long ranges between fill-ups, and a relaxed, upright seating position. Passenger accommodation is excellent and expansive luggage space is the norm for this class.

Such bikes can have wet weights of 390–410 kg and top 590–640 kg fully loaded with a rider, passenger, and gear.

Bagger, full dresser, full dress tourer, or dresser are various names for touring motorcycles, sometimes used disparagingly or jocularly, and originally referring to a Harley-Davidson or other cruisers with full sets of saddlebags.

Sport touring motorcycles combine attributes of sport bikes and touring motorcycles. The rider posture is less extreme than a sport bike, giving greater long-distance comfort. Accommodation for a passenger is superior to a sport bike as well, along with luggage capacity. Being lighter, at 250–330 kg wet, than a pure touring bike and often having racier engines, suspensions, and brakes, sport tourers corner better and are more at home being aggressively ridden on curvy canyon roads. The distinction between touring and sport touring is not always clear as some manufacturers will list the same bike in either category in different markets. The Honda ST1300 Pan-European, for example, was listed by Honda as a sport touring motorcycle in the United States and Australia, but as a touring motorcycle in Europe.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Standard Standards, also called naked bikes or roadsters, are versatile, general purpose street motorcycles. They are recognized primarily by their upright riding position, partway between the reclining rider posture of the cruisers and the forward leaning sport bikes. Foot-pegs are below the rider and handlebars are high enough to not force the rider to reach far forward, placing the shoulders above the hips in a natural position. Because of their flexibility, lower costs and their engines of moderate output, standards are particularly suited to motorcycle beginners.

Standards usually do not come with fairings or windscreens, or if they have them, they are relatively small.

Muscle bike is a nickname for a motorcycle type, derived from either a standard or sport bike design, that puts a disproportionately high priority on engine power. Roadster is an older term, equivalent to standard or naked.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Dual-purpose Dual-sports, sometimes called dual-purpose or on/off-road motorcycles, are street legal machines that are also designed to enter off-road situations. Typically based on a dirt bike chassis, they have added lights, mirrors, signals, and instruments that allow them to be licensed for public roads. They are higher than other street bikes, with a high center of gravity and tall seat height, allowing good suspension travel for rough ground.

Supermoto motorcycles were designed to compete on a single course that alternated between three genres of motorcycle racing: road racing, track racing, and motocross.

This increasingly popular type of motorcycle is often a dual-sport that has been fitted by the manufacturer with smaller rims and road tires. Supermotos are quickly gaining popularity as street bikes due to their combination of light weight, durability, relatively low cost, and sporty handling.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Adventure Touring Adventure motorcycles are motorcycles with touring capability on paved and unpaved roads. They have a significant on-pavement bias and perform well on pavement at higher speeds unlike most dual-sports. Their size, weight and sometimes their tires, however, limits their off road capability. Most adventure motorcycles function well on graded dirt and gravel roads but are less than ideal on more difficult off-pavement terrain.

These endurance machines often have larger luggage compartments and petrol tanks for long distance trekking.

A tall profile and upright riding position means good visibility over the car in front and also makes the rider highly visible to other cars.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Inference: Having understood how unique a Royal enfield should be. Also having understood the emotions attached with the brand. My goal was to create a motorcycle which would fall in the category of Standard/Roadster motorcycle, but still staying unique enough to be called a Royal enfield. Something which creates a class of its own.

Initially my intention was to create a Motorcycle which can solve an existing problem and make biking accessible to more number of people in the future.

A multi-utility motorcycle which can also serve as a tool for daily commute,

Intent.

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Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

An insight into mobility of the future, challenges that come with it and the direction ahead.

Alternate fuels and why and how the world is moving towards an electric-mobility as a solution.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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“Mobility 2030.

The Future Of Mobility

The role and perception of the automobile in our lives continues to evolve. With increasing population density and connected lifestyles, we’re witnessing a wave of products and services improving the efficiency of the transportation network, and facilitating seamless integration of several services to make it easier for people to get from A to B, which is beginning to make people question the need to own as many cars in their household.

Mobility - the market that includes public and private passenger transport as well as the transportation of goods - growth has been the name of the game for decades. Yet, over the first decade of th 21st century, automotive players have experienced one of the largest strategic shift in the car history. Tightening CO2 regulations on the global basis have forced the industry to adopt novel technologies faster than anticipated. In addition the emerging phenomenon of car sharing in larger cities along with widespread media coverage about negative environmental effects of car mobility fueled concerns that consumers were seeking a replacement to the tradition of individual, private car ownership.

With increase in population and congestion on existing infrastructure, People will inevitably move towards transport with smaller footprint.

The only question is - when and how?

Clockwise : Honda Uni-cub, Segway board, GM En-v, Honda 3R-C

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

“Connected Mobility.

For the automobile giants a vehicle is no longer just a tool to give city dwellers the means of getting from A to B. It also has to be easy to park, and environmentally friendly, equipped with several premium infotainment features to replicate a drivers connected lifestyle in the car as well as improve their mobility, such as connected navigation systems, to identify traffic and rerouting, ETC. Technology is still a key differentiator for several of the manufacturers, the common trend continually emerging is connectivity, which is in turn enabling improved infotainment and safety to the drivers, and providing manufacturers an increased understanding of the vehicle after the point of sale. This increased visibility, commonly referred to as big data, provides several new business models such as automotive app stores and services, and has the potential to lower costs by issuing over the air updates (avoiding recalls) for example.

There were several telematics and connected service partnerships announced at this years auto shows, such as GM launching their On-Star platform in their European vehicles from 2015/16 focused around safety and linked to forthcoming e Call regulations. However

the headline grabber was certainly the launch of Apple Car-play, on display in the new Volvo XC90 going on sale late 2014, fully integrating their iOS software and logic into vehicles. This will also be implemented in Mercedes and Ferrari vehicles (with a rumored implementation from a further 13 OEMs set to follow), and sets the scene for a race between Apple and Google (already integrating their android software into several VW brands and Tesla) to be the dominant provider.

