DSA October 2013 by Defence and Security Alert

editor-in-chief

DSA is as much yours, as it is ours!

he First Gulf War of 1991 gave a glimpse of war fighting in the future. From the management of logistics to mobilisation of troops and then to the actual conduct of combat operations. Everything portended that war had now entered an entirely different era, the greatest quantum change in the nature of operations since World War Two. None of this was more apparent than in the use of air power, where mass was replaced by stealth and precision. Gone were the days, or nights, of a skyline filled with masses of aircraft carrying iron bombs to be dropped at random and hoping they struck the intended targets. Granted that rocketry had greatly improved the accuracy of weapons during the Indo-Pak Wars of 1965 and 1971, the Arab-Israeli Wars of 1967 and 1973 and the Vietnam War with its limited utility of air power. But on the whole mass still prevailed over precision. The First Gulf War changed all that, with the advent of precision guided munitions, beyond visual range weapons and the radar evading capability of stealth combat aircraft. The future had indeed arrived and people were able to see it live on television sitting in the comfort and safety of their drawing rooms. The beam that carried the missile to its targets also relayed the visual to television sets worldwide. Science Fiction was no more fictional but a new dawning reality. And all countries with a stake in the military aviation sector followed suit. Some aping, some stealing and some innovating. But there was no going back to the era of mass, or more, is better. The frankly suicidal tendency of mass is better had now given way to a concept worked around more accuracy by lesser numbers. The need to be precise paved the way for opening more doors of invention and innovation. And a yet another quantum leap in the evolution of global air power trends. Highly motivated and imaginative, school children have always played ever more daring games involving aircraft and flight. Ever since the first human took to the air, it has been a schoolchild's fantasy to fly. Some take the actual steps to physically become pilots, others live out their fantasy by their obsession with aero-modelling. It is a bizarre truth but the global pursuit of aero-modelling as a hobby opened yet another horizon of war in the air. So thus was born the unmanned aerial vehicle, the UAV for some, or the remotely piloted vehicle, the RPV, for others. Professional militaries were dismissive at first, slotting these machines to be nothing more than glorified aero-modelling trophies. There was a marked reluctance to accept the concept, let alone the utility of the platform. Giddy as they were with the success of precision weapons and stealth aircraft, professional militaries assumed the inviolability of manned combat aircraft. But the development of UAVs was at a feverish pace worldwide and each improvement another compelling argument against conventional wisdom. More frontiers were breached when the first missile, essentially a modified anti-tank one, was fired from an armed UAV and struck its target. Since then armed UAVs have successfully targeted hundreds of armed militants and terrorists and are now an essential part of the global air power inventories.

This development has to have a far reaching impact on the structures, shapes and sizes of global military aviation. Every service now demands its own air arm, or at least one that can perform heli lift and ﬁxed wing transport roles. Naval aviation has its own combat aircraft element, owing to the peculiarities of maritime aviation. The Indian Air Force has always chaffed at the bit about parallel air forces appearing in the country. But these are global trends and similar sentiments cannot be prevented from seeping into India. Army Aviation has grown as a corps, just as Naval Aviation is poised to enter the supersonic age when MiG-29s launch from the refurbished INS Vikramaditya. It is better to adapt to the future rather than deny its evolutionary trends. After all the Air Force too was born as an air arm of the Army in a different era. The sooner India adapts and adopts global trends the better for its military aviation capabilities, in all spheres and all services. Denying trends is like denying evolution and change, terrible for walking upright.

Manvendra Singh October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

publisher's view

AANO BHADRA KRATVO YANTU VISHWATAH

Let noble thoughts come from all directions

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Vo l u m e 5 I s s u e 1 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 3 Chairman Shyam Sunder Publisher and CEO Pawan Agrawal Editor-in-chief Manvendra Singh Director Shishir Bhushan Corporate consultant KJ Singh Art consultant Divya Gupta Central Saint Martins College Of Art & Design, University Of Arts, London Business development Shaifali Sachdeva Corporate communications Mamta Jain Creative Prem Singh Giri Representative (USA) Steve Melito Representative (J and K) Salil Sharma Correspondent (Europe) Dominika Cosic Administration Devendra Pillani

DSA steps into the fifth year on 2nd October 2013. As the CEO of the magazine, I would like to share the glimpses of our introspection with you, dear reader, with an expectation and hope that you will continue to inspire us with your priceless evaluation and help our endeavour of interminable improvement. Even when I think I am doing well and have it all figured out, I always inevitably hear the poet Robert Frost at some point which nags at me and says … "Woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, Miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.” The acceptance and adulation from our readers have carried us through some of the most difficult periods and their affection has eased our journey. We assure you that the fifth year of DSA will prove to be a landmark in the genre of global defence and security journalism. 2013 has been an exciting year for team DSA. Our plans for 2012 fructified in full bloom as we strived to balance the issues of international defence and security with other aspects of national interest. Team DSA feels encouraged with admiration and appreciation from our Defence, Police and Security forces in India. I take great pride in sharing a major achievement. Defence and Security Alert (DSA) becomes the first and the only Indian magazine in this genre to be available on the Indian Air Force (IAF) Intranet. We cherish the confidence of IAF in DSA and wear this feather in our cap with honour. Our discussions with other security forces to follow suit will enable each and every defence personnel an access to DSA. In this era of information and technology, DSA has emerged a leader. Our subscriptions have multiplied and our online presence has also been well recognised worldwide and its online subscription has increased manifold during the last year.

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All rights reserved. Reproduction and translation in any language in whole or in part by any means without permission from Defence and Security Alert is prohibited. Opinions expressed are those of the individual writers and do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher and / or editors. All disputes are subject to jurisdiction of Delhi Courts. Defence and Security Alert is printed, published and owned by Pawan Agrawal and printed at Graphic World, 1686, Kucha Dakhini Rai, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 and published at 4/19 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi (India). Editor: Manvendra Singh

nniversaries are moments of introspection. Our vision and mission to inculcate a sense of ‘defence’ and ‘security’ as a second nature to our personalities and collective existence gets reinforced as we reconnoitre our interesting journey of four years through the mirror of our readers’ invaluable feedback. In retrospect, I would like to quote the enlightened one, Gautam Buddha, “Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it. Do not believe in anything simply because it is spoken and rumoured by many. Do not believe in anything simply because it is found written in your religious books. Do not believe in anything merely on the authority of your teachers and elders. Do not believe in traditions because they have been handed down for many generations. But after observation and analysis, when you ﬁnd that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and beneﬁt of one and all, then accept it and live up to it.”

The themes of DSA editions during the past year were meticulously chosen by our editorial team, keeping the global threats and challenges in perspective and were well appreciated and recognised by the defence and security fraternity worldwide. Article contributors in these editions are renowned subject experts who selflessly add significant preponderance and credibility to DSA. These editions have been avidly sought after by defence personnel, research organisations, think tanks and military establishments. We have tried to maintain a balance between topical issues and subjects pertaining to defence and security which is important in world affairs and national security of each nation. DSA also focuses on strategic and bilateral relations with all nations friendly with India. In this context, an interaction with the French Ambassador in India during 2013 stands as a milestone in promoting and projecting a universal bonding. It is an honour for us that countries like Russia, Japan, Greece and Kuwait find DSA an ideal platform to share their vision of strategic and bilateral relations with India in this 4th Anniversary edition. We feel obliged to respected Mr Pranay Sahay, former DG of CRPF, Mr Subhash Joshi, DG BSF, Mr Krishna Chaudhary, DG NDRF and Mr Rajiv, DG CISF along with other senior officials of our paramilitary forces for sharing their visions with our readers during candid interviews to DSA. Our royal salute to the valour of these eminent personalities who strengthen our belief and reinforce our pride for these elite forces of India. DSA is committed to highlight their challenges and applaud their accomplishments. Creating a better world requires teamwork. Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships. Individual commitment to a group effort – that is what makes a team work, a company work, a society work, a civilisation work.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

We strictly believe that the four most essential ingredients for achieving success are  A career you are lovingly passionate about  A burning desire to give in your best  An aggression to seize your opportunities  Enough empathy and compassion to be a team player My introspection leads me to the fact that I must understand what drives my team … their ideals and their fears. I have to help my team members know, realise and believe that they can walk the extra mile. The feeling I ought to transmit is, “you can do more than you believe in, achieve more than you can dream of.” When each and every member of my team internalises that feeling, it creates a soothing and satisfying sense of success achieved. I strive to ensure a free flow of positive energy within my team and feel rejuvenated when my passion for this venture reflects in their individual happiness and contentment. This success leads to mightier accomplishments. Team DSA is committed to create awareness and disseminate knowledge on defence and security subjects from all parts of the world to India and from India to other parts of the globe. Our staunch belief in “Aano Bhadra Kratvo Yantu Vishwatah” of the Vedas which means ‘Let noble thoughts come from all directions’, helps us connect dots to design a peaceful, safe and secure planet. I know that the work I do is important and I enjoy it, but it always feels good to know that my readers actively contribute to its improvement. Sometimes I am not even sure which of my publications were not good enough. There might have been thoughts that were complete catastrophes. But I believe that a negative feedback is better that none. I would rather have your criticism than your silence. In our section ‘Fragrance of Goodwill’, we proudly share some encouraging views and comments received form various parts of the world. The plaudits showered on team DSA are overwhelming and boost our morale in manoeuvring this trend setter. Defence and Security Alert is the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative of our group, emphasising an adherence to Quality and Content. For this, we gladly endure an obligation to associate only with leaders from the defence and security industry. However, DSA is always keen to shake hands with established and emerging Groups and Industries who believe in excellence and share our responsibility of contributing to India's worldwide acceptance as the new Global Power and one of the fastest growing economies. Our customised branding options and irresistible offers for print and online versions help you fortify your presence in the fast paced and technology driven minds. We welcome dignitaries from the world of defence and security and other related sectors to share their strategic vision with our readers and stakeholders along with promoting their business interests through advertisements, advertorials, product profiles and interviews. It is evident that the general elections in India, return of US forces from Afghanistan and the change of regime in Pakistan will be challenging for the Indian sub-continent and its neighbouring countries and affecting all stakeholders. I am sure that the Indian defence and security forces are alert and well prepared to handle such situations and the intelligence agencies are armoured with vital information to crack anti-national networks. A pat on their backs for the the arrest of Tunda and Bhatkal. My heart swells with pride and happiness in expressing my gratitude for my team, our panel of experts and contributors, our associates and friends worldwide, for their unconditional support to DSA in making it one of the most read magazines all around the globe. I pledge to keep strengthening our DSA foundation with blessings from all my readers and well-wishers. My prayers for a safe and secure world. Jai Hind!

