Reform in Prison architecture

REFORM IN PRISON ARCHITECTURE

By: DEEPSHIKHA MEHTA Enrollment No. : A1904016126 2016-2021

2020

Amity School of Architecture and Planning Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida

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ACKNOWLWDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my dissertation guide, Ar. For directing me during the research and the ongoing design process and providing positive feedback, Ar. Richa Kushwaha.

I would also like to thank all my friends and family for their valuable insight and continued support. Lastly, I'd like to thank Ar. Ammani Nair for guiding me through her case studies to understand the Tihar prison, Delhi.

Deepshikha Mehta Signature

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ABSTRACT

The concepts of crime and punishment have always been a part of culture in every society throughout the history of mankind. However, the acts accepted as ‘crime’ and the penalties imposed upon criminals for the same crime have revealed differences in each society and in each era. Prior to the Modern Age, almost in all societies, punishment was an open public activity to warn people and imprisonment was not a way of punishment; instead it was only a measure impeding the criminal’s escape until the execution of punishment. Modern world, at the beginning, has tried to use punishment for dictating definite ‘norms’ instead of frightening; later on, instead of corporal execution some other punishment systems have been used as a means of creating individuals submitting to the authority on the way to the formation of inspection oriented ‘New Society’. This new approaches in punishment systems has required spatial and organizational solutions. As a result, prisons in which imprisonment would be executed have developed as a new building type requiring architectural design as other new building types developed during modernization. However, prison architecture is different from all other buildings as an architectural end product. This architectural product is such a place that whoever stays in never wants to live in there and wants to get out it as soon as possible since there is no relation between the spatial properties of the building and the preferences of a person staying in it, in other words, the criminal.

Therefore, this study aims at understanding prison architecture’, their development and change in relation to changing social structures. A typological analysis on case studies is used to understand their spatial organizations in a retrospective perspective.

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Faculty Guide Certificate This is to certify that DEEPSHIKHA MEHTA bearing enrolment no A1904016126 has prepared the report for Architectural Seminar on “REFORM IN PRISON ARCHITECTURE” under my guidance.

___________________ Faculty Guide Signature RICHA KUSHWAHA

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Need ................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Aim ................................................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 objective........................................................................................................................................ 10 1.5 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 11 2. Literature review .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Psychological impact .................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Facility and layout ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Sound ............................................................................................................................................ 14 2.4 Light and lightening....................................................................................................................... 14 2.5 Window and views ...................................................................................................................... 14 2.6 Green spaces, gardening, biophilic design and horticultural therapy ................................. 15 3. Prison history & evolution ........................................................................................................... 16 3.1 History .......................................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Type of prison ............................................................................................................................... 21 4. Prison in India ............................................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Type of prison .............................................................................................................................. 25 5. Role of architecture on prisoners ................................................................................................... 26 5.1 Prison climate .............................................................................................................................. 27 5.2 Autonomy ..................................................................................................................................... 28 5.3 Safety and order ........................................................................................................................... 36 5.4 Psychological impact ..................................................................................................................... 34 5.5 Characteristics .............................................................................................................................. 39 6. Case study ....................................................................................................................................... 40 6.1 Tihar, Delhi.................................................................................................................................... 41 6.1.1 Expansion............................................................................................................................. 42 6.1.2 Special Courts ...................................................................................................................... 43 6.1.3 legal aid................................................................................................................................ 45 6.1.4 Educational facilities ............................................................................................................ 45 6.2 Halden, Norway ............................................................................................................................ 48

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7. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 50

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Table of Figures

Figure 1 Prison .............................................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 2 Catalonia ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 3 Prison of San Michele.................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 4 Pennsylvania system ..................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 5 Auburn system ............................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 6 Cardiff prison................................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 7 Radial Telephone-Pole Courtyard Style Campus Style ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 8 Madras central jail, Chennai ......................................................................................................... 21 Figure 9 Cellular jail, Andaman nicobar islands .......................................................................................... 21 Figure 10 Tihar jail, Delhi ............................................................................................................................ 21 Figure 11 Yerwada jail, Maharashtra .......................................................................................................... 22 Figure 12 Typical layout .............................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 13 HOSPITAL & PRISON WALL .......................................................................................................... 27 Figure 14 Layout for occupancy .................................................................................................................. 28 Figure 15 Area definition ............................................................................................................................ 28 Figure 16 Separation of public and staff ..................................................................................................... 30 Figure 17 Segregation of categories ........................................................................................................... 30 Figure 18 Typical Master security ............................................................................................................... 31 Figure 19 Single Cell .................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 20 Flower Bed .................................................................................................................................. 33 Figure 21 Material Source: static.nicic.gov ................................................................................................ 34 Figure 22 Fire System .................................................................................................................................. 36 Figure 23 TIhar Jail, Delhi ............................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 24 Aerial view................................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 25 Plan and Section .......................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 26 Halden prison .............................................................................................................................. 44 Figure 27 Block massing Halden Prison ...................................................................................................... 45 Figure 28 Plan of Halden prison ................................................................................................................. 45 Figure 29 Prison Cell.................................................................................................................................... 46 Figure 30 living room .................................................................................................................................. 47

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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

“Prisons do not disappear social problems, they disappear human beings. Homelessness,

unemployment, drug addiction, mental illness, and illiteracy are only a few of the problems that disappear from public view when the human beings contending with them are relegated to cages.�

-Angela Davis

1.1 Introduction A building in which people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have committed or while awaiting trial. (source: oxford) An institution for the confinement of persons who have been remanded (held) in custody by a judicial authority or who have been deprived of their liberty following conviction for a crime. (source: Britannica).

