INFLUENCE on SEED PELLETING ON SEED YIELD AND QUALITY .
Deepika.c PALB 2272
INTRODUCTION ďƒ˜ In Agriculture, horticulture to achieve a desired plant population and a high probability of successful establishment of each seed planted for this precision planting is advocated. ďƒ˜ Most essential phase of planting - singulating of the seed for exact placement at a predetermined depth and spacing in the soil with a uniform coverage and at a reasonable planting speed. ďƒ˜ In India, practicing of seed pelleting is limited, neither commercial nor government seed organization has realized its importance where as, in developed countries, it is very common and most of the seeds are sold with coating only.
Characteristics of pelleting materials
1. The pelleting material should be porous to allow movement of
oxygen to the living seed. 2. The pelleting material should be weakened or breakdown when it comes in contact with the soil moisture to prevent any physical impedance (resistance)to the seed germination. 3. Seed pelleting material should not be toxic to the seeds. 4. It must be possible to apply the coating on commercial basis. 5. It should match with environment in an eco-friendly way. 6.
It
should
not
temperature and
degrade
easily
when
exposed
relative humidity during storage.
7. It should form little hard film after pelleting
to
high
Seed pelleting Seed pelleting is the process of adding inert materials to seeds to change their size and shape for improved plant ability. Many seeds, particularly vegetable seeds are not uniformly round, which hinders precision planting for optimum crop yields. In other case seeds are small and light that their accurate placement an or on the soil. To facilitate the free flow of these seeds in the planters, many seeds provided coating materials that change the shape and size of the seed so that it becomes heavier and rounder. A seed pellet is characterized by its ability to obscure the shape of the encased seed.
What kind of seeds are pelleted? Seeds of various sizes are commercially pelleted, from relatively large seeds like onion and tomato to very small seeds like lettuce species. For onion, the seed can increase in weight 6-fold due to pelleting; there are approximately 230 raw seeds per gram, and after pelleting the diameter may be 13.5/64th of an inch (0.54cm). The volume for 1000 propagules is 3.7 cm³ for raw seed compared to 18.0 cm³ after pelleting. The smallest seed that Seed Dynamics pellets is Begonia. Medium seed weight for raw begonia is 88,000 seeds per gram. After pelleting, the seed count can average 857 seeds per gram, an increased mass of over 100-fold.
What does this have to do with a seed pellet? Consumers Demand Attractive, Uniform, and Fresh Vegetables A grower may have a very high yield in a particular field, but not be able to sell a high percent of the crop. Vegetables must meet the standards required by the industry, and demanded by consumers across the country. A uniform, nicely shaped product is usually a must. To get the highest percentage of your crop to meet these standards, precisely planting seed in the soil with the desired amount of space between each seed is critical. Seed pelleting can increase the likelihood that the seed will be placed in the soil with the most precision and accuracy possible.
Seed pelleting also serves as a mechanism of applying needed materials in such a way that they affect the seed or soil at the seed soil interface.
Adhesive materials
Filler materials
Beneficial materials
Adhesive materials ď ś
The materials used for coating should be perfect as the type of the adhesive decide the physical integrity of coating and this was highly influencing during handling, transport and planting operation of the pellet. The adhesive recommended are: 1.
Gum arabic
2.
Methyl cellulose
3.
Gelatin
4.
Methyl ethyl cellulose
5.
Rice gruel
6.
Maida gruel
7.
Starch gruel
ďƒ˜ In selection of these adhesive, the concentration of the adhesive is important for the development of required viscosity which can fix the material in efficient manner without breaking and dusting on shade drying.
In this method, seed is placed in a large rolling pan . The pan is continuously turning and tumbling the seed during this process. The pelleted sprays water until the seed surface is wet. After that, he sprinkles the pelleting powder over the wet, tumbling seed. The powder sticks to the wet seed. The pelleter then sprays adhesive until the seed and powder is again wet. Then more powder, then more adhesive, then powder, then adhesive etc.
During the process the pellets are removed from the rolling pan several times in order to run them over a sizing screen so that smaller pellets can be built up, while any larger pellets wait outside the pan. This is done until all pellets are exactly the same standard size. Knowing when and how much adhesive to add, and when and how much powder to add is an art that takes some time and practice to perfect. For example, if you get the seed too wet in the beginning the seed sticks to each other and you get two seeds per pellet. Not enough adhesive makes for a pellet that is too soft. Several companies are starting to use machinery that is more mechanized, using less art, but the method described is still the most common pelleting method used in the industry today.
