Attacks of 26/11 memorial thesis project by Deep Golakiya

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI by Deep Nareshbhai Golakiya Enrollment No. 201603101710078

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE [B.Arch.]

Raman Bhakta School of Architecture Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus 2020-21

Thesis Guide: Ar. Manan Gandhi Assistant Professor Raman Bhakta School of Architecture Uka Tarsadia University

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Deep Golakiya has submitted the Final Thesis Report on the subject: “ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI” as a mandatory requirement for completion of the Bachelor of Architecture programme at the Raman Bhakta School of Architecture, Uka Tarsadia University for the academic year 2020–21. His work is found to be satisfactory.

_____________________________ Ar. Manan Gandhi Assistant Professor Raman Bhakta School of Architecture Uka Tarsadia University

_____________________________

Ar. Hatim Khapra

Ar. Sumesh Modi

Thesis Coordinator Raman Bhakta School of Architecture Uka Tarsadia University

Director Raman Bhakta School of Architecture Uka Tarsadia University

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ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

DISCLAIMER

This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the Raman Bhakta School of Architecture, Uka Tarsadia University. All views, opinions and statements expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

Name of the Student: Mr. Deep Nareshbhai Golakiya Enrolment No.: 201603101710078

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ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am deeply indebted to my guide Ar. Manan Gandhi, faculty for their invaluable guidance and constructive criticism rendered during the course of the project. I wish to express my gratitude to Ar. Punita Mehta, Raman Bhakta School Architecture, under whose encouragement all possible facilities were provided for the successful completion of the project. I would also like to express my warm appreciation to the classmates as specially my friends Mihir Gajera, Harshit Rathod and Rohan Patel for their kind co-operation during the course of my work. Several people have directly or indirectly contributed to the success of this project and writing of this report. It is my pleasure acknowledging the help of these people.

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

TABLE OF CONTENT CERTIFICATE ............................................................................................................. i DISCLAIMER............................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................................................... v TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. 7 GLOSSARY................................................................................................................ 10 1.0 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ 12 2.0 SYNOPSIS........................................................................................................... 14 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 14 2.1.1 ABOUT PROJECT ..................................................................................... 14 2.1.2 TERRORISM AND VICTIMS................................................................... 19 2.2 RESEARCH QUESTION .................................................................................. 21 2.3 ARCHITECTURAL CONCERN ...................................................................... 21 2.4 AIM .................................................................................................................... 22 2.5 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................... 22 2.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION ............................................................................. 22 2.7 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 22 3.0 CASE STUDY AND INFERENCES .................................................................. 24 3.1 SELECTION CRITERIA .................................................................................. 24 3.2 GANDHI ASHRAM .......................................................................................... 24 3.3 NATIONAL HOLOCAUST MONUMENT ..................................................... 27 3.4 9/11 ATTACK MEMORIAL ............................................................................ 29 3.5 BERGEN BELSON MEMORIAL .................................................................... 32 3.6 INFERENCES .................................................................................................. 35 4.0 SITE INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS ......................................................... 37 4.1 ABOUT MUMBAI ............................................................................................ 37 4.2 AREA JUSTIFICATION................................................................................... 38 4.3 SITE SELECTION AND SITE JUSTIFICATION ........................................... 40 5.0 PROGRAM .......................................................................................................... 47 6.0 DESIGN PROCESS ............................................................................................. 48 6.1 CONCEPT ......................................................................................................... 49 6.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT: 01 ........................................................................ 54 v

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

6.3 PREFINAL REVIEW ........................................................................................ 59 6.4 FINAL REVIEW ............................................................................................... 65 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 83

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Attack Places ................................................................................................. 14 Figure 2 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Railway Station ............................................. 15 Figure 3 Attack at Taj Hotel ........................................................................................ 16 Figure 4 Cama and Albless Hospital ........................................................................... 16 Figure 5 Attack at Cafe Leopold .................................................................................. 17 Figure 6 Attack at Oberoi Trident Hotel ...................................................................... 17 Figure 7 Attack at Nariman House .............................................................................. 17 Figure 8 Route on Map ................................................................................................ 18 Figure 9 Death from Terrorism .................................................................................... 19 Figure 10 Number of Countries with Death from Terrorism,2000-2015 .................... 20 Figure 11 Proportion of Death from Terrorism,2000-2015 ......................................... 20 Figure 12 Number of Incidents, Deaths, Injured ......................................................... 20 Figure 13 Architectural Concern ................................................................................. 21 Figure 14 Site Plan ....................................................................................................... 24 Figure 15 Image-1 ........................................................................................................ 24 Figure 16 Image-2 ........................................................................................................ 25 Figure 17 Building Plan ............................................................................................... 25 Figure 18 Axonometric of Building............................................................................. 25 Figure 19 Section ......................................................................................................... 26 Figure 20 Plan .............................................................................................................. 27 Figure 21 Section ......................................................................................................... 28 Figure 22 Image ........................................................................................................... 28 Figure 23 Concept ........................................................................................................ 29 Figure 24 3D ................................................................................................................ 29 Figure 25 Function in Memorial .................................................................................. 30 Figure 26 Floor Plan .................................................................................................... 31 Figure 27 Section ......................................................................................................... 31 Figure 28 Site Plan ....................................................................................................... 32 Figure 29 Concept ........................................................................................................ 32 Figure 30Image ............................................................................................................ 33 Figure 31 Image ........................................................................................................... 33 Figure 32 Image ........................................................................................................... 33 Figure 33 Ground Floor Plan ....................................................................................... 33 Figure 34 First Floor Plan ............................................................................................ 34 Figure 35 Section ......................................................................................................... 34 Figure 36 Site Location: Ward A, South Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India ....... 37 Figure 37 Centre of The Attacks Places ...................................................................... 38 Figure 38 Image Of Taj Hotel ...................................................................................... 38 Figure 39 Government Proposing Sea Front Development ......................................... 39 7