Figure 1 Prison

Most societies that today have adopted Criminal Law as an instrument for regulating the penal system in an egalitarian manner, regardless of the fact that they have adopted and consolidated the principles of re-education and social re-insertion of the detainees 1 after serving their sentence, 8

find themselves searching for alternative answers to an unsolved issue which weighs heavily on all communities, both from the economic and social points of view.

There are very serious health consequences for goals. As inmates are overwhelmingly from poorly educated and socio-economically deprived parts of the general population, with limited access to sufficient health care, they are likely to have existing health conditions upon entering prison. In goals that are overcrowded, where nutrition is low, insufficient sanitation and access to fresh air and exercise are frequently scarce, their health conditions deteriorate.

1.2 Need The prison is home to an estimated 10 million individuals. People are not inherently criminally hardened. One-third of the prisoners did not find themselves guilty. It has contributed to overcrowding in the goal because of this. They are crowded into old buildings without fire protection and other services, impacting the psychological health of inmates. Attempts are being made to change conditions within goals, improve the efficiency of a penal system, or incorporate alternatives to imprisonment. It also focuses on ensuring the reinstatement of those whose lives are impacted by crimes. The influence of the built on their behavior and the capability and extent to which the architecture can change their character.

Any direct or implicit architectural implications could arise from an insight into the actions of any inmate who is both a member and an indirect client in a goal. It should be remembered, before going any further, that most prisons in India house both prisoners awaiting trial and convicts who have already been convicted.

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PRISON COMMUNITY

INMATES

MEDICAL STAFF

FEMALE

MALE INMATES

UNDER TRIAL

PRISON STAFF

CONVICTS

FIRST TIME OFFENDERS

HABITUAL

Table 1 Hierarchy

1.3 Aim To research the evolution of prison architecture and to integrate environmental design for the holistic development of prisoners (physically and mentally).

1.4 Objective 

To study the history and evolution of prison.



To understand the impact on human due to its surrounding and how architecture change the behavior of a person.



To explore the passive strategies to enhance the environment.

1.5 Scope 

To study the prison design and the functioning system.



To understand the psychological impacts of the surrounding.



The scope will focus on designing sustainable prison.

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1.6 Methodology

Chapter 1: Introduction to the goal, how it affects the inmates mentally, and why better prisons are needed. The intention and goal of the report are also addressed in this chapter.

Chapter 2: The chapter focuses on the behavior and psychological impact on prisoners through architectural detail like the light, sound and windows through the literature review.

Chapter 3: Introduction of the prion and the brief history about the prion evolution and the reforms came along it.

Chapter 4: Prions in India and the lack of proper facilities like the sanitation, beds and other facilities due to over-crowding.

Chapter 5: Role of architecture to improve the condition of the prisons.

Chapter 6: Case studies including Tihar, Delhi and Halden, Norway helps to have better picture of prison system.

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CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Psychological impact The WHO seminar described the psychological impact of prison life: Continuous stress affects people mentally, physically and cognitively, with results ranging from psycho vegetative exhaustion to burnout. Post-traumatic stress disorder may accelerate this development, especially when the prison climate is characterized by disturbed communication, depreciation of work by superiors, low social team spirit among working groups, lack of corporate identity and organizational parameters, such as overtime accumulating as consequence of a poorly organized work process. (WHO, 1999:1) The WHO was talking here about the impact on staff. Prison life carries similar problems for prisoners. In particular, prisoners are routinely denied crucial information, and their opportunities to communicate with others are curtailed. The deprecating social environment of prisons, which constantly wear down the prisoners’ self-esteem was discussed earlier in this briefing: where staff might speak of a lack of corporate identity, prisoners report that they live in a world in which they must exercise total distrust. Insecurity is a part of the psychology of prisoners, imposed by the uncertainties of the prison environment. Someone once commented that every prison has 500 rules; they enforce 50 of them; and you never know which rule they will decide to enforce. The deprivation of personal responsibility leads to vulnerability, depression and a reduced ability or will to communicate. These feelings are aggravated by the uncertain length of custody for people on remand and serving indeterminate sentences. As a prisoner told the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, “Being in prison and not knowing when you’re coming home – it smashes your head to pieces. (WHO,1999:2) 2.2 Facility size and layout The importance of facility size and layout has mainly been covered in the Ulrich literature review, and only a few newer studies from Europe will therefore be include here. The findings from Ulrich

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(2017) concluded that prisons with layouts that support direct contact between staff and inmates showed more beneficial outcomes. Johansen et al. also argue that 15 humane prison conditions, measured as positive perceptions of the quality of prison life for those who live and work in them, tend to be found in smaller prisons in Norway. (Johansen et al., 2011: 527).

2.3 Sound Wener reviewed the literature on noise and its effect on prison environments in his book The environmental psychology of prisons and jails: creating humane spaces in secure settings. He argued that prisons are often loud due to large, open interior spaces with high ceilings and extensive use of hard materials and surfaces, such as concrete, glass and metal. This in combination with little use of textiles and other sound-absorbing materials, create high volumes and large reverberation times, generating uncomfortable echoing. Furthermore, constant mechanical sources of sound from, for example, heating, cooling and ventilation can add significant background hums.