Selection of adhesive is also based on selective purposes Plastic resins , polyvinyl acetate and insoluble
Used to bind pesticide to seeds
polyelectrolyte complex Polyethylene oxides
To prevent erosion of sown seeds
Polyurethane
To bind lime in a way that resist coat abrasion
Polyvinyl alcohol and
To bind vermiculite
polyvinyl acetate Polyelectrolytes
To aggregate soil around the seeds
Filler materials Characteristics of filler material 1.It should be non toxic. 2.Eco-Friendly to both seed , adhesive and environment. 3.Easily soluble in water when contact with soil moisture. ďƒ˜ The most common materials used are lime, gypsum, clay, limestone, talc, vermiculite, bentonite, cellulose, calomel and poultry manure. ďƒ˜ For4.Low low cost cost investment and environment benefit botanical leaf powder are used as filler materials.
The botanics used for pelleting
Arappu ( Albizzia amara )
Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata )
Notchi (Vitex nigundo)
Prosopis (Prosopis juliflora )
Neem (Azadirachta indica )
Moringa (Moringa pterygosperma )
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica )
These botanics are recommended @ 200 – 300 g / kg of seed. The fineness of the powder should be in such a way that it passes through muslin cloth. Inoculants pelleting – Rhizobia, Azospirillum, Azotobacter Protective pelleting
– Bacillus spp, Streptomyces spp,
Antibiotics Herbicide pelleting – Antidote like 1, 8 napthalic anhydride Nutrient pelleting – Micronutrients and macronutrient
BOTANICAL SEED PELLETING IN GREENGRAM Methodology
Take the seeds in plastic tray Add a small quantity of adhesive (10% Maida solution) to the seeds Shake gently, in such a way the adhesive spreads evenly on parts of each seed .Add filler material (Arappu leaf powder) evenly over the seeds and continue shaking until the uniform coating is ensured. Separate the seed dumps if any Remove the excess filler material by sieving. Dry under shade to expel moisture.
PELLETING POWDER FEEDERS
DRYING CARRIERS FOR PELLETS
PELLETING MACHINE The pelleting drums are used for making seed pellets. With the seeds, powders and liquid, according to a certain procedure, seed pellets can be made.
Process of pelleting The three basic steps involved in pelleting are stated as 1. Stamping, 2. Coating and 3. Rolling. ďƒ˜ The materials needed for pelleting are seed, adhesive and filler materials. ďƒ˜ The seeds are uniformly coated with adhesive in correct quantity initially. ďƒ˜ Then the filler materials are sprinkled on the coated seeds and are rolled on the filler material for effective and uniform coating.
Rotary Coaters:
rotary pelleting
Josep Trias has been a pioneer in the seed coating industry for over 25 years. He is involved in the development of coating materials for use with standard and rotary pelleting technology as well as new "seed processing" and priming technologies. Willem van Lith has also been involved in the seed coating industry for more than 20 years.
The coating chamber has optimal access and flow of product.
Seed pelleting machine
Coating pans
Procedure of seed pelleting The seeds are introduced into a coating drum or pan that resembles a cement mixer. As the drum rotates, the seeds are first sprayed with water followed by the addition of the filler with adhesives. The wet seed attracts and becomes coated with dry filler and they gradually increase in size with each turn of the coating drum.
ďƒ˜
Longer rotation times with greater amounts of filler lead to a greater pellet sizes and roundness.
ďƒ˜
At the end of pelleting process, a binder is added to harden the outer layer of pellet.this also reduces the amount of dust produced during handling shipping and planting.
ďƒ˜
After pelleting is complete the pelleted seeds are dried.
For increased efficiency Excessive adhesive should not be added. It may lead to clogging of seeds. The adhesive should be with required viscosity otherwise the coating would be imperfect. The filler material used should be spread in this layer of filler material otherwise more seed will be there in a single pellet . it will also bring the pellet a uniform size .
Advantages of pelleting 1. It regulates the size of seeds for precision planting by machine and hand. 2. It reduces the amount of seeds required to plant and cuts the work of thinning of the crop. 3. Supply of growth regulators. 4. Pelleting of irregular shaped seeds is favorable because of their uniform size makes easy to handle. 5. Increased oxygen penetration/availability. 6.