“In future everything is connected to everything.

Volvo Sensus connect, Bmw i remote.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

“7 major challenges to be taken into account to develop the mobility of the future.

2 global challenges - CO2 emissions & end of cheap oil 3 local challenges – pollution, congestion & parking 2 economic challenges - unemployment & trade deficit

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CO2 Emissions Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. In 2013, CO2 accounted for about 82% of all greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Carbon dioxide is naturally present in the atmosphere as part of the Earth's carbon cycle (the natural circulation of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, plants, and animals). Human activities are altering the carbon cycle—both by adding more CO2 to the atmosphere and by influencing the ability of natural sinks, like forests, to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. While CO2 emissions come from a variety of natural sources, human-related emissions are responsible for the increase that has occurred in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution.

The combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel to transport people and goods is the second largest source of CO2 emissions, accounting for about 31% of total CO2 emissions and 26% of total greenhouse gas emissions in 2013. This category includes transportation sources such as highway vehicles, air travel, marine transportation, and rail.

CO2 emissions in various sectors.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

End of cheap oil

Humanity's way of life is on a collision course with geology—with the stark fact that the Earth holds a finite supply of oil. The flood of crude from fields around the world will ultimately top out, then dwindle. It could be 5 years from now or 30: No one knows for sure, and geologists and economists are embroiled in debate about just when the "oil peak" will be upon us.

But few doubt that it is coming. "In our lifetime," says economist Robert K. Kaufmann of Boston University, who is 46, "we will have to deal with a peak in the supply of cheap oil.

In 1956, during a speech to the American Petroleum Institute, Dr. M. King Hubbert, a geologist working for Shell Oil at the time, painted a broad brush picture of the world energy situation. He had observed that the increase, peak, and decline of oil field production always followed a similar pattern, and he proposed that the growth stages of oil extraction represented a bell curve that could be used to predict when the rate of growth would peak before turning negative. This analysis became known as “Hubbert’s Linearization, and the concept of “peak oil” was born.

Hubbert Curve

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Why 2030?

The beginning of Electric Revolution.

The end of fossil fuel is closer than we expected. With increase in population and ever increasing demand for vehicles its inevitable for us to move to other sources of fuel.

Peak oil does not mean the world is running out of oil. After the peak has been reached, half of all oil ever found will still remain in the ground. Reaching peak means that production can no longer increase and will inexorably decline. The issue is not “running out;” it is what will happen when the world reaches its all-time production peak and starts down the depletion slope while demand for oil-based energy continues to increase. In other words, what will we do about the resulting gap between demand and our capacity to produce?

Many have predicted this phase to occur in 2030 when the world realizes and moves towards alternatives to fossil fuel. Electricity being the most promising of them all, my project tries to explore a vehicle in this domain.

“International Energy Agency, which had predicted that oil production would increase from 87 million barrels per day to 116 million barrels by 2030, recently downgraded its estimate to less than 100 million barrels. A clear sign calling the end of fossil fuel for automobile.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

“The Future of Alternative Fuel Motorcycles�.

Interest in alternative fuels has really shot up over recent years as concerns about the future availability of conventional oil-derived fuels have become more plausible and immediate. The other great driver of the renewed interest is the possibility that more fuel can be derived closer to its point of use giving rather greater supply security and rather more independence from the holders and producers of conventional hydrocarbons.

However, when we talk of future fuels or alternative fuels a wide range of topics are covered ranging from conventional hydrocarbon fuels derived from unconventional sources. Similarly in terms of transport we range from looking at vehicles and engines that can utilize alternative fuels with little or no adaptation and modification all the way to transport solutions that require wholly new approaches.

Biodiesel Biodiesel is an eco-friendly fuel that can be made from animal fats, algae, or from recycled vegetable oils like those used by restaurants to cook up French fries and other greasy goodies. Clean, veggie-based, and carbon-neutral, this fuel can usually run in any diesel car or truck with little or no modification to the engine.

Biodiesel burns cleaner than fossil fuel diesel, expelling fewer aromatic hydrocarbons and less soot and carbon monoxide. Because the carbon dioxide released by biodiesel is the same kind absorbed by the plant (or animal) source from where the fuel came, biodiesel is called a carbon neutral fuel. Unfortunately, biodiesel releases more nitrous oxide than regular diesel, a factor in smog. In 2005, the U.S. produced around 75 million gallons of this alternative fuel and in 2006, 65 companies reported having biodiesel plants under construction.

Corn fields

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Ethanol Ethanol is another popular alternative fuel that is usually made from fibrous materials like wood chips or from the starch or sugar found in common crops like corn. Ethanol burns cleaner than gasoline while reducing greenhouse gases.

Ethanol is already in use, powering nearly six million flex-fuel vehicles already on the road. The United States is widely considered the world’s largest ethanol producer, cranking out 4.6 billion gallons of ethanol each year.

Vegetable Oil Vegetable oil can power a diesel engine after just a few simple modifications, turning cars into low emissions vehicles. Before use, vegetable oil must be put through a conversion system so that it is heated to the appropriate temperature to properly run an engine, but once users get the hang of the process, there are many benefits beyond the low emissions.

Because both unused and used vegetable oil work to fuel a car, people who convert often brag about never having to pay for their fuel, instead relying on the never-ending supply of used cooking oils from restaurants.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Hydrogen Hydrogen currently isn’t powering any consumer vehicles, though many city bus systems have already made the switch to this zero-emissions alternative fuel. Because of the many benefits, it seems to be only a matter of time until this efficient fuel makes its way into your vehicle. Its work in progress towards overcoming the cost and production challenges and anticipates progress sometime soon.