(Wener, 2012: 191, 193).

2.4 Light and lighting While light and lighting were recurring themes in the literature reviews (summarized in the next section), only one of the articles on prison services, by Wener, discusses these themes specifically.

Because studies on light and lighting in prison environments appear to be lacking, Wener’s book chapter draws on literature from other settings, either other closed institutions, or, more commonly, to general populations. (Wener, 2012: 204) Several studies have found that exposure to natural light has a positive impact on physical and mental health, recovery and well-being among hospital patients. Significant features include windows and rooms on the bright side of a hospital. While these studies have emphasized the importance of natural light, there is increasing evidence that appropriate artificial lighting can have positive effects, comparable to those received from daylight. (Wener, 2012: 210) The long-term incarceration in prisons makes it especially important to consider artificial light both as a compliment to, and a substitute for, natural light. (Wener, 2012: 207).

2.5 Windows and views

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Most people have strong preferences for windows in many kinds of settings. (Wener, 2012: 216) Functions of windows include providing visual variety and the potential for psychological escape and can, therefore, mitigate negative aspects of prison life, including boredom and isolation.

(Wener, 2012: 214) A study by Wener and Olsen (1980) found that windows in a prison were highly valued for activity and distraction (Wener & Olsen, 1980 ref. in Wener 2012: 217) Windows with a view provide a source of activity and distraction from monotony. Views, especially of nature scenes, may reduce boredom and stress as well as provide mental relief, restoration and recovery. (Wener, 2012: 214, 218) Windows can also break feelings of isolation by providing a connection to the outside world. (Wener, 2012: 204) Access to views of nature through windows may be particularly important in closed institutions where access to nature is limited. Moore (1985) showed that inmates with external views of nature had reduced blood pressure and used institutional health care facilities less, when compared to inmates who had only views of courtyards. (ref. in Wener, 2012: 223).

2.6 Green spaces, gardening, biophilic design and horticultural therapy Experiences of nature, even via photographs and films, have been found to improve cognitive performance and attentional capacity, and to reduce anxiety and stress. Nature scenes have also helped patients dealing with pain, aided in recovery from health issues, and reduced blood pressure and heart rate. (Wener, 2012: 225) Views of nature tend to improve life satisfaction and may reduce aggressive behavior. (Wener, 2012: 219) Having access to green spaces- physically or visually- provides distraction, and may help reduce mental fatigue, which is a risk in environments that are monotonous or unpleasant. Mental fatigue can lead to anger, irritability, aggressive behavior, poorer thought processes, and reduced impulse control.

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CHAPTER-3 PRISON HISTORY & EVOLUTION

“A building in which people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have committed or while awaiting trial.” source: oxford “An institution for the confinement of persons who have been remanded (held) in custody by a judicial authority or who have been deprived of their liberty following conviction for a crime.” source: britannica Most societies that today have adopted Criminal Law as an instrument for regulating the penal system in an egalitarian manner, despite the fact that they have adopted and consolidated the principles of re-education and social re-insertion of the detainees 1 after serving their sentence, find themselves searching for alternative answers to an unsolved issue which weighs heavily on all communities, both from the economic and social points of view.

Figure 2 Catalonia

3.1 HISTORY

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In fact, the origins of prison as a physical place for holding inmates predate the Enlightenment and have roots in the historical moment when reclusion begins to be viewed as a necessary instrument for the offender's correction. It is no longer considered to be discarded as a social rejection (as it had been until then), but rather as the subject of a mechanism designed to alter social behaviour. Around the fifteenth, the transformation of ideas surrounding punishment started to evolve.

Through the establishment of Correctional Homes (which became widespread in Europe by the end of the sixteenth century), religious institutions were the first to conceive it as a potential for healing rather than only for affliction. There was no specific distinction between the 'trial' and the 'punishment' prior to this point, and thus no specialised architectural frameworks exclusive to the reclusion of the convicted.

1st millennia BC- Mesopotamia and Egypt underground dungeons 600 BC-Ancient Rome cistern for water 1166-English king Henry II commissioned the construction of first prison 1215 - King John signed Magna Carta.

400s - England establishes Houses of Correction.

Table 2 Timeline of prison evolution

1. From the beginning of early civilized communities, wrong doers were punished accordingly or kept imprisoned. For about 6000years since the first early communities, ‘the mood and temper of the public.’ 2. Many of early prisons are believed to have been underground cisterns with access through gratings, covering the top.

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3. In medieval prisons the usual places of detention were the castle keeps or dungeons. Europe has many such castle prisons and their numbers increased during 15 th and 16th century.

4. It is attributed to the Catholic Church the first modern-type penitentiary structure, the prison of San Michele in Rome, designed by architect Carlo Fontana in 1704.

Figure 3 Prison of San Michele

5. In 17th century B.C. Greece prisons were merely large rooms or underground chambers for the detention of prisoners awaiting trial.

6. Invented in the 18th century by English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham, the prison typology's core principle was monitoring the maximum number of prisoners with the minimum number of guards. The morphology consisted of a circular array of cells with a watchtower in the centre of the structure. The guards could thus observe every inmate at any time, unseen by the prisoners.