Wider pellet density range allowing more accurate spacing of seed in a wide range of planting conditions.
7.
Pellet loading.
8.
Better field visibility.
Seed pelleting and pellet improvements INCREASED OXYGEN PENETRATION
ď śSooter and Miller (1978) found that common pelleting materials like silica can extract dissolved oxygen from water as the liquid moves through the pellet. ď ś Increased oxygen supply for pelleted seed, especially in oversaturated soil conditions, has been achieved through the use of oxygendonating chemicals (Sladdin and Lynch, 1983) and the development of splitting-pellet technology.
Split-pellet technology for increased oxygen penetration Historically, the primary obstacle for pellet use has been slow and erratic emergence associated with insufficient oxygen supply to the seed. The development of a splitting pellet like our High-Density, Medium-Density or Light-Density lettuce pellets are especially beneficial to growers that plant lettuce under saturated soilwater conditions caused by irrigation after sowing. A pellet that can split open upon hydration allows oxygenated water to move directly to the seed.
Pelleted seeds
Seed coating of maize
Pelleting of lettuce seed
SIZING MACHINE FOR WET PELLETS
SIZING MACHINE FOR DRY PELLETS
Disadvantages of pelleting
Pelleted seeds cost more and have more weight than ordinary seeds.
In small seeds, a piece of inert matter may form as a pellet without seed while some pellets contain more than one seed.
More moisture is required to germinate pelleted seeds. Very difficult to access the purity of pelleted seeds. Testing has to be done after removing the pelleted materials.
Trained persons are required to carry out pelleting operation. Pelleting process requires more labour.
If pelleting material is hard may be difficult for radicle emergence through pelleted material. The pellet may act as barrier to oxygen diffusion thus affecting germination.
TABLE 1: effect of fortification and pelleting on crop growth
parameters in cowpea
Treatments
FE (%)
Pods / plant
PL (cm)
Control
85
11.0
15.9
86
11.6
16.2
Pelleted with micronutrients
87
11.8
16.4
Fortified with micronutrients + Pelleted with micronutrients
86
12.1
16.5
S.EdÂą
0.006
0.09
0.05
CD (0.05)
NS
0.21
0.12
Fortified with micronutrients
pelleted with Micronutrients are influences the vigour and yield parameters in cowpea compare to others Ponnuswamy vijaya(1997)
TABLE 2: seed yield per plant (g) as influenced by graded seed and pelleting treatment in French bean . Pelleting treatment
Plant height (cm)
Control
27.58
DAP + Kaolin (K)
No. of branch/pl ant
No. of flowers/ plant
No. of pods / plant
Seed yield (q/ha)
4.51
20.04
16.33
23.35
27.13
3.62
17.09
13.15
6.29
Micronutrient+ K
23.75
4.17
18.44
15.09
12.96
Albizzia leaf powder (ALP)
28.29
4.62
22.93
18.31
24.15
Pongamia(PLP)
28.31
4.60
22.04
17.67
22.44
Rhizibium phaseoli(Rhi)
30.60
5.29
26.11
19.81
28.47
DAP+M+ ALP
20.78
3.71
15.84
12.80
7.89
DAP +M+ ALP + Rhi
23.78
3.78
17.73
14.51
10.89
DAP +M+ ALP + Rhi +PLP
24.27
3.87
18.64
15.08
11.46
Mean
24.43
4.22
19.87
15.86
16.46
Rhizibium pelleting treatment influence the nitrogen fixation in French bean as a result improves the growth and yield parameters compare to others. kempegowda (2002)
Table : 3 Initial quality parameters of pelleting of soybean KB-79 Bangalore Treatments
Germination %
Root length(cm)
Shoot length(cm)
Vigour index
P1 (control)
82.2
17.73
20.48
3110
85.0
19.29
21.63
3435
P3(seed pelleted with Znso4 0.3g + Neem kernel powder 2g/kg)
87.8
21.36
22.54
3764
P4(seed pelleted with borax 0.1g +Neem kernel powder 2g /kg of seed )
84.2
18.45
19.64
3207
SEm Âą
0.912
0.440
2.507
42.2
CD 5%
2.99
1.23
0.77
130
P2(seed pelleted with
powder 2g/kg of seed)
DAP 3 g + Neem kernel
(P3 treatment )Seeds pelleted with micronutrient and botanicals ensures the germination as a result to increase the root length , shoot length, vigour index. Ramesh ,K.C. 2002
Table :4 Germination % as influenced by pelleting in okra treatments
Bangalore
Storage periods(months)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
A1(Gum Arabic)
82
78
77
75
72
68
64
A2 (polyvinyl acetate)
83
81
78
76
73
68
65
C D.5%
NS
1.55 NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
P1(Clay)
84
80
79
77
74
69
66
P2(Sand)
83
79
76
75
72
68
64
P3(Bentonite)
82
79
76
74
72
68
63
P4(P1+P2+P3)
83
80
79
76
73
68
65
CD 5%
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Binders
pelleting
Polyvinyl acetate and combination of Seed Pelleting with clay materials helps to cover seed and restrict the entry of pathogens ,thus maintains the cell membrane integrity. As result more the root length , germination %, shoot length, vigour . Field Balaramu, T. K 2007 emergence.
