THE PSYCHOLOGICAL DEMANDS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, FORMAL AND INFORMAL SPACE, AND TERRITORY IN ARCHITECTURE
Submitted By: DEEPIKA SHUKLA
B.Arch. Fourth Year Seventh Semester BATCH: 2019-20
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Soma A. Mishra Associate Professor Director/HOD Ar. Raina GargINSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND TOWNPLANNING
BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI
Session: September 2022 – January 2023
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those who have supported me during the course of my dissertation journey.
First and foremost, I extend my heartfelt thanks to my college Institute of architecture and town planning department, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi for giving me permission to commence this dissertation, do the necessary research work and use departmental data.
I also wish to extend my gratitude to my guide, Ar. Raina Garg, for taking the time to review my work and provide insightful feedback and suggestions. Your guidance and support have been greatly appreciated. who has been a constant source of encouragement, support, and guidance throughout the entire process.
I am bound to the Director/Head of Department Dr. Soma Anil Mishra for the stimulating support. Your invaluable insights and expertise have been instrumental in shaping the direction of my research and ensuring its success.
I am also deeply grateful to my family for their unwavering love, support, and encouragement. Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to my batchmates and friends, who have provided support and assistance in various ways, and have been there for me every step of the way.
Thank you all for your contributions to this project, and for helping me to make it a reality.
The dissertation entitled “THE PSYCHOLOGICAL DEMANDS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, FORMAL AND INFORMAL SPACE, AND TERRITORY IN ARCHITECTURE.” Submitted by Deepika Shukla, roll no. 191331003004, embodies the work for submission to the Institute of Architecture and Town Planning department, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi.
Internal Examiner:
Ar. Raina Garg
Dr. Soma Anil Mishra
Associate Professor Director and HOD
External Examiner:
I, Deepika Shukla, hereby declare that this project titled “The psychological demands of the built environment, formal and informal space, and territory in architecture” has been submitted by me to the Institute of Architecture and Town Planning Department, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi as dissertation report completed in one semester. It is a record of my own work and the matter in this project has not been ever submitted by me for award of any other degree, it is an original compilation of the literature study.
Deepika ShuklaB.Arch. 4th Year 7th Semester
(Roll no. 191331003004)
Batch 2019-20
the approach is to study the psychological demands of the built environment, formal and informal space, and territory in architecture.
• To understand relation between the built forms and human psychology.
• To Observe the impact of formal and informal spatial properties on inhabitants.
• To examine contextual elements, such as our comprehension of and analysis of the built environment, as well as theoretical study referencing the influence the built environment has on our psychological experience.
The study's goal is to revive awareness of the relevance of psychological effects on built environment s through survey-based analysis.
Researcher will not doing primary case studies. Research will be based on secondary data available in library & internet.
1. To understand relation between the built forms and human psychology. literature sources and case studies.
2. To Observe the impact of formal and informal spatial properties on inhabitants.
Case studies on:
• Case Study of Damietta City, Egypt
• “Architecture for Well Being and Health” by Koen Steemers.
Research lab report done by researchers in Rochester, MN called the WELL Living Lab.
3. To examine contextual elements, such as our comprehension and analysis of the built environment , as well as theoretical study referencing the influence the built environment has on our psychological experience.
References from books and published research papers.
A British statesman and politician, Winston Churchill, once said, "We shape our buildings, and later they shape us."
This quotation emphasizes the notion that the physical spaces in which we live and work can have a significant impact on our behavior, attitudes, and experiences.
The quote suggests that when we build and design our buildings, we have the power to shape the environment in which we live and work. However, once these buildings are built, they in turn shape us by influencing our behaviors and experiences within them. For example, a welldesigned office space can promote productivity, while a poorly designed space can lead to feelings of stress and discomfort.
The quote highlights the importance of careful consideration in the design and construction of physical spaces. When we understand how our buildings can shape us, we can use this knowledge to create environments that promote positive experiences and behaviors, such as comfort, productivity, and well-being.
In conclusion, the quote "We shape our buildings, thereafter they shape us" reminds us of the reciprocal relationship between our physical environment and our behavior, and the importance of designing spaces that promote positive outcomes.
