Solanaceous vegetables by Deepika Chindi

Seed Production in Solanaceous Vegetable Crops

INTRODUCTION

 The Solanaceae is also known as the Nightshade Family. It is a very large group of plants, one of the largest of the plant families.  There are about 90 genera with 3000 species. The Nightshade Family has plants with many different habits.  There are herbs, shrubs, vines, and some trees among the Solanaceae.  plants can be annuals, biennials, or perennials. some of our favorite plants, peppers for example, are perennials that we grow as annuals.

IMPORTA NCE

TOMATO

BRINJAL

CHILLI

Tomato is one of the most important – “protective foods” because of its special nutritive value and widespread production. It is the world’s third largest vegetable crop .Ripe fruits are eaten raw as salad or cooked with other vegetables. Large quantity of tomato fruits are used to prepare soup, Juice, ketchup and powder. it is considered as ‘poor mans apple’ because of its attractive appearance and very high nutritive value, containing vitamin A, vitamin C and minerals like calcium, potassium etc.

Brinjal being grown in their kitchen garden. The unripe fruits are used as a cooked vegetable alone or mixed with other vegetables. Brinjal is used in a variety of culinary preparations. Pickles and industrially processed food are also produced from brinjal.

Chili is an important cash crop in India and is grown for its pungent fruits, which are used both green and ripe (the latter in the dried form) to impart pungency to the food. Green chillies are rich in Vitamin A and C, minerals and protein. Dry chillies are also rich in Vitamin A and D. As a condiment, it has become indispensable in every Indian home. It is also used medicinally, sauces, chutneys and pickles

Tomato

Brinjal

Chilli

Origin

Tomato is one of the most popular and widely grown nutritious vegetable in the world. originated in the America.

The brinjal, eggplant or aubergine (French name) has originated in the Indian sub-continent and China. Brinjal is an important vegetable crop of the Far East, Bangladesh, India, China and the Philippines.

Chilli or Pepper (Capsicum sps) originated in South America and spread into the New World tropics before subsequent introduction to Asia and Africa.

Taxonomy

(Lycopersicon esculentum L).The genus includes 12 species

family Solanaceae. the botanical name Solanum melongena L. (2n = 24) 3 main botanical varieties var. esculenturn, var. serpentintum, var. depressum.

Capsicum is a member of the family Solanaceae .nearly 100 good species .

Leading Brinjal Producing States (2010路11) Others

Haryana 2%

WEST BENGAL 23"

Karnataka 2%

ORRISI\.20 11%

ANDHRA PRAD拢SH 11%

National Horticulture Board (NHB)

LeadingTomato Producing States (2010路11)

Jarkand 2%

Others 15% AP 36%

TN 3% Chathisgad 4% Gujarat 6%

6% 4%

Karnataka 10% National Horticulture Board (NHB)

State Wise contribution of Chilli 2008-09

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Botany and Floral Biology and Pollination Habit Tomato

Brinjal

Chilli

Plants are compact, less spreading, dwarf, and determinate ,indeterminate type . Tomato flower cluster is borne laterally in small forked raceme cyme. The no of flowers per cluster in most cultivars varies from 4 to 5 and some times more. Flowers are yellow in color

Semi-erect plants bushy type and 60-120 cm with medium height. well branched. fibrous or lignified root system. The leaves are large, simple, lobed and alternate on the stems. The stems, leaves, and calyx of some cultivars are spined.The fruit is a pendant, fleshy berry. The shape of fruit varies from ovoid, Fruits are round having shiny dark purple colour, average single fruit weight is 120-130g.

Plants semi tall, spreading and highly branched ,Unripe fruits light green in colour, elongated, tapering towards the tip and 10.5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12.0 cm long. Chilli flower is normally solitary but occasionally borne in small cymes of leaf axils.

Fruits are borne in clusters of 4 to 5. Fruit is round globular, smooth, medium sized-and attractive weighing 45to 50 g

Brinjal flowers are large, violet colored and solitary or in clusters of two or more. Flower consists of calyx : sepals 5, corolla : petals 5, united, usually cup shaped; stamens 5, carpels are united, ovary superior.

The calyx is 5 lobed and corolla is 5 parted and white, but purple in colour. The 5 stamens, ovary generally has three locules.

Tomato

Brinjal

Chilli

Tomato is normally self-pollinated crop .5 stamens. Though the stigma is receptive at the time of anthesis, anthers do not dehisce until about 24-48 hours later. Cross-pollination of tomato flowers to the extent of about 5 % insects.

The anthesis and pollen dehiscence in eggplant flowers occur between 6:00 and 11:00 in the morning. Depends upon temperature. Pollen viability is retained for 8-10 days at a temperature of 20-22째 C and with a relative humidity of 50-55%.this is highly self pollinated. The seeds are borne on the fleshy placentae filling the locular cavity completely.

Anthesis takes place some times after the flowers have opened. Flowers remain open for 2-3 days. The flowers open in the morning between 2 and 10 A. M. (Gopalratnam, 1933). The anthers normally dehisce an hour after the flower opening. The seed is borne in a compact formation on the placenta and usually at the basal end of the fruit. .up to 68 percent crosspollination in India. Bees, ants and thrips are the possible agents of pollination.`

 BOTANY

Tomato

Chilli plant

Chilli flower

Capsicum annum : ď&#x192;&#x2DC; This is the most important species on a World scale

since , ď&#x192;&#x2DC; It includes all the commercially important types, like red pepper , paprika, sweet pepper . Capsicum annum upright fruiting habit

Capsicum frutescens : It is also known as Bird chilli or Tobasco chilli ,  There are grown or exported through out Latin America.  These are pungent , suitable for oleoresin extraction .  In India we fined them growing in Coastal Kerala , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Andrapradesh and N -Eastern States .