Compressed Natural Gas Compressed Natural Gas is clear, odorless, and non-corrosive. Impressively, vehicles run off of natural gas show an average reduction in ozone-forming emissions of 80 percent compared to gasoline vehicles, and CNG is produced at a relatively low cost and is cleaner burning than gasoline or diesel fuel.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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“Electricity as Fuel”.

Big-time companies going electric.

Electricity isn’t new, but modern science has found interesting and Eco-friendly uses for it. Electric vehicles are Eco-friendly because they don’t produce tailpipe emissions, although the generators producing the electricity used to charge EV batteries do emit pollutants. However, these pollutants are considered to be minimal when compared to the usage of gas. There were over 55,000 Full-Electric Vehicles in 2004, and this doesn’t even include hybrids! Annual growth has skyrocketed since then at an approximate growth rate of 39%.

Harley-Davidson might not come to mind as a supplier of electric motor vehicles, but the company is indeed up on the trend. Earlier this year it revealed Project Live-wire, a prototype for a new electric motorcycle. Although the Live-wire will not be released for sale, a few test riders were given the chance to review the bike. According to reviews, the bike was a fun ride - responsive, smooth and with superb braking. The drawback was that the battery only yielded 50 miles per four-hour charge, but Harley says it will worry about battery life if and when it releases the bike for consumption. And while it isn't for the middle-aged cruiser, the young, sportier types could flock to it.

Harley Davidson Live-Wire

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

“New brands challenge the giants�.

Although electric motors have been around as a niche market since 2010, several small companies have offered legitimate alternatives to the traditional name brands. Zero, Brammo, Energica and Mission create electric bikes that resemble standard ICE cycles in their stylish, custom metal design, but offer gear-less acceleration and zero emissions.

While Harley's signature roar is like a purring kitten for some enthusiasts, not everyone shares that mindset.

Clockwise : Energica ego, Gogoro, Zero SR, Brammo Empulse, Mission R, Voxan Wattman

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Future cities face many problems. Population and congestion being the most important ones. This chapter throws light into what we are up against in 2030.

It also talks about the psyche of a typical urban dweller to try and understand his mobility needs.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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“Population, Congestion and Parking”.

Between 2005 and 2030, the world’s population is expected to increase by 1.7 billion people,from 6.5 billion in 2005 to 8.2 billion in 2030.

Almost all growth of the world’s population between 2005 and 2030 is expected to occur in less developed regions such as our country.

Growth in urban population

In particular, the projected population growth at the world level will be primarily accounted for by the growth in the urban areas of the less developed regions. That is, while the world population is projected to grow by 1.7 billion people between 2005 and 20030, the urban population is projected to increase by 1.8 billion. The absolute growth in the total population is lower than that of the urban population because of a declining rural population over the next 25 years.

“India is the second most populous country now — 1.2 billion people. It will grow to 1.4 billion by 2030. With 70% urban Population.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

“50% Rise in gridlock costs by 2030�.

Improving public transport infrastructure may provide more choice for travelers, but it won’t solve the problem. Technology innovations like multi-modal routing and real-time traffic in connected cars and on mobile devices should be adopted more widely, helping to create smarter cities worldwide.

Future mobility(anything other than public and shared transport) will have to occupy minimum area on the road. It is a great opportunity for the 2 wheeler industry to capitalize on the personal mobility sector when cars grow smaller and smaller.

A picture highlighting advantage of public transport

Increasing Gridlock costs

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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“The Age of Individualism - Solo Living”.

The current trend of nuclear family is slowly shifting to people living individually in the city. A tendency among city dwellers to live alone or in small units instead of extended families is rising steadily these days.

The spread of democracy, industrialization, education and greater awareness of human rights has certainly given people more freedom which they are using to develop their individuality. If the stated purpose of human evolution is the emergence of the complete spiritual Individual, then the increasing trend towards more individualism surely is a sign of what is coming in the future.

According to the market research firm Euromonitor International, the number of people living alone globally is skyrocketing, rising from about 153 million in 1996 to 277 million in 2011 – an increase of around 80% in 15 years. In the UK, 34% of households have one person living in them and in the US it’s 27%.

Living alone is believed to give one a sense of freedom. Their mobility needs and preferences have changed accordingly. As the evidence suggests the near future is going to be dominated by urban solo dwellers, Hence it is important for us to understand the needs, trends, and mentality in order to design a mobility solution for them.

Joint family

Nuclear family

Solo Dwellers

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Inference: During my initial time at royal enfield id studio i was asked to work on the uce(Unit construction Engine) platform. But after my second guide visit here at nid i was given a direction by my internal guide Mr. vipul to try and open up and may be explore a new platform without having the restriction of using uce engine. Secondary research phase has given me an insight into future mobility, the challenges, restrictions and the opportunities that come with it. I decided to choose india-2030 as the scenario for my motorcycle. And as suggested above, my motorcycle would be a electric and will try to cater to the needs of an urban/city dweller by being a fiercely unique Royal at the same time.

Intent.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

4.1

Indian automotive industry.

4.1.1 Key players in indian Two-wheeler industry.

4.1.2 Scooter and unisex market.

4.2

Opportunity mapping.

4.2.1 Unisex Royal enfield.

4.2.2 Decoding unisex.

4.3 Persona creation.

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Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

An overview of indian automotive industry. Market shares and how and why unisex products are taking over the market.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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“Indian Auto Industry”.

An Overview

The Indian automobile market can be divided into several segments like two-wheelers (motorcycles, geared and non-geared scooters and mopeds), three wheelers, commercial vehicles (light, medium and heavy), passenger cars, utility vehicles (UVs) and tractors.

The automobile industry in India is expected to be the world's third largest by 2016, with the country currently being the world's second largest two-wheeler manufacturer. Two-wheeler production is projected to rise from 18.5 million in FY15 to 34 million by FY20. This number is only expected to increase exponentially with increase in traffic congestion and demand for vehicles with smaller footprint in future.