Table : 5 Seedling vigour index as influenced by pelleting in okra treatments
Bangalore
Storage periods(months) 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
A1(Gum Arabic)
1324
1178
1095
1022
918
785
704
A2 (polyvinyl acetate)
1348
1221
1123
1041
930
797
713
C D.5%
NS
30.05
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
P1(Clay)
1360
1230
1167
1100
997
818
748
P2(Sand)
1349
1183
1080
1024
899
781
698
P3(Bentonite)
1294
1176
1070
963
885
777
678
P4(P1+P2+P3)
1341
1208
1119
1037
915
790
711
CD 5%
48.04
NS
49.64
39.36
42.50
31.24
33.17
Binders
pelleting
Balaramu, T. K 2007
Table : 6 Field emergence % as influenced by pelleting in okra treatments
Storage periods(months)
Bangalore
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
A1(Gum Arabic)
65
63
60
58
56
51
49
A2 (polyvinyl acetate)
67
63
61
59
57
52
50
C D.5%
1.18
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
P1(Clay)
68
65
62
59
57
53
51
P2(Sand)
64
62
61
58
55
51
49
P3(Bentonite)
65
62
60
57
55
52
49
P4(P1+P2+P3)
67
63
60
59
56
52
49
CD 5%
1.67
1.91
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Binders
pelleting
Balaramu, T. K 2007
Table : 7 Root length (cm) as influenced by pelleting in okra treatments
Storage periods(months) 0
2
9.24
4
Bangalore
6
8
10
12
8.88 7.06
6.40
5.96
4.88
3.90
A2 (polyvinyl acetate) 9.43
8.94 7.10
6.43
5.99
4.90
3.94
C D.5%
0.04
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
P1(Clay)
9.43
9.03 7.26
6.52
6.09
5.01
4.01
P2(Sand)
9.30
8.89 7.01
6.35
5.93
4.84
3.88
P3(Bentonite)
9.23
8.82 6.97
6.33
5.88
4.82
3.87
P4(P1+P2+P3)
9.38
8.91 7.07
6.46
5.99
4.90
3.92
CD 5%
0.06
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Binders A1(Gum Arabic)
NS
pelleting
NS
Balaramu, T. K 2007
Table : 8 Electrical conductivity(dSm-1)as influenced by pelleting in okra treatments
Storage periods(months)
Bangalore
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
160
166
174
197
221
244
262
A2 (polyvinyl acetate) 158
164
173
195
219
242
260
C D.5%
2.00
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
P1(Clay)
157
163
170
193
217
240
257
P2(Sand)
160
166
174
197
221
244
262
P3(Bentonite)
160
168
176
198
222
245
263
P4(P1+P2+P3)
158
164
174
196
219
243
261
CD 5%
NS
3.62 3.55
NS
NS
NS
NS
Binders A1(Gum Arabic)
pelleting
Polyvinyl acetate and clay maintains the EC at the end of 12 months period s . Because Leach ate is less influences the good quality of seeds. Balaramu, T. K 2007
Table : 9 Effect of pelleting
treatments on yield attributes in soybean cv.KB-79 Bangalore
Treatments
No. of No of pods/pla seeds nt /plant
Seed yield (g)/pla nt
Seed Seed yield yield (kg)/pl kg /ha ant
P1 (control)
46.36
71.76
7.32
1.830
1464
53.80
85.32
9.54
2.386
1908
P3(seed pelleted with Znso4 0.3g + Neem kernel powder 2g/kg)
66.80
100.12
11.88
2.722
2177
P4(seed pelleted with borax 0.1g +Neem kernel powder 2g /kg of seed )
47.52
81.64
8.46
2.118
1694
SEm Âą
3.00
7.41
0.656
180.6
144.4
CD 5%
9.25
22.8
2.02
5.56
4.45
P2(seed pelleted with
powder 2g/kg of seed)
DAP 3 g + Neem kernel