Capsicum pubescens :

This is a high land pepper found through out the Andean region and high land of middle America .  The species is much restricted in its distribution and the variability is very much limited.

Capsicum chinense : This is the most variable of the domesticated species of capsicum .  It is wide spread with in Latin America .  In India we fined them Capsicum chinense in Kerala and North Eastern States . Capsicum baccatum :  This species is grown on a garden and field scale in South America.  This species is not known in India .  Outside the research stations .  It has very good yield potential and useful genes against Powdery mildew and Anthracnose .

Tomato

Brinjal

Chilli

crop duration is 145 days A relatively long growing Crop duration of 200 days. season of about 120 days is required for successful production of this crop.

Breeding objectives Earliness.  Desirable fruit shape and size .  Superior fruit quality .  High oleoresin in chilli.  Resistance to diseases (fruit rot ,cercospora leaf spot , powdery mildew, bacterial leaf spot , phytophthora root rot , root knot, common TMV)  Resistance/ tolerance to insects (thrips, mite, aphid, fruit borer). High yielding varieties.

Breeding methods Pure line selection (tomato ; pant T-3, co-2,co-1) (chilli : Bhagyalakshmi ,Arka abir )  mass selection Recurrent selection  pedigree method Mutation breeding tomato: pkm-1,s-12, Hybridization , tomato: pusa early dwarf, pusa ruby. brinjal: pusa kranti, pusa bindu,pusa anupam. chilli: k-2,pusa jwala, pusa mukti, pusa sadbahar.

GENETIC Slno

RESOURCES OF CHILLI

CENTERS

NO 0F GERMPLASM

TNAU.COIMBATORE

ANGARU .HYDERABAD

246

KAU.VELLANIKKARA

BCKU.KALYANI

UAS.DHARWAD

AAU,JORHAT

IIVR.VARANASI

110

Soil type and climati c requir ement

Tomato

Brinjal

chilli

Tomato can be grown in varied types of soil â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sandy loam, clay, black soil and red soil, with proper drainage. Tomato can tolerate moderate acidic and saline soil. Tomatoes do best in soil with pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.5. the average temp 18-27 degree c. grown under irrigated condition.

A well deep, drained and fertile soil is desirable for growing brinjal. sandy loam soil is preferred with pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.5. the average temp 1825 degree c.grown under rainy season.

Chilli is grown rich in organic matter sandy to heavy clay. Chilli crop prefers a soil pH 6-7 and it is sensitive to acidic soils below pH 5.0. 180 C to 270 C. it cultivated both irrigated and rain fed

TOMATO VARIETIES/HYBRIDS

BRINJAL VARIETIES/HYBRIDS

CHILLI VARIETIES /HYBRIDS

Indeterminate varieties

Long varieties

Solan yellow,punjablal, pan c-1 , skyline lakshmi, pusa sadbahar

Determinate varieties

Round varieties

Hybrids (a)Public sectors

Pusa rubby,solan gola,yaswant(A-2),naveen Arka vikas ,Arka sourab,

Roma,rupaliarka meghali,pusa early dwarf

Pusa hybrid -1,pant hybrid 10,kt-4, (b)private sector Sheetal,rupali,mangalnaveen, sutton gram wonders

Pusa purple long, pusa purple cluster, pusa anupam,kt-4

Pusa purple round,jamuni goal,punjab bahar

Arka navneeth ,vijay,pusa hybrid -5,pant hybrid -1

(b)private sector

Suphal,navbiran,nemabakar

TOMATO PKM 1

BRINJAL CO 2

PLR 1

KKM 1

Chilli Hybrid Chilli (Laxmi Green)

Pest resistance F1 deepika

Murad f1 hybrid

Damping off disease resistance hybrid red chilli

Medina f1 hybrid

Hot red smooth pepper. Developed by De Ruiter Seeds.

Marconi Purple Sweet Cubanelle/Italian frying from Italy growing 6 to 8 inches by 1.5 to 2.5 inches wide medium thick flesh that matures green to blackish purple to (Capsicum annuum)

type long with from red.

Tomato Land 2-3 ploughing and good prepar tilth. Leveled and good ation drainage facility ,prepared nursery bed. it requires mulching. Spacin g &seed rate

45×45 cm(determinate type varieties) 90×30cm(indeterminate /hybrids)&400-500gms /ha

Brinjal same.

45×30 cm&250&500 gm and /ha LessSpreadingvar ieties:60 x 60 cm. 75-90 x 60 cm. Spreading varieties

chilli Same.

45×30 cm& 1.5-2kg/ha

Seed multiplication ratio

Tomato

Brinjal

Chilli

Roma (1:175)

Pusa purple (1:154)

Wonder (1:66)

Field inspecti on&

Tomato

Brinjal

Chilli

foundation : 50m Certified:25m

Brinjal, although selfpollinated, can outcross to a considerable extent. foundation : 200m Certified: 100m Minimum 3 inspection, before Flowering and fruiting flowering , fruit stage, mature fruit stage.

foundation : 400m Certified: 200m Minimum 3 inspection, before Flowering, time of flowering and fruit stage , mature fruit stage.