Pawan Agrawal

Contents

AIR FORCE SPECIAL Global Air Power Trends

An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Magazine

Vo l u m e 5 I s s u e 1 O C T O B E R 2 0 1 3

A R T I C L E S Israel: An Aerospace Power India: A Friendly Benefactor Air Marshal Anil Chopra PVSM, AVSM, VM, VSM (Retd)

Airborne Operations Lt Gen PC Katoch PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SC (Retd)

Naval Aviation – Way Forward Dr Vivek Lall

Sino-Pak Nuclear And Missile Collaboration: Implications For India Dr Arun Vishwanathan

Ooda Loop Revisited Decision-Making And Reaction Time Damien Martin

Military Helicopters In India Future Technology Lt Gen B S Pawar PVSM, AVSM (Retd)

Air Power: Global Trends And IAF Wg Cdr AN Hanfee VrC (Retd)

Learning Organisations A Continuous Transformation Dr Rupali Jeswal

Protection Of National Critical Information Infrastructure Muktesh Chander IPS

Air Power Is Vital For Asian Security Balance India: Asia’s New Hope? Dr Satoru Nagao

Why India Should Build-up On Tejas Legacy Radhakrishna Rao

The LeT’s Special Operations Dr Prem Mahadevan

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@dsalert

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

Tibet: Water Tower Of Asia Riparian Issues Vinita Agrawal

Russia's Approach Towards SCO Dr Nivedita Das Kundu

US Prompt Global Strike Air Power Debalina Ghoshal

Europe Competing With America Dominika Cosic

F E A T U R E S 6

Central Industrial Security Force DG, CISF INTERVIEW

18 Special And Privileged Strategic Partnership HE Alexander Kadakin

India-Japan Strategic And Global Partnership HE Takeshi Yagi

India's Strategic Partners

Kuwait India Bilateral Relations HE Sami Mohammad Al-Sulaiman

Strategic Relationship Between India And Greece Col Georgios Tsenekidis

BrahMos: A Shining Example Of Public Private Partnership Exclusive Interview Dr Apathukatha Sivathanu Pillai

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Book Review The Darker Side Of Black Money BV Kumar IRS (Retd)

For online edition log on to: www.dsalert.org October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … DG, CISF INTERVIEW

CENTRAL INDUSTRIAL SECURITY FORCE

The Mission of the Central Industrial Security Force is to contribute towards enhancement of the security environment in the country and protection of our national assets through quality security services.

he Director General, CISF Mr Rajiv is 1975 batch UP Cadre IPS ofﬁcer. He has served as IG, Gorakhpur, Bareilly Zones, PTC Moradabad and IG, Vigilance, UP and before that as ADG, Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB). Prior to taking over as DG, CISF Mr Rajiv was DG, NDRF. He is successfully steering CISF at a critical juncture when it is raising fresh units and developing new methods to enhance the security preparedness at its sensitive deployments. Defence and Security Alert: From a modest beginning in 1969, CISF has evolved into a premier multi-skilled security force, possibly the largest Industrial security force in the world. What is the mandate and to what extent the force has been able to achieve the mandated goals? Any exemplary success stories that you will like to share with DSA readers around the world? Director General, CISF: CISF came into existence in 1969 with a modest beginning having strength of 3 battalions (3,000 personnel) to provide integrated security cover to the Public Sector Undertakings, which, in those years, occupied the commanding heights of the economy. In a span of four

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

and a half decades, the CISF has grown manifold to reach 1,37,000 personnel on its payroll today. With globalisation and liberalisation of the economy CISF is no longer a PSU centric organisation, instead it has become a premier multi-skilled Central Armed Police Force of the country mandated to provide security to major critical infrastructure installations located in all parts of the country in the diverse areas. CISF is currently providing security cover to Nuclear establishments, Space Installations, Coal Mines, Steel plants, Oil Fields and Refineries, Seaports, Airports, Hydroelectric / thermal power plants, sensitive government buildings, heritage monuments like the Taj Mahal and Red Fort and also iconic private sector units viz Infosys Bengaluru, Electronic City Bengaluru, Reliance Refinery Jamnagar, Infosys Mysore, Delhi Airport Metro Express, Infosys Pune etc. It is a testimony to the level of professional competence and standing acquired by the Force over the decades that its services are being sought by the large Public, Private and Joint Venture establishments. With the amendment in the CISF Act, 1999, government of India permitted CISF to offer its consultancy services in the field of security and fire protection to public, joint ventures and private sector.

Within the short span, CISF has provided its consultancy services to a large number of clients in both private and public sectors and the list is constantly growing. In the year 2006, CISF formed the Special Security Group (SSG) to provide security cover to the important protectees and presently providing security cover to 42 important protectees. CISF Act was amended in the year 2009 after the Mumbai terrorist attack and the mandate of the Force has been broadened to provide security to private establishments having immense importance for Nation’s growth for this purpose. CISF Act has been amended heralding a new chapter in the glorious history of the Force. The Force is deployed in 51 units located in LWE infested areas, 07 in Jammu and Kashmir and 33 in north-eastern states of the country. The dedication, professional competence,

adaptability and use of cutting edge technology have made the Force to reach the present glory. The Force has created crime free environment, when it is deployed. Proper measures have been put in place to check the sabotage, espionage, theft, pilferage, white collar crime etc and protect the installation from external and internal threats. Our bravehearts have successfully repulsed heavy attacks launched by the naxalites many a times in LWE areas and forced them to retreat. DSA: In view of the prevailing security environment in the country and threats from transnational terrorism and anti-national elements what steps are you taking towards skill upgradation and technological modernisation of the force? DG, CISF: The threat from transnational terrorism and naxalism

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … DG, CISF INTERVIEW

The Director General, CISF Mr Rajiv in conversation with Mr Pawan Agrawal, Publisher and CEO of Defence and Security Alert at CISF headquarters in New Delhi. In this exclusive interview Mr Rajiv shares with DSA readers his views and vision for Central Industrial Security Force. has broadened our mandate keeping in view the challenges ahead, the increasing use of the cutting edge technology and skill upgradation has taken us far ahead in upgraded weaponry, equipment, modern gadgets and dog squads. Putting them all together CISF has transformed into a highly professional and techno-savvy Central Armed Police Force. In order to safeguard the country's key and strategic installations, we are continuously upgrading our skills. Dynamics of change have dictated several novel initiatives within the CISF. The Force is being rapidly modernised both in terms of equipment and training. The manpower-intensive units are being pruned with introduction of security gadgets. In highly sensitive areas, such as atomic energy, space and few airports, security functions like access control, intrusion detection and surveillance have been automated to a great extent. Keeping in view the importance of training, modern training aids have been provided at CISF National Industrial Security Academy (NISA), Hyderabad as well as at six other RTCs (Regional Training Centres). At each of the 6 RTCs we have developed additional training skills for specialising in a particular aspect of security. The NISA at Hyderabad is a

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

centre of excellence. Our Fire Service Training Institute (FSTI) has been developed as a premier institute of our country in disaster management training, where, training facilities and infrastructure are excellent. DSA: CISF was started to provide security cover to public sector undertakings (PSUs). With massive industrialisation and globalisation of Indian economy the security needs of industrial and business houses have also increased exponentially. How successfully has CISF kept pace with the rising demand for its services from the private sector enterprises? DG, CISF: With the growing threat of terrorist outﬁts, the industries in the private sector and joint venture enterprises, which are immensely contributing to the growth of the Indian economy, approached the government for a protective cover of CISF over and above the capabilities of their own private security set-ups. Thus, the CISF Act was amended to enable the deployment of CISF for security of private sector. The ﬁrst induction of CISF in Infosys, Bengaluru on 31st July, 2009, marked the happy culmination of the proactive efforts of the government to enable the deployment of an

Armed Force of the Union to protect vital establishments to the private sector. It added another feather in the cap of CISF, which is now providing security in six private sector enterprises – Infosys Bengaluru, Electronic City Bengaluru, Infosys Mysore, Infosys Pune, Reliance Reﬁnery Jamnagar and Delhi Airport Metro Express. DSA: Many Indian business houses are expanding globally. Is CISF equipped and ready to provide security to Indian establishments overseas? DG, CISF: CISF has successfully shouldered the responsibilities and is always ready to accept new challenges. CISF has continuously evolved itself to meet the dynamics of changing security scenario. Our specially trained contingent is protecting the Indian Embassy in Nepal. If government permits, we are ready to take-up the challenges in providing security to Indian establishments overseas. DSA: How does CISF go about accepting a new client? What criteria must an establishment fulﬁll to be eligible for CISF security cover? DG, CISF: Terms and conditions for Induction of CISF in Public Sector Undertakings:  The deployment of the Force will be completely at the cost of

the undertaking / company / establishment / joint venture, which among other things Pay and Allowances for the personnel deployed, their TA / DA, supervision charges, pension and leave, salary contribution, training cost, cost of Arms and Ammunition, cost of clothing and equipment etc. Prescribed service tax etc at rates fixed by the government from time to time.  All statutory taxes will be paid by user / client organisation directly and also the service tax on the bills of the cost of deployment and other payments of CISF should be deposited by the concerned management / user organisation.  Bills on account of deployment charges will be raised for payment by 10th of the following month and its payment will be made by the user by end of the month, in which the bill is raised otherwise penal interest @ 2 per cent above the PLR will be charged as per MHA instructions.  Office and residential accommodation (married / bachelor) to the officers and members of the Force according to the laid down scales will also have to be provided by the company when CISF is deployed.  The undertaking / company / establishment / joint venture will have to provide office / barrack, furniture, stationery and other items required for its day to day functioning.  The undertaking / company / establishment / joint venture also will have to provide transport as per laid down scales for exclusive use of CISF. The cost of POL / maintenance will be borne directly by the management. Also communication facilities like telephones, wireless etc at the cost of the management are to be provided to CISF.  The undertaking / company / establishment / joint venture will have to provide medical, educational, recreational and canteen facilities to members of CISF deployed along with families, at the same level as provided to the company employees.  Facilities / accommodation for cookhouse, recreation, family welfare activities etc are also to be provided to the CISF Unit, when deployed. Cooking utensils, recreation / sports items, newspapers and periodicals etc are also required to be provided at undertaking / company / establishments / joint venture expense.  Parade ground / playground as per requirement has also to be provided. Terms and conditions for Induction of CISF in Private Sector:  Industrial units whose products or services are vital to the country's economic security and growth and whose loss or serious damage would affect India's international image adversely. These may include Petroleum and Natural Gas installations, IT and Communication Institutions with major linkages with other economic, Power Sector installations, Seaports etc.  Industrial undertaking extremely important for the Indian economy and located in Naxal, militancy affected or vulnerable areas.  Industrial undertakings substantially important for the economy and which would require huge investments and large time lags to replace in case of damage. These may include Ship Building, Research Institutions, Heritage Hotels etc.  Private institutions with an iconic status in the country.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … DG, CISF INTERVIEW DSA: Due to many personal and professional reasons there is a lot of stress among force personnel. What remedial measures is CISF taking to address and manage this afﬂiction?

state police organisations also? Do you send your personnel abroad for special trainings? DG, CISF: CISF has constantly kept abreast of the need for matching professionalism in security dispensation through specialised training of personnel, upgradation of knowledge and managerial skills, besides induction of sophisticated gadgetry in aid to the security of installations as the National Industrial Security Academy (NISA) was established in Hyderabad in 1990 to upgrade the professional skills of the Force.

The First Indian contingent arrives at Port-au-Prince in October, 2008 DSA: CISF had the honour of sending a large contingent to Haiti under the auspices Of United Nations during catastrophic earthquake of 2009. How has been this experience? What other international assignments has CISF handled? DG, CISF: It is a matter of pride for us that government permitted us to deploy 140 strong CISF Formed Police Unit (FPU) contingent at Port-au-Prince in Haiti from October 2008 as a part of United Nations stabilisation mission in Haiti. Our contingent is assisting the Haitian National Police in weapon control and public security measures and also ensured the restoration and maintenance of the rule of law, public safety and public order in Haiti through operational support as well as with their institutional strengthening to the Haitian National Police. One of the major responsibilities of the contingent is to protect United Nations personnel, facilities, installations and equipment and to ensure the security and freedom of its personnel. During earthquake in Haiti, our contingent played a significant role in rescue operations and medical assistance to the general public of Haiti. Our officers and men are doing commendable job in the foreign country. In the year 1991-92, the first contingent of CISF went to Cambodia on a UN mission. Our officers and men have served as UN observers in various countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Sudan, Cyprus and Timor etc. CISF is regularly sending its personnel for United Nations peace missions from time to time whenever ordered by the government and CISF personnel have earned a good name not only for the organisation but the Nation too during UN missions. DSA: What kind of trainings do you provide to your officers and jawans? Do you train personnel from other central and

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

CISF training college, initially established at Partapur (Meerut) in 1969 was shifted to Shivrampally, Hyderabad in 1971. In 1987, the college moved into the present premises at Hakimpet, Secunderabad (AP) and was upgraded into an Academy on 8 December,1990.