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Figure 40Selected Site Distance from Taj Hotel ......................................................... 40 Figure 41 Site Plan (23700 sqm) ................................................................................. 41 Figure 42 Section ......................................................................................................... 41 Figure 43 Site Photographs .......................................................................................... 42 Figure 44 Document of Rehabilitation For Colaba Slum ............................................ 42 Figure 45 Development Plan ....................................................................................... 43 Figure 46 Government Redevelopment Area Under Consideration ............................ 43 Figure 47 Road Network .............................................................................................. 44 Figure 48 Building Use ................................................................................................ 45 Figure 49 Built Open Map ........................................................................................... 46 Figure 50 Program ....................................................................................................... 47 Figure 51 Characteristic of Explosion ......................................................................... 49 Figure 52 Characteristic ............................................................................................... 49 Figure 53 Simplification .............................................................................................. 49 Figure 54 Outcome ...................................................................................................... 49 Figure 55 Arrangement of Space ................................................................................. 50 Figure 56 Flame .......................................................................................................... 50 Figure 57 Hall Of Flame .............................................................................................. 50 Figure 58 Section of Flame .......................................................................................... 50 Figure 59Concept in Section ........................................................................................ 51 Figure 60 Give Identity at Centre ................................................................................ 51 Figure 61 Site Section .................................................................................................. 51 Figure 62 Zoning.......................................................................................................... 52 Figure 63 Entrance ....................................................................................................... 52 Figure 64 Hall of Letter ............................................................................................... 52 Figure 65 Hope of Stair................................................................................................ 53 Figure 66Hall of Remembrance ................................................................................... 53 Figure 67 Hall of Contributors ..................................................................................... 53 Figure 68 Site Plan ....................................................................................................... 54 Figure 69 3D Image-1 .................................................................................................. 54 Figure 70 Key Plan ...................................................................................................... 54 Figure 71 Basement Plan ............................................................................................. 55 Figure 72 Detail plan ................................................................................................... 56 Figure 73 3D Image-2 .................................................................................................. 56 Figure 74 Section AA'.................................................................................................. 57 Figure 75 Section BB' .................................................................................................. 58 Figure 76 Isometric view ............................................................................................. 59 Figure 77 Ground floor plan ........................................................................................ 59 Figure 78 First floor plan ............................................................................................. 60 Figure 79 Terrace floor plan ........................................................................................ 60 Figure 80 Section AA'.................................................................................................. 61 Figure 81 Section BB' .................................................................................................. 62 Figure 82 Section CC' .................................................................................................. 63 Figure 83 Detail section ............................................................................................... 64 Figure 84 - 3D Image ................................................................................................... 64 Figure 85 Isometric view ............................................................................................. 65 8

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Figure 86 Basement parking ........................................................................................ 65 Figure 87 Site plan at ground level .............................................................................. 66 Figure 88 View from entrance ..................................................................................... 67 Figure 89 View from main entrance ............................................................................ 68 Figure 90 View from attack gallery 1 .......................................................................... 68 Figure 91 View from attack gallery 2 .......................................................................... 69 Figure 92 View from attack gallery 3 .......................................................................... 69 Figure 93 Plan at 2.55m level ...................................................................................... 70 Figure 94 Plan at 2.67m level ...................................................................................... 71 Figure 95 Site plan at first floor level .......................................................................... 72 Figure 96 site plan at terrace level ............................................................................... 73 Figure 97 Section AA'.................................................................................................. 74 Figure 98 Section BB' .................................................................................................. 75 Figure 99 Section CC' .................................................................................................. 76 Figure 100 View from gallery display area ................................................................. 77 Figure 101 View from hall of death ............................................................................. 77 Figure 102 Section DD'................................................................................................ 78 Figure 103 Section EE' ................................................................................................ 79 Figure 104 Bird view from landscape area .................................................................. 80 Figure 105 Bird view from entrance ............................................................................ 80 Figure 106 Bird view facing towards the bridge ......................................................... 80 Figure 107 View from near the bridge ......................................................................... 81 Figure 108 View towards the taj hotel 2 ...................................................................... 81 Figure 109 View towards the taj hotel ......................................................................... 81