Seeds pelleted with micronutrient and botanicals improves supply of nutrients and metabolic activity helps to increases the yield parameters compare to others. Ramesh ,K.C. 2002
Table :10 . Effect pelleting materials , stickers on number of fruits per plant in vegetable stickers Pelleting materials
Sugar
Methyl cellulose
Mean
Sand
24.00
20.33
22.16
Clay
21.66
19.00
20.33
Charcoal
23.66
30.33
27.00
Sand +clay
22.00
21.66
21.83
Sand +charcoal
28.00
32.00
30.00
Clay + charcoal
22.00
22.33
22.16
control
24.00
24.10
24.05
Krishnappa,V. 1985 (uas b) Significant differences were noticed in fruits per plant as influenced by the different pelleting material not due stickers.
Table :11 . Effect of pelleting materials , stickers on the weight of fruit(yield in kg) / plant in vegetable. stickers Pelleting materials
Sugar
Methyl cellulose
Mean
Sand
1.16
1.06
1.11
Clay
1.00
0.93
0.96
Charcoal
1.06
1.46
1.26
Sand +clay
1.03
0.96
1.00
Sand +charcoal
1.10
1.40
1.25
Clay + charcoal
1.03
1.10
1.06
control
1.16
1.18
1.17
Krishnappa,V. 1985 (uas b) Significant differences were noticed in fruits per plant in kg as influenced by the different pelleting material not due stickers.
Table 12. Effect of seed pelleting with micronutrients and leaf powder on yield and its components of cowpea Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 22(4) : (898-900) 2009 Treatments (S)
Pod length (cm)
Pod girth (cm)
Number of pods / plant
No of seeds/ pod
Pod weight( g)
S1(ZnSO4 @ 250 mg / kg of seed)
17.52
1.65
27.92
12.33
1.75
S2(Borax @ 100 mg / kg of seeds)
17.60
1.81
29.10
12.49
1.84
S3(Arappu leaf powder @ 250 g/kg of seeds)
18.18
1.81
29.80
12.37
1.79
S4(S1 + S2)
18.39
1.79
22.30
12.25
1.68
S5(S1 + S3)
17.87
1.98
24.01
11.84
1.63
S6(S2 + S3)
17.26
1.76
22.80
11.80
1.63
S7(S1 + S2 + S3)
17.09
1.81
22.65
11.73
1.72
S0(Control (without pelleting)
16.85
1.54
18.57
10.94
1.55
CD at 5%
0.60
0.06
2.15
0.69
0.09
DILEEPKUMAR A. MASUTHI . et al This may be due to the increased accumulation of carbohydrate by boron and increased in the uniform size of seed.
Table 13. Effect of seed pelleting with micronutrients and leaf powder on yield and its components of cowpea Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 22(4) : (898-900) 2009 Treatments (S)
Pod yield/ha (kg)
Seed yield/plant (g)
Seed yield /ha (kg)
S1(ZnSO4 @ 250 mg / kg of seed)
1856.0
30.91
1478.6
S2(Borax @ 100 mg / kg of seeds)
1863.7
31.80
1536.3
S3(Arappu leaf powder @ 250 g/kg of seeds)
1846.3
31.68
1529.3
S4(S1 + S2)
1700.0
25.04
1370.0
S5(S1 + S3)
1604.0
26.84
1347.7
S6(S2 + S3)
1572.7
26.29
1258.7
S7(S1 + S2 + S3)
1553.3
26.79
1240.3
S0(Control (without pelleting)
1380.3
18.51
1119.3
CD at 5%
6.41
2.16
3.40
The increase in the yield components may be due to boron, which concerned with sugar translocation from complex compounds like carbohydrates and translocated them at greater . Boron plays a greater role in nitrogen based synthesis or utilization and involved in RNA metabolism which helped in protein synthesis. DILEEPKUMAR A. MASUTHI . et al .