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Figure 4 Pennsylvania system

7. In penal method of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. The silent system evolved during the 1820s at Auburn Prison in Auburn, N.Y., as an alternative to and modification of the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement, which it gradually replaced in the United States.

Figure 5 Auburn system

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8.

The number of individuals in prisons increased significantly in the 19th century. When many forms of corporal punishment died out, gaol sentences became a much more common penalty. Many new prisons were built in the mid and late 19th century. These new prisons were purpose built. Many followed a similar design. The prisons were secure, and allowed for prisoners to have individual cells. In these prisons two different regimes were used to try to reform prisoners. Beaumaris was the first new prison in Wales in 1830. Cardiff prison was built in 1832, and Swansea prison in 1861.

Figure 6 Cardiff prison

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3.2 TYPE OF PRISON

There have essentially been four types of prisons in the history of prison construction. The layouts are the:  Radial Design  The Telephone-Pole Design  The Courtyard Style  The Campus Style  Auburn/Sing style  Skyscraper Prison

Figure 7

Radial

Telephone-Pole

Courtyard Style

Campus Style

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CHAPTER-4 PRISON IN INDIA A prison is something that can be viewed as a form of accommodation that is intended for people who have committed an offence and are being tried for having committed that crime. One of those laws that are constantly unnoticed and overlooked is the goal and prisoners' laws in India.

Reforming the criminals but common notion is means of punishment.

These are governed by Prison Act, 1894 where, state govt. is responsible for the management.

Central govt. assist for improvement of security, living conditions, medical facilities, infrastructure and internal development.

Madras central jail, Chennai

• Demolished in 2009 • Prisoners were housed before sending to kala pani.

Figure 8 Madras central jail, Chennai

Cellular jail, Andaman nicobar islands •

Japan captured British in 1942.

•

Britishers recaptured in 1945.

Figure 9 Cellular jail, Andaman nicobar islands

Tihar jail, Delhi Largest complex in south Asia.

Established in 1957 by state of Punjab.

Figure 10 Tihar jail, Delhi

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Yerwada jail, Maharashtra •

Maximum security jail.

•

Built by British in 1871

• Textile mill, radio station, open jail agriculture.

for

Figure 11 Yerwada jail, Maharashtra

4.1 TYPES OF PRISON IN INDIA Prisons have been established under three different levels, as enlisted below-



The Taluka level



The District Level



The Central Level

Alternatively, these various prisons are referred to as Sub Jails, District Jails and Central Jails.

From the Sub Jails to the Central Jails, the infrastructure and numerous prisoner services such as various medical, rehabilitation and security are seen to be better. Apart from these, there are various other types of jails such as the Women’s Jails, Open Jails, Special Jails and Borstal Schools.

1. Central Jails- The criteria for being categorized as a central prison are distinct and vary from state to state. However, what has been seen as a trend in India is that individuals who commit offences that are entitled to punishment for a long period of time (that is, for a period of more than two years) are more often confined to central prisons, and these prisons have greater capacity and occupancy than other prisons. There are extra facilities for these prisons, such as rehabilitation.

Total no: 134 Accommodate: 1,59,158 Currently: 1,85,182

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2. District Jails- They serve as the primary prisons in the states and territories of the union where central prisons are not available. There are around 57 district prisons in Uttar Pradesh, about 39 district prison system in Madhya Pradesh, and about 31 district prison in Bihar.

Total no: 379 Accommodate: 1,37,972 Currently: 1,80,893

3. Sub Jails- These jails are smaller in sized and are placed at a sub-divisional area of the states. There are states that have implemented a relatively higher number of these kinds of jails and have a very well-organized set-up of prisons even though it is of a lower level than the other jails. For example, Maharashtra has 100 sub jails, Andhra Pradesh has about 99 and Tamil Nadu has 96sub jails.

Total no: 741 Accommodate: 46,368 Currently: 39,989

4. Women’s Jails- These are those prisons that look forward to housing exclusively female prisoners. These prisons may be existing at a sub-divisional, central and district level. India has a total of 20 Women’s Jails in India with capacity of 5200 women and has an occupancy rate of 60%. As Women’s Jails have a very limited capacity, women prisoners in India are often housed in other prisons. Maharashtra has about 5 women’s jails, whereas Kerala and Tamil Nadu have about 3 jails each.

Total no: 14 Accommodate: 4,748 23

Currently: 2,985 5. Borstal School- They are a type of a youth detention centre and are used for incarcerating and housing minors and juveniles. Borstal schools make sure that juveniles and other young offenders are ensured sufficient care, welfare and rehabilitation. This is to ensure that they are kept in an environment that is volatile and safe. The juveniles in such schools are provided with reformational training, education and moral influence that conducive and prevent crime rates. Tamil Nadu is known as having the highest occupancy with about 678 inmates.

Total no: 63 Accommodate: 5370 Currently: 3789

SOURCE: Indian justice report 24

CHAPTER-5 ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE ON THE PRISONERS 5.1 Prison climate The prison climate is the central concept in the theoretical framework of the Life in Custody study and is similar to notions such as the subjective quality of prison life. The prison climate has been described as a correctional institution's social, emotional, organisational and physical characteristics as perceived by inmates and employees. It is expected that a positive prison climate will contribute to superior results in terms of well-being, prisoner behaviour, motivation for treatment, and therapeutic change.