The built environment has a significant impact on our lives. Thus, our places ought to serve more than simply practical purposes. It ought to be well thought out and tailored, with a focus on our identities, social requirements, mental and emotional health, cognitive health, and physical health.
After our clothing, it may be compared to our third skin in terms of intimacy and personal space. Your living situation is directly influenced by your home and work environments. Most of the time, locations influence our behaviour and feelings without our awareness [Fig.1.]. The mood and interactions of the residents are closely tied to the architectural and design aspects of the built environment. Sometimes, modest interior design components have an unconscious impact on us. As an illustration, we prefer wide-open environments that feel spacious.
According to certain recent theories or research, our multimodal minds are influenced by places. [Fig.2.]
For example, how a sense of space can improve mood and creativity. It is considered that the constructed environment in any given place has an impact on human behavior, experiences, and social and cultural occurrences. Human physiology, sociology, psychology, or all three may have contributed to the development of the environment created by the architecture of numerous structures and built-up objects.
Architecture fills and modifies the physical social context, impacting perception, which in turn influences human behavior because every aspect has some psychological consequence and establishes some type of connection with the user. We perceive the world through our five senses; they are the gateway to the human mind. Our perception of an area is influenced by the experience of exploring it with our senses.
Engaging the user's senses through sight or aesthetics, hearing or acoustics, smell, and touch is the goal of good design. Designers develop a sequence of physiological and psychological connections that favorably affect how our senses are engaged. The built environment can have a profound impact on the human brain. Factors such as the design of physical space, lighting, color, air quality, noise levels, and exposure to nature can all influence our emotions, mood, stress levels, cognitive function, and overall well-being. Good design can help create environments that positively impact the human brain.
Philosophy, sociology, and psychology all have strong foundations in the study of human and psychological contexts. This history's major turning points include the following:
• Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Aristotle, who wrote about the role of environment in shaping human character and behaviour
• Enlightenment thinkers, such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who developed ideas about the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality
• The birth of psychology as a formal discipline in the late 19th century, with the work of figures such as Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud
• The development of behaviourism in the early 20th century, with psychologists such as B.F. Skinner focusing on the study of observable behaviour and its relationship to the environment
• The rise of cognitive psychology in the mid-20th century, with a focus on mental processes such as perception, attention, and memory
• The development of social and cultural psychology, which examine the role of social and cultural factors in shaping human behaviour and experience
These and other developments have helped to build a rich and diverse understanding of the relationship between human behaviour and the environments in which people live and interact.
Aristotle, one of the most famous ancient Greek philosophers, believed that the environment played a significant role in shaping human character and behaviour. He argued that a person's upbringing, including the values and beliefs they were exposed to, could influence their personality and actions. He also believed that the physical environment, such as climate and geography, could have an impact on behaviour. Aristotle's ideas have had a lasting impact on Western thought and continue to inform discussions about the relationship between environment and human behaviour.
John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were Enlightenment thinkers who made important contributions to the understanding of the role of early childhood experiences in shaping personality.
John Locke believed that the human mind was a blank slate at birth and that personality and behaviour were shaped by experiences and interactions with the environment. He argued that education and experience were crucial in shaping a person's beliefs, values, and character.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau had a similar view but believed that society and civilization had a negative impact on human nature. He argued that people were inherently good but that their natural goodness was corrupted by society and institutions. He believed that early childhood experiences were particularly important in shaping personality and that the upbringing of children should be guided by nature and not by societal norms and conventions.
Both Locke and Rousseau's ideas have had a lasting impact on Western thought and continue to influence discussions about the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behaviour. These ideas also contributed to the development of modern psychology and the study of child development.
The birth of psychology as a formal discipline occurred in the late 19th century, with the work of figures such as Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud.
Wilhelm Wundt is often considered the founder of modern psychology and is credited with establishing psychology as a distinct scientific discipline. He established the first laboratory dedicated solely to psychological research and is known for his work in introspection and the study of consciousness.
Sigmund Freud, on the other hand, is known as the father of psychoanalysis. He developed a theory of the unconscious mind and the role of unconscious thoughts and feelings in shaping behaviour. Freud's work on the unconscious has had a lasting impact on psychology and has influenced fields such as psychiatry and psychotherapy.