Table 14. Effect of seed pelleting with micronutrients and leaf powder on seed quality parameters of cowpea Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 22(4) : (898-900) 2009 Treatments (S)
Root length(cm)
Shoot length(cm)
Seedlingvig our index
EC(dSm1)
S1(ZnSO4 @ 250 mg / kg of seed)
18.51
24.92
4277
1.01
S2(Borax @ 100 mg / kg of seeds)
17.01
26.31
4269
1.09
S3(Arappu leaf powder @ 250 g/kg of seeds)
16.70
26.12
4208
1.10
S4(S1 + S2)
15.17
25.58
4004
1.16
S5(S1 + S3)
17.10
24.89
4103
1.20
S6(S2 + S3)
15.70
25.68
4069
1.07
S7(S1 + S2 + S3)
16.71
25.24
4088
1.09
S0(Control (without pelleting)
14.51
23.83
3735
1.37
CD at 5%
2.25
1.89
3.39
0.05
The improvement in root and shoot length of seedling due to ZnSO4 treatment might probably due to enhanced metabolic activity, earliness in germination and seedling growth. DILEEPKUMAR A. MASUTHI . et al
Table 15 : Influence of seed dressing chemicals on moisture content (%) of pelleted tomato seed during storage. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 22 (5) (1097-1103) : 2009 Months of storage
Treatment 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Seed dressing chemicals (T) T1 6.20
6.25
6.33
6.39
6.45
6.54
6.62
6.75
6.84
7.02
T2
6.23
6.28
6.36
6.41
6.49
6.58
6.67
6.77
6.91
7.05
T3
6.21
6.27
6.34
6.40
6.47
6.55
6.66
6.76
6.86
7.04
T4
6.26
6.30
6.42
6.43
6.58
6.62
6.69
6.82
6.97
7.10
T5
6.24
6.33
6.37
6.42
6.53
6.60
6.68
6.79
6.92
7.08
T6
6.27
6.35
6.43
6.45
6.61
6.67
6.84
6.87
7.01
7.14
S.EmÂą
0.017
0.003
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.010
0.015
0.008
0.010
0.005
CD (5%)
0.048
0.010
0.029
0.031
0.035
0.029
0.043
0.022
0.029
0.015
M. S. Shashibhaskar et al.
T1 - Carbendazim @ 2 g/kg T2 - Neem leaf powder @ 10 g/kg T3 - CaOCl2 @ 3 g/kg T4 - ZnSO4 @ 300 mg/kg T5 - Trichoderma viridae @ 4 g/kg T6 - Control (unpelleted seeds)
Table 16 : Influence of seed dressing chemicals on dehydrogenase activity and electrical conductivity (dS/m) of pelleted tomato seeds cv. PKM-1 during storage. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 22 (5) (1097-1103) : 2009 Dehydrogenase activity Electrical conductivity (dS/m) Months of storage 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 Seed dressing chemicals (T) T1 0.721 0.645 0.523 0.334 0.254 0.393 0.403 0.429 0.464 0.487 T2 0.658 0.526 0.345 0.237 0.168 0.423 0.434 0.455 0.489 0.514 T3 0.695 0.593 0.488 0.284 0.209 0.405 0.417 0.447 0.477 0.499 T4 0.632 0.496 0.348 0.214 0.135 0.483 0.498 0.524 0.558 0.582 T5 0.640 0.507 0.369 0.238 0.155 0.453 0.465 0.490 0.520 0.544 T6 0.615 0.483 0.308 0.186 0.118 0.507 0.515 0.542 0.576 0.615 S.EmÂą 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.003 CD (5%) 0.007 0.006 0.012 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.004 0.008 0.006 0.009 Treatment
M. S. Shashibhaskar et al. Seed infection by pathogen (0.00%) at the end of 10 months of storage. This might be due to antifungal effect of carbendazim.
conclusion 1. Seed pelleting is very much useful for precision sowing in crops like Solanaceous vegetables, medicinal and field crops. 2. It will be helpful to overcome nutrient deficiency. 3. It is more beneficial in smaller seeds as singling resulted through pelleting helps in reducing the cost and wastage of seeds. 4. It also reduces the problem of thinning and gap filling. 5. In bigger seeds it is for addition of required beneficiary substances to the seed based on demand and requirement.