NISA was declared "Centre of Excellence" by the Ministry of Home Affairs (GoI) in the field of Industrial Security on 30.09.1999. Keeping in view the importance of training, modern training aids have been provided at CISF Academy (NISA) as well as, at the six other RTCs (Regional Training Centres). At each of the 6 RTCs, we have developed additional training skills for specialising in a particular aspect of security. The CISF Academy "National Industrial Security Academy" (NISA) at Hyderabad is a centre of excellence and has been developed as a premier institute in the country and is imparting training not only to the Force personnel of CISF, but also to others like IRS, Indian Air Force, Navy, ONGC, Nepal Police etc. Our Fire Service Training Institute located at NISA, is the premier Fire Service Training Institute in the country, imparts professional training in fire fighting and fire prevention not only to the Force personnel of CISF Fire wing, but also to the various ranks of National Fire Service College (Nagpur), Coast Guards, DG-CD sponsored SOs Course, Rapid Action Force of CRPF, ONGC, Navy, Kolkata and West Bengal Police, Andhra Police and Fire personnel of Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal.

CISF is also sending its ofﬁcers and men for specialised trainings abroad. DSA: Do you think there is a need for CISF to have an Air Wing of its own considering the prevailing threats and challenges in the environment? DG, CISF: CISF does not have any such operational requirement for separate Air Wing. However, our needs are catered by the sister organisation BSF Air Wing on approval from MHA. DSA: How well is CISF prepared for a CBRN attack

Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear (CBRN) Preparedness on any airport or establishment? Is some special training being given to the force personnel to counter such attacks? DG, CISF: Our Fire Service Training Institute (FSTI) is imparting training in disaster management viz Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue (CSSR), Medical First Response (MFR) and Chemical Biological and Nuclear disaster response (CBRN). Besides this, CISF personnel have also been trained by arranging course for them at BARC (Mumbai). Initially, all Central Armed Police Forces were asked to raise 02 battalions for disaster management. CISF has also raised 02 disaster management battalions, which have now been placed as NDRF battalion under the command of NDMA. In addition, CISF is imparting training to its personnel to counter CBRN threat.

DG, CISF: Remedial measure taken by CISF to address and manage the affliction are:  Inputs on yoga, meditation and vipasana form a part of training curriculum of all ranks in CISF. Course on "art of living" being organised at various units for teaching CISF personnel the correct way to counter modern day stress.  Internal grievance redressal machinery has been streamlined and re-oriented to make it more effective. Specialised CISF specific courses on Stress Management are being developed in consultation with specialist agencies like BPR&D, National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Sciences and VIMHANS.  Steps have been taken to deploy "Lady Counsellors" at all Units for getting first hand information about the personal problems of the members of Force so that immediate steps could be taken for redressal of the same.  Group activities like sports, cultural programmes, picnics etc being encouraged and held at regular intervals. Officers have been directed to maintain personal contacts with men. They have been directed to participate along with men in recreational activities and also to dine with them once in a month.  Guidelines have been issued to all Units for keeping a special watch to notice symptoms of stress and deviant behaviour among the CISF personnel so that immediate corrective action could be initiated.  Case studies on suicide by personnel is being undertaken to mitigate any such reoccurrence by way of counselling and proactive welfare measures. DSA: As head of India’s premier industrial security force what thoughts and ideas will you like to share with the people of India and readers of DSA around the world? DG, CISF: CISF has a larger public interface at airports, Delhi Metro, seaports, other major establishments. I would like to say that CISF personnel are always committed to serve the country and its people in a better manner. CISF is always open and welcomes suggestions for the betterment for which there is always a scope for improvement to achieve greater heights. I convey my best wishes to the readers of DSA.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … BILATERAL COOPERATION

SPECIAL AND PRIVILEGED STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BrahMos Supersonic cruise missile

HIS EXCELLENCY ALEXANDER KADAKIN Ambassador of Russia in india

INS Vikramaditya

he Fourth anniversary of “Defence and Security Alert” is a good opportunity to felicitate the staff and readers on this occasion and to share views on Russian-Indian relations which have traditionally been kept in focus of the magazine. Throughout decades, our ties have matured into a unique bilateral pattern of intergovernmental relations unparalleled in modern diplomatic history. Our bonds, tested many times in critical situations, our friendship has proved its inherent strength. Russia was and remains India’s closest and most reliable friend and partner. There is a national consensus on Russian-Indian friendship in both countries, stability and dynamism of our ties do not depend either on domestic political agendas or on changes in the international setup. At the turn of the 21st century we have entered a new stage of strategic partnership – a novel format and content of diplomatic relationship and enhanced dialogue, with deep mutual trust for decades to come. It is characterised by the highest degree of openness and trust, mutual understanding and amity. Our interaction has blossomed into a special and privileged strategic partnership. Today we face a challenging but rather pressing task of extending the spirit and potential of this unique partnership from its political domain to all spheres of bilateral interaction, to every joint endeavour. This has direct reference to military and technical cooperation between Russia and India. The future of our defence relationship lies in transferring modern technologies, joint research, development and production of state-of-the-art military hardware and sharing scientiﬁc and professional expertise. Be it the

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

Chakra submarine exemplary joint production of BrahMos, the world’s best cruise missile, or a mighty Vikramaditya aircraft carrier about to head out of the Northern seas towards India, or the nuclear-powered Chakra submarine. This is exactly the path that the special and privileged partners – Russia and India – should follow against all odds. Such vast scope of Russian-Indian military and technical cooperation cannot possibly be conﬁned to participation in international tenders, which, despite all supposed transparency and objectivity, are in essence an outdated “seller-buyer” relationship. We should advance in joint production and this is the fundamental and speciﬁc feature of our military

and technical cooperation with India. Many breathtaking joint projects lie ahead. Russia wants to see her friend India a mighty, prosperous and powerful nation – in terms of military hardware as well. To achieve this, we have done everything we can for the last ﬁve decades of our military cooperation, we are doing it now and we will conﬁdently move together towards the future. May I wish the Magazine every success and prosperity for many years to come.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … BILATERAL COOPERATION US-2 Amphibian Aircraft Japan-India Bilateral Exercise Indian Navy vessels in Japan

HIS EXCELLENCY TAKESHI YAGI Ambassador of Japan in India

INDIA-JAPAN

STRATEGIC AND GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP

apan and India established “Strategic and Global Partnership” at the summit meeting between the two Prime Ministers, Dr Manmohan Singh and Mr Shinzo Abe in 2006 and have been intensifying their ties through high level exchanges spearheaded by the annual visits of the Prime Ministers to each other’s capital. Our bilateral relations which had traditionally focused on Ofﬁcial Development Assistance projects such as Delhi-Metro have extended to innovative and comprehensive approaches such as Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) project. Exchanges in the business sector have grown remarkably with over 100 companies in average newly investing in India every year since 2006. Furthermore, the breadth of our relations has continued to expand to cover cooperation in the ﬁeld of security and global issues such as the reform of the United Nations. Indeed, the “Strategic and Global Partnership”

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

has led our ties to a new phase, that of two major partners sharing the same fundamental values such as freedom, democracy and respect for basic human rights as well as strategic interests. In his speech entitled Confluence of the Two Seas delivered at the Indian Parliament in 2007, Prime Minister Abe had shed light on the Indo-Pacific collaboration to enrich the seas of freedom and prosperity, which will be open and transparent to all. As maritime states, both India and Japan have vital interests in the security of sea lanes connecting East Asia with the Middle East and Africa. Hence, it has become an important task for the two governments to consider what Japan and India should do jointly in the areas of security in the years to come. In 2008, the Prime Ministers of Japan and India signed the Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation. The Action Plan formulated in 2009 specifies a wide range

of consultative frameworks such as “2+2 Dialogue” at the Vice-Minister / Secretary level and Staff Talks as well as areas for cooperative action including anti-piracy activities, joint exercises at sea and exchange of cadets in respective educational programmes. Indian Defence Minister Mr AK Antony visited Japan in November 2011 and agreed with his counterpart to carry out bilateral exercise between the Maritime Self-Defense Force and the Indian Navy. In June 2012, the ﬁrst exercise was conducted off the coast of Japan, in which two destroyers (Hatakaze and Oonami) and one amphibious aircraft (US-2) from the Japanese side as well as one destroyer (INS Rana), one ﬂeet tanker (INS Shakti), one frigate (INS Shivalik) and one corvette (INS Karmuk) from the Indian side participated. Joint exercises between the two Coast Guards have taken place on an annual basis since 2000 and the eleventh exercise was held in Tokyo Bay in November 2012. Since I took up my duty in October 2012, all three Chiefs of Staff of Air, Maritime and Ground Self-Defense Forces have visited India to meet their counterparts and from India, General Bikram Singh, Chief of the Army Staff visited Japan in February this year. Such frequent contacts at the highest level of the two armed forces demonstrate the

maturity of our defence cooperation. Our “Strategic and Global Partnership” does not limit itself to the close relationship between the militaries. In the past two years, new frameworks for dialogue have been launched. “Bilateral Talks on Cyber” and “Maritime Affairs Dialogue” were held respectively in November 2012 and January 2013 and “Trilateral Dialogue” between Japan, India and the United States had three meetings since December 2011. At the Annual Summit in May 2013 in Tokyo, the two Prime Ministers, Dr Singh and Mr Abe expressed their resolve to further consolidate and strengthen the “Strategic and Global Partnership” in the years ahead, taking into account changes in the strategic environment. They decided to conduct, on a regular basis and with increased frequency, bilateral exercises between the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the Indian Navy. They also decided to establish a Joint Working Group to explore modality for cooperation on the US-2 amphibian aircraft. As Ambassador of Japan to India, I am tempted to reiterate what Prime Minister Abe had told the Indian Parliamentarians in his 2007 speech: “Japan-India relationship is blessed with the largest potential for development of any bilateral relationship anywhere in the world.” This applies to the security and defence cooperation as well.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … BILATERAL COOPERATION

Hellenic Embassy

COL GEORGIOS TSENEKIDIS Defence Attaché Embassy of Greece in India

HIS EXCELLENCY SAMI MOHAMMAD AL-SULAIMAN Ambassador of Kuwait in India

KUWAIT INDIA

BILATERAL RELATIONS

uwait and India have always been important trade partners. India has consistently been amongst the top ten trading partners of Kuwait. Kuwait being a reliable supplier of oil to India, is the second largest from the GCC countries after Saudi Arabia. It meets about 10 to 12 per cent of India's energy needs. Bilateral trade during 2012-13 was US$ 17.63 billion. India's export to Kuwait during 2012-13 was U$ 1.060 billion while import from Kuwait was US$ 16.569 billion of which petroleum accounted for US$ 15.741 billion. The total non-oil trade amounted to US$ 1.874 billion. Major items exported from India cover a broad range including foodstuff, textiles, garments, electrical and engineering equipment, metal products, pressure vessel reactors, industrial valves, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances, articles of iron and steel etc. Kuwaiti

investment

India

excess

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US$ 2.5 billion and to realise this and explore new avenues of cooperation, Minister of Ameri Dewan Affairs, Shaikh Nasser Sabah Al-Ahmad AI-Sabah visited India in March this year. During his visit, he met various Indian dignitaries including Vice President, Mr Hamid Ansari, Indian Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh, External Affairs Minister, Mr Salman Khursheed and Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission, Dr Montek Singh Ahluwalia. Later, Dr Montek Singh Ahluwalia led a high level delegation to Kuwait in July this year and met His Highness Shaikh Sabah AI-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, the Amir of the State of Kuwait besides other important dignitaries of Kuwait Investment Authority and Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry. All these positive indications beacon to a bright future between the State of Kuwait and the friendly Republic of India.

STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND GREECE

he relationship between India and Greece is excellent, multifaceted, harmonious and warm, as the two countries are linked by close ties of friendship and cooperation in different areas. Strategically located in the Eastern Mediterranean and South-Eastern Europe, Greece is an inﬂuential player in the region and a member of NATO and the EU. Due to its geographical location, Greece has to be prepared to tackle with different issues in a considerably complicated and delicate environment. The above-mentioned overall geostrategic environment makes it necessary for Greece to allocate considerable human and ﬁnancial resources towards its Armed Forces. Therefore, Greek governments have strived to develop a strong and viable defence industry since the mid-1970s. The main objectives of this industry were to satisfy national military needs and to increase the participation of domestic manufacturers in the procedure of national defence procurement. India and Greece both, are importing the majority of their necessary military hardware, while trying to maximise their local industrial involvement in military spending. Bilateral cooperation schemes between the two countries can vary from setting-up of Joint Ventures, buying technologies, producing under licensing agreements

and even direct investments. Potential cooperation in developed products and strategic technologies (for example Space related technologies) could be transferred between the two countries. Selected technologies of international recognition could be drivers for establishing an appropriate type of cooperation, which could lead to substantial immediate beneﬁts. Combining the ﬂourishing Indian defence market environment with the emerging technologies and products, provided by the Greek defence industry, a new level of cooperation between the two countries could be developed resulting to an era of further development including innovated technologies focusing mainly in the defence sector but allowing strong civil cooperation initiatives to develop as well. For that reason bilateral exercises would be an interesting feature for both nations, India and Greece, in order to expand their defence relations to share new technologies and to transform their military weapons to 21st century capabilities, through such opportunities. India and Greece have to work on a strategic partnership and the two nations should enhance their cooperation on international initiatives as counter-terrorism and piracy.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP Israeli Aerospace Industries

India established full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992 and has since built a strong military and technological partnership. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation and received the top-end military equipment that were not available from elsewhere. Israeli Air power was demonstrated in the Entebbe raid of 1976 to extricate Israeli hostages and the Osirak raid to destroy Iraq’s only nuclear reactor in 1981. Lavi helped Israel step into UAVs. Produced by IAI Malat, they are widely deployed in Afghanistan and in many countries including India. ELTA has supplied Russian made Il-76 transports converted to highly advanced AEW systems to India. ELTA maritime radar is flying on Indian Air Force (IAF) Jaguars and the Multi-Mode Radar is on India’s Light Combat Aircraft. A multi-role persistent surveillance radar system, based on the ELM-2022, is fitted on IAF’s aerostat system to detect low flying and surface targets. Israel contributes significantly to Indian defence on land, sea and air. 18

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

he state of Israel was formed on 14 May 1948; just nine months after India gained her independence. With 20,770 sq km it is the 153rd in the world by geographical size. The eight million Israelis are surrounded by neighbours with different levels of animosity. The country has suffered many full-ﬂedged wars and low intensity conﬂict is a part of daily life of this small but most determined nation. The national anthem ‘Hatikvah’ so appropriately means ‘The Hope’. With a population one third of Delhi, the men and women mean business and per capita GDP at US$ 32,312 positions it high up at 26th in the world. Guarding the nation from external attack is a full time activity. Early in its existence they realised the need for a self-sustaining domestic arms industry with a state-of-the-art product line. Aerospace was one of their focus areas. Israel’s defence exports soared 30 per cent to a record of US$ 7.47 billion in 2012, making it the world’s sixth largest exporter of arms behind the US, UK, Russia, China and Germany and ahead of France and Italy. Asia continued to be the leading market with 50 per cent of the sales. India was the leading defence customer. Currently Israel is second largest exporter of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and may overtake United States in next two years. With the local defence market too small to sustain the industry and to maintain reasonable costs for products, Israel exports 75 per cent of its defence production. The Israeli

Defence Attachés in missions abroad actively support the export effort.

An Operational Nation

The Israeli Air Force performed exceedingly well in various operations. It destroyed bulk of the air forces of Egypt, Jordan and Syria on the ground in the 1967 Arab-Israeli conﬂict. Egypt and Syria were heavily armed with Russian surface-to-air missiles during the 1973 Yom-Kippur War. Despite higher casualties, Israel had a decisive victory. Air power was demonstrated in the Entebbe raid of 1976 to extricate Israeli hostages and the Osirak raid to destroy Iraq’s only nuclear reactor in 1981. The ﬁrst real electronic war in Bekaa Valley in 1982, the attack on PLO headquarters at Tunis and the air dominance of Gaza watched by the world on Television on daily basis, have all been a showcase of Israeli air power. The way Israel responded to the Iraqi Scud missiles during Gulf War with ground based AD systems indicated their strength. Israel has one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.

Aircraft Industry

The major strength of Israel's arms industry is Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), aircraft avionics, armoured vehicles, smart munitions and systems upgrades. The leading export companies are Israeli Aerospace Industries (IAI), Elbit Systems, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Military Industries (IMI). IAI, Rafael and IMI are state owned. Migration of large number of Soviet Jews, including many aircraft designers, after the break-up in 1991 also exposed Israel to Russian aerospace technologies. Let us look at some of the defence companies.

In 1953, Bedek Aviation started in a small hangar under the determined leadership of Al Schwimmer – an American Jew, who had moved to Israel to help build the new State. With the support of David Ben-Gurion, Israel's first Prime Minister and Shimon Peres, then Director General of the Ministry of Defence, he created the AIR MARSHAL foundation of today's IAI which is ANIL CHOPRA the biggest state owned defence PVSM, AVSM, VM, VSM entity. Its Space Systems Division has put Israel into the exclusive (RETD) space club with capability The writer has been to develop and manufacture a fighter pilot who launchers and satellites. They has grown up flying manufacture AMOS series of Russian aircraft. He communication satellites with is experienced on all wide coverage and observation variants of MiG-21, / imaging satellites with MiG-23 and Su-30. He electro-optical payloads (Ofeq, has also flown the An-32 Eros) or Synthetic Aperture Radars transport aircraft. He (Tecsar). The division is developing was the Team Leader of newer versions of OptSat (optical) MiG-21 Bison Upgrade series of satellites. The Shavit family Team in Russia for of launchers for all the satellites over four years. and a variety of static and mobile ground receiving systems are also manufactured by IAI. Their basket of UAVs includes the world famous Heron, Panther, Bird Eye, Searcher and Mosquito micro UAV among others. Produced by IAI Malat, they are widely deployed in Afghanistan and in many countries including India. Israel is now the only country in the world with a fully operational ground based Theater Ballistic Missile Defense system. The Arrow anti-missile system was developed in cooperation with the United States. The Arrow-2 has been in service for some time and its successor the Arrow-3 which is under development is designed to intercept longer range ballistic missile with unconventional warheads. Arrow programme is supported by many Israeli companies. Elta, a subsidiary of IAI provides the Green Pine early-warning radar. Tadiran (an Elbit division) makes the Communication, Control and Command center. The latest, faster and more lethal version, Arrow-2 has a 90 per cent probability of knocking out a ballistic missile – and can tell a warhead from a decoy. IAI offers comprehensive maintenance and support services for combat aircraft and helicopters, including upgrading and life extension and conversion of older aircraft into modern platforms for the 21st century. While the defence side of IAI is very dominant, its civil operation is also extensive. Its subsidiary Bedek is overhauling many types of aircraft and has become one of the world centres for conversions of passenger aircraft to cargo aircraft. IAI’s radar know-how is mainly in its ELTA division, which has made the company a leading manufacturer of Airborne Early Warning platforms. ELTA Systems’ products are designed for Intelligence,

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP of projectile fuses. Sibat handles disposal of all the surplus stores of the Armed Forces from ships and aircraft to small items.

Israel is now the only country in the world with a fully operational ground based Theater Ballistic Missile Defense system. The Arrow anti-missile system was developed in cooperation with the United States. The Arrow-2 has been in service for some time and its successor the Arrow-3 which is under development is designed to intercept longer range ballistic missile with unconventional warheads Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR), Early Warning and Control, Self-Protection and Self-Defence and Fire Control applications. The company has supplied Russian made Il-76 transports converted to highly advanced AEW systems to India. ELTA maritime radar is flying on Indian Air Force (IAF) Jaguars and the Multi-Mode Radar is on India’s Light Combat Aircraft. A multi-role persistent surveillance radar system, based on the ELM-2022, is fitted on IAF’s aerostat system to detect low flying and surface targets. ELTA airborne jammers too are in many Air Forces including India. IAI also makes the Harop loitering munitions. The Company has also put AEW and Sigint equipment on Gulfstream G-550 business jets and supplied to the Israeli Air Force. Singapore is also a client for this type of platform and is believed to have three in service. Gulfstream 200 business jet is currently produced for Gulfstream Aerospace by IAI. IAI upgraded F-16, F-15 and F-4 aircraft, Yasur 2000 and upgraded CH-53 helicopters and the Phalcon Early Warning Aircraft are in use.

Rafael Air Defence Systems

Rafael was established in 1948 as a research centre. It became a limited company in 2002. They are the makers of the Iron Dome missile defence system, built to protect Israeli towns from mortars, rockets and 155-millimeter artillery shells. Most of their products are classified. Each Iron Dome unit fires four to eight missiles. It’s an all-weather mobile system with a range of 70 kilometers. Rafael’s American partner has been Raytheon, the company that developed the Patriot. Rafael also produces state-of-the-art armaments for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and export customers. Rafael focuses on EW, C4I, training and simulators and precision-guided weapon systems. The company’s missiles division produces a variety of guided weapons, including air-to-air, air-to-surface, anti-tank missiles and air defence systems, as well as electro-optic systems for target acquisition, laser designation and reconnaissance for net-centric warfare. The division’s key products include: The Python (earlier called Shafrir) and Derby air-to-air missiles; surface to air systems including the Spyder; point defence system Iron Dome and David Sling; and finally the Barak anti-missile naval air defence system that is a joint programme with IAI. The Iron Dome recently proved to be very effective when it intercepted 8 of 9 BM-21 GRAD rockets launched from the Gaza strip into Israel. Rafael also manufactures the Spike family of electro-optic multipurpose missile systems, as well as the Litening and TopLite navigation and targeting pods and the RecceLite real-time reconnaissance pod. Rafael’s Manor division develops rocket motors and space propulsion systems, warheads and pyrotechnic subsystems. Rafael also makes the Air to Surface Popeye stand-off missiles.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

Elbit Systems

Established in 1967 at Haifa, Elbit Systems is Israel’s largest private defence company with 11,000 employees. It operates in the areas of aerospace, land and naval systems, command, control, communications, computers, intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR), Unmanned Aerial Systems, advanced electro-optics, electro-optic space systems, Electronic Warfare (EW) suites, airborne warning systems, Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) systems, data links and military communications. The company also focuses on the upgrading of existing airborne platforms. Elbit systems is very active in advanced avionics, helmet-mounted systems, head-up displays, digital maps, mission computers, aerial reconnaissance systems and guided munitions systems. Its revolutionary pilot helmet has been selected for the Lockheed Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. Silver Arrow and Hermes series UAVs are an Elbit product. Over the years, Elbit has acquired a large number of smaller companies such as Tadiran Communications, Elisra, Cyclone Aviation Products (Cyclone) and Electro-Optical Industries (Elop) among others. Elop specialises in developing electro-optical devices and is the world’s largest company of this kind outside the US. Elisra specialises mainly in EW suites, airborne warning systems, ELINT systems and datalinks for UAS and guided munitions.

Israeli Military Industries

IMI, also referred to as ‘Taas’ makes aircraft equipment, pylons, fuel tanks, chaff and ﬂare dispensing systems and UAVs. The world famous Uzi sub-machine gun is their product. The company manufactures air-to-ground weapons such as the Delilah stand-off missile and a full

line of penetration bombs, tactical air-launched decoys, armour protection suites for helicopters and transport airplanes and very advanced ﬂare and chaff systems. IMI in its Givon division is developing and manufacturing the boosters for the Israel Shavit satellite launcher. The company has been suffering in recent years from a cash ﬂow problem. An effort to sell parts of IMI to other defence companies in Israel has failed and now another effort is being made to merge it with Rafael.