5.2 Autonomy Autonomy is recognised as a fundamental human need and, therefore, the deprivation of autonomy inevitably imposed by imprisonment is not surprisingly regarded as a prison pain.

There are various organisational characteristics that in prison can result in more or less autonomy.

In general , higher levels of prison security tend to be associated with higher restrictions on autonomy, but there are also variations in terms of whether inmates share a cell, have a key to their cell, and have a say in their daily activities.

5.3 Safety and order For prison governors, ensuring a secure atmosphere for workers and inmates is a crucial role.

Diminished well-being is associated with experiences of violence and fear of victimisation in prison. Safety is not merely a function of the safety measures imposed in prison. Higher security, in fact, may even have a criminogenic impact. Experimental data suggests that when placed in a high security prison, inmates with similar risk classifications who were randomly placed in low and high security prisons have a greater chance of returning to prison.

5.4 Psychological impact

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There are many reasons correlated with the extremely high prevalence of mental illness in prisons: the common belief that all individuals with mental illness are a public danger; the general intolerance in certain cultures of challenging or troubling behaviour; the inability of encourage medication, care and rehabilitation; and, above all, the lack or inadequate access to mental health services.

There are factors that have detrimental effects on mental health in many prisons, including: overcrowding, different types of abuse, forced loneliness or vice versa, lack of privacy, lack of productive interaction, alienation from social networks, uncertainty about potential prospects (work, relationships, etc.) and insufficient health services in prisons, especially mental health services. Unfortunately, one common manifestation of the combined effects of these factors is the increased risk of suicide in prisons (often related to depression).

5.4 Detail & strategies  Cell and dorm occupancies appropriate to the inmate type, preferably with emphasis on single occupancy.  Control of sound levels and elimination of visual conflicts.  Provision of a decent environment (space, temperature, light, color, humidity) for inmates to live and for staff to work.  Properly detailed and designed exterior cell windows (when used).  Spatial organisation which accommodates rather than inhibits the flow of activities.

Figure 12 Typical layout

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1. Wall The thick masonry walls found in older institutional or industrial facilities -- which create so much of their appeal -- generally have limited escape resistance. Unreinforced masonry, no matter how thick, can be penetrated by removing the mortar that binds the masonry together. Masonry walls in jails are generally heavily reinforced and grouted to foil such efforts. Rectifying wall deficiencies in non-secure facilities can be very costly, involving options as varied as i. ii.

applying a new barrier, such as steel plate, over the walls, and

creating fenced perimeters beyond the exterior walls.

Figure 13 HOSPITAL & PRISON WALL

2. Single occupancy Two frequently cited operational concerns about the use of single: occupancy are suicide and isolation. However, with the provision of an adjacent day room serving a variety of single-occupancy cells, the isolation problem is easily resolved. This type of dayroom

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provides ample opportunity for contact between inmates. Dayrooms are required by the ACA standards and many state jail standards.

Figure 14 Layout for occupancy

Figure 15 Area definition

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3. Main security Window - typically inoperable unless heavily screened with security grade products - strongest security glass products available - securely anchored detention-grade Penetrations of the main security envelope (other than the access points) should be secured: - pass through for such things as packages, money, and mail - ductwork - electrical openings - roof fan openings - air supply grills - skylights Floors - concrete with various finishes Walls - precast or cast-in-place concrete - concrete masonry units reinforced and grouted every 8 to 16 inches on center Ceilings - precast or cast-in-place concrete - steel security panels - cement plaster on expanded metal lath Roof - precast or cast-in-place concrete with built-up roofing membrane - heavy gauge metal deck securely fixed in place with roofing membrane 29

Figure 16 Separation of public and staff

Figure 17 Segregation of categories

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4. Master security Minimize the potential for view conflicts by minimizing the number of areas that must be directly observed by Master Control. Use equipment or partitions in Master Control to screen views. Raise the floor height of Master Control to help limit views.

Figure 18 Typical Master security

The prison facilities should be designed in a manner that considers the psychological health of the prisoner and creates a positive and mentally stimulating environment for prisoners. In contrast to traditional approaches, innovative prison design tries to make facilities less “prison-like� and more focused on the rehabilitation of prisoners. Relevant considerations include: 5. Indoor spaces Providing well lit and ventilated spaces, particularly in accommodation areas, can help to reduce feelings of claustrophobia. Bright and calming colour schemes can be used to create positive and calm spaces within the prison facilities. If it will not compromise security, windows should also be placed at a height where prisoners can look out of them. Attention to these factors can significantly affect the well-being of prisoners.

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Figure 19 Single Cell

6. Natural lighting Sufficient levels of natural lighting are important in maintaining the health and well-being of prisoners and staff. Prison buildings should be designed and oriented to maximise the amount of natural light entering them. This is especially important in countries where natural light levels significantly diminish during the winter months. While traditional prison designs often favoured smaller windows to reduce the opportunities for prisoner escape, contemporary designs use robust materials to allow the installation of larger windows without compromising security.

7. Sound The use of materials and panels that dampen the acoustics of a room, especially in large communal areas, should be taken into account in an effort to reduce noise. Cells that connect to open communal spaces should have a closed frontage rather than open bars. This allows prisoners the opportunity to withdraw from a noisy environment into a quieter space.