“Its a bright future for the Motorcycle industry in India”.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Although the automotive market has seen a dip in sales of 4wheelers and almost all categories in the recent times, the Indian Auto Sector actually had a volume growth of 13% CAGR over the last 5 years - Driven by two wheelers which account for 80% of the total volumes.

Such is the importance of 2 wheelers in a country like ours.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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“Key players - Indian 2 wheeler industry”.

Indian Two-Wheeler Industry is the largest in the world as far as the volume of production and sales are concerned. India is the biggest two-wheeler market on this planet, registering an overall growth rate of 9.5 percent between 2006 and 2014. The growth in Indian Automobile Industry owed the most to a steep upsurge witnessed in the two-wheeler segment in 2014. The volume growth recorded in the 2014-15 fiscal year stood at a commendable 14.8 percent on a year-on-year basis. The ‘Make in India’ campaign of the Government of India is also going to attract more foreign investment into Indian Two-Wheeler Industry creating further growth opportunities in the coming years. Top 3 players account for 80% of the total market share.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

“Scooters and unisex market�.

The scooter market however has been more interesting study, it has seen all, from great fame to no demand at all and then again a great resurgence. The scooter segment in the Indian two wheeler industry shows the complexities companies deal everyday in designing plans for future in a country like India. In a journey that started in the country with the humble Bajaj Scooters, the scooters in India have enjoyed huge nostalgic value in the hearts of generations of Indian citizens.

dor in March 2015 sales figures, scooters have started showing their might again.

The Scooter segment grew with an average of 25% for the duration of 2014-2015, an astonishing growth, where the Honda Activa grew a staggering 30% in sales.

Much loved were the scooters as the country opened up its arms to the world back in early 90's. The scooters did enjoy a monopoly over the sales in the 2 wheel segment in the country, almost through whole of the 90's. Sadly for the scooter fans though, the onslaught of motorcycles with monumental fuel efficiency figures made sure that motorcycles won almost a decade long fight with the scooter and started dominating the market around late 90's. The dominance of motorcycles on the market became so big that the scooter sales almost came to a halt. As the Hamara Bajaj tag line started relating to Motorcycles more than the scooters, the scooter segment was living on extension nearing oblivion.

However times changed, manufacturers realized the country needed easier to handle non gear scooters and thus there came the new entrants like the Honda Activa almost 15 years ago and through years we have come to a moment in time where the scooters have not just grown exponentially in the sales number but are also showing first signs of taking back their crown from the motorcycles. As the country's highest selling scooter, the Honda Activa out sold the iconic Hero Splen-

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

An insight into the unisex scooter market in India and opportunity mapping for 2030.

If there is to be a Royal Enfield unisex product. How will it stand out being fiercely unique in this context.

Understanding what makes unisex products appeal to both sexes.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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“Opportunity mapping”.

Scooters primary driver of 2wheeler industry growth over the last few years?

Scooters segment – accounting for 27.7% of total 2wheelers sales volumes in the domestic market in FY15 – has been the primary driver of 2wheeler industry growth over the last few years. More recently too, the volume growth of scooters segment for FY15 stood at a healthy 27.4% YoY. Over the last few quarters, growth in scooter volumes has outpaced that of the industry by a healthy margin supported by improving penetration of scooters which continues to remain relatively low. This has also been supported by increasing number of model launches thereby making enhanced range of products available to customers in this segment. Encouraged by strong growth being witnessed by the scooter segment, several Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) have lined up new models / refreshed variants for launch while also planning capacity expansions in the segment with a view to cater to increased demand.

Relatively larger size of the addressable market, strong push factor from OEMs (by way of new model launches) and improved supply situation (with enhanced capacities coming on stream), scooter volumes are poised to sustain healthy growth trend over the next 12-18 month time-frame.

“The scooter segment has been the engine of growth for the industry”

?

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

“With increase in traffic and congetion more urban dwellers are opting for scooters as it gives them an easy way to commute over a short diatance inside the city limits�

A news paper cut-out showing Honda india’s sales figures and growth

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

Honda Activa- the success story

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“Unisex Royal Enfield�?

Scooters have come to represent the metamorphosis of the society. The superior convenience and unisex appeal coupled with product features have resulted in an increasing number of women shifting from being pillion riders to riders themselves.

Increase in congestion and traffic will make it inevitable for the existing infrastructure to fail. And when it does happen the market for a unisex product will be high.

Unisex market has seen a verity of new products but non of the motorcycles in Indian market has been a success. Where as the scooter market as shown has been producing successful products time and again.

A unisex royal enfied will be fiercely unique and will make a perfect sense in this context as it will full fill all the values a royal enfield should stand for.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

“Existing categories in unisex market”.

Honda integra S 750

piaggio vespa s

Maxi scooters: Maxi scooters bridge the gap between the leaner legal twist 'n' go, and larger capacity geared bikes. Powerful engines and slick automatic transmissions free up brain power for picking through a congested city rush hour, while copious cubby holes and luggage areas take care of modern life essentials.

Scooters: A scooter is a motorcycle with step-through frame and a platform for the operator's feet.Although Thought of as essentially Italian, the idea for the motor scooter we know so well came to former Italian aero-engineers from watching US military aircraft drop tiny, olive green Cushman Airbornes to troops in the industrial heartlands of Milan and *The foot-forward position will provide comfort for the Turin fighting fierce German resistance. Made in Nebrasrider and offer additional ka, the Cushman Airborne – a skeletal steel motor scootProtection from weather. er –allowed troops to nip about deftly as never before. *Motorcycle look and enhance high speed stability and maneuverability. Greater stability when riding at higher *used inside city for short distance. speeds. *Storage: scooters have a whole lot more. Big *Spacious foot rests. scooters especially. The seat flips up, and can hold *Under seat storage a fair amount of shopping, or a helmet plus *Usually gear less/auto waterproof gear. *Seating position on scooter varies, from hunched over sports bike style, they are more comfortable for a short distance ride. *Easy to use for almost all age groups.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

triumph bonneville

Motorbikes: Motorcycle design varieties greatly to suit a range of different purposes: long distance travel, commuting, cruising, sport including racing, and off-road riding. *One of the most distinct things about riding a motorcycle is that nothing feels quite like a motorcycle It is one of the purest ways to get from point A to B.