Minimum 3 inspection, Isolatio before Flowering and n fruiting flowering , distance fruit stage, mature fruit stage.

Roguing Before flowering. Early they

may effectively same flowering and fruit rogue out the off-types setting stage, Fruiting and undesirable plants at different stages of stage crop growth. Before flowering(plant colour, growth habit) At early flowering, At fruiting offtypes

Specific requirements:

Brinjal

tomato ,chilli

Maximum permitted (%) Factor

founda tion

Certified

found ation

certified

foundati Certifie on d

Off types

0.10

0.20

0.10

0.50

0.10

0.20

Plant affected by seed â&#x20AC;&#x201C;borne diseases

0.10

0.50

0.10

0.50

0.10

0.50

Seed standards Brinjal

tomato

Maximum permitted (%)

chilli Standards for each class(%)

Factor

Foundati on

certified

foundatio n

certified

foundati certifi on ed

Pure seed (min)

98.0

98.00

98.0

Inert matter (max)

2.0

Other crop seeds (max)

None

0.05

0.10

0.05

0.10

Weed seeds(max)

None

0.05

0.10

Germination (%)

70.0

60.0

Moisture(max)

8.0

8.00

Tomato Sowi Seeds are sown in seed bed late October ng and transplanted in 1st week of December. time Proper irrigation is required. &tra nspl antin g

Fertil izer appli catio n &irri gatio n

Brinjal

Chilli

Sown at June and transplanted in July (4-5 weeks old seedlings)

The seeds are sown in seed bed Nov, transplanting (78 weeks)

15t of FYM. &NPK 100:60:120 kg each of p &k /ha.full of fym &full of p ,k & 1/3rd of N NPK 120:80:80 20t fym & ,apply at the land preparation time kg/ha. 20-25tfym 100:50:50kg/ha &remaining add 20-25 days after transplanting into 2 split doses. At pre â&#x20AC;&#x201C; flowering time. No of irrigation will depend on soil type. 7-15 days interval. borax @ 2025 kg/ha as soil application. zinc sulphate should be applied @ 25 kg/ha in the soil. (Fruit stage)

Chilli nursery bed

Transplanting of tomato Tomato seedlings

brinjal

Seedlings of chilli

Mulching

Intercultural operations& Weed management

Tomato

Brinjal

Chilli

Earthing up may be done at one and two months after transplanting.1 time intercultural operations & Alachlor50 EC 2litre/ha should be spray at pre emergence.

Earthing up may be done at one and two months after transplanting. Chemicals are used, basalin 2-3 lts/ha should be spray at pre emergence.

Earthing up may be done at one and two months after transplanting.1 Lasso 2litre/ha, one hand weeding,60dat .

Insect pest control

Diseases

control

brinjal

Fruit borer

Sevin0.2%@12 -15 days interval if damage is more.

Damping off wilt

Seeds are treated with thiram 2gm /kg seeds.  Bavastin 0.1%

tomato

Fruit borer jassids

5% carbonyl dust 0.03%phosph omidon

damping off  early blight

Seeds are treated with thiram 2gm /kg seeds. Dithane -m 45 0.2%

chilli

Thrips Fruit borer

0.1%malathia n 0.03%monocr otophos

 damping off anthracnose

 drench the beds with captan.  blitox 0.25%

Damping off (Phytophthora or Pythium sp.): of tomato

Early blight (Alternaria solani):

Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum):

Tomato blight

Tomato Hornworm

Chilli thrips

Hot pepper anthracnose

Chili leaf curl

Alternaria Blight

Brinjal

Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis):

Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum):

Little leaf (mycoplasma):

Harvesting brinjal

The fruits are harvested when fully ripe or yellow or completely yellow in colour. The time required from flowering to market-

fruit size is about 3-4 weeks, but fruit can be harvested and eaten at any earlier stage of the development. 30 to 40 tons/ha. the seed fruit fully matures about 50-55 days after pollination.

tomato

Harvest fully ripe red stages are found to be good for extracting good quality seed . Picking at mature green stage and fruits of last picking should be avoided for seed extraction.

chilli

Fully ripe fruits should be harvested.

Harvesting of chilli

Harvesting of tomato

stage of Harvesting brinjal

Seed Extraction brinjal

Two basic methods used for the extraction of brinjal seeds : wet extraction and During In wet extraction, the harvested fruits are stored for 5-7 days at room temperature until they become soft. This allows the seeds to mature fully. The fruits are crushed or cut into thin slices. These are then softened by soaking till the seeds are separated from the pulp. Since the brinjal fruit pulp is relatively dry, it requires extra water during and after crushing and would be allowed to stand overnight to facilitate seed separation from the flesh. In dry extraction, the ripened fruits are harvested and dried in the sun until they shrivel. During drying of purple and purple black fruits the skin colour turns to coppery brown. The fruits are then hand beaten to extract the seed. This method is used for smallscale seed extraction. The wet extraction is favored for large-scale seed production.

chilli

Red-ripe fruit is picked, and macerated mechanically to separate the seeds. Early harvest of immature fruits will affect germination.

Chilli seed extractor

Brinjal seed extractor machine

Tomato seed extractor

Tomato Seed Extraction

Fermentation Method : In this method the selected ripe fruits are harvested and kept in wooden or plastic containers for two to three days until the fruits become soft.  They are crushed by hand and no fruit juice is allowed to drain out. Entire mass is kept for 24 to 72 hours depending upon temperature. Flesh will float at the top and seed will settle down at the bottom. The fermented mass is removed and the seeds are sieved and cleaned with fresh clean water and dried. Longer fermentation may damage the seed.