8. Views The topography of the land where the prison is situated should be examined to establish if any natural views can be incorporated into the design, especially from the prisoner accommodation and recreation areas. Allowing prisoners to see “beyond the wall� may help in reducing feelings of isolation and detachment from the outside world.

9. Outdoor spaces 32

Outdoor spaces may be built in order to facilitate inmate relaxation. Gardens and flowerbeds, for example, can teach prisoners useful vocational skills in gardening while making the prison a better place to live, work in, and visit. The appearance of the prison environment against its tougher aspects such as walls and fences can be softened by good planting layouts and systems. Creating different outdoor spaces that allow prisoners to experience seasonal changes should also be considered. Prisons with developed art programmes may exploit open spaces within the prison to paint murals and display sculptures that the prisoners have produced. Communal external spaces can give opportunities for prisoner activities such as education classes and religious instruction to be delivered in an outdoor context, potentially enhancing the experience and learning.

Figure 20 Flower Bed

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Figure 21 Material Source: static.nicic.gov

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10. Prison alarm/alert systems Developed prison systems have alarm/alert systems that notify staff in the case of an incident or a fire. As with all electronic systems, consideration should be given to the available level of maintenance support. Systems that cannot be maintained should not be installed. Additionally, systems that rely on power for operation must understand the quality of incoming power supply and its security, or use alternative systems such as a back-up generator, which may entail a significant cost.

Some examples of alert systems may include press buttons that are situated at strategic points throughout the prison; an emergency telephone system that is separate from the general system; a radio system with alarm buttons on receivers; and sirens and bells that are linked to the general alarm system.

11. Fire safety Detection systems for fire, heat and smoke must also be considered and implemented wherever possible and practicable. The measures should be fit for purpose, designed in consideration of the prison location and the availability of local services, and coordinated with local authorities. In addition to the alert systems discussed below, prisons may train prisoners to help mitigate the risk, severity, and frequency of fires, particularly in overcrowded conditions. Similar to other push button systems, a push button can be used to raise the alarm about a fire in a particular area of the prison. The control room can then alert the local fire department and/or the prison’s designated fire officer so that the prison’s fire fighting/evacuation plans can be triggered. Emergency lighting that highlights escape routes and emergency exits can be crucial life-saving features. Where water supplies are adequate, dry riser or sprinkler systems may be put in place to assist staff and emergency services in controlling a fire. Controllable smoke escape vents in building roofs should also be considered. Where water supplies are inadequate for sophisticated fire control systems, adequate water/sand buckets and fire extinguishers must be placed strategically around the prison.

A portable water tanker with pump and hoses may be necessary in situations where there are no emergency fire services available, or to help provide an efficient method to quickly control a fire.

Press/push button alarms are situated at strategic points around the prison so that staff can raise the alarm in case of an incident in their vicinity. Push button alarms are linked to the control room

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and a board that highlights where the alarm was raised. The control room can then alert staff to respond via the radio network, a designated emergency telephone system and/or alarm bells.

A designated emergency telephone system is separate from the general telephone system in the prison. It links the control room with all key staff points in the prison (such as residential units, workshops, kitchen, healthcare, etc.) These telephones may be a different colour from general telephones or may have a different ring tone to differentiate them, as a well as an easily memorized number to connect to the control room.

A prison radio network may allow staff to raise an alarm via the VHF radio system. Some radios are able to pinpoint the radio to a location within the prison to aid the control room to identify where an incident has occurred. The radio system may also have a bleep alert to notify staff of urgent information that is upcoming. The control room may also require a radio system connected to external emergency services.

Sirens and bells may also be linked to the general alarm system to draw staff attention to an incident.

A key alarm system may be installed to alert gate staff in the case that a member of staff walks out of prison with security keys still on their person.

Figure 22 Fire System

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12. Other safety and security features Emergency staff access stairwells Buildings in prisons containing Level 1-3 prisoners may require designated stairwells for staff to access the building during emergencies such as a riot situation. These stairwells must have doors that swing inwards, to prevent prisoners from barricading them.

Prisoner-free zones Geophone devices that sense ground vibration, light beam sensors that sense movement and infrared detection devices may be positioned within prisoner-free areas to detect prisoners trying to escape, especially at night.

Drainpipes To prevent prisoners from climbing up drainpipes to gain access to rooftops, an overhang around the pipe can be put in place. Pipework fixtures that hold the drainpipe in place but will not support the weight of a person can also be put in place.

Lightning conductor cables When used on the sides of buildings and walls, cables must be fixed tightly to the wall, allowing no scope for a prisoner to use them to scale a structure.

Ladder storage At all times, ladders within a prison should be accounted for. A secure store, usually located within the maintenance area, can be useful for the storage of ladders.

Double gates and doors: floor bolts Double gates and doors must be designed so that prisoners cannot lift both floor bolts out of the ground at the same time, and then push the entrance point open as a means of escape.

CCTV systems CCTV systems can be very useful for the monitoring of prisoners and staff, and ensure that a proper management regime is being implemented. The CCTV system can also be focused upon an incident, and recorded for evidence, to help resolve an incident or deploy more resources to it.

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CCTV cameras can be static, facing one particular direction, or movable to allow control room staff to aim at and zoom in to an area, such as tables in the visits area where the passing of contraband may be attempted. Cameras can also be triggered to operate if movement is detected nearby, as in a prisoner-free zone, to alert of a breach in security. Recordable CCTV systems may also be used in sensitive areas of the prison, such as segregation units. Depending on the level of technological sophistication, infrared cameras can be useful in providing CCTV coverage at night.