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“Decoding Unisex”

Why unisex products are the way of future.

The rate of progression for our society is seemingly limitless and as we move further into the new millennium, it’s clear that unisex products are going to continue gaining market share. This move towards products are aren’t specifically tailored for men or women are taking precedence for a variety of reasons: looser gender barriers and continued acceptance of queer individuals, to name a few. However, what we’re experiencing as a whole are unisex products that help to blur the lines between the sexes and move forward in a more uniform approach.

Unisex products do away with the traditional boundaries set by masculinity or feminine a specific product and can effectively boost sales in the long term. This is where some brands have experienced great success and where others have fallen flat. However, it’s becoming progressively clearer that the modern market is ready for a more streamlined approach that does away with sex-specific benefits and promotes to all.

Varioous unisex products

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Inference: At this stage i had a fair idea that i wanted to design A Fiercely unique, Unisex, Royal enfield, Electric-Street motorcycle for 2030.

That can solve an existing problem and make biking accessible to more number of people in the future. A multi-utility motorcycle which can also serve as a tool for daily commute, Decision was made choose urban, working class of 2030 as my target user and tried to understand their lifestyle, likes and dislikes.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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Understanding unisex products, breaking it down to key words and making a persona for an urban 2030 scenario with it.

Deepak P | M.des Transportation and Automobile Design | National institute of Design

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“Persona creation”

Understanding unisex persona-2030

Aviator sun glasses

What people look for : Distinctive, Signature Frame and Unique Tinted Glass Why Aviator sunglasses?

The fit of sunglasses are considered from temple to temple, guys have a wider face when compared to girls.

In a Aviator the width and the bridge of the nose is optimized to appeal to both men and women. A Female finds the elegance of metal to be attractive where as male looks at the borders and details, in a aviator both are customizable. Colors are kept neutral to suit both men and women.

Jeans

Converse shoes

What people look for : Essential differences between men's and women's trousers is the waist to hip ratio.

What people look for : Unique, footwear shows who you are or who you want to be.

Why jeans?

Women have a bigger difference between waist and hip.

Woman with a curvier shapes wouldn’t like trousers to be tight in the hips and happy at the center back waist.

Guys wouldn’t like trousers a bit large in the seat and thigh, this can be over come by the type of fit/cut. This compromise is easily possible because of the nature of the material-jean which can be tailored to fit for both guys and girls.

Why Converse ?

Canvas upper provides flexibility and breath ability, compared to other materials more like a slipper but still a shoe.

Jeans became popular in American Pop Culture when it became symbolic of protest against conformity. Today it is worn by teenagers and young adults of both sex because this association with pop culture grew into a feeling of young and happening.

Cost effective.

Converse sneakers showed up in rock clubs, on the streets,on rappers, on icons, on rebels and originals. It became the sneaker of choice for individuals. From All Star to Jack Purcell to CONS, Converse doesn’t confine itself to one style or definition. Converse banks on the philosophy of be who you want to be. It appeals to both the sex cause its Customizable and style-able in both ways.

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Unisex

Age group: 20years - 35years

Unisex persona and their attributes

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5.1.

Phase 1

5.2

Phase 2

5.3

Refinements - Final Direction

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All the research and understanding transformed into Random ideas of what could be a Royal Enfield unisex motorcycle taking inspiration from a mood-board.

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Lets start : A unisex Royal enfield will not only be aesthetically approachable by both men and women but must also be Practical. Every part in an Enfield is functional. There is no place for a plastic fairing which does not do anything functional.

Keeping this in mind i tried to sketch simple, clean designs which are visually a MODERN-CLASSIC design.

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Modern classic interpretation 1: There are many modern-classic products all around us. During one of the ideation sessions, Chittaranjan gogoi - one of my mentors at RE IDstudio suggested it would be a good insight to try and understand how to reinterpret a classic design in a modern/futuristic way. Something like a Mini cooper or a Porsche. I tried the same with the R9t and a few other bikes. And tried to bring the same feeling of the original design in a modern way was sorting new to me.

BMW R9t

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“Review�

Feedback: During the first review, after random idea explorations, it was suggested to try out alternate solutions without restricting to conventional motorcycles.

So in the coming weeks motorcycles were sketched taking inspirations from films and concept bikes which looked completely different.

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Modern classic interpretation 2 : With more and more women getting involved in the royal enfield trips i thought it would be worth a try to sketch a modern interpretation of RE Thunderbird.

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Inference: At the end of phase 1 - Ideation, during the review the following inputs were given: 1. To understand RE’s language visually.

2.To make the bike look RE. Use the traditional characteristics.

3. If point number 2, doesn’t work, then to select a form inspiration from an attribute or a picture which could be RE - 2030 and bring the same in the product.

4. While trying to re-interpret a few bikes which includes a Thunderbird as well, as a modern electric bike for 2030, there was arose a question, why to chose a Thunderbird and not any other Enfield bike. Seemingly at that point of time it was a random thought to do so. Which lead to further discussions on, which bike has the potential to be the most unisex in nature and character. As a result of which, Royal Enfield classic turned out to be the most suitable one, this lead to re-interpretation with Royal Enfield classic. It was also backed by the fact that Royal Enfield classic being the purest form of a Royal Enfield.