Separation With Sodium Carbonate :  This method is relatively safe and can be used for small quantities of seed in cooler temperate areas where the fermentation method is not used.  The pulp containing the extracted seeds are mixed with equal volume of a 10 percent solution of sodium carbonate (washing soda).  The mixture is left up to two days at room temperature after which time the seed is washed out in a sieve and subsequently dried.  The sodium carbonate method of extraction tends to darken the testa of the seed and is, therefore, not normally used for commercial seed.

Separation With Hydrochloric Acid :  This method is often favored by large commercial producers as it produces a very bright clean seed sample.  The hydrochloric acid treatments is often combined with later stages of fermentation.  George (1985) reported that 567 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid stirred into 10 liters of seed and pulp mixture and left for half an hour is successful.  After the extraction seeds must be dried as quickly as possible. A common method as described by Webster (1944) is to spread the seed in screen-bottom trays which are placed on racks out of doors so that the air passes both above and below the screens.  The trays are often stirred to get the full effect of the solar energy. Occasional stirring of the seed speeds the drying process. Drying of tomato seedis done up to the moisture content of 8% (Agrawal, 1980)

Cleaning and Drying of Seeds brinjal

After extracting and washing, the seeds are cleaned and dried. Drying is done by spreading the seeds in the partial sun light for few hours for one to two days up to a moisture content of 8% or below (Agarwal, 1980).

chilli

Seeds are cleaned to free pulp and skins and dried in the partial sun to below 8 percent moisture content before storage.

Seed Yield brinjal

The variation in seed yield is due to environmental factors, crop management practices and varieties. The average seed yield is 100-120 kg/ha (Chowdhury, 1976), but good yield may reach 600-700 kg/ha (Singh et al., 1964).

tomato

Thus seed yield will depend on yield of fresh fruits. However, under sub-continent condition Singh et al. (1964) recorded an average yield of tomato seed as 145 kg /ha.

chilli

Average seed yield varies from 50 to 80 kg per hectare (Agrawal, 1980).

Hybrid seed production in Solanaceous crops

Tomato

â&#x20AC;˘

Manifestation of Heterosis : Hybrid vigour in tomato is manifested in the from of earliness, total yield, uniformity of produce, greater plant vigour and better adaptability to unfavorable environment. In general heterosis for yield in hybrids ranged from 30-50 percent.

Hybridization Techniques : For commercial hybrid seed production the emasculation of fe male flowers and pollination by hand is still considered economical and efficient. Most of the seed companies do hybridization this way. • Indeterminate tomato varieties are staked and trained with either single stem or double stem, whereas, the determinate tomato varieties are trained with 3 stems. Usually 1st to 4th cluster on each branch are selected for emasculation. • Buds where the corolla leaves have just opened and form an angle up to 45" in respect to the flower axis (a day prior to anthesis) are selected for emasculation. • The emasculation operation involves in holding the corolla at the base and with a single upward pull pick off the corolla along with all the stamens. Usually the anthers are picked off a day before anthesis with the help of forceps leaving the petals intact. •

Emasculation in tomato crop

 Such petals turn yellow on the day of anthesis. Fresh pollen collection on the day of anthesis by a vibrator has the highest viability, because only ripe pollen are shed by vibrating the flowers.  Pollens are collected in a glass tube or on a glass plate from the female line and are transferred to the stigma by finger or by inserting the stigma into a glass tube containing the pollen grains.  Left over pollen grains in the glass tube are not used on the next day because its viability is reduced considerably. Half of the calyx of pollinated flowers is removed to distinguish it from unpollinated flowers.  Pollen grains can be stored for a longer period (2 months) of time when its moisture content is reduced using a desiccators and the temperature is kept around 0°C.

Physiological Parameters Affecting Tomato Seed Yield and Vigour

•

Growth of tomato plant is satisfactory up to 25°C. In tropical regions, prolonged high temperatures (35-42°C) adversely affect pollen fertility and physiology of fertilization, of inflorescence, different altitude and latitude and fertilizer application exert an influence leading to poor seed set. Age of pollen and stigma, abundant or scarce pollination, height on the vigour of the plant.

Improvement in Methods of Hybrid seed Production Nearly 40 percent of the total labour expenditure is on flower emasculation during the course of hybrid seed production, which can be reduced by using male sterile lines. • Male sterility controlled by recessive genes (totaling 42 in number now) and stamen less mutant controlled by recessive gene (s1) having normal corolla and free stigma, are quite accessible for pollen application. • Limited success has also been obtained in phonotypical restoration of sterility in 'ms' forms with silver nitrate treatment. • Partial success has been achieved in restoration of (ms) sterility using GA 3 or GA 4/7. Such restoration will result in the production of 100% fertile plants from male sterile forms. •

Seed extraction and Drying  Tomato seeds are extracted mainly by fermentation method. Under warm conditions, the fermentation process is complete in 24 hours. At 25ºC, it requires 2 days for the completion of fermentation process.  The pulp is stirred several times in a day to maintain a uniform rate of fermentation and to avoid discoloration of the seed. Seeds are than washed with clean water.  Fermentation method of seed extraction also controls bacterial canker disease which is seed born. Tomato seed is also extracted using acid (HCl) or alkali (NaOH), 10 cc or 36 percent HCl or 30 percent NaOH is added in 4 kg of tomato pulp.  The treatment is given for a period of 15 minutes, which separates the jelly from tomato seeds. The seeds are than washed thoroughly and then dried.