Both Wundt and Freud's work helped establish psychology as a formal discipline and paved the way for further advancements in the field. Their ideas and theories continue to be widely studied and debated and have had a lasting impact on the way we understand human behaviour and mental processes.
Behaviourism is a theoretical approach in psychology that emerged in the early 20th century, with psychologists such as B.F. Skinner playing a key role. This approach focuses on the study of observable behaviour and its relationship to the environment, rather than on subjective experiences or internal mental processes.
B.F. Skinner is one of the most famous behaviourists and is known for his work on operant conditioning. He proposed that behaviour is shaped and modified by its consequences and that the environment can be used to control and predict behaviour. Skinner's work helped establish behaviourism as a dominant theoretical approach in psychology and has had a lasting impact on the field.
Behaviourism has been used to explain and treat a wide range of behaviours, including those related to mental health and developmental disorders. This approach has also influenced fields such as education and behaviour therapy, and continues to play a role in modern psychology. However, it has also been criticized for its narrow focus on observable behaviour and its
neglect of internal mental processes. Despite these criticisms, the principles of behaviourism remain an important part of the study of psychology and the understanding of human behaviour.
Cognitive psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the prevailing behaviourist views of psychology, which focused solely on observable behaviour and ignored internal mental processes. Researchers in cognitive psychology sought to understand how people process information, and they studied mental processes such as perception, attention, and memory.
Perception refers to the process by which people interpret and organize sensory information to make meaning of the world around them. Cognitive psychologists studied how people perceive and process visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli, and how this information is combinedto form a coherent perception.
Attention refers to the focus of mental effort on a particular stimulus or task. Cognitive psychologists investigated how attention is allocated and how distractions affect performance. They also studied the different types of attention, such as selective attention (the ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others) and sustained attention (the ability to maintain focus over an extended period of time).
Memory refers to the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Cognitive psychologists studied how information is encoded and stored in memory, and how retrieval processes work. They also investigated how memory is influenced by factors such as age, attention, and emotion.
The rise of cognitive psychology led to a greater understanding of mental processes and how they influence behaviour. This understanding has been applied in many fields, including education, advertising, and the design of user interfaces, to improve the effectiveness of information processing.
Patrick Geddes explained an organism’s relationship to its environment as follows- “The environment acts, through function, upon the organism and conversely the organism acts, through function, upon the environment. “(Cities in Evolution, 1915)
Social and cultural psychology are branches of psychology that examine the role of social and cultural factors in shaping human behaviour and experience. They focus on the ways in which people are influenced by the social and cultural context in which they live, including the norms, beliefs, and values of the society they belong to.
Social psychology is concerned with how people think, feel, and behave in social situations, and how they are influenced by the presence and behaviour of others. Social psychologists study topics such as social influence, group dynamics, social cognition, and intergroup relations. For example, they might study how people conform to group norms or how prejudice and stereotypes can influence behaviour and decision making.
Cultural psychology, on the other hand, is concerned with how cultural factors shape human thought and behaviour. Cultural psychologists study how people's cultural backgrounds influence the way they perceive the world, and how cultural differences impact communication, attitudes, and beliefs. They also explore how cultural norms and values can influence behaviours, emotions, and motivation.
Social and cultural psychology help to explain why people behave and think the way they do, and how these behaviours and thoughts can be influenced by the social and cultural context in which they are embedded. Understanding the role of these factors in shaping human experience and behaviour can lead to more effective communication and more inclusive and equitable social and cultural systems.
We plan and develop our lives based on the experiences we have, and as a result, we make significant contributions to the built environment. Based on these experiences, the elements of the built environment are produced by human wants, ideas, and deeds. The purpose and necessity of humans are met by every part of the built environment. Depending on their physiological, social, and psychological needs and demands, the components' complexity will change. Its size will also determine how intricate it is, and size can occasionally change from place to place, point to point, or area to area. This diagram (the six stages of human need) makes it simple to comprehend the many kinds of human wants, their severity levels, and how they emerge in
The polarity of internal-external spaces is continually demonstrated by the fact that both places are controlled by some shared principles, both in terms of their functions and their aesthetics; Internal areas have a setting that effectively represents seclusion rather than being unhindered and open to everyone, are protected from the weather rather than being exposed to the sky; On the other hand, outside places, such as public, semi-public, and private zones, provide the impression of a sizable geographical domain. All of the aforementioned may be seen as a geometric combination and permutation of spaces.