Other Aerospace Players

There are a host of other smaller companies into aerospace products. Innocon is a small private company that has been developing and building Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) ranging from micro UAV weighing 6 kg, to a 1,000 kg full sized platforms. BlueBird is another small UAV manufacturer specialising in tactical UAV's. RADA is a recognised world leader in the ﬁeld of airborne video and data recording. The company’s inertial navigation solutions (INS), based on Fiber Optic Gyros (FOG) or Micro-Electro Mechanical Sensors (MEMS), are integrated in a wide range of airborne applications. Aeronautics is another unmanned air systems (UAS) manufacturer with some unique products. Boeing has teamed with Aeronautics to meet the growing demand for Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) systems. The initial marketing efforts will be made by Boeing in NATO member countries and also in Australia, Switzerland and Austria. Aeronautics Defense Systems makes Aerostar UAVs for over the hill reconnaissance missions. DefenSoft produces software solutions for the Armed Forces. Export Erez manufactures personnel protective wear including ﬂying jackets. Reshef Technologies specialises in all types

Virtually every piece of equipment purchased from the United States, from F-16 fighter planes to BLACK HAWK helicopters, goes through immediate changes to retrofit for Israeli battle conditions. Lavi was a derivative evolved in the 1980s after years of modifying American or French planes. It was jointly funded by the US and Israeli governments and produced by IAI. After four years and billions of dollars the programme was abandoned in 1987 due to Pentagon’s loss of support. “While the cancellation sent shockwaves through the Israeli Defence industry, the project drove the whole industry towards the cutting edge of technology,” notes defence analyst Yiftah Shapir. Lavi helped Israel step into UAVs. The company’s smallest drone, the Ghost, weighs 4 kg and is very quiet in operation. Its purpose is to monitor indoor conversations for 30 minutes by means of a 400-g optical camera. Currently they also produce the 5-ton Heron TP UAV which carries a payload of one ton and can automatically perform missions for as long as 24 hours. The Iron Dome anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system with very modern radar is one of the few operational ABM systems in the world. The system is reportedly on offer to India and South Korea. Italy recently committed to buy two IAI / Gulfstream G550 Special Electronic Missions Aircraft (SEMA) as well as IAI’s optical reconnaissance satellite. In early 2012, Germany also signed a contract to buy additional Rafael Spike anti-tank missiles, totalling several hundred million dollars. Missile technology and air defence systems represent 25 per cent of Israel’s overseas sales. IAI’s Barak-8 naval air-and-missile-defence system has an ongoing US$ 1.4 billion contract with India. Israel is second only to USA in UAV technology yet it constitutes only 3 per cent of the country’s total defence exports. Israel manages to create a clear distinction between a political and defence relationship. In spite of political friction, Ankara still bought 10 Israeli UAVs in 2010. There is a very strong relationship between the armed forces and the defence industry. Many retired officers employed in the defence industry provide combat experience and knowledge.

Israel-US Cooperation

In 2012, the Israeli defence market valued at US$ 13.10 billion, which represented the third largest military expenditure in the Middle East. The continued security threats from Iran, Syria and other neighbouring

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP Mosquito micro UAV

OptSat satellite Silver Arrow and Hermes series UAV Israel Arrow System

Bird Eye, Searcher

Arab countries is forecast to result in Israel spending US$ 71.3 billion in next five years on defence. The Israeli government has introduced mandatory offsets for all defence transactions exceeding US$ 5 million. Significant portion of the equipment used by the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) is of US origin, which provides US defence manufacturers with opportunities to enter the Israeli defence industry. For example, The Boeing Company, Bell Textron, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation and Hughes are all US defence firms that have entered the Israeli defence market through extensive military sales programmes. The partnership between General Dynamics and Aeronautics Defense Systems, formed in 2004, is an example of such market entry. Analyst Arthur Herman feels that during war in Afghanistan and Iraq many Israeli companies executed military orders for USA. Plasan-armored mine-resistant ambush-protected vehicles (MRAPs) have been serving in Afghanistan since August 2009 and contractor Oshkosh Company has another 8,800 on order. Plasan even opened a factory in Vermont USA. Smaller company Camero, makes ultra-wideband wireless transmissions to see through walls and detect armed men and explosives. It has top clients in Department of Defense. Israel’s defence industry is now gaining competitive advantage over its overregulated, American rivals. After all America is now fighting the kind of wars Israel has been fighting for decades – small-scale, low-intensity, against an elusive terrorist enemy – and needs the skills and equipment Israel has to offer.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

Space And Ground Systems

In 1988, Israel launched its ﬁrst communications satellite. Reconnaissance is a key requirement of any operations. Israel realised this early and is among the seven countries with capability to launch and operate the satellites. Israel and India have expanded their cooperation in outer space, with India launching two Israeli surveillance satellites. Elbit Systems is famous for its electro-optical Earth observation cameras. These high resolution cameras can take high-quality pictures from the altitude of 90 km. IAI space division’s nano-satellite VENmS is a joint project of the Israeli and French space agencies. The satellite will be put into orbit by an Israeli launch vehicle. Israel is ranked second among 20 top countries in space sciences. IAI has indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites. Most were launched into orbit from Israeli air force base Palmachim by Shavit space launch vehicle.

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India and Israel also share similar terrorist threat. Jews were specially targeted during Mumbai attacks. Intelligence gathering and sharing are areas of co-operation. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world

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Israel Aerospace Industries' Elta ELM-2080 Green Pine radar

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Delilah stand-off missile

Indo-Israeli Ties

India established full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992 and has since built a strong military and technological partnership. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation and received the top-end military equipment that were not available from elsewhere. Over US$ 10 billion arms were transferred in the ﬁrst decade of this century. The items included UAVs, drones, missiles, targeting pods, airborne and ground based radars and air defence missile systems. It has been a mutually beneﬁcial arrangement with Israel getting a badly needed market and India, the modern weapons and transfer of technology. India and Israel also share similar terrorist threat. Jews were specially targeted during Mumbai attacks. Intelligence gathering and sharing are areas of co-operation. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. The two nations are proud of their close links.

The CH-47F Chinook is the most versatile, mission-capable heavy-lift helicopter in the world. More powerful than ever with advanced flight controls and avionics, the CH-47F is in a class by itself, whether it’s transporting troops and equipment, on deep combat assault, performing search and rescue, or delivering disaster relief. Extraordinary performance—it’s what you expect from Chinook.

dsa: the journey so far … DETRIMENTAL TURF WARS

AIRBORNE

OPERATIONS

instead maintain their own parachute packers. Numerous Army ofﬁcers, JCOs and NCOs have the qualiﬁcation to be posted as instructors at PTS, AF, Agra but their posting as instructors is resisted by the Air Force despite decisions taken to this effect after deliberate discussions at the Joint Operations Committee (JOCOM) of the three Services more than a decade back. Similarly, numerous Army personnel are trained in Air Dispatch and DZ Safety. However, their employment even during exercises with troops is resisted by the Air Force. In addition to PTS, AF, Agra also houses the Army Airborne Training School; an institution totally manned by Army personnel. This institution trains all ranks of the Army in courses like Heavy Drop and Air Portability. There is little interaction between PTS, AF, Agra and Army’s Airborne Training School. In 2002, on behest of the Army, JOCOM ordered a joint study for merger of these two institutions, both

The mainstays of our paratroop operations from fixed wing aircraft are the An-32, Il-76 aircraft and the C-130s. The recently acquired C-17 Globemaster aircraft are for strategic airlift and not for paradropping in theTactical BattleArea (TBA). A lopsided arrangement has been continuing where the Army is responsible for procuring airborne equipment but the Air Force procures the heavy drop equipment, latter for dropping tanks, BMPs, artillery guns, vehicles etc. Lack of coordination invariably leads to shortages, which in turn affects training and operations. When the An-32 and Il-76 aircraft were procured, the Air Force went ahead and procured high-altitude Heavy Drop Platforms (HDP) and Heavy Drop Equipment (HDE) along with these aircraft from the Soviets without reference to the Army. The result was that though HDP and HDE for low level drops were available, which reduces vulnerability in the air, these were not procured.

ne of the major adverse fallouts of not having a Chief of Defence Staff is the absence of jointness and synergy within the military, which in turn affects all joint operations including airborne operations. Resistance to change and perceived threats to individual turfs precludes vital reforms required to enhance operational efficiency. Besides UK, India is perhaps the only country in the world where airborne training for the Army is handled by the Air Force but in case of UK, its Army has integral fixed wing aircraft which is not the case in India. In an informal discussion in mid 1980’s Air Force appeared amenable to handover the Paratroopers Training School (PTS) at Agra to the Army in exchange for two of the many Territorial Army (TA) battalions tasked with ground defence of airfields to the Air Force. However, this was not acceptable to the Army and the matter has remained in limbo ever since.

Airborne Training

The Paratroopers Training School (PTS) run by Air Force

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

at Agra conducts the parachuting and combat military free-fall training of the Army, the President’s Body Guards, cadets from the Indian Military Academy and NCC and to some extent the Navy. However, the Navy is gearing up to organise their own paratrooping and combat military free-fall training with integral fixed wing and helicopter assets of Naval Aviation. As for combat military free-fall training, Army’s Special Forces battalions are also undertaking such training in situ by themselves using Army Aviation helicopters, including the Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH). PTS, AF, Agra is considered the second best avenue in the Air Force both financially and professionally after the flying stream. Hence, the Air Force fiercely resists any intrusion in their exclusive turf of airborne training. This is despite more than adequate expertise in the Army to jointly man this organisation. There is also considerable scope to prune the manpower of PTS, AF, Agra but the Air Force is not inclined to do so. For example, world over paratroopers pack their own parachutes but the Air Force does not permit the Indian Army to do so and

located at Agra. Though the study strongly recommended merger of these two training institutions, the recommendations could not be implemented because of sustained objections by the Air Force.

Air Effort And Equipment

The mainstays of our paratroop operations from ﬁxed wing aircraft are the An-32, Il-76 aircraft and the C-130s. The recently acquired C-17 Globemaster aircraft are for strategic airlift and not for paradropping in the Tactical Battle Area (TBA). The An-32 aircraft is used for paratrooping only in India, not even in Russia. Their acquisition from erstwhile USSR was more under political compulsions than operational viability. Ironically, post ﬁeld trials in India, the then Commander of 50 (I) Parachute Brigade had not recommended the An-32 aircraft for procurement since 42 paratroopers from a single aircraft get dispersed over 1.2 kilometres with attendant problems of getting the force together by night immediately after the drop. Incidentally, a battalion group paradroprequires

32 x An-32 and 7 x Il-76 aircraft on full scale (never exercised to date) and 24 x An-32 and 5 x Il-76 aircraft on hard scale. Needless to mention that entire Air Force efforts will be required to mount such an operation, but this is feasible when national security so demands. Airborne operations are conducted in accordance with a joint standard LT GEN PC KATOCH operating procedure under which PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SC all ranks while in the air are under (RETD) command of the Air Force (pilot The writer is a third of concerned aircraft), reverting to generation Army officer Army control once troops touch who retired as ground. A lopsided arrangement has DG Info Systems in 2009 been continuing where the Army is after 40 years service. He responsible for procuring airborne participated in the 1971 equipment but the Air Force procures Indo-Pak War, commanded the heavy drop equipment, latter for a Special Forces Battalion dropping tanks, BMPs, artillery guns, in Sri Lanka, a Brigade on Siachen Glacier during vehicles etc. Lack of coordination Kargil Conflict, a Division invariably leads to shortages, which in Ladakh and a Strike in turn affects training and operations. Corps in Semi Deserts. Before the IPKF went into Sri Lanka, He is former Colonel of severe deficiencies of parachutes for The Parachute Regiment. the troops were made up through A leading defence expert, emergent imports of parachutes he is a visiting fellow in from countries like Republic of foreign Think Tanks and Korea but neither the DRDO nor the contributes regularly Air Force had any infrastructure to for Indian and foreign publications. test these parachutes. When the An-32 and Il-76 aircraft were procured, the Air Force went ahead and procured high altitude Heavy Drop Platforms (HDP) and Heavy Drop Equipment (HDE) along with these aircraft from the Soviets without reference to the Army. The result was that though HDP and HDE for low level drops were available, which reduces vulnerability in the air, these were not procured. There have also been periods of severe shortages of combat military free-fall equipment for sustained periods including of oxygen equipment. Shortages have also been accruing because of ad hoc demands sans holistic appraisal. Development of parachutes, combat military free-fall parachutes, HDP and HDE by the DRDO has continued at snail’s pace. The indigenous combat military free-fall equipment still has imported oxygen equipment despite years having gone by. When the An-32 and Il-76 were being procured, which incidentally were funded by the Army, the plan was to have the capability to lift the Parachute Brigade in about two lifts. However, factors like serviceability, wastages and paucity of flying hours on account of diversion of fixed wing effort on non-military tasks has brought us to a stage where not one single battalion group exercise even on hard scale has been conducted over the last two decades plus, leave aside adequate training in heavy drop of equipment. In the US, the combat military free-fall team, which is 135 strong, undertakes 10 combat jumps every month by night with full equipment including twin rucksacks. In India, a 10 jump refresher course on an average is held once in two years. While, the Air Force is incharge of combat military free-fall training, their emphasis is more on sport free-fall-show jumping.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … DETRIMENTAL TURF WARS