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GLOSSARY Emotion: is a complex experience of consciousness, sensation, and behaviour reflecting the personal significance of a thing, event, or state of affairs. Terrorism: the calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective. Stair of hope: A stair which is leading towards the open space and give hope to the people to escape from dark places. Hall of flame: A Huge flame to tribute to the survivors.

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

CHAPTER 01: ABSTRACT

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

1.0

ABSTRACT

The primary function of a memorial is to “remind” and the function of a museum is to “reflect or explain” about something. Memorials is reminders of a painful past. It’s difficult for a memorial to remind visitors of a tragedy without reminding them of the pain. The Memorials play a vital role in marking significant people, moments, or tragedy. Furthermore memorial architecture for the dead is a uniquely emotional type of design and often reveals much about a certain culture or group of people.

Mumbai, one of the industrial capital’s cities of the world and full of activity city, has witnessed a series of terror attacks over the last two decades. The 2008 Mumbai terror attacks referred as "26/11" drew widespread global condemnation and killed 166 people, in addition to wounding more than 300 people. Moreover, in the Mumbai city 9 attacks were happened over the period of time in that most affective attack was 2008 tragedy.in which attacks were done at 6 places (Taj Hotel, Chhatrapati Shivaji terminus railway station, Cama and Albless Hospital, Oberoi Trident Hotel, Nariman House, Cafe Leopold) mainly. The project is proposing a memorial to tribute those people who were died in the 26/11 attacks at Mumbai tragedy. memorial has to be nearby attacks place or else centre of the attacks place where people can easily visit the place and remember those heart-breaking tragedy.

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

CHAPTER 02: SYNOPSIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 2.3 ARCHITECTURAL CONCERN 2.4 AIM 2.5 OBJECTIVE 2.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION 2.7 METHODOLOGY

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

2.0

SYNOPSIS

2.1 INTRODUCTION “As we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the highest appreciation is not to utter words, but not live by them” -JOHN KENNEDY Memorials play an essential role in marking significant people, moments, or tragedy. In recent years, they have become exaltations of event by attempting to express unimaginable horrors in poetic and beautiful ways. The issue with the many forms that memorials take is that they seek to calm the immediate reaction and hurt of an event, an understandable societal reaction, but one that often feels rote and respect. 2.1.1 ABOUT PROJECT In November at date of 26-11-2008 the city of dreams lived a nightmare, Mumbai the economic capital of India faced her most divesting terrorist attack on some of the city's most iconic locations, furthermore the city remained under siege for 60 hours that Floral tributes were paid the martyrs who laid down their lives while fighting again with terrorists. Their sacrifice will never be erased from the memory of time and history. On the night of November 26th, a group of 10 young terrorists had targeted serval busiest spots of Mumbai.

Figure 1 Attack Places

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

1-Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Railway Station: Known as Victoria Terminus Historic railway station and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mumbai. November 26, 2008 - Approximately 58 people are killed during a 90-minute attack. As the gunmen leave the train station, they fire into a crowd gathered around a police barricade. Ten additional people are killed outside the station.

Figure 2 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Railway Station

2- Taj Mahal Palace Hotel: Heritage five-star luxury Saracenic revival architecture hotel in the Colaba region. November 26-29, 2008 - Approximately 31 people are killed in the four-day siege.

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

Figure 3 Attack at Taj Hotel

3- Cama and Albless Hospital: Hospital for women and children in the city of Mumbai November 26, 2008 Outside the hospital, gunmen ambush a group of police officers and kill six of them.

Figure 4 Cama and Albless Hospital

4- Cafe Leopold: Large and popular restaurant and bar on Colaba Causeway, in the Colaba. November 26, 2008 - Approximately 10 people are killed in an attack which lasts 1015 minutes. 16

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

Figure 5 Attack at Cafe Leopold

5- Oberoi Trident Hotel: November 26-28, 2008 - Approximately 30 people are killed in a three-day siege.

––––– Figure 6 Attack at Oberoi Trident Hotel

6-Nariman House: November 26-28, 2008 - Seven people are killed in a three-day siege at a Jewish community centre.

Figure 7 Attack at Nariman House

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As a healing place for victims, soldiers and their families. - Will define the strong and unbeatable soul of the city. Give the permanent and physical tribute space for the victims as to give immortality to their memories and contribution.