The impact of formal and informal spatial properties on inhabitants refers to the ways in which the physical features and attributes of a space, such as buildings, public spaces, or residential areas, can influence the behavior, attitudes, and experiences of the people who use these spaces.
Formal spatial properties refer to the planned and intentional design elements of a space, such as the layout, shape, and organization of buildings and public spaces. For example, the design of a building's entrance or the arrangement of seating in a park can influence how people feel and behave in that space.
Informal spatial properties refer to the unplanned and often emergent features of a space, such as the ways in which people use the space, the activities they engage in, and the social interactions that take place there. For example, the presence of street vendors or the use of a park for informal gatherings can have a significant impact on the character and atmosphere of a space.
By observing the impact of formal and informal spatial properties on inhabitants, it is possible to understand how physical spaces can influence behavior and experiences. This knowledge can be used to design and plan spaces that promote positive behaviors and experiences, such as creating environments that foster community, encourage physical activity, or support mental health and well-being.
Going through a city from the viewers' mind is an " image of the city". by Kevin lynch-American urban planner and author.
Gaining a far perspective via seeing the horizon is similar to seeing the possibilities. The view from a mountaintop conveys the impression of expanse and distance. Numerous psychological studies have shown that colour may have a significant impact on how certain emotions are evoked. In contrast to red, which is connected with anger and strong focus, blue, the colour of the ocean and sky, represents creativity, problem-solving, and dependability. Green frequently represents harmony, stability, an abundance of natural resources, and wealth.
A metropolis filled with dreary darkness devoid of colour and condos that lack any style have an uninspired, sleepy effect on the brain. Collin Ellard conducts research on the psychological effects of urban planning at the University of Waterloo in Canada. People's reactions to building facades are one of Ellard's most recurrent observations. People are favorably affected by complex and intriguing building exteriors, and adversely by basic, boring exteriors devoid of features. According to several studies, growing up in a major city doubles the likelihood that someone would acquire schizophrenia and raises the risk of other
mental illnesses. This is due to a tragic lack of social connection. Numerous studies have revealed that certain people's brain biology can alter as a result of urban life. Using a technique, he coined "triangulation," sociologist William Whyte once suggested to urban planners that they should place items and artefacts in public areas in such a manner that they physically pushed people closer together. Any large metropolis has the startling potential to leave you feeling perpetually lost or confused. The mindful city is a theory that suggests putting more emphasis on health and wellbeing than efficiency in the built environment. Bringing together neuroscience, architecture, and technology is one of the main focuses of aware cities. It operates under the premise that everything in your surroundings is really an extension of your nervous system basically, an expanded mind.
“A good city is like a good party people stay longer than really necessary, because they are enjoying themselves”
Jan GehlPublic spaces are an important asset to our cities. They provide people many opportunities to come together and engage with the community. If public spaces are successful, they are inclusive of the diversity of groups present in our cities and create a social space for everyone in the society to participate in. Visual complexity refers to the degree of information and stimulation present in a visual environment. In public spaces, visual complexity can have a significant impact on people's experience and behavior. Here are some of the ways visual complexity in public spaces can affect individuals:
1. Attention: High levels of visual complexity can capture attention and distract individuals from their intended activities. This can be especially problematic in public spaces where attention is needed for safety, such as intersections or busy sidewalks.
2. Stress: Visual complexity can also increase stress levels, especially in crowded or chaotic environments where there is a lot of information to process. This can result in feelings of anxiety, confusion, or disorientation.
3. Way finding: High levels of visual complexity can make it more difficult for individuals to find their way in public spaces, especially for those with limited mobility or visual impairments.
4. Perception of safety: Visual complexity can also impact perceptions of safety in public spaces. A cluttered or disorganized visual environment can make individuals feel unsafe, while a well-designed and visually simple environment can increase feelings of safety and security.
5. Enjoyment: On the other hand, visual complexity can also contribute to enjoyment in public spaces. A visually interesting environment can provide stimulation and encourage exploration, leading to a more engaging and enjoyable experience.