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Ironically, post field trials in India, the then Commander of 50 (I) Parachute Brigade had not recommended the An-32 aircraft for procurement since 42 paratroopers from a single aircraft get dispersed over 1.2 kilometres with attendant problems of getting the force together by night immediately after the drop. When the An-32 and Il-76 were being procured, which incidentally were funded by the Army, the plan was to have the capability to lift the Parachute Brigade in about two lifts

Operational Lacunae

Pilot training of the Air Force for paratroop operations is severely lacking, as is evident from demonstrated capabilities during major exercises. The first ever exercise to capture an airstrip on an island was conducted in 2001. Though the Army wanted to exercise a battalion group drop by night, the Air Force could drop only 60 all ranks by day taking 40 minutes for the drop with two An-32s making eight circuits each. This is just one example of the pitfalls of the Army not being responsible for its own paratroop training, which is the norm in almost all forces. While truncated battalion level drops are being practiced in Corps level exercises in recent years, the Air Force pilots are observed undertaking reconnaissance on days preceding the drop over the intended drop zone in exercise enemy area in broad daylight – a luxury that will not be available in actual operations. More significantly, the Air Force deploys a heavy vehicle with crew for DZ safety surreptitiously in the exercise enemy area wherein the same task to guide the drop can be easily done by own Special Forces in the area or by an Army DZ Safety officer dropped or infiltrated, as feasible, for the purpose. Though operationally impractical, Air Force continues with such practice to retain its exclusive turf. Then there is the question of Air Dispatch. The An-32 is designed to carry 42 paratroopers. If the dispatchers are from the Air Force, it implies wastage of air capacity as two dispatchers of Air Force go back with the aircraft, dropping only 40 paratroopers. This, despite adequate army personnel are trained in Air Dispatch who can dispatch the paratroops from the aircraft and be the last to themselves jump out. In case of the Il-76, which has a four door exit, carriage capacity of four army paratroopers is wasted because Air Force is using four Air Force personnel for air dispatch duties. The cumulative wastage of airlift capacity amounts to 92 Army paratroops in case of a battalion group drop on full scale and 68 Army paratroops in case of a hard scale drop of

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

a battalion group. The Air Force also rules out paradrops in mountains by night and there appears to be aversion to blind drops by night even in plains.

Requirement

The requirement for the Indian military is to review airborne operation holistically and work towards jointness in reﬁning operational capabilities and capacity building rather than consolidating single service turfs. The Army’s Airborne Training School and PTS, AF, Agra should be merged into a single Military Airborne Training School directly under Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) that would meet the airborne training, combat military free-fall training, heavy drop training and even airborne sports requirements of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The Parachute Brigade is the prime Rapid Reaction Force of the Army and the country, whose employment must be optimised.

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The US invasion of Afghanistan was spearheaded by troops from US 82 and 101 Airborne Division preceded on ground by Special Forces. A future war with China and / or Pakistan may require similar actions; establishment of air head (s), vertical envelopment to seize territory and to outmanoeuvre and outflank enemy locations. This needs streamlining existing procedures, reorganisation, training and joint services procedures. Streamlining of standard operation procedures must also look into reducing attrition through measures like formation flying, reducing length of the airstream and low level drops. Likely drop zones for operations need to be identified, simulated and periodic exercises held to hone our capabilities. In all this, the Parachute Brigade must also train for such tasks in conjunction with the Special Frontier Force. There is no reason why we cannot undertake airborne drops by night in mountains where plateaus are available. As part of force projection, we must build capability for capturing an airstrip on an island by night through airborne assault.

China Is Practicing

It is not without reason that the Chinese PLA is undertaking high altitude airborne exercises in Tibet including capture of mountain passes. Since 2010, PLA has been rehearsing capture of mountain passes at heights beyond 5,000 metres through armoured vehicles and airborne troops. A Chinese Ministry of Defence report claimed the exercises have been conducted at an elevation of more than 4,500 metres using air and ground troops on high altitude plateaus. We must ready ourselves for conflict with China since posturing of the PLA in our border regions is in line with China’s shifting strategy from continental to peripheral defence in sync with Chinese military doctrinal intent of resolving to fight and win local wars on its borders. In this context, the PLA is engaged in capacity building for faster deployment in high altitudes of the Tibetan plateau. There is no reason why we cannot do similarly. Significantly, China maintains an Airborne Corps albeit primarily to ensure integrity of the country and relies heavily on air landed operations post capture of an air head, even using civil commercial aircraft. We can take a cue from this since a mismatch exists between our paratroop trained capability and our airlift capability in background of operational requirements and enlarging China-Pakistan collusive threat. Much work needs to be done in this regard. HQ IDS and Army Training Command (ARTRAC) need to take the lead in this context.

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dsa: the journey so far … MARITIME MUSCLE

NAVAL AVIATION – WAY FORWARD Recognising the imperatives of a well-balanced and credible Naval Air Arm’s significant role in building a true blue-water capability, Indian Navy’s Maritime Doctrine has rightly incorporated comprehensive modernisation plan for its Fleet Air Arm through a two-pronged approach. The IN will need to operate a different fighter on its largest carrier, with all the obvious consequences for interchangeability of pilots and aircrew. INS Vikramaditya

have been training for several years, in preparation for the arrival of the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya. However, the delivery of INS Vikramaditya from Russia has been delayed. During the sea trials from June to September 2012, defects were encountered in the boiler furnace brickwork at higher speeds. According to a reply given in the Parliament by Minister of Defence, these have now been replaced and the carrier is likely to be delivered in the last quarter of 2013. The current ﬂeet also includes several helicopters including the British Sea Kings, Russian Kamov, indigenous Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters and the Chetaks.

Land-based Aircraft

INS Vikrant

ndia has a large coastline exceeding 7,500 km and several island territories and economic interests in both its east and west. Though India has been a maritime trading country for centuries, yet, India rarely ﬂaunted its naval power. Since independence, a series of land-based conﬂicts has kept the focus on its land borders and has kept India from fully appreciating the geographical reality that it is a maritime nation. However, things are changing: India is now emerging as a naval power, which plays a strategic role with respect to India’s geopolitics and in securing the trade routes in the Indian Ocean.

Naval Aviation Wing

This year marks 60 years of establishment of the Naval Aviation wing. Since its inception with the commissioning of former INS Vikrant, the Fleet Air Arm has steadily grown to emerge as a critical force multiplier for the Indian Navy. In the entire spectrum of naval warfare viz surveillance and reconnaissance, identification or engagement, an effective naval air arm, is a powerful instrument of India’s maritime capability. Over the years, Indian Navy’s Aviation Arm has acquired not just the airborne assets integral to the fleet, but also shore-based naval aircraft to provide a comprehensive force multiplier capability. With its present fleet strength of 217 aircraft, it is rightly said that the Navy has a mini air force of its own. Over the next 10 years, the Indian Navy will be doubling its aviation fleet: It seems at least three combat air squadrons flying the newly-inducted Russian-origin MiG-29Ks will be added. The number of fighter squadrons, which is two at present, will increase to perhaps at least five. Two training squadrons apparently will also come up which will operate the Advanced Jet Trainers. Till this year, the naval aviation arm operated a squadron of British Sea Harriers that fly from the lone aircraft carrier INS Viraat, which also operates helicopters of various types.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

On May 11, the Navy commissioned its second combat squadron that will operate the Russian-origin MiG-29K planes. India has about 45 MiG-29Ks: a squadron each will be positioned on board INS Vikramaditya and the indigenously-made aircraft carrier – INS Vikrant – till which time the planes will ﬂy from the naval air base at Goa. INS Vikrant was launched in August 2013 – launch essentially meaning that the ship was taken out of the dry dock after the completion of its basic structure, which includes the ski-jump deck from where aircraft will take off. It will be moved to a deeper dock for integration of various systems and it is expected that it will be at least another seven years before the INS Vikrant can be actively deployed by the Navy. Even though 75 per cent of the ship’s structure has been completed, a fair amount of work remains before it can be handed over to the Navy some time in 2018. The Navy will make the aviation facility on the carrier fully active after a series of sea trials, a process which could take another several months.

BVR Strike

INS Vikrant’s MiG-29K fighters are modern fourth generation fighters that will provide the Indian Navy with state-of-the-art air defence capability through the use of advanced Beyond Visual Range (BVR) as well as Within Visual Range (WVR) missiles backed by advanced airborne radar and infra-red search and track systems and excellent agility. The MiG-29K also has an anti-ship and anti-land target strike capability, which would help in vastly increasing the reach, safety and lethality of the fleets at sea. This is the first-induction of fighters in the Navy since the Sea Harriers were commissioned in early 1980s. The MiG-29K is the combat air component of INS Vikramaditya, the erstwhile Admiral Gorskhov aircraft carrier of the Russian Navy that was bought by India in 2004. Indian pilots

It also operates eight air stations and 19 squadrons, including the fixed wing fleet of Tu-142s long range maritime reconnaissance and Dornier surveillance planes. The Navy has also placed an order for 17 new AJTs from the British plane manufacturer BAE Systems that will form part of the two training squadrons for combat pilots of the Indian Navy. The Navy is also in the process of procuring 16 Multi Role Helicopters as a replacement for the ageing Sea Kings, apart from 56 utility helicopters to replace the Chetaks. The Navy is also contracting an unspecified number of Unnamed Aerial Vehicles from Israel. To strengthen its long-range maritime reconnaissance fleet, the Navy has inducted in its fleet the P8I long-range sophisticated anti-submarine warfare aircraft. The P-8I is a variant of the P-8A Poseidon that Boeing has developed for the US Navy and can also be used in anti-surface warfare, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capacities. The aircraft is capable of broad-area, maritime and littoral operations. The P8Is will be armed with anti-ship Harpoon missiles, Mark-82 depth bombs and Mark-54 anti-submarine torpedoes. Boeing will complete the delivery of three of the first batch of eight P-8I to Indian Navy by the end of this year. Boeing will complete the delivery of entire batch of eight by 2015. Indian Navy has also planned to place an order for four more P8Is even as the Indian Navy is looking at a large number of such aircraft by the year 2020. The IN is also undertaking expansion of the Naval Air Base at Karwar, keeping in view the changes in geopolitical environment and strategic considerations for a creditable maritime strategy in pursuance of our national objectives. Expenditure is proposed to be in tune with the necessitated expansion for national objectives. A time frame has been fixed for completion by 2021.

Guarding Sea Lanes Of Commerce

International requests for India’s maritime patrol help are rising. The Indian Navy is committed to combating piracy and maritime terrorism in the Indian Ocean, especially in the Gulf of Aden and safeguarding

vital trade and energy flow destined for India and Southeast Asian economies. According to some estimates, twenty per cent of global trade passes through the Gulf of Aden every year. Approximately twenty thousand merchant vessels transit these waters annually and ensuring sea lanes remain open and free is vital for the region’s prosperity. World trade and crime statistics for the Indian Ocean since 2007 provide ample evidence of piracy’s ascendance on the international agenda. The phenomenon of Somalian piracy, which involves big ships, high ransoms, a variety of cargoes and brutal methods, is another challenge. India along with nations like Russia, China, Japan and South Korea have deployed ships that operate individually but in consonance with each other under the co-operative mechanism of Shared Awareness and De-confliction (SHADE). Under the auspices of SHADE, nations co-operate and escort ships and patrol areas to optimise usage of assets. For example India, Japan and China have established a mechanism by which ships are escorted through the Internationally Recommended Transit Corridor (IRTC) in a manner that ensures sufficient gaps between convoys and avoids duplication of effort by the respective maritime assets deployed. The IRTC is a corridor established in the Gulf of Aden wherein merchant ships are escorted. The Indian Navy commenced anti-piracy patrols in the Gulf of Aden from 23 October 2008. A total of 1,104 ships (139 Indian flagged and 965 foreign flagged from 50 different countries) have been escorted by Indian Naval ships through the IRTC. In addition, due to the seaward spread of piracy the Indian Navy has been patrolling open ocean areas especially along major sea routes used by ships and has prevented 40 piracy attempts.