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CHAPTER-6 CASE STUDY 6.1 TIHAR JAIL India has a large number of correctional facilities, and not all of these are as effective in their operation as Tihar, with tales of India's abysmal prison conditions coming out over and over. They face a myraid of issues, whether it be the question of overcrowding or a poorly run system of legal assistance for the inmates, resulting in sub-human conditions. Tihar consists of 9 central and 1 district gaol, relocated to the current site in 1958. It currently has a capacity of 6250 prisoners, but lodges roughly 13,000 prisoners on average. Apart from the overcrowding, instead of corrections within the Tihar, there are frequent references to suicides, clashes, murders and distortions. It is not surprising, being the largest prison in the world, that it has its share of problems facing other prisons and more. Yet Tihar 's motivating parameters propel its model to be a case for researching and examining the Indian prison system 's problems.

Figure 23 TIhar Jail, Delhi

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6.1.1

Expansion

Tihar jail has been continuously expanding since its establishment in the Tihar village area of Delhi in 1958. Originally, till the year 1980, Tihar consisted of one central jail with a sanctioned capacity of 1273 prisoners. This prison, around the mid-1980s was trifurcated into Central Jail No. 1, 2 and 3 with a collective capacity of 1760 prisoners. In 1980, another district jail was constructed in Tihar with a sanctioned capacity of 740 prisoners. This jail was elevated to Central Jail No. 4 in the year 1990. In 1996, a special prison was constructed for adolescent prisoners between the ages of 18 to 21. This jail, Central Jail No. 5, had a capacity to lodge 750 prisoners. In the year 2000, an exclusive women’s jail, Central Jail No. 6, was commissioned with a capacity to lodge 400 female prisoners. Between 2003 and 2005, three Central Jails with a collective capacity of 1550 prisoners and one District Jail (at Rohini) with a capacity of 1050 prisoners were commissioned by the Delhi Prisons Authority. o The complex will house 6 Jails one for convicts, one for first time offenders, one each for long term under trials, adolescent, women and High Security prisoners. o Air Circulation System in all wards. o No electrical fixtures inside the wards. Inbuilt mechanism for CCTV, Optical Fiber Cable Network. o Dual water supply system, Solar Heating System, R.O. System, Sewage Treatment Plant, Rain Water Harvesting. o Energy conscious buildings. Provision of separate prison for High Security prisoners and First Time Offenders to ensure total segregation.

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Figure 24 Aerial view

6.1.2

Special Courts

Shri A.S Anand, Hon'ble Chief Justice of India (Retd.) correctly articulated his concerns about the rising number of prisoners under trial lodged in India's various gaols. The Delhi High Court

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directed the Ld in order to curb this issue. Delhi Chief Metropolitan Magistrate to organize special courts for petty criminals in the Central Jail of Tihar and were able to confess.

Figure 25 Plan and Section

6.1.3

Legal aid

Following are the features of Legal Aid activities in the Jails: 

A Free Legal Aid Cell is functioning in each jail in which stationery items, typing material, books, photostat machines etc. are provided by the Prison administration.

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

DLSA has 28 advocates on its roll, who are regularly visiting the Legal Aid Cells of the Jail and giving legal assistance. They are also assisted by the lawyers of the various NGOs.



DHCLSC has 17 advocates on its roll for arguing the petitions/appeals of prisoners.



Regular drafting of application/petition/appeal of the prisoner by advocates and Para Legal Aides formed by the legally literate prisoners is done.



These Para Legal Aides are being given regular training so that Legal Aid schemes may function smoothly and its benefits may reach deserving prisoners.

6.1.4

Educational facilities

During their stay, the Tihar Jail authorities provide the inmates with immense educational opportunities. The programme is structured in such a way that people can easily continue their education in the external world even after their release and lead a better life. As the website of the Delhi government asserts, an illiterate person landing in Tihar Jail can look forward to being literate if his stay is more than a week. The most important aspect of the education system in Tihar Jail is that educated prisoners voluntarily teach less educated prisoners.

The educational activity in Tihar Jail are organized at different level for different categories of prisoners like illiterates, neo-literates, semi-literates, literates and for those desirous of getting higher education. There are study centres of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and National Institute of Open School (NIOS), from where a prisoner can pursue his studies and he is given certicate/degree for that course without mentioning the place of examination being a jail.

6.1.5

Recreational facilities

Various programs like the “Tihar Olympics” and the “Ethnic Tihar” ensure good light hearted recreational facilities for the inmates of the Tihar jail. Tihar Olympics is a winter sports festival organised in the Tihar jail consisting of sports like volleyball, cricket, basketball, kho kho, kabaddi, carom etc. The Ethnic Tihar on the other hand is held during the spring season and consists of competitions like music, dance, painting etc. Eminent personalities from the eld of sports and culture are invited during these competitions to boost the morale of the prisoners. All Religious and National festivals are celebrated by one and all inside the prisons. On Republic Day and Independence Day National Flag is hoisted in all the prisons.