In overview, people's reactions to visual complexity in public areas might vary and can affect their attention, stress levels, ability to find their way, perceptions of safety, and enjoyment. The
complexity of the visual environment and its impact on people's perceptions and actions should be taken into account when developing public areas.
Environmental psychology is the study of how we interact with our constructed and natural environments and how doing so affects how we feel about ourselves. Although there are additional facets of environmental psychology, such sustainability and pro-environmental behaviour, our main focus is on stress reduction.
Cooper Marcus outlines the chances for engagement with nature in medical settings in his article "Therapeutic Landscapes." Along with sights, sounds, and fragrances, gardens provide places to relax and reflect. Cooper Marcus focuses on how well-designed gardens may appeal to a variety of senses, including smell, touch, sound, vision, and taste, and how this can provide interest throughout the year.
Ulrich (1999) put forward guiding concepts for effective garden designs. Exercise opportunities, a sense of control, social support, and involvement with nature are some of these concepts. "Green flora, open area with dispersed trees, and tranquil fauna" are qualities of a restoration place.
On the human brain, the built environment may have a considerable influence, including:
1. Physical Space: The design of physical space can influence mood, stress levels, and overall well-being.
2. Lighting: Bright and natural lighting can enhance mood and cognitive function, while poor lighting can cause stress and eye strain.
3. Colour: Colours in the built environment can impact emotions, with certain colours linked to increased levels of relaxation, creativity, or energy.
4. Air quality: Poor air quality can lead to respiratory problems, headaches, and fatigue.
5. Noise levels: Excessive noise levels can lead to stress, sleep disturbance, and decreased productivity.
6. Nature: Exposure to natural elements, such as plants, water features, and green spaces, has been linked to improved mood, reduced stress, and increased cognitive function.
Overall, the built environment can play a major role in shaping our experiences and well-being, and thoughtful design can have positive impacts on the human brain.
When referring to the built environment, the term "physical space" describes the threedimensional space that has been developed specifically for human use. This can apply to both private and public situations, both indoor and outdoor.
Examples of physical space in the built environment include homes, offices, parks, shopping centers, and public squares.
Physical space in the built environment is designed and planned to meet specific needs and goals. These goals can include accessibility, functionality, safety, and aesthetics. The design of physical space also takes into account various factors such as building codes and regulations, zoning laws, environmental considerations, and the surrounding context.
The physical space in a building, for example, can be divided into different zones, each with a specific function. For example, there might be a private zone for sleeping and personal activities, a public zone for entertaining and socializing, and a work zone for productivity.
Good design of physical space in the built environment can have a significant impact on human well-being and quality of life. For example, well-designed outdoor spaces can provide opportunities for physical activity, social interaction, and mental relaxation. Similarly, welldesigned indoor spaces can improve comfort, health, and productivity.
Finally, it may be said that physical space in the built environment is an important component of the built environment that influences human behaviour, wellbeing, and quality of life. When creating and developing the built environment, designers and planners should take into account the functional, social, and environmental elements of physical space.
Lighting plays a crucial role in regulating our mood, behaviour, and cognitive function. Adequate lighting, both in terms of brightness and colour temperature, is essential for maintaining a healthy and productive environment.
Bright lighting, also known as high-intensity lighting, has been shown to improve mood and cognitive function. For example, natural daylight has been linked to increased energy, better moods, and higher productivity levels. Bright light therapy is also used to treat Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and other mood-related conditions.
On the other hand, poor lighting, such as dim or flickering lights, can cause eye strain, headaches, and even lead to stress and anxiety. Poor lighting can also negatively impact our ability to see and perform tasks, leading to decreased productivity and even safety hazards.
It's important to ensure that lighting in homes and workplaces is bright enough to support wellbeing and cognitive function. This can be achieved through the use of natural light, as well as through the addition of artificial lighting sources, such as LED lights. It's also crucial to adjust lighting levels and color temperature to match the time of day and the task at hand, to create a healthy and conducive environment.