“Its not about what Royal Enfield can be, its about what a Royal Enfield can not be. Understand that and you will figure it out”.

- Mr. Shiva kumar(Chief designer RE ID studio)

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Trying to remake royal enfield classic for 2030 by combining the understanding of the RE character and choosing form inspiration such that the it reflects the character of a future RE.

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An Athletic girl, who is just starting her sprint in a race was taken up as the inspiration.

This image does justice to what royal enfield stands for, the attributes like Majestic, Strong, and powerful. At the same time since its a female sprinting it adds feminine grace which is required for a unisex product.

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“Key sketch�

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Working further on the key sketch and understanding each part both aesthetically and technically, with valuable inputs from designers at the RE Id studio.

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“Swingarm / drive”

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The swing arm also acts as the electric hub drive.

It consists of a rotor and a stator coil.

The rotor usually has conductors laid into it which carry currents that interact with the magnetic field of the stator to generate the forces that turn the shaft The stator core is made up of many thin metal sheets, called laminations. Laminations are used to reduce energy losses that would result if a solid core were used.

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“Monocoque-Chassis�

Monocoque is a structural approach whereby loads are supported through an object's external skin, similar to an egg shell. The technique may also be called structural skin. The word monocoque is a French term for "single shell" or (of boats) "single hull.

An electric motorcycle will inevitably have a heavy battery. It is critical to make sure that the chassis is capable to handle that weight.

The idea was to derive a concept from the monocoque chassis of electric cars where the sub frame/ front end and back end of the car is held together by one strong structural member called the tub. And the battery is kept low and as close to the center of gravity as possible.

McLaren P1 chassis

McLaren P1 Monocoque construction

McLaren P1 Battery Compartment McLaren P1 chassis

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As shown below the chassis is a single unit which holds the bike together. Its made up of aluminum-cast which will also do justice to the ‘made like a gun’ character of Royal Enfield.

The battery is low and sits on a flat and stable platform which makes it less prone to twists and turns which the bike will undergo on the move, Hence increasing the stability of the bike

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“Body on chasis�

The body on chassis architecture ensures a steady and rigid chassis on which the body sits.

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“Seat height�

Being a unisex motorcycle means it will cater to needs of both sexes and should ergonomically suit both. The seat has a 3 step adjustable knob which uses a electric motor and thread mechanism to move up or down on sliders as shown.

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“headlight” Led headlight. A modular unit which can be changes according the requirement.

Maintaining the traditional pilot lamps.

“luggage” The lid on top of the tank reveals a 10 liter storage space above the battery compartment.

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Inference: A Fiercely unique Royal Enfield. A motorcycle which falls in the category of Standard/Roadster motorcycle, but still staying unique enough to be called a Royal enfield. Something which creates a class of its own.

A unisex product which can solve an existing problem and make biking accessible to more number of people in the future. A multi-utility motorcycle which can also serve as a tool for daily commute.

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“Direction”

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An Electric Street Bike based on Royal Enfield - Classic

A Royal enfield classic reinterpreted as

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an electric for 2030

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“Reviews and point of views”.

Jacob Chittaranjan Gogoi

During the graduation project at Royal Enfield Id Studio, it was a great opportunity to interact with a bunch of wonderful individuals who had such a wide and different perspective of how a royal enfield can be interpreted.

They even took time off their busy schedule and sketched for the interpretation of a unisex Royal enfield in their perspective.

During the reviews it was pointed out by many of them that the design of tank and design of the lower half of the bike are good individually. But not in sync with each other.

Anand Raj

The tear drop tank was too organic to go with a futuristic and edgy lower half of the bike. The challenge was to bring harmony in the different individual forms and make it look like one whole composition. After the review designers from the studio tried to interpret the concept created in their own way, as shown here.

Pallavi Gautam

“Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth.”.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

Approach 1 : Jacob A true blue biker at heart. Jacobs understanding of Royal Enfield as a rugged and bare motorcycle is shown in his perspective of my concept. He found that the tear drop tank in my design was not in harmony with the body of the bike. There was a clash between the organic tank and an edgy body design, He tried to solve this by introducing a harmony of forms.

Doodle by jacob

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Approach 2 : Chittaranjan gogoi

Chittaranjan gogoi was probably the one i looked up to the most as an inspiration and a role model.

His approach to better my design was not to make changes in my design but to break surfaces and make the design look like a composition of parts tastefully integrated with each other.

changes by Chttaranhan gogoi

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Approach 3 : Pallavi A rebel at heart her approach was to change the form of the tank in a very unconventional way such that the whole design is in harmony with the lower half of the bike.

changes by Pallavi Gautam

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Approach 4 : Anand Anands approach was to make the design more retro. In his sketch he tried to make the lower half of the bike more organic while keeping the tear drop form of the tank as it is.

He also added leather belt on the side covers of the luggage compartment and leather seats to make the design look more retro.

Sketch by Anand

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“Final direction�

If there is one person who really knows Royal Enfield, its shiva kumar (chief designer RE Id studio).

He took time out of his busy schedule and helped me out to balance my form by bringing the Royal enfield character in my concept.

A great deal was learnt about form balance and stance during the session with Shiva sir. The below bike was given a final go to move ahead towards modeling process.

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Corrections by Shivakumar

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“Ergonomics & specifications”

Road Clearance/Ride height : 135mm Seat height : 785 mm to 735 mm Wheel base : 1370 mm Wheel size : 90/90 - 19 F

130/90 - 16 R

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Specs: Battery: 15 kWh + Additional pack 10Kwh Range: 200 miles/322km Power: 90hp(67 kW) 100Nm Weight: Frame-10kG Curb weight-150kg Battery-105kg DIMENSIONS: Road Clearance/Ride height : 135mm Seat height : 785 mm to 735 mm Wheel base : 1370 mm Wheel size : 90/90 - 19 F

130/90 - 16 R

SUSPENSION / BRAKES: front-43 mm inverted, aluminum slider Forks with adjustable compression and Rebound damping (travel-160 mm) Rear-reservoir shock with adjustable Spring preload, compression and Rebound damping (travel-150 mm) Drive: Hub mounted Clutch-less direct drive.