China Dimension

Indian Navy is also playing a role in India’s geostrategy. It is building strong maritime security bridges with countries like Japan, Vietnam and Australia in a bid to counter China’s “string of pearls” maritime construct in the Indian Ocean rim.

DR VIVEK LALL The writer is President and CEO, New Ventures, Reliance Industries Limited and Distinguished Fellow, Observer Research Foundation. Earlier he was Vice President and Country Head, Boeing Defence Space and Security and had also served as Managing Director of Boeing Commercial Airplanes in India. Prior to Boeing he worked for Raytheon and with NASA Ames Research Center in various multidisciplinary engineering ﬁelds. He has his PhD in Aerospace Engineering from Wichita State University in Kansas and his MBA from City University in Washington. He served as Chairman of the Defence Committee of ASSOCHAM. He also served as the Chairman, Defence Equipment Committee, AMCHAM and is on the panel of the FICCI Defence Task Force. In April 2012, he was appointed as Chairman of the Indo-US Strategic Dialogue by the Indo-American Chamber of Commerce. He is also Co-Chair of the FICCI Homeland Security Committee.

India is at the centre of Japan’s security thinking, which has now articulated a new security diamond consisting of India, Japan, Australia and the United Sates – making it clear that Japan sees India as a key security partner bilaterally and multilaterally. India is located in the centre of sea lanes which connect Japan with the Middle East and Africa, making it an extremely important country in a geopolitical sense for Japan which relies on

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … MARITIME MUSCLE maritime transportation for most of its trade. China has started the sea trials of what it claims to be its ﬁrst aircraft carrier built around the Ukranian warship it bought as a scrap. An operational aircraft carrier would strengthen Chinese power projection capabilities in the oceanic waters especially in the disputed stretches. Moreover, China expects to have at least three aircraft carriers in service in the foreseeable future. A group of aircraft carriers could embolden China towards reinforcing its maritime claims for the shoals, islands and islets in the South China Sea. Against this scenario, Indian Navy should strive to transform itself into a three dimensional, network centric enabled and satellite augmented blue-water force to project the Indian power across the global oceanic stretch with a greater degree of credence. To boost its strike capability, Indian Navy should link up its long range missiles, radars and air defence systems on its sea based platforms to a central location through a highly dedicated satellite link. Indian naval responsibilities are growing and the 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai made it abundantly clear that control of the coastline was a necessity. India has to maintain an edge over its adversaries in defence preparedness through the acquisition of new technology and better training of the personnel, given the fact that the security scenario in the region is changing at a rapid pace.

Modernising Fleet Air Arm

Recognising the imperatives of a well-balanced and credible Naval Air Arm’s signiﬁcant role in building a true blue-water capability, Indian Navy’s Maritime Doctrine has rightly incorporated comprehensive modernisation plan for its Fleet Air Arm through a two-pronged approach viz midlife upgrades and modernisation of existing aircraft and through the acquisition of state-of-the-art and versatile top-end technology based aircraft and capabilities. The critical staff requirements for the sophisticated platforms include: state-of-the-art sensors, communications and weapons, advanced avionics and aero engines. The modernisation programme is being pursued in accordance with the long-term Maritime Capability Perspective Plan, ﬁve year Capital Acquisition Plan, Annual Acquisition Plan and the required infrastructure upgradation. Since the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the Indian government has made concerted efforts to build a robust coastal security mechanism. The National Committee on Strengthening Maritime and Coastal Security (NCSMCS), reviews coastal security issues on a regular basis and has strengthened the existing multilayered patrolling and surveillance arrangement. The Indian Navy has been designated as the nodal authority charged with the task of ensuring the coastal security in all its manifestations. This means that the navy will be required to coordinate with 27 different state and central agencies to monitor the Indian coastal stretch and ensure maritime security. Lack of coordination among the multitude of agencies involved in ensuring India’s maritime security was a major causative factor for the mainland India being exposed to terror threat from across the high seas. The Indian Coast Guard has been assigned the additional responsibility of patrolling the territorial waters as well as coordinating between the central and state agencies. According to reports, the second Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC-2) – INS Vishal, is already under design. One particular

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

feature of the INS Vikrant aircraft carrier is that it does not plan to utilise steam catapults, like the US super carriers, for the launch of the ﬁxed wing aircraft. Instead, the bow of the ship sports a ski-jump conﬁguration, in which the aircraft speeding up the very short available runway on take-off is lofted into the air like a skier – also called Short Take-off But Arrested Recovery (STOBAR) combining elements of both Short Take-off and Vertical Landing (STOVL). This will impose limitations on the type of aircraft operable. The IAC-2 is likely to have catapults for aircraft launch. As noted, INS Vikrant is expected to replicate the STOBAR capabilities of Vikramaditya, presumably with the same MiG-29K aircraft. INS Vishal will be a Catapult Assisted Take-Off But Arrested Recovery (CATOBAR) carrier. CATOBAR is a system under which, aircraft launch using a catapult-assisted take-off and land on the ship (the recovery phase) using arrestor wires. The catapult system in use in modern CATOBAR carriers is the steam catapult. Its primary advantage is the amount of power and control it can provide.

Steam Catapult Expertise

The IN will need to operate a different fighter on its largest carrier, with all the obvious consequences for interchangeability of pilots and aircrew. While some of the skills earned operating STOBAR and STOVL carriers can extend to CATOBAR operations, some cannot. INS Vikrant, India’s last CATOBAR carrier, ceased such operation in the mid-1980s, meaning that there will effectively be no institutional memory of such procedures in the Indian Navy by the time INS Vishal enters service. Very few navies can afford to devote resources to both CATOBAR and STOBAR operations. The USN, which commands immense resources, can spend money on both its fleet of giant CATOBAR carriers and its nearly-as-large fleet of nearly-as-giant STOVL carriers. The Indian Navy, on a smaller budget, is looking forward to a future of mixed STOBAR and CATOBAR capabilities, quite likely without many of the benefits of interchangeability between the two forces. Given that INS Vishal will, like all modern carriers, require the normal cycle of rest and maintenance, this implies that key capabilities of the Indian Navy will be unavailable some 50 per cent of the time. A future catapult design, the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), is undergoing testing by the US Navy with the aim of creating a simpler, more compact launch system and will make its debut with the USS Gerald R Ford (CVN-78) in late 2013. EMALS will replace the current generation of steam catapults. This switch to an electromagnetic system will lower operating costs, require fewer people to operate, improve catapult performance and expand the range of manned and unmanned aircraft that the aircraft carrier can launch. General Atomics has completed 134 launches across five classes of airplanes with EMALS, culminating in the launch of an F-35C Joint Strike Fighter. Such leaps in next generation technology should be incorporated into current navy plans for enhancing India’s evolving role as a global maritime power. The operational excellence that can be achieved by a networked system of systems approach between state-of-the-art aircraft carrier with latest technologies like EMALS, coupled with fourth and fifth generation fighter aircraft is arguably the way forward for the Indian Navy that is ready to take on the evolving challenges of the twentyfirst century.

dsa: the journey so far … MALICIOUS NEXUS

SINO-PAK NUCLEAR AND MISSILE COLLABORATION

IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA

Interestingly, the 1963 Sino-Pak border agreement states that China would negotiate the border with the 'relevant sovereign authority' after India and Pakistan settle the Kashmir dispute. Given the strategic importance of the Karakoram Highway, it would not be in China’s interest for the Indo-Pak dispute to be settled in India’s favour and for the area to return to Indian control.Therein lies the rub. Beijing’s assistance to Islamabad ranged from providing designs of a tested nuclear weapon to giving fissile material for putting together two nuclear bombs to assistance with the Chashma and the Khushab facilities.

gauged from the fact that during the 1971 Indo-Pak War, China used the highway to transport military supplies to Pakistan. To date, China continues to spend enormous amounts of money to develop an 'economic corridor' between Kashgar and Gwadar which traverses through the Karakoram Highway. Interestingly, the 1963 Sino-Pak border agreement states that China would negotiate the border with the 'relevant sovereign authority' after India and Pakistan settle the Kashmir dispute. Given the strategic importance of the Karakoram Highway, it would not be in China’s interest for the Indo-Pak dispute to be settled in India’s favour and for the area to return to Indian control. Therein lies the rub.

Nuclear Weapons Collaboration

Gary Milholin, founder of the Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, describes the importance of the Chinese assistance to the Pakistani nuclear programme in the following terms. He states, “… if you subtract Chinese help, there wouldn’t be a Pakistani nuclear programme.” The nature and scope of Sino-Pak nuclear assistance mirrors the assistance provided by the Soviet Union to the Chinese nuclear programme in the initial years. Beijing’s assistance to Islamabad ranged from providing designs of a tested nuclear weapon to giving ﬁssile material for putting together two nuclear bombs to assistance with the Chashma and the Khushab facilities.

ost-benefit analysis is an intrinsic part of international relations and integral to understanding behaviour of states and the choices they make. Countries always try to find ways of maximising benefit while minimising their costs. China has put this strategy to good use while providing assistance to Pakistan in the nuclear and missile domain. By providing assistance to the Pakistani nuclear weapons programme, China – at least cost – has attempted to counter the Indian nuclear capabilities. The Chinese assistance can be seen as part of a larger attempt to tie down India to its Western neighbour, thereby thwarting New Delhi’s regional ambitions. In doing so, China and Pakistan seem to have put into practice, Kautilya’s maxim "the enemy of my enemy is my friend." Relations between China and Pakistan were however not always this close. Though formal diplomatic relations were established between the two countries in May 1951, Beijing viewed Pakistan as being firmly entrenched in the Western camp. It was only with the worsening of Sino-Indian relations after the 1962 border clash and the

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

souring of Sino-Soviet relations that China and Pakistan began reaching out to each other. Pakistani Prime Minister Zulﬁkar Ali Bhutto realised the importance of the Sino-Pak relations very early and worked hard to lay the foundations of this unique relationship. Bhutto described the Sino-Pak relationship as "my greatest achievement and contribution to the survival of our people and the Pakistani nation." Bhutto's perseverance over eleven years and his visits to China in February 1972, September 1974 and April 1976 led to the historic July 1976 Sino-Pak agreement. Between 1963 and 1966 as Foreign Minister of Pakistan ZA Bhutto initiated the process of reaching out to Beijing. In March 1963, immediately after the Indian loss to China in the border clash, Pakistan signed a Boundary Agreement with China. Pakistan ceded about 5,000 square kilometres of Indian territory south of Mintaka Pass bordering Gilgit. This piece of territory proved crucial for building the Karakoram Highway which runs between Kashgar and Gilgit. The strategic importance of the highway can be

China is believed to have provided Pakistan with the design of the nuclear weapon (Chic-4) which it tested in 1966. Gordon Corera in his book Shopping for Bombs: Rise and Fall of AQ Khan has an interesting story to tell. He narrates how AQ Khan carried around papers relating to a nuclear weapons design in his briefcase. During one of his foreign trips, Western intelligence agents got access to Khan’s briefcase. The spooks were shocked to find a drawing of simple yet effective design of a nuclear weapon and steps detailing how to make the bomb. Later, the Americans realised that the design provided in the early 1980s a proven design of China’s fourth nuclear test. Also, China is believed to have allowed Pakistan to test its nuclear device at the Chinese Lop Nor nuclear test site in 1989. If this was not enough, Pakistan is also believed to have received, weapons grade uranium sufficient to put together two nuclear devices. In addition, China also helped Pakistan build the unsafeguarded (50-70 MW) plutonium production reactor at Khushab. Beijing is suspect of having supplied excess heavy water to Kanupp could have been used by Pakistan to power up the unsafeguarded Khushab plant. Also, Pakistan is believed to have received assistance from China for completing the plutonium reprocessing facility at Chashma. The facility was originally to be completed by France but was suspended in 1979 with the French backing out of the agreement under American pressure. In 1986, China is also suspected to have transferred tritium to Pakistan. Tritium is used to trigger hydrogen bombs and boost the yield of fission weapons.