Figure 8 Route on Map

Mumbai has been the most preferred target for most terrorist organizations, many operating with a base from Pakistan. •

12 March 1993 – 13 bombs killed 257

•

6 December 2002 – Bus bomb in Ghatkopar, killed 2

•

27 January 2003 – Bicycle bomb in Vile Parle, killed 1

•

13 March 2003 – Train bomb in Mulund, killed 10

•

28 July 2003 – Bus bomb in Ghatkopar, killed 4

•

25 August 2003 – Two Bombs near the Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar, killed 50

•

11 July 2006 – Seven train bombs killed 209

•

26 November 2008 to 29 November 2008 – Coordinated series of attacks, killed 172

•

13 July 2011 – Bomb explosions at three locations, killed 26

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

2.1.2 TERRORISM AND VICTIMS Terrorism can affect anyone, anywhere. It targets all ethnic groups, religions, nationalities and civilizations. It attacks humankind itself. And it is for the sake of humanity that we must create a worldwide forum for your voices and listen to you, the victims. Your stories of how terrorism has affected your lives are our strongest argument for why it can never be justified. By giving a physical and tangible face to the painful consequences of terrorism, you help build a global culture against it. History has shown us that even in the face of many serious incidents, wars and disasters that have brought so much devastation, damage and pain to their victims, individuals can show significant strength. They cope in one way or another with the sorrow, pain and loss that have been thrust upon them. Nowadays we often refer to this capacity as (psychosocial) resilience: the ability to bounce back and to find a new balance in life after a dramatic incident has occurred.

Figure 9 Death from Terrorism

IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON DIFFERENT SECTOR Economy: - Negative impact on earnings, consumption, tourism, foreign direct investment, security expenditures etc. Political Impact: - Negative impact on the country’s image at the local, regional and international level. Social Impact: - Negative impact on employment, poverty, infrastructure and has high human cost Psychological well-being: - Negative impact on human health and causes traumas, stress and headache. 19

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Figure 10 Number of Countries with Death from Terrorism,2000-2015

Figure 11 Proportion of Death from Terrorism,20002015

From March 12, 1993 till the end of 2010,62 incidents were recorded. A total of 1467persons were killed and 4497 persons were injured in these incidents. The incidents occurred in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, New Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

Delhi, Maharashtra and U.P. bore the brunt of the incidents with nearly 70% of the incidents occurring in these states. The maximum number of incidents (18) occurred in Maharashtra resulting in more than 700 deaths and leaving more than 2300 injured. This constitutes close to 50% of the total number of deaths due to such terrorist incidents in the country.

Figure 12 Number of Incidents, Deaths, Injured

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

2.2 RESEARCH QUESTION • •

What is the role of architecture to generate different emotion? How can space affect the mood of human being?

2.3 ARCHITECTURAL CONCERN Building materials, lighting, color and the use of space can all affect the mood and physical human-being of building occupants. Design can impact the productivity level of people occupied in a workplace.

Figure 13 Architectural Concern

MATERIAL: “Each material has its specific characteristics which we must understand if we want to use it. This is no less true of steel and concrete”. -Mies Van Der Rohe shapes, forms, textures, materials, etc. have a direct influence on human behaviour and response towards the environment. Touching different types of surfaces may incur certain emotions for instance, soft surfaces are generally associated with pleasant emotions, while rough surfaces with unpleasant feeling. LIGHT: “Light creates ambience and feel of a place, as well as the expression of a structure.” -

Le Corbusier

During our daily lives, the space you go through can always affect your moods. A dim unlighted area can make you feel gloomy, whereas a well-lit and wellventilated zone can make you feel comfortable. COLOR: “Color in certain places has the great value e of making the outlines and structural planes seem more energetic.” - Antoni Gaudi 21

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

Color is an important perceptual feature of six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. The color red was most associated with anger, green with disgust, black with fear, yellow with happiness, blue with sadness, and bright with surprise. NATURE: “Form must have a content, and that content must be linked with nature.” - Alvar Alto Nature is affecting on human feeling even more nature gives feeling of happiness, hope, optimistic.

2.4 AIM - The memorial space as a tribute to 26/11 terrorists attacks victims.

2.5 OBJECTIVE - To give tribute through architecture in decades memory of the 26/11 terror attacks that will exhibit the unbreakable spirit of Mumbai and depict important struggles and events through which the city has grown. It is an attempt to taking charge to message the world of how design can spread peace.

2.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION - A brief study of design tools, which are capable of making the experience soul stirring. These include - form, space, volume, geometry, scale and proportions, light and color. - The project will stand as a healing place for a victims and physical space for their memories. - The study does not discuss in detail many issues, like evolution, construction, etc. But focuses on the internal design aspects, concerning the designing of a space, which are known and acknowledged.