Seed Yield

ď ś One kg of tomato fruit will produce 3-4 g of seed yield (10001200 seed). Av. seed yield : 60-70 kg/ha depending upon the performance of parental lines.

Eggplant and Sweet Pepper

Manifestation of Heterosis ď ś In general heterosis in sweet pepper ranged from 35-40 percent whereas, in eggplant it ranges from 50-150 percent. Rashid et al. (1988) reported 50% heterosis in eggplant in Bangladesh. Heterosis in eggplant is manifested in earliness, fruit number per plant and fruit weight. In case of sweet pepper, heterosis is manifested for plant height, days to flower, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, early and total yield.

Hybridization Techniques

•

• • • •

Emasculation and hand pollination is the useful production techniques. Stigma is receptive a day prior to anthesis in eggplant. Hence bud pollination is possible giving good fruit set and seed yield. In sweet pepper, emasculation is done a day prior to anthesis, whereas, pollination is done in the morning on the day of anthesis. Natural cross pollination ranged from 0.2-46.8% in eggplant flowers. Emasculated flowers are never visited by pollinators. Pepper flowers are visited by honey bees occasionally. Fresh pollen grains are collected on the day of anthesis by a vibrator and can be stored for a period of 1 to 2 months at 0ºC, using silica gel for proper drying of the pollen grains. In order to obtain optimum yield and good quality seed, it is essential to train the eggplant as well as sweet pepper plants. The first and 2nd flowers are harvested at the initial stages. This will boost plant growth as well as the number of seeds formed in subsequent fruits. The training of eggplant involves to allow two lateral branches below the first flower and the remaining lateral branches are removed. This technique is aimed to attain sound growth of plant.

Emasculation in brinjal

Emasculation &pollination

Physiological Parameters Affecting Seed Yield and Vigour in Eggplant and Sweet Pepper.

•

The eggplant is photo insensitive but requires an optimum day temperature of 25-30°C and 20-27°C night temperature for its growth. In case of pepper effect of low temperature (8-10°C) on seed set is greater before anthesis than afterwards. Plant growth is satisfactory at day temperature ranging from 2025°C. Pepper plant prefers high humidity for its proper growth. Providing partial shade prior to flowering boost its vegetative growth. Capsicum flowering and fruit set require bright sunlight.

Use of Male Sterility in Hybrid Seed Production in Eggplant and Sweet Pepper.

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Male sterile lines are available in eggplant (genic male sterility) and sweet pepper (genic and cms) but are not successful at commercial seed production. Seed set on male sterile lines ranged from 46-67% in capsicum. Use of functional male sterility in hybrid seed production, sweet pepper has a bright future. Cytoplasmic male sterility is being used now in case of chilli pepper to produce F1 hybrid commercially by several seed companies.

Seed Extraction •

Eggplant fruits are harvested 50-55 days after anthesis and are stored for a period of 10 days for postharvest ripening. Sweet pepper fruits are harvested 60-65 days after anthesis. The ripe fruits are crushed and seeds are separated by washing with excess of water without fermentation. The seeds are dried using dry air at 28-30°C.

Seed Yield •

A satisfactory seed yield in eggplant is 150-200 kg/ha with a thousand seed weight ranging from 4-5 g. In peppers the seed yield varies from 100 to 200 kg/ha. One kg of sweet pepper will yield 5-7 g of seed with the thousand seed weight equals to 5 g.

Brinjal  Brinjal Manifestation of Heterosis Adaptability, Number of long &medium styled flowers Fruit set, size , weight and number of fruits plant Early yield. consideration size, colour shape, quality & resistance factors.  DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS A wider gene base as pure lines and varieties.  TECHNIQUE OF HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION 150 to 200 g of hybrid seed is enough to cover one hectare of land. On an average, each crossed fruit yields 3 g seed. 70 crossed fruits enough. F1 hybrid seed - small scale the female and male parents of a cross are grown side by side but away from other genotypes.

 The mature long-styled flower buds of female - emasculated on previous day afternoon - covered with butter paper bags.  Long-styled mature buds are also covered with butter paper bags for collection of pollen.  Hand pollination - next day between 9hr to 13 hr. in winter and 7 hr to 12 hr in summer.  Fertilized flowers (ovaries) get prominence about 10 days of pollination.  Fruits matured in 30 to 55 days White, green- yellow, dark purple - become yellowish brown in colour Seeds extracted after harvesting fruits or after a few days of storage under shade.

ď ś Male and female parents of a cross are grown 200 meters in isolation For pollinating the emasculated flowers, anthers from male parent - mature flowers buds collected in large Petri dishes -anthers are kept under light during night to dehisce the pollen grains - pollen grains sieved through muslin cloth - collected into a container - used for hand-pollination. ď ś A part of the petals of pollinated flowers are cut with scissor to indicate the pollination - in 10 days the fertilized flowers (ovaries) develop into prominence. ď ś MAINTENANCE OF PARENTAL LINES Plant type and other morphological characters are also given due consideration in maintaining the purity of parents. Strict rouging of undesirable plants is observed to keep the purity of parental lines. The purity of parental lines can also be maintained vegetatively.

TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum) :  Commercial production -cross combination have shown a high value on evaluation.  The largest seed producer - which has profuse pollen.  Female flowers are emasculated and covered with pollen as soon as they are exposing after emasculation.  Mechanical aids are powered electric ‘bee’ which shakes the anthers and pollen is collected in a glass vial of thumb nail.  Pollens is applied to stigma by brush or inverting the emasculated flower over the thumb nail.  For temperate regions earliness is the main attribute to be incorporated in hybrids. Genetic male sterility is also used in developing hybrids.

chilli

CHILLIES Floral biology and pollination : Flowers usually born single and are terminal, corolla deeply 5 lobbed, while greenish in colour.  Stamens 5-6 inserted near the base of corolla, anther dehiscing longitudinally, ovary 2 celled, style simple, white or purple.  Bees, are the possible agents of pollination.  Both self and cross pollination occur, the latter to about 16 per cent. Flowers remain open for 2-3 days. The percentage of fruit setting is 40-50.



METHODS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF F1 HYBRID IN CHILLIES :

 Production of inbred lines : The inbreeds used for production of F 1 hybrids should be genetically pure. Sibbing or selfing helps in production of genetically pure inbred lines. Chilli being self pollinated crop pure lines maintained in the collection can be used as inbred lines. Parents may be selected on the basis of vigour, fruit size and yield.  Hybrid seed production in chillies :  A. Emasculation and pollination : Emasculation may be done either early in the morning or in the previous evening before opening of flower and calyx still covering the anther and stigma. With the help of a pair of forceps., the petals are easily parted and anthers are removed and bagged.

Hybridization technique : ď&#x192;&#x2DC; Late in the morning or early in the afternoon fresh flower should be plucked from intended male parents which have been previously bagged and pollen dusted on the stigmas of the emasculated flowers. ď&#x192;&#x2DC; To facilitate pollination, petals of the pollen flower may be cut off. Crossing - successful - full bloom During cloudy weather setting is very low Genetic male sterility.

SWEET PEPPER (Capsicum annuum):

ď ś Production the F 1 hybrids of sweet peppers are commercially exploited in India due to the following reasons : Sufficiently large flowers facilitates easy emasculation and pollination Large number of seeds obtained per pollination. Manifestation of heterosis for yield and its components. The highly remunerative prices obtained from the produce. ď ś Emasculation should be done in the bud stages. Stigmas are normally receptive at the late bud stage and pollen from the male parent can be applied successfully at the time of emasculation. Cytoplasmic male sterility 200 seeds per fruit matures when fruit colour changes from green to brown and red. .

 POLLINATION BEHAVIOR :

 In sweet peppers, anthesis starts at 7.15 am and continues up to 11.15 am with peak at 7.15 am . Anthers dehisce after 30 minutes of anthesis, stigma becomes receptive from the day of anthesis and remains receptive up to 2 days. Fruit set was maximum on the day of anthesis with around 80% set and pollen fertility around 96%. Selecting a bud - day prior to anthesis may be desirable since dehiscence of anthers takes place before anthesis in some of the genotypes.  200 seeds per fruit - matures - fruit colour changes from green to reddish brown. On a single plant 3-5 crossed fruit can give good hybrid seed yield - crossing attempted in 10-12 flowers The other flower bud should be pinched to avoid setting of selfed fruit.

Through pure line selection

Table 1

Effect of biofertilizers on growth and flowering in tomato Orissa journal of horticulture

Treatment

Plt ht at final harvest(cm)

No. of branche s per plt at final harvest

Days to 50%flowering

Fruit set (%)

T1-RDF alone (150,60&80kg NPK per ha)

107.33

16.67

33.33

43.94

T2-RDF+Azotobacter (15kgperha )

101.67

16.33

33.50

66.11

T3 - RDF +PSB(5kgper ha)

110.50

16.33

33.00

53.63

T4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; RDF + Azotobacter (15kgperha )+PSB(5kgperha)

98.67

16.83

33.83

59.61

T5-RDF +VC (3.75t.per ha))

104.50

17.33

32.83

41.34

T6-RDF+VC(7.5 t.per ha)

122.33

19.00

32.83

51.48

SED

12.91

1.61

0.78

2.65

CD 5%

5.49

Treatment T6 ,getting more plant ht at final harvest and no of branches also more but days to 50% flowering more in T4 and fruit set more inT2 .(using inm give good result ) P.S Sudhakar et,al 2008

Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., Bharamappa P. et,al 2009

It is concluded from the experiment that transplanting two seedlings per hill with supply of 300: 150: 150 kg NPK ha-1 gave maximum dry fruit yield of chilli but

Table 3.

Effect of biofertilizers on quality yield and quality of tomato Orissa journal of horticulture

Treatments

No of fruits per plt

Yield per plt (g)

Yield per ha (q)

Fruit wt (g)

T1-RDF alone (150,60&80kg NPK per ha)

13.06

930.65

344.7

71.28

T2-RDF+Azotobacter (15kgperha )

25.75

2029.95

751.8

78.83

T3 - RDF +PSB(5kgper ha)

15.26

1299.33

481.2

85.17

T4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; RDF + Azotobacter (15kgperha )+PSB(5kgperha)

20.79

1677.65

621.4

80.67

T5-RDF +VC (3.75t.per ha))

9.97

735.79

272.5

73.83

T6-RDF+VC(7.5 t.per ha)