Contrary to popular opinion, there is no solid proof that colour has a consistent impact on one's mood, emotions, or psychological well-being. While there is evidence to support colour preferences, individual and fleeting emotional responses to colour are more common. However, light levels, particularly the quantity of daylight exposure, have an effect on psychological health. The quantity of exposure to daylight can cause depression known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
70 People who are regularly exposed to reduced daylight hours experience greater melancholy, exhaustion, and, in some cases, severe depression. In comparison to darkly lit rooms, patients hospitalised for severe depression recover more rapidly in sunny environments. The crucial factor in SAD is light level, not spectral frequency. 72 Insufficient window light exposure caused schoolchildren's natural cortisol circadian cycles to be altered in Swedish research. Additionally, negatively impacted were distractibility and cooperative social interaction in the classroom.
[Fig.13] Effects of light on human health ©cindrebay.com
Colors play a significant role in the built environment, and how people experience and interact with spaces. Different colors can evoke different emotions, moods and influence behavior. This impact of color on emotions has been extensively studied in the field of psychology and design.
For instance, blue is often associated with calmness, tranquillity and stability, making it a popular choice for bedrooms, bathrooms, and spaces where relaxation is desired. Green is often linked with nature, growth, and freshness, making it a popular choice for outdoor spaces and areas meant to evoke a sense of nature. Yellow is often associated with cheerfulness, optimism, and warmth, making it a popular choice for kitchens, dining rooms and other spaces meant to evoke a sense of energy and positivity. Conversely, dark colors like black or dark grey can create a sense of weight, formality and sophistication, making them suitable for formal or professional spaces like offices. On the other hand, red is often linked with passion, energy, and excitement, making it suitable for spaces like gym, entertainment or game rooms.
In conclusion, the impact of color on emotions and behavior in the built environment is a complex interplay between individual perception, cultural context, and historical associations. Architects, designers and builders must consider this impact when selecting colors for a space to create an environment that supports the desired mood, function, and experience.
Poor air quality refers to the presence of pollutants in the air that can have adverse effects on human health and the environment. These pollutants can include particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, among others.
Exposure to poor air quality can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma and bronchitis, as well as increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Inhaling these pollutants can irritate the lungs and airways, causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Additionally, poor air quality can also cause headaches and fatigue, as well as harm cognitive function, especially in children and older adults. Exposure to high levels of air pollution can also impact mental health, leading to depression and anxiety.
It is important to monitor and regulate air quality to reduce exposure to these harmful pollutants and protect public health. This can include implementing measures to reduce emissions from transportation, industry, and agriculture, as well as promoting the use of clean energy sources.
Noise is defined as unwanted or excessive sound. Excessive noise levels can have adverse effects on both physical and mental health.
One of the main effects of excessive noise is stress. Continuous exposure to loud noise can increase levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, leading to feelings of anxiety, irritability, and frustration. This can also result in decreased concentration and impaired decision-making abilities.
Excessive noise can also disturb sleep, causing sleep deprivation and leading to a range of health problems, including fatigue, decreased cognitive function, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition to physical health effects, excessive noise can also decrease productivity in the workplace. It can lead to decreased motivation, increased absenteeism, and decreased job satisfaction, among other factors.
It is important to regulate noise levels in order to minimize these negative effects. This can include measures such as soundproofing, using noise barriers, and limiting the hours of noisy activities, among others. By reducing exposure to excessive noise, individuals can reduce stress levels, improve sleep, and increase productivity.
Exposure to nature has numerous positive effects on both physical and mental health. Research has shown that spending time in natural environments, such as parks, gardens, and forests, can have a positive impact on mood, stress levels, and cognitive function.
Nature has been found to have a calming effect on the body and mind, reducing stress levels and promoting feelings of relaxation and well-being. This can be attributed to the presence of natural elements such as plants, water features, and green spaces, which are known to stimulate the senses and provide a sense of calm and peace.
In addition, exposure to nature has also been linked to increased cognitive function, including improved memory and attention span. Spending time in green spaces has been shown to enhance creativity, problem-solving abilities, and overall cognitive performance.
Furthermore, nature can also have positive effects on physical health, such as reducing blood pressure, improving heart rate, and boosting immunity.
Overall, exposure to nature provides numerous benefits for both physical and mental health. Incorporating more natural elements into daily life, such as spending time in parks and gardens, can have a positive impact on overall well-being.
People frequently get sentimental about places that have had a significant impact on their life. People frequently have strong emotional ties to the areas where they have fond recollections and exper iences.