2.7 METHODOLOGY - Through the survey all possible data collect related to architecture and human feeling. - For literature survey I will study Indian context and outside of India too. - Through literature survey understand the feeling of human in different space. - Suitable case studies will be undertaken to examine need of the topic.

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

CHAPTER 03: CASE STUDY AND INFERENCES 3.1 SELECTION CRITERIA 3.2 GANDHI ASHRAM 3.3 NATIONAL HOLOCAUST MONUMENT 3.4 9/11 ATTACK MEMORIAL 3.5 BERGEN BELSON MEMORIAL 3.6 INFERENCES

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

3.0 CASE STUDY AND INFERENCES 3.1 SELECTION CRITERIA A case study is the analysis of a case of something to reveal quantifiable results as an output of the application of something. A criteria which will under consideration They are given bellow: • • • •

Material Usage Effect of Light Spatial Organization Circulation

3.2 GANDHI ASHRAM LOCATION: Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya Haridaya Kunj, Old Wadaj, Ahmedabad, Gujrat. GEOGRAPHY: Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the river Sabarmati in the northern part of Gujarat and the western part of India. It is located at 23.03°n 72.58°e spanning an area of 205 km². ARCHITECT: Charles Correa

Figure 14 Site Plan

SITE AREA: 22243 sqm NUMBER OF USERS: Daily:1000 TO 1500 VISITORS Peak: DEC, JAN 4000 TO 5000

Figure 15 Image-1

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

Figure 16 Image-2

Figure 17 Building Plan

Figure 18 Axonometric of Building

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

Figure 19 Section

BUILT OPEN RATIO: 15:85

ZONING PRINCIPLE: As per existing building block

PARKING:

TYPE OF ROOF: Sloping

TWO-WHEELER: 50

MATERIAL: Concrete, Clay, Tile, Wood, Brick

FOUR-WHEELER: 35 EXHIBIT: Panels, Statue centralized at every grid.

DESIGN ELEMENT: Memorial Museum, Landscape

COLUMN: H Shape column. HEIGHT: Column height 2m.

CONCEPT: Circulation is referred to Indian village

ROOF: Sloping.

LIGHT: Natural and Artificial

ROOF MATERIAL: Wood frame clay tile

VENTILATION: Natural and Artificial

The Ashram gives a contemporary expression of the spirit of swadeshi. It combines Hindu Architectural and the cosmological idea of isotropy (which can be found in a variety of Hindu temples) with Modernist functional planning. The museum uses a simple post and beam structure with load-bearing columns supporting the concrete channels, also supporting the wooden roof. The whole structure gives a similar planning style to houses found in Indian villages adding a rural touch of Banni region into its architecture, where instead of one whole volume, the houses are divided for each its function surrounding to make a courtyard in such a way that inhabitants are to walk back and forth across the courtyard to use different spaces. CONCLUSION: •

Proper circulation of site with basic facility

•

Use of natural light decides the type of ambiance to be created.

•

User friendly design.

•

Minimalistic design can create good space.

•

Flexible design.

•

Good circulation with in museum. 26

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3.3 NATIONAL HOLOCAUST MONUMENT LOCATION: OTTAWA, CANADA Centrally located at the corner of Booth and Wellington Streets across from the Canadian War Museum, the .79-acre site connects the museum to the historic center of the capitol city. ARCHITECT: Daniel Libeskind CONTEXT: This popular festival park is about 3.5 hectares in area, and can host gatherings of over 40,000 people. The Park offers stunning views of parliament and sunsets on the Ottawa river. -The Canadian war museum is Canada's national museum of military history. The museum covers all facets of Canada's military past. CONCEPT: Monument is conceived as an experiential environment comprised of six triangular, concrete volumes configured to create the points of a star. The triangular spaces are representative of the badges the Nazi’s and their collaborators used to label homosexuals, Roma-Sinti, Jehovah’s Witnesses and political and religious prisoners for murder.

Figure 20 Plan

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

Figure 21 Section

ELEMENT: Monument light art. - The door frame at the top of stair is mean to symbolize an internal flame and gives a view of the peace. LIGHT: The photographic installation will change with light and with movement of viewer. The Monument is organized with two physical ground planes that are differentiated by meaning: the ascending plane that points to the future; and the descending plane that leads visitors to the interiors spaces that are dedicated to contemplation and memory. The Stair of Hope rises from the central gathering space, cuts through a dramatically inclined wall and points at the upper plaza towards the Parliament Buildings; a gesture that recognizes and acknowledges the Canadian survivors. Figure 22 Image

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

3.4 9/11 ATTACK MEMORIAL LOCATION: New York, USA ARCHITECT: Michael Arad, Peter Walker, Daniel Libeskind, Davis Brody Bond, Snohetta Studio SITE AREA: 32500 SQM

MUSEUM AREA: 10000SQM

CLIMATE: HUMID, SUBTROPICA It is a memorial and museum in New York city (also referred as 9-11 museum) commemorating the September. 11, 2001 attacks, which killed 2,977 victims, and the 1993 world trade center bombing, which killed six. The memorial is located at the world trade center site, the former location of the twin towers that were destroyed during the September 11 attacks. The memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the world trade center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations.