15.03

1116.81

413.6

74.33

SED

0.60

11.73

4.35

7.77

CD 5%

1.24

24.27

8.99

Treatment T2 ,getting more no of fruits per plt and yield also more but fruit wt more inT3 .(inm give good result) P.S Sudhakar et,al 2008

Table 4: Influence of Azotobacter and Azospirillum and nitrogen on chilli www.thebioscan.in Treatments Plant No of No of fruits Fruit height branches/ /plt yield t/ha cm plt T1: Recommended NPK only

54.85

21.17

71.85

8.10

T2: Recommended NPK + FYM

56.13

22.50

74.15

8.95

T3: Azotobacter + N50% + Full PK

51.25

18.37

65.50

7.46

T4: Azospirillum + N50% + Full PK

53.05

20.87

68.35

7.65

T5: Azotobacter + N75% + Full PK

58.35

23.40

79.15

10.17

T6: Azospirillum + N75% + Full PK

59.62

23.95

80.20

10.25

T7: Azotobacter + N100% + Full PK

61.15

25.06

76.10

9.67

T8: Azospirillum + N100% + Full PK

62.75

25.15

77.95

9.85

C.D. at 0.5%

1.09

1.06

2.08

0.35

The yield of fruits and growth parameters was significantly influenced by the nitrogen fixing bacteria with different levels of Nitrogen. S. Khan et,al 2012

Table 5. Effect of crossing ratio on tomato hybrid seed production Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 21 (1); 2008 Treatments

Fruit set (%)

Seed weight / fruit (g)

1000 seed weight (g)

Seed yield /plant (g)

C1 (3 Female: 1 male)

41.51

0.335

3.80

6.91

C2 (4 female : 1 male)

44.32

0.361

3.97

7.38

C3 (5 female : 1 male)

39.24

0.319

3.78

6.47

C4 (6 female : 1 male)

23.77

0.312

3.45

6.33

SEmÂą

0.78

0.006

0.09

0.10

CD (P=0.05)

2.23

0.017

0.26

0.28

Sanjeev Kumar, et,al It may be further inferred that the availability of sufficient viable crossing ratio pollen mass in the 4:1 , higher fertilization rate was recorded.

TABLE 6:

Effect of growth regulators and on shoot length, seedling vigor index in brinjal hybrid seed production Indian J. Agric. Res., 42 (1) : 25 - 30, 2008 Shoot length (cm)

Seedling vigour index

Treatment

2003

2004

Mean

2003

2004

Mean

G1-GA3 @ 50 ppm

6.90

6.77

6.83

1309

1287

1297

G2- NAA @ 40 ppm

6.36

6.57

6.46

1044

1004

1024

G3- Control (water spray)

6.27

6.28

866

852

859

SEmÂą

0.20

0.06

0.10

7.14

7.45

5.16

CD @ 5%

0.18

0.29

20.94

21.85

15.13

Shivashankargouda B. Patil et,al

TABLE 7:

Effect of growth regulators and on seed yield per plant, and root length in brinjal hybrid seed production Indian J. Agric. Res., 42 (1) : 25 - 30, 2008 Root length (cm)

Seed yield (g) per plant

Treatment

2003

2004

Mean

2003

2004

Mean

G1-GA3 @ 50 ppm

7.97

7.66

7.81

34.72

33.20

33.96

G2- NAA @ 40 ppm

7.69

7.49

7.59

32.75

31.90

32.33

G3- Control(water spray)

7.49

7.27

7.38

31.06

30.87

30.97

SEmÂą

0.12

0.05

0.06

0.81

1.00

0.65

CD @ 5%

0.35

0.15

0.18

2.37

2.94

1.90

Shivashankargouda B. Patil The increase in seed quality parameters obtained due to spraying of GA3 @ 50 ppm may be due to higher percentage of bolder seeds coupled with the heavier seed weight due to increased translocation and assimilation of photosynthesis from source to the sink (seeds).

Table : 8. Effect of HCL on seed extraction and quality of tomato seed Bangalore Treatments Conc. (%)

Duration(min)

Washing no.

Washing time (min)

Germinatio n(%)

Field emergence (%)

Control

10.00

78.00

76.00

2.5

6.00

88.66

84.66

5.00

91.66

87.66

4.33

91.00

84.66

4.00

78.33

68.00

5.33

92.00

88.00

3.00

96.33

94.33

3.00

87.33

77.00

3.00

81.66

75.00

Kailash Chandra talukdar 1988 At 5% concentration HCL treatment on seed extraction give good germination and field emergence

Table :9 . Effect of fermentation period on seed extraction and seed quality of tomato seeds Bangalore ferment ation period (hr)

Washing no

Washing time (min)

Lab. Field Germinati emergenc on(%) e (%)

Vigour index

Control

78.00

76.00

312.00 3.47

92.66

90.66

423.00 0.82

91.33

87.33

384.50 0.58

79.33

77.66

323.53 1.56

77.66

65.00

277.16 2.62

EC(dSm-1)

Kailash Chandra talukdar 1988 Fermentation period of 24 hrs with 6 washing number at 10 minutes of washing time give more germination , field emergence and vigour index

Table :10 . Effect of sulphuric acid on seed extraction and quality of tomato seed Bangalore Treatments Conc. (%)

Duration(min)

Washing no.

Washing time (min)

Germinatio n(%)

Field emergence (%)

Control

78.00

76.00

84.66

83.66

90.00

90.66

89.66

85.00

88.66

83.00

91.00

89.66

94.33

92.33

90.66

84.66

83.33

80.33

Kailash Chandra talukdar 1988 At 4% concentration of sulphuric acid give more germination and field emergence.