Passively air-cooled, High efficiency, radial Flux permanent magnet, Brush less motor

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“Features”

Storage compartment.

Graduation Project | A modern street motorcycle for Royal Enfield

The lid on top of the tank reveals a 10 liter storage space above the battery compartment. The lid is also made up of aluminum just like the chassis and can also be used to carry luggage (like a bag) on top of it. A transparent neon panel on the side highlights the storage area.

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Headlight assembly.

The headlamp retains the traditional tiger-eyes pilot lamps of the original Royal Enfield Standard.

Led projector headlight for low beam and a conventional halogen for high-beam will do the duty on this electric unisex motorcycle.

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Chassis and foot-board.

The monocoque construction chassis also has features like the battery compartment gets cool air front grill and it is pumped out using a fan which is positioned in such a way so as to be in sync with underbelly exhaust of a conventional motorcycle.

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Other parts.

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“Color-trend analysis” The trend for subtle colored metallic finishes has been popping up throughout many of the auto shows this year. Like the In green-gold Technospace concept from Citroen was shown at Geneva earlier in the year. The Infiniti Q30 concept went through a similar treatment, it was shown with a tint of violet on the metallic finish. The Nissan Friend-Me concept was shown in Shanghai is in this violet tint too. These vehicles are targeted specifically at the mid-20s market, and its color seems to be a part of that distinct identity.

This occurrence of tinted metallic finishes parallels a trend for copper tones throughout new car launches. BMW's i3 electric car is mostly-presented in coppers and grays, exploiting copper's appeal to both men and women. The Mini Cooper Vision uses a duller copper on the exterior of this 2013 concept, again making good use of the color’s unisex appeal.

The KIA Niro concept shown in Frankfurt recently shows how a mid-Grey with a gloss finish can be sophisticated and modern. The color was teamed with lime green accents. The Fiat 500 Abarth Tenebra also uses a glossy mid-Grey, giving the runaround a premium feel. The 50 Years Edition of Porsche's 911 uses a simple Grey color, reinforcing the idea that Grey can be luxurious. The KIA Provo concept uses a green-cast Grey in a different way, accented with a bright orange, making the colors seem modern and futuristic, with less of a luxury edge.

White has been a growing trend as an automotive color for a few-years, breaking out of its perennial popularity in Mexico and Asia, and being used on a broad range of vehicles for a broad range of markets.

When Audi launched its Diesel range of vehicles on the American market at the LA Auto Show last year, they displayed all the models in one brilliant white color, challenging the idea that white is not for luxury brands. This color idea was also used by VW at Frankfurt this year.

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6.5.1 Alias model.

6.5.2 MDF Milling.

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6.5.3 Final Model.

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“Alias model”

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“3D milling”

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“1:5 Scale Model”

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“Other projects 1”

Unisex maxi scooter-UCE platform.

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“Other projects 2”

Royal Enfield for youth

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“Other projects 3”

Royal Enfield light scooter

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“Other projects 4�

Royal Enfield Roadster on UCE platform

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“Conclusion�

The project mainly focused on understanding what a Royal Enfield brand stands for and how to interpret it in a physical form as a motorcycle.

Being my first experience working with a full fledged design studio and professional motorcycle designers, the experience of just sitting with them and understanding their views about things has opened up my mind to a complete new perspective to Design in general. I see things more closely now.

The details, the character, the emotion a design communicates.

Royal Enfield ID studio gave me an opportunity not only to understand motorcycle design more deeply, but also polished my skills in sketching, rendering and model making. An opportunity to work on full scale clay models, sit in discussions about production bikes, voice my opinion and get validations.

All in all it was my best experience in learning design.

The only thing i could complain about, if at all, is my curiosity. This being my first experience at a studio, working on a existing brand and working out how and what it stands for, makes me wonder how it would be if i had to design a brand. Build it. Define it myself.

Going ahead my goal is clear. Use my learning and opportunities i encounter and understand more about Motorcycle design and better with every step.

Before i conclude i would also like to thanks two special people from Royal Enfield Id studio with out whom this project would not have been what it is today. They stood by me and guided me all along and helped me gain so much more understanding in Color and trim/ 3D modeling. Ms. Kanika(Color and trim) and Shiv Shankar(Alias) thanks for everything. I will always cherish my experience at Royal Enfield and Chennai.

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“References�

Page 12

Image Ref : https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3874334931474&set=t.1071690582&type=3&theater

Page 18

Image Screenshorts from :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5cR2mpYqyM

Page 20

Image Ref : http://weroyalriders.com/425cc-v-twin-royal-enfield-motorcycle-of-1914-first-world-war-era/697/ https://pre31.wordpress.com/tag/vintage-motorcycle/page/6/

Page 22

Image Ref : http://indiumbound.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Royal-Enfield-Factory-Assembly-3.jpg http://royalenfield.com/images/data/Gallery_Images/small/royal-enfields-oragadam-factory-13.jpg https://showard76.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/redditch-138.jpg

Page 24

Image Ref : http://www.welbike.net/R.E.html http://us1.campaign-archive1.com/?u=dbeae2cb82bd3279d443819a5&id=dd64863843 http://racingcafe.blogspot.it/2013/07/vintage-brochures-royal-enfield-meteor.html http://www.returnofthecaferacers.com/2013/09/royal-enfield-continental-gt-cafe-racer.html http://www.pipeburn.com/home/2014/07/31/11-royal-enfield-500-motovida-cycle-inc.html http://thepursuitaesthetic.tumblr.com/post/28693396256 http://royalenfield.com/motorcycles/classic-desert-storm/ http://www.caferacerpasion.com/fotos-de-motos-cafe-racer-bobber-custom-y-cultura-motera/ http://www.bikeexif.com/royal-enfield-by-tendance-roadster?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+Bikeexif+(Bike+EXIF)