Figure 23 Concept

CONCEPT: Remembering the fallen twin towers through their surviving physical structural footprints, the 9/11 Memorial Museum stands witness to the tragedy and its impact. Exploded Axonometric Model of Memorial Plaza, Separately Commissioned Entry Pavilion, and Memorial Museum below showing Tower Volumes. One of the primary goals in the Museum’s design was to remind people what existed on the site before 9/11. Within the Museum, the inverted volumes of the original World Trade Center towers bring to memory their presence in the city.

Figure 24 3D

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

Figure 25 Function in Memorial

1- Tridents: Two 70-foot tridents from the north tower will extend from the ramp into the entrance of the glass pavilion. 2- Survivors’ Stairway: The Vesey Street stairway by which many escaped is installed between a working staircase and an escalator. 3- Sept. 11 Exhibitions: Exhibitions on the events of the day, the history leading up to the attacks and the response will be directly below the north void. 4- Damaged Fire Truck: Engine Company 21’s fire truck, damaged on the day of the attack, will be on display in the historical exhibition. 5- Last Column: Covered with commemorative graffiti, posters and photos, this 36foot steel beam was the last to be removed from ground zero during the cleanup. 6- Slurry Wall: Part of the slurry wall, which was built to keep back the Hudson River, is exposed.

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

Lower-Level Plan

Upper-Level Plan

Figure 26 Floor Plan

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

South Tower North Tower Foundation Hall Memorial Hall Path Station

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Figure 27 Section

Concourse Lobby Ribbon Descent Museum Support Museum Shop Entry Pavilion South Pool North Pool

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

3.5 BERGEN BELSON MEMORIAL Architects: KSP Engel und Zimmermann Architect Location: Belsen, 29303 Bergen, Germany Category: Memorial Documentation Centre Area: 4900.0sqm Project Year :2007

site of remembrance is a monument in commemoration of the 70,000 prisoners of war who died at the BergenBelsen concentration camp (1941-1945). As well as the monument there are the remains of the foundations of a few camp huts. CONCEPT: A 200-meterlong edifice made entirely of concrete houses the Documentation and Information Centre at the Bergen-Belsen Memorial.

– Figure 28 Site Plan

Figure 29 Concept

Visitors have a choice of two paths. On the so-called “stony path” they can pass through the entire length of the building without entering the exhibition rooms. Initially covered, the slender path, now open to the skies, in flanked by high concrete walls leading the visitor across a courtyard to other side of the building, where it opens onto the grounds of the camp. 32

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

Figure 30Image

A wide panoramic window at the end of the exhibition room affords visitors a view of the grounds. Out of respect for the place, just above ground level the end of the building projects several meters beyond the former boundary of the camp.

Figure 31 Image

Locker room includes old documents or files or other data of historical research and papers and stationery. The stony path (which is in fact a long line of smooth concrete plates) passes along the glass-walled side of the reception area and disappears into the building. Here visitors can choose whether to continue straight into the building and the exhibition itself, or turn right into a high-walled courtyard devoid of any detail apart from a brace of rather unnerving security cameras.

Figure 32 Image

Figure 33 Ground Floor Plan

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

The large exhibition hall, which extends over two levels and documents the history of the site from prisoner of war to concentration camp.

The documentation centre itself is a two-storey, exposed concrete building. It is massive, minimal, sober and totally free of curves, but the interplay of volumes is enough to give it just a touch of sculptural beauty.

This way it does justice to the difficult task and makes evident the seriousness with which the subject matter is treated both formally and historically in an appropriate way.

N Figure 35 Section Figure 34 First Floor Plan

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

3.6 INFERENCES

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

CHAPTER 04: SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS 4.1 ABOUT MUMBAI 4.2 AREA JUSTIFICATION 4.3 SITE SELECTION AND SITE JUSTIFICATION 4.4 PROGRAM

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

4.0 SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS 4.1 ABOUT MUMBAI Mumbai is India’s first biggest metropolitan area, capital of Maharashtra state, commercial, financial & entertainment capital of the country. When it comes to urban development, Mumbai is considered as an organic city that was built, transformed and developed by a number of reclamation projects and temporary policies. The city is entirely a mixed-use settlement were place of residence, place of work, public places, transportation, retail shops, industries, commercial, educational districts etc.