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6.2 Halden prison, Norway The Halden penitentiary complex, situated approximately 100 kms to the south-east of Oslo, was inaugurated in April, 2010, and is the feather in the cap of the Norwegian penitentiary system (Fig. 1). The project constitutes the most innovative example in the field of penitentiary architecture for the application of the responsibility regime, and the prison is configured as a detention facility for both the rehabilitation of inmates and behavioural research.

Figure 26 Halden prison

Designed by the HLM arkitektur studio in collaboration with the Erik Møller arkitekter studio, Halden prison was built over a period of ten years and at a cost of approximately 200 million euro.

The main objective for both the entity who commissioned the prison and for the architects who designed it was that of making the penitentiary institution resemble as much as possible the outside world, so as to establish a way of life based upon responsibility and self-determination.

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Figure 27 Block massing Halden Prison

Figure 28 Plan of Halden prison

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The 252 inmates are busy in work or study activities during the day and spend most of the time outside their detention rooms. The prison is organised into several separate pavilions immersed in the green of the garden, and within the pavilions the inmates are free to move and to organise their leisure activities together. The detention sections house 10 inmates each and include, in addition to the rooms for sleeping, a living-room, a dining-room, a fully equipped kitchen and a multipurpose room. The inmates can prepare and eat their meals together, as well as do their cleaning and manage their expenses in common.

Figure 29 Prison Cell

The entire area within the walls is laid out as a garden, with trees, benches and jogging lanes, and is visited on a daily basis by the inmates whenever they have any free time. In addition to the detention sections, the workshops and the school, the prison includes a recording studio, a common kitchen and guest quarters for relatives who come to visit the inmates. In addition to the responsibility regime, Halden prison is characterised by the architectural solutions used; the architects in fact strived ―both regarding forms and the choice of materials ― to limit the alienating effects caused by detention, and to imagine a structure that would recall the least possible a detention centre.

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Figure 30 living room

The prison wall was also the object of intense research, and was partially camouflaged with the use on the one hand, of a curved layout and tall trees and, on the other, through a series of murals and graffiti of high aesthetic quality painted by contemporary artists. Another element in the Halden prison that attenuates the sense of constriction and alienation is the abolition of all the traditional internal security devices (bars on windows, fences, armoured doors, etc.), which are replaced by technologically advanced systems.

All of the above elements contribute to the establishment of a prison institution that respects both human rights and the individual personalities of the prisoners. Halden Prison is a highly innovative institution for the qualified treatment and behavioural rehabilitation of detainees, looking ahead to the future and trying to overturn the old principles and belief in segregation and suffering as part of the penalty.

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CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION In spite of being in public agenda for a long time, it is a fact that the subject of prison has not been dealt sufficiently in architectural discourse taking the following questions into consideration: “How are the prisons, as architectural artifacts, taken up spatially? How are the confinement spaces designed from past to present, taking historical development into account?� Is it possible architecturally to design a system, in which the public authority, environment and the other criminals could not hurt the delinquent physically and psychologically during his detention?

Unfortunately suggested spaces in realized prison examples did not fulfill this function taking historical development into account.

To be able to criticise the reality of imprisonment, it is necessary to examine changes in the concepts of crime and punishment over time. Although these concepts showed some variations in the past in social constructions, until now they have continued their existence. In parallel to the change in the idea of crime, punishment methods and means have changed. In the future, crime and punishment concepts will also exist.

In this shift, forms or methods of crime and their applications are effective. The use of prison as a method of punishment is as old as that of mankind. In time, on the other hand, as a result of the changing social, cultural and political systems, it became a legal, spatial artefact. The most crucial factors in prison institutionalization are economic and political factors. Mad, sick, poor, disabled, unemployed and homeless people, gays, beggars, vagabonds were confined in gaols at the beginning. They were subsequently used to avoid the danger of the social rebellion of the unemployed and vagrants and to constitute a productive power that during the crisis period was cheap and easily supervised.

These measures facilitate the proper functioning of government to use the condemned people as a productive power serving for the benefit of society, to provide cheap labor as a control mechanism of high salaries in unemployment periods to control this class that could cause social rebels. As a result, prisons gained its real identity after its institutionalization, while previously, it was a space

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of measure that condemned and prevented the escape of corporally punished offenders until the execution of their punishment.

All these economic and political conditions, in improvement up to now, appear as factors that influence and direct the spatial organization of prisons. In this thesis, after discussing developmental history of Prisons according to the concept of crime, changing concept of space has also been examined and the change in spatial organization of prisons has revealed crucial results differing according to the idea and applications of punishment.

Spatial Features  Symmetric as a result of geometric analysis of prisons, it is observed that all prison buildings is symmetrical in plan organizations.  Repetitive Prison buildings have repetitive (cell / dormitory) units in accordance with their spatial organizations.  Unit Cells and dormitories and circulation and meeting spaces such as gallery, corridor, open area, close area etc. that bring them together, form the basic spatial organizations of prison buildings. These units include repetitions and their union exists as a solid and distinct spatial organization.  Supervision / Control Supervision and a hierarchical and functional surveillance exist as main input that clarifies the spatial organization of prison and differentiates the spaces in accordance with their typological classification.

On the other hand the new generation design concept have been based on direct supervision and control. This design has brought inmates and officers together in a much closer relationship. The officer-prisoner contact has been found to improve positive relationships. This contact gets to dissolve tensions lower the social temperature. This change has also caused the classification of prisons as different typology.

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