People can form their strongest bonds to locations that they find especially alluring, choose to v isit, or that encourage forming strong social bonds and connections. Place attachment, as define d by psychologists, is a concept that designers and planners may utilise to foster strong emotion al ties between a person and a location. However, by making attractive, socially supportive, an d inviting spaces, architects, designers, and planners may raise the probability that these bonds form. There will be significant repercussions if we can ensure that these areas are a part of every community, college, and commercial area. People who have an emotional connection to a neighbourhood, park, or other location are more devoted to the neighbourhood, report higher levels of wellbeing, and are less likely to relocate than those who have a weaker connection. Every neighbourhood, campus, and business district will experience significant effects. People who have an emotional connection to a neighbourhood, park, or other location are more devoted to the neighbourhood, report better levels of wellbeing, and are less inclined to relocate than those who have a weaker connection.
There are significant effects on mental health from built environment design. A variety of negative effects, from social retreat and decreased cooperative behaviour to increases in psychological discomfort and even depression, are linked to crowded, loud, decrepit, dangerous, and environments that lack natural areas. Increases in minor aggression, violence, and serious violence have also been associated with these illnesses. The good news is that there are certain aspects of the built environment that support mental wellness. The social capital, the social relationships, the contentment, and eventually the safety of communities are all increased in environments that provide neighbours the chance to get to know one another. Green spaces at work, home, and school assist people focus attention at greater levels by reducing mental tiredness. People are more likely to pay attention at greater levels when they are in green
environments at home, work, and school rather than when they are not able to see their surroundings clearly or have access to green places.
There is a significant link between the design of urban spaces and public health, both in the recent past and historically. Better sanitation standards, building rules, and healthcare facilities helped to decrease the spread of diseases like cholera and tuberculosis in cities in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
However, in the 21st century, these public health hazards have been replaced by another epidemic - a sharp increase in the number of adults with chronic conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Research suggests these non-communicable diseases are caused by lifestyle factors such as lack of physical activity and unhealthy diets, leading to diseases that are both debilitating and costly.
There are also other health issues related to urban living. City dwellers face a higher risk of mental health problems such as anxiety and mood disorders. Poor health in urban workplaces also has significant consequences, including lost productivity and increased absenteeism, with employers bearing the costs. This highlights the need for addressing employee well-being through effective and scalable solutions that can reverse unhealthy habits. As planners, designers, and architects, we have the power to enhance the overall well-being of society by designing physical environments that encourage healthy lifestyles. We should view well-being as a holistic aspect that influences all aspects of city life. Design professionals can address health and wellness for urban residents in both the workplace and beyond. The two areas are merging to support the ultimate goal of complete well-being.
To address the growing global health problems of obesity, heart disease, and diabetes, enhancing walkability and providing alternative transportation options are crucial strategies at the urban level. There is a strong connection between physical design and social capital, as denser urban areas provide access to transportation, cultural centers, amenities, and retail services, which have been linked to increased happiness. The concept of "transit-oriented healthy development," introduced by Gensler Los Angeles Planning & Urban Design, provides a framework for implementing these ideas at different scales. The workplace has become a proving ground for incorporating well-being design strategies on a smaller scale, with developers and employers increasingly embracing the idea that well-being design can positively impact the work environment.
As we address the formal and informal space, as well as the territorial demands of the built environment in architecture. Here is a survey-based study of the room I occupied in the girl's hostel during my first year of college. I went through various psychological experiences after moving to the single-sitter room. Then I made the decision to move to a building with a mixed-age population of residents. These three events each had a distinctive effect on how I go about my everyday activities and how I think. We become what we consume. We shall discuss each of these in more depth below.
One has to engage with students from a wide range of disciplines when living in a hostel. Dining tables, public gathering places, restrooms, and other amenities must be shared by everyone. There are many learning possibilities and community building becomes easier.
Living in a college dormitory or girls' hostel can have a range of psychological effects on students. Here are some of the potential psychological effects of living in a college hostel: Socialization: Living in close quarters with other students can provide opportunities for socialization and building relationships. This can be a positive experience for many students, as it can help them feel connected and part of a community.
1. Stress: Living in a hostel can also be stressful for some students, especially those who struggle with anxiety or have trouble adapting to new environments. The pressure to fit in, the lack of privacy, and the added responsibility of living on their own can all contribute to feelings of stress.