Page 26

Image Ref : http://royalenfield.com/motorcycles/

Page 30

Image Ref : http://www.posterpal.com/vintage/vintagetransportation/vintagemotorcycle_230784.html

Page 32

Image Ref : http://www.pipeburn.com/home/2013/6/14/royal-enfield-bullet-500-hazan-motorworks.html https://www.flickr.com/photos/gordoncalder/5118429587/in/set-72157612757443903/ http://motomood.com/post/115767735705/royal-enfield-continental-gt-caferacer

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Image Ref : http://garageprojectmotorcycles.tumblr.com/?og=1 http://www.royalenfields.com/2009/04/enfield-military-looks-great-with.html http://www.carsbikesindia.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi http://baldy.smugmug.com/popular/ http://123tvonline.com/?utm_source=kilo-deb-yRiOj6PF&utm_medium=ZP_Ronm&utm_term=zp_news%20&utm_content=kilo-deb-yRiOj6PF&utm_campaign=ZP_Ronm http://auto.idnes.cz/royal-enfield-continental-gt-v-redakcnim-testu-flz-/motorky.aspx?c=A150721_111006_motorky_hig

Page 38

Image Ref : http://www.caferacerpasion.com/fotos-de-motos-cafe-racer-bobber-custom-y-cultura-motera/ http://www.bikeexif.com/moto-royal-enfield-bullet http://silodrome.com/royal-enfield-535-cafe-racer/

Page 40

Image Ref : http://caferacersofinstagram.tumblr.com/post/113739669733/jdesignlab-sent-us-this-photo-of-is-rad-royal

http://www.returnofthecaferacers.com/2012/06/v-twin-royal-enfield-bulldog.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+TheReturnOfTheCafeRacers+(The+Re turn+of+the+Cafe+Racers)&utm_content=Google+Reader http://rocket-garage.blogspot.com.es/2013/10/royal-enfield-animation.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+blogspot/MvENa+(RocketGarage)

Page 42

Image Ref : http://www.triumphrat.net/biker-hang-out/168182-girls-on-motorcycles-pics-mainly-but-comments-now-allowed.html http://terribilus.deviantart.com/art/Lara-216474822

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Image Ref : https://www.behance.net/gallery/Bullet-Classic-500-shoot-for-BBC-Top-Gear-India/1320273 http://www.bikeexif.com/moto-royal-enfield-bullet https://www.etsy.com/in-en/listing/51919272/royal-enfield-silver-bullet-500 http://www.posterpal.com/vintage/vintagetransportation/vintagemotorcycle_230784.html http://www.trendhunter.com/slideshow/biking-photoshoots#20 https://www.flickr.com/photos/scalino/7168605061/sizes/o/in/set-72157629769435365/

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Image Ref : http://lifestyleoftheunemployed.com/post/93031957020/hit-the-road-solo http://www.caferacerpasion.com/fotos-de-motos-cafe-racer-bobber-custom-y-cultura-motera/ https://in.pinterest.com/pin/380554237235892760/

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Image Ref : http://www.caferacerpasion.com/fotos-de-motos-cafe-racer-bobber-custom-y-cultura-motera/ http://motorivista.com/royal-enfield-500cc-classic/ http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/wallpaper/raquel-with-the-2015-royal-enfield-continental-gt/

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Image Ref : http://www.treehugger.com/bikes/6-DIY-electric-bike-conversion-tips.html http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2014/02/fetish/two-wheeled-classic/viewgallery/331807 http://www.businessinsider.in/Ford-just-announced-one-of-the-most-high-tech-bikes-ever-designed/articleshow/47805395.cms http://illusion.scene360.com/design/57087/the-electric-cargo-bike/

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Data and Graph ref : httpwww.business-standard.comarticlemanagement40-years-ago-and-now-royal-enfield-rode-straight-into-a-need-gap-114111201429_1.html

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/87116574019697398/

http://www.zupi.com.br/bicicletas-eletricas-e-personalizadas-da-oto-cycles/

http://blog.gessato.com/2012/11/28/g2r-folding-electric-bike-by-gocycle/

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Image ref : http://www.cobretti.be/site/blogdetail.php?blogid=379&blogcatid=7 http://www.tuvie.com/nthree-electric-vehicle-offers-the-comfort-of-a-car-with-the-cost-of-an-e-bike/ http://www.selectism.com/2012/03/19/monocasco-electric-bike-concept/ http://www.electrabike.com/bikes/townie-go/townie-go?g=ladies http://www.designboom.com/technology/audi-e-bike-worthersee/

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Image ref : http://www.highsnobiety.com/news/2012/06/12/bolt-electric-motorbike/bolt-electric-motorbike-07/ http://www.juicer.bike/gallery36.html http://www.frontgate.com/classic-electric-bike/404603?defattrib=&defattribvalue=&listIndex=5

http://www.ohgizmo.com/2015/03/30/want-trefecta-drt-electric-bicycle/

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Other sources http://www.oldbike.eu/museum/1902-2/1902-royal-enfield-model-b-roadster/ http://www.underconsideration.com/brandnew/archives/new_logo_and_identity_for_royal_enfield_by_codesign.php#.VadvOvmqpBc http://www.motorcycleexpeditions.com/history-of-royal-enfiled.php https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5cR2mpYqyM http://enfieldindia.blogspot.in/ http://isreview.org/issue/60/end-cheap-oil http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_FS4.pdf http://www.hoffmanpr.com/press-release/world-population-8-5-billion-by-2030-a-50-percent-increase/

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