INDIA

MAHARASHTRA

WARD A, SOUTH MUMBAI

Figure 36 Site Location: Ward A, South Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

South Mumbai is the Mumbai City district which is the southernmost precinct of Greater Mumbai. It extends from Colaba in the south to Mahim and Sion in the north. It comprises the city's main business localities, making it the wealthiest urban precinct in India.

ATTACKS OF 26/11 MEMORIES AT MUMBAI

4.2 AREA JUSTIFICATION Mumbai port lands propose as a socially vibrant space not only the residents but also for the visitors. An emphasis has been placed on providing public amenities and open areas for recreation and relaxation for all age. Mumbai is uniquely fortunate to be an island city. Yet Mumbaikars’ have very few public promenades, where we can enjoy the sea. Taj hotel is the centre of the all attacks. So that nearby taj hot hotel is to prefer for site selection. Also, government is proposing eastern waterfront development which is for public use. The port lands redevelopments offer us a unique possibility to create several new public promenades that will give us all space to breathe, relax and dream.

Figure 37 Centre of The Attacks Places

Figure 38 Image Of Taj Hotel

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Figure 39 Government Proposing Sea Front Development

Mumbai is uniquely fortunate to be an island city. Yet Mumbaikars have very few public promenades, where we can enjoy the sea. These public promenades may not necessarily be long contiguous stretches but can and should become part of a larger network of pedestrian and bicycling trails. These promenades must be provided with adequate east west connectivity and linked to passenger water terminals. Overall, Mumbai government is going to redevelop the southern Mumbai with the aim of create more transitional space for public use even more dock’s redevelopment to uplift their business even more main terrorist attacks were happen in this area at taj hotel which is center of all attack that is why site has to be nearby this are to make memorial.

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4.3 SITE SELECTION AND SITE JUSTIFICATION

Figure 40Selected Site Distance from Taj Hotel

•

The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel is a heritage, five-star, luxury hotel built in the Saracenic Revival style in the Colaba area of Mumbai, Maharashtra.

•

The selected site is located on the edge of the Mumbai eastern sea and near by the selected site area is full with well-known buildings and it’s heritage like Taj hotel, The Gateway of India etc.

•

Propose site is 650m distance from main attack’s place so that it can easy to visit.

•

The proposed site coordinates are 18.545431 n latitude and 72.494748 e longitude.

Soil condition: •

The clay content ranges between 40 to 60 percent.

•

In general, the deep black soil is slit clay loam to sandy loams in texture, poor in drainage and neutral to alkaline in reaction.)

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Accessibility Nearest Railway Station: Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station (3.9km) Church gate railway station (2.7 km) Nearest Bus Stop: Colaba Bus Depot (0.75 km) Strand Cinema (0.40 km) Airport: Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (24km) Metro Station: Vihaan Bhavan metro (1.50 km)

Figure 41 Site Plan (23700 sqm)

Figure 42 Section

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•

––

Currently selected site full with slum area which is sunder Nagar slum area but government is proposing to rehabilitate Sundar Nagar because the B.M.C is redeveloping Mumbai southern sea front area (refer Figure 30) and other supporting documents is given bellow for support the site selection.

Figure 43 Site Photographs

Figure 44 Document of Rehabilitation For Colaba Slum

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Figure 45 Development Plan

Figure 46 Government Redevelopment Area Under Consideration

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Figure 47 Road Network

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Figure 48 Building Use

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Figure 49 Built Open Map

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5.0 PROGRAM The area program is divided in five part which is Entrance Plaza, Administration block, Memorial area, Library and Recreational space. Program for memorial is like story which bellow diagram is showing.

AVERAGE BUILTUP = 5800 SQM PARKING AREA = 10% OF SITE AREA Figure 50 Program

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6.0 DESIGN PROCESS 6.1 CONCEPT 6.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT: 01 6.3 PREFINAL REVIEW 6.4 FINAL REVIEW

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6.1 CONCEPT •

•

Memorial design idea come from the explosive material (bomb) which was used in at the time of tragedy. Characteristic of bomb explosion – spread from centre and random and this characteristic could be put on the building form. Therefor building shape is centralized but take uneven outline as related as the explosion quality. Moreover, in design, centre - the origin where design can give unique identity by tributing survivors.

Figure 51 Characteristic of Explosion

Figure 53 Simplification

Figure 52 Characteristic

Figure 54 Outcome

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Figure 55 Arrangement of Space

•

• •

A flame is widely accepted as a symbol of eternal life. An eternal flame at a tragedy memorial symbolizes a nation's perpetual gratitude towards, and remembrance of, its tragedy dead. Upper diagram idea (hall of flame) come from flame which represent respect. Therefor give same effect of flame, space is design exact as flame.

Figure 56 Flame

Figure 57 Hall Of Flame

Figure 58 Section of Flame

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Figure 60 Give Identity at Centre

Figure 59Concept in Section

Figure 61 Site Section

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•

Building will be located at the centre of the site which can help to support the concept.