Table :11 . Effect of NaoH on seed extraction and quality of tomato seeds Bangalore

Treatments Conc Duration(mi . (%) n)

Washi ng no.

Washing Germination( time (min) %)

Field emergence (%)

Control

78.00

76.00

2.5

50.66

38.00

48.00

30.00

36.60

27.60

35.00

22.33

30.00

18.66

20.30

15.30

18.66

15.00

10.33

This results is non significant

Kailash Chandra talukdar 1988

Table :12 . Effect of mechanical seed extraction and quality of tomato seeds Bangalore Treatments

Washing no.

Washing time (min)

Germinatio n(%)

Field emergence (%)

Vigour index

Control

78.00

76.00

312.0

Mechanical extraction

84.66

82.66

457.2

Mechanical seed extraction give more germination and field emergence& vigour index compare to control.

Kailash Chandra talukdar 1988

Table 13 : Effect of growth regulators and methods of application on days to flower initiation, 50% flowering and crop maturity in paprika chilli cv. Kt-P19 Dharwad Growth regulators (G)

Days to flower initiation

Days to 50% flowering

Days to crop maturity

Methods of application (M)

G0 – Control (water)

39.33

39.67

39.50

G1 – NAA @ 40 ppm

38.33

39.33

G2 – GA3 @ 50 ppm

39.00

G3 – CCC @ 500 ppm G4 – 2,4-D @ 5 ppm

Mean

mean

Mean

42.80

43.67

43.23

94.33

94.67

94.50

38.33

41.13

41.33

41.23

91.67

92.00

91.83

39.00

42.13

42.00

42.07

92.00

93.67

92.83

38.00

39.33

38.67

40.80

41.67

41.23

91.00

93.67

92.33

38.67

39.33

39.00

41.47

42.33

41.90

91.67

92.00

91.83

M1 – Seed soaking for six hour, M2 – Foliar spray at flower bud initiation stage

Non significant

SHAMSHEER AHMED A. M. 2007

Table 14. Effect of growth regulators on fruit girth, fruit weight per plant, fruit yield per ha in seed parent of tomato Dharwad

Treatments Variety (V) V1 Arka Vikas V2

Megha

Fruit weight/ plant (g)

15.54

1169.91

32.92

0.511

15.44

1130.95

31.41

0.483

0.40 1.15

0.006 0.018

SEm± CD (P=0.05) Growth regulators (G) G1 GA3 100 ppm

16.37

1206.01

33.49

0.525

G2 NAA 10 ppm

15.41

1143.59

31.74

0.495

14.84 0.34 098

1101.69 13.43 38.22

31.26 0.49 1.40

0.471 0.008 0.022

G3 Control SEm± CD (P=0.05)

0.28 NS

10.96 31.20

Fruit yield/ ha

Seed weight/fruit(g)

Fruit girth (cm)

SANJEEV KUMAR 2007

GA3at 100 ppm in Arka vikas give more fruit girth, fruit weight ,seed weight

Table 15 : Effect of time of pollination and stigma receptivity on fruit set (%) and fruit weight/plant of chilli hybrid (HCH-9646) Dharwad Day of emasculation

Shoot length (cm) 2006

2007

D1 D2 D3

8.38 8.63 8.28

8.26 8.53 8.13

SEm+ CD at 1%

0.04 0.16

T1 T2 T3 SEm+ CD at 1%

Seedling vigour index Pooled

2006

2007

Pooled

8.32 8.58 8.21

1389 1523 1425

1386 1504 1400

1387 1513 1412

0.05 0.20

0.03 0.12

8.76 36.17

7.60 31.38

5.79 23.91

8.41 8.54 8.35

8.31 8.33 8.28

8.36 8.43 8.32

1432 1464 1441

1420 1440 1429

1426 1432 1435

0.005 0.01

0.004 0.01

0.003 0.009

8.76 26.28

6.20 18.60

2.01 6.03

Time of pollination

PRIYA KIVADASANNAVAR 2008

Treatment- D2-Pollination on one day after emasculation T2 : 9 am â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12 noon give more shoot length and seedling vigour index.

D1 – Pollination on same day of emasculation T1 : 6 am – 9 am D2 – Pollination on one day after emasculation T2 : 9 am – 12 noon D3 – Pollination on two days after emasculation T3 : 3 pm – 6 pm

Table 16 : Effect of time of pollination and stigma receptivity on seedling vigour index and electrical conductivity (dS/m) of chilli hybrid (HCH-9646) Dharwad Day of emasculation

D1 D2 D3 SEm+ CD at 1% Time of pollination T1 T2 T3 SEm+ CD at 1%

Seedling dry weight (g) 2006 0.29 0.22 0.29 0.003 0.01

2007 0.30 0.32 0.28 0.003 0.01

0.31 0.31 0.30 0.003 NS

0.30 0.30 0.29 0.003 NS

Pooled 0.30 0.32 0.29 0.002 0.008 0.30 0.31 0.30 0.002 NS

Electrical conductivity (dS/m) 2006 2007 Pooled 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.81 0.82 0.81 0.87 0.88 0.86 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.008 0.84 0.83 0.85 0.004 NS

0.85 0.85 0.85 0.003 NS

0.84 0.84 0.85 0.002 NS

Priya kivadasannavar 2008

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