2. Independence: Living in a hostel can help students develop independence and selfreliance. They have to take care of themselves, manage their time, and handle responsibilities, which can be beneficial in the long run.
3. Homesickness: Being away from home for the first time can cause homesickness, especially for students who come from close-knit families. This can be a difficult experience, but it can also help students develop resilience and independence.
4. Academic performance: Living in a hostel can also have an impact on academic performance. For some students, the distractions and social pressures of hostel life can make it harder to focus on their studies, while for others, the independence and social support provided by hostel life can lead to improved academic performance.
Overall, the psychological effects of living in a college hostel can be positive or negative, depending on individual circumstances and experiences. It is important for students to be aware of the potential challenges and opportunities of hostel life and to take steps to address any issues that arise.
Living alone in a single room can have a variety of psychological effects, including feelings of isolation, loneliness, depression, and anxiety. It can also lead to a lack of stimulation and social interaction, which can have negative impacts on mental health. In some cases, living in a single room for an extended period can lead to feelings of boredom and monotony, which can further exacerbate mental health issues. However, for me, living alone in a single room offers a sense of independence, privacy, and quietness, which positively impact mental well-being. While I was there, I started a garden on my landlord's terrace, decorated the tiny balcony next to my room, and spent my free time reading enlightening literature. Living in a single room alone can have both positive and negative effects on one's psychology.
Positive effects include:
1. Increased independence and self-reliance
2. Opportunities for introspection and personal growth
3. A quieter, more controlled living environment
4. Reduced distractions and a greater sense of privacy
5. More time and space for personal interests and hobbies.
Living in a mixed-age group environment can impact mental health in various ways. It can have both positive and negative effects. Residing among family tenants and others of a similar age group facilitates the exploration of a variety of hobbies. The eloquence may be fostered by playing with children. One can experience reliance and safety through the interchange of both ideas and commodities.
Positive effects include:
1. Opportunities for intergenerational learning and growth
2. A diverse social network and support system
3. Improved emotional well-being through a sense of community and belonging
4. Increased empathy and understanding for others
5. Decreased social isolation and loneliness.
(Effects mood in a positive sense)
Psychological needs are not a word used in architecture. In his conversations with architects, Louis Kahn distinguished between "a space" and "an architectural space" when describing the characteristics of a place. According to his theory, anyone may create a space or a combination of spaces, but only an architect can create an architectural space.
He meant that anybody may design a structure if they are highly concerned with the demands of that space, but an architectural space also serves the psychological needs of those who use it in addition to the physical needs. a structure that was solely created with psychological demands in account.
Beyond just having a nice look, the good architectural design offers certain psychological and physiological advantages. We now know that bad architectural design and implementation directly correlate with detrimental health and psychological problems. The evolutionary roots of many of those psychological and physiological reactions to design are now well understood. By applying that understanding and the technical resources at our disposal, we have the chance to design architecture that is not only visually pleasing but also, and maybe more crucially, psychologically advantageous.
Employing an architectural design that doesn't make use of features proven to provide psychological and restorative advantages is no longer an option, given the rising prevalence of health issues such as stress-induced heart attacks and obesity, high blood pressure, depression, anxiety, etc.
Furthermore, according to Robert Sommer, the personal space bubble is a rational architectural unit (Lynch, 1997). It could be a fascinating and practical idea for architects to have when imagining how space interacts, but it is not a guide to follow. In other words, adding four blank walls to a room to create seclusion won't fix the room's psychological problems. More engagement, collaboration, and understanding between designers and environmental psychologists is the best method to achieve this in today's complicated surroundings. A place should be adaptable enough to be personalised by diverse inhabitants.
It's also critical that we re-examine the deeply rooted social stereotypes that have unfairly reduced the discipline of architectural design to nothing more than an artistic endeavour, depriving it of the significant credibility it merits as a subject with the capacity to truly advance society.
Thereby the psychological effects of careless architectural design won't ever be addressed, and the field will continue to lack the resources needed to improve the world we live in if the positive psychological and restorative effects of architecture are only recognised by psychologists and architects and not by the general public. To put it briefly, this has to be acknowledged as a critical issue facing society as a whole.
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