•

In the landscape area leisure park will be provided all sides of the building where most people can spend their free time so that people can enjoy the sea front.

Figure 62 Zoning

•

In the entrance area it is full with landscape which make more interesting space.

•

The light in hall of letter’s space come from puncture wall which give effect of hope. That will be divided in two parts in the upper part light come from top side and ground area light come from puncture wall.

Figure 64 Hall of Letter

Figure 63 Entrance

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•

Ratan tata gave big contribution after the attacks of 26-11 so for them contributor space will be provided even more government contribution cannot be forgettable for that reason contributor space should be part of design.

•

A design may include a wall of remembrance which everyone can feel who lost their lives knowingly or unknowingly.

Figure 65 Hope of Stair

Figure 66Hall of Remembrance

Figure 67 Hall of Contributors

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6.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT: 01

Figure 68 Site Plan

Figure 70 Key Plan

Figure 69 3D Image-1

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Figure 71 Basement Plan

• •

•

The idea is to provide centralised plan which give unique identity to the project. Hall of flame is put on the centre and facing toward the taj hotel which represent that the memorial is tributing those tragedy where attacks were happened. The long entrance stair which is lead to wards the hall of flame. In the memorial design firstly the exhibition part will come where the importance of the attacks place-before the attacks will be exhibited. After that to feel the same experience of at the time of attack space is design accordingly. After the feeling space “stair of hope” is provided which represent the hope to the people to go outside of the feeling space. 55

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B’

A’

B Figure 72 Detail plan

Figure 73 3D Image-2

Figure 74 Section AA'

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Figure 75 Section BB'

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6.3 PREFINAL REVIEW

Figure 76 Isometric view

Figure 77 Ground floor plan

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Figure 78 First floor plan

Figure 79 Terrace floor plan

Figure 80 Section AA'

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Figure 81 Section BB'

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Figure 82 Section CC'

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Figure 83 Detail section

Figure 84 - 3D Image

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6.4 FINAL REVIEW

Figure 85 Isometric view

Figure 86 Basement parking

Figure 87 Site plan at ground level

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Figure 88 View from entrance

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Figure 89 View from main entrance

Figure 90 View from attack gallery 1

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Figure 91 View from attack gallery 2

Figure 92 View from attack gallery 3

Figure 93 Plan at 2.55m level

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Figure 94 Plan at 2.67m level

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Figure 95 Site plan at first floor level

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Figure 96 site plan at terrace level

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Figure 97 Section AA'

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Figure 98 Section BB'

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Figure 99 Section CC'

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Figure 100 View from gallery display area

Figure 101 View from hall of death

Figure 102 Section DD'

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Figure 103 Section EE'

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Figure 104 Bird view from landscape area

Figure 105 Bird view from entrance

Figure 106 Bird view facing towards the bridge

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Figure 107 View from near the bridge

Figure 109 View towards the taj hotel

Figure 108 View towards the taj hotel 2

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7.0 BIBLIOGRPHY

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7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY • •

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https://www.archdaily.com/880913/studio-libeskinds-canadian-nationalholocaust-monument-opens-in-ottawa https://www.archdaily.com/504531/documentation-center-of-bergen-belsenmemorial-ksp-engel-und-zimmermannarchitekten/536b87c4c07a80e2980000be-documentation-center-of-bergenbelsen-memorial-ksp-engel-und-zimmermann-architektenphoto?next_project=no https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/design-inspiration/a1874-sabarmatiashram-ahmedabad-by-charles-correa-beyond-bricks-and-stones/ https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism https://www.start.umd.edu/data-tools/global-terrorism-database-gtd https://mumbaicity.gov.in/public-utility/municipal-corporation-of-greatermumbai/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22673262/ https://www.archdaily.com/488508/davis-brody-bond-releases-new-details-ofthe-9-11-memorial-museum https://www.britannica.com/event/Mumbai-terrorist-attacks-of-2008 https://pdhacademy.com/2017/11/06/architecture-effect-mood-physical-well/ https://archdais.com/wall-of-fame/taj--the-taj-amity-pavilion-architecturecompetition9073 https://scroll.in/article/956768/plan-for-mumbais-eastern-waterfront-usespublic-land-to-benefit-the-wealthy-and-must-be-resisted https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/7466-mumbai-will-get-its-ownmarina-bay https://twitter.com/htmumbai/status/1092688783252713478 https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-port-trust-releasesplan-for-revamp-of-eastern-waterfront/storymg3u7FAiBpnt1Z6afCSVMP.html https://thewire.in/urban/nitin-gadkaris-burj-khalifa-dream-has-many-mumbaitenants-worried https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/mumbai-update-ii-project-newsfrom-mumbai-%E2%80%8E.482638/page-489 https://www.slideserve.com/bat/mumbai-terror-attack