Subsequently, in 1995, the news about transfer of 5,000 ring magnets hit the headlines. The ring magnets were destined for use in Pakistan’s centrifuge enrichment plant at Kahuta. The news of the sale broke at a time when Pakistan was lobbying the Clinton Administration to push the Brown Amendment through the US Congress. The Brown Amendment sought to dilute the Pressler legislation and – despite the continued proliferation of nuclear technology – was to grant a one-time waiver of the Pressler legislation and authorise transfer of military supplies to the tune of US$ 368 million.

DR ARUN VISHWANATHAN The writer is an Assistant Professor, International Strategic and Security Studies Programme, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. He was earlier Assistant Director, National Security Council Secretariat, New Delhi.

News reports hinted at Chinese ofﬁcials privately admitting to selling the 5,000 ring magnets to Pakistan. They however, claimed that the sale did not violate the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) guidelines as the ring magnets were not magnetised. This is nothing but a convenient interpretation of the guidelines and Chinese obligation therein.

What was more surprising to many was the Clinton administration’s response to the whole transfer of ring magnets. Both China and Pakistan got away very lightly as the US did not sanction either country for the transfer. The Clinton administration chose to turn a blind eye and was satisﬁed with a cursory statement from China to the effect that it would conform to nuclear non-proliferation rules and regulations. However, as events a year later highlighted, not much changed. In 1996, China is believed to have sold a special industrial furnace to Pakistan. This furnace was an important component in Pakistan’s progress towards building its nuclear weapons as the furnace could melt the ﬁssile material into the shape of a nuclear bomb core.

Missile Transfers To Pakistan

We now turn to the Chinese assistance towards Pakistan’s ballistic missiles capability. The nuclear-capable ballistic missiles provided Islamabad with the wherewithal to effectively deliver its nuclear weapons. China has helped Pakistan’s ballistic missile programme by transferring the mobile, solid-fuelled M-9 or DF-15 and M-11 missiles. Pakistan has modiﬁed these missiles into the Shaheen-1 and the Ghaznavi missiles.

Ghaznavi (M-11)

It is believed that China and Pakistan signed a deal for the transfer of over thirty M-11 missiles in 1987. These missiles were to be transferred in a completely built-up form, were solid-fuelled and could carry a nuclear warhead. The deal came to light in November 1992 and violated the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) provisions given that the missile could transfer a 500 kg payload to a distance over 500 kilometres. China however contested this stating that the missile could travel only

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … MALICIOUS NEXUS 280 kilometers with a payload less than 500 kilograms which was allowed under the MTCR provisions. The MTCR allowed for transfer of missiles under 300 km range carrying less than 500 kg payload. A technical analysis by Prof Chandrasekhar, Dr Arvind Kumar and Prof Rajaram Nagappa of the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore titled Assessment of Pakistan Ballistic Missile Programme: Technical and Strategic Capability has established that the Chinese did transfer a version of the M-11 missile to Pakistan. The missile named as Ghaznavi was tested for the ﬁrst time in May 2002. In June 1991 the US imposed sanctions on China for the ﬁrst time for transferring M-11 technology to Pakistan. Following Chinese promises to abide by the MTCR in November 1991 and accession to the NPT in March 1992, US waived the sanctions on March 23, 1992. However, by the middle of next year, China was back to its old tricks. Thus on August 24, 1993, the US imposed new sanctions on China for again transferring M-11 missile and related equipment to Pakistan. In August 1996, news reports indicated that China was believed to be helping Pakistan to construct an M-11 production facility. Chinese technicians are also believed to have visited the Sarghoda and Tarwanah missile facilities to assemble these missiles and train Pakistani personnel on their handling.

Shaheen-1 (M-9 / DF-15)

China is also believed to have exported the M-9 (DF-15) to Pakistan. A single-stage, solid fuelled missile, the M-9 with a range of 600 kilometers was manufactured by the China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CPMIEC). The missile was ﬁrst ﬂight tested in June 1988 and is believed to be more accurate than the Scud-B missiles.

News reports hinted at Chinese officials privately admitting to selling the 5000 ring magnets to Pakistan. They however, claimed that the sale did not violate the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) guidelines as the ring magnets were not magnetised. This is nothing but a convenient interpretation of the guidelines and Chinese obligation therein The study by the National Institute of Advanced Studies mentioned above used openly available images to calculate the diameter of both the Shaheen-1 and M-9 missiles as 1 metre. This common diameter validates Chinese help with the Shaheen-1 programme. However, this study also points out that the lengths of the Shaheen-1 missile are greater than M-9 missiles, thus implying that the missile parameters were modiﬁed. Similarly, the warheads of the M-9 and the Shaheen-1 had several similarities but differences exist like the absence of ﬁns in the M-9 missile’s warhead. In late 2001, media reports indicated the China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CPMIEC) has been supplying Pakistan with components for Shaheen-1 and Shaheen-2.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … KEY TO ENHANCING PERFORMANCE

Civil Nuclear Cooperation

China has also played an important role in the expansion of the Pakistani nuclear power sector. 2011 figures indicate that nuclear power contributed about 3.8 TWh or 3.8 per cent of the total Pakistan’s energy matrix. During the November 1989 visit of Chinese Premier Li Peng, it was announced that China would sell a 300 MWe nuclear power plant to Pakistan under a nuclear power agreement. Subsequently, in 1991 China and Pakistan signed a bilateral nuclear power agreement. As part of this agreement, it was initially agreed to build two 300 MWe pressurised water reactor (PWR) nuclear plants at Chashma. These are called Chashma-1 and Chashma-2. Chashma-1 was designed by Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute (SNERDI). It began commercial operations in May / June 2000. Construction of Chashma-2 was started in December 2005. Following the successful passage of the Indo-US nuclear agreement, the Pakistani and Chinese governments announced plans to build two 320 MWe nuclear plants (Chashma-3 and 4) at the same site. The nuclear plants were to be funded by China. Both governments claimed that Chashma-3 and 4 were to be ‘grandfathered’ under the 1991 Sino-Pak agreement. This is contrary to China’s disclosure to the NSG members when it joined the group in 2004 that the ‘grandfather’ clause would apply only to life-time support and fuel supply for the safeguarded Chashma-1 and 2 nuclear power plants, supply of heavy water and operational safety service to the safeguarded Karachi nuclear power plant and the supply of fuel and operational safety services to the two safeguarded research reactors at PINSTECH. However, despite the reservations, construction at Chashma-3 began in May 2011 followed by Chashma-4 in December 2011. Subsequently, in November 2010 the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) reportedly signed a construction agreement with China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) for a fifth unit at Chashma. In February 2013 a further agreement was signed by PAEC with CNNC for supply of 1,000 MWe units. At that time, it was not clear whether the 1,000 MWe unit would be commissioned at Chashma or elsewhere. In June 2013, it came to light that the CNNC 1,000 MWe class reactors would be used for Karachi-2 and 3 (KANUPP-2 and 3). These were to be co-located near Karachi unit 1 which is the oldest 125 MWe nuclear power plant in Pakistan commissioned way back in 1971. As seen from the above discussion, Chinese assistance to the Pakistan military and civilian nuclear programme has been substantial. In addition, China has also sold the M-9 and M-11 missiles which Pakistan modified as the solid fuelled Shaheen-1 and Ghaznavi missiles. In recent years, following the Indo-US nuclear deal, China is extending a similar nuclear power deal to its ‘all-weather ally’ Pakistan. As described by Chinese Premier, Li Keqiang, the sapling of Sino-Pak relations that Zulfikar Ali Bhutto planted decades ago is now “exuberant with abundant fruits.” China has effectively used its assistance to the Pakistani nuclear and missile programme to counter India’s rise at least cost to Beijing.

DAMIEN MARTIN

OODA LOOP REVISITED DECISION-MAKING AND REACTION TIME The OODA loop was created by Colonel John Boyd (1927-1997) during the US engagement in the Korean War of the 1950’s. The process went through countless tests in real battle scenarios and proved an outright success. The OODA loop is in fact a complex model but one that only reflects the complicated way our minds work. It’s an active process with built-in feedback loops that influence and change based on the previous stimulus and response. There have been many attempts to modify the loop, however the normal route is to either add to it or change the sequence where applicable and in some circumstances place emphasis on one element over another.

n the 4th anniversary issue of the DSA magazine, combined with an Air Force special edition, it is only fitting the OODA loop (for Observe, Orient, Decide and Act), be included. Revisiting this somewhat forgotten decision-making process is key to enhancing performance in combat, politics and management. By understanding how the OODA loop can help us all make decisions, it also brings to light possible ways to interrupt the enemy’s decision-making process. Originally a military strategy, the end-users of the OODA loop are not limited to military personnel alone. Recently politicians, business leaders and soldiers alike rely on some systematic decision-making process on a daily level. In fact everybody navigates an OODA loop thousands of times a day without even realising it. So what is it and how can we benefit? Is it the sole reference point for managing actions? More importantly, what are the surrounding forces that can influence a faster, more accurate outcome of an OODA loop trajectory? The OODA loop was created by Colonel John Boyd (1927-1997) during the US engagement in the Korean War of the 1950’s. The process went through countless tests in real battle scenarios and proved an outright success. Boyd, considered to be one of the greatest combat pilot strategists of all time, was a cigar chomping Top Gun who

The writer is an IT and Security professional, Counterterrorism and Combatives expert based in Japan for the last 10 years. He specialises in cyber threats, social engineering and corporate security and a regular keynote presenter for ASIS and OSAC. Currently he is the Director for the IACSP Japan and an Associate Professional with the OPSEC Society and a Certiﬁed Master Anti-terrorism Specialist. He is the only PDR (Personal Defence Readiness – Tony Blauer’s SPEAR system) coach in North East Asia.

rufﬂed Pentagon feathers with his maverick theories. As with most theories and scientiﬁc laws there was a beginning. The basis was originally conceptualised to achieve success in air-to-air combat, developed out of Boyd's Energy-Manoeuvrability theory (E-M theory) and his observations on air combat between the Russian made Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s and North American F-86 Sabres in Korea. Harry Hillaker, the Chief Designer of the F-16 stated that, “Time is the dominant parameter. The pilot who goes through the OODA cycle in the shortest time prevails because his opponent is caught responding to situations that have already changed”.

OODA Loop Explained

Observation: The gathering of data and activities in a

given environment. Keen observation requires ﬁlters as data comes in and is recognised. Filters determine what information is stored, used or deleted.

Orientation: The discipline of calculating key performance indicators; making predictions, based on training, knowledge and dictated by culture. Decision-making: Utilising previously collated data, training and knowledge to understand the outcome of the decision based on the observation and orientation. The Decision element is a crucial one. If the observation

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … KEY TO ENHANCING PERFORMANCE and orientation is not correct the decision will be reﬂective.

Action: Refers to the execution of a decision whereby

the result is fed back into the observation stage and so the cycle continues. The result of any action is used in debrieﬁngs and reports to then lead to other observations, orientations and decisions leading to actions. If all units understand the OODA loop process and the effects of proper debrieﬁng then there is a profound and exponential increase in the reaction time of the subsequent loop.

OODA Loop Models

to Fitts’s Law, The essence of the OODA loop illustrates that Speed and Accuracy are treated equally. During the decision-making process, some elements can be cancelled or prolonged depending on the stimulus. Fitts’s Law states that accuracy and speed are diametrically opposed to one another, whereby the faster we go, accuracy is compromised; the more accurate we aim our focus, the slower that aim will dictate movements in some speciﬁc lethal force issues, especially when shooting a ﬁrearm under duress.

Simple is better than Complex Complex is better than Complicated

If it is a small target then more time should be allocated. If it is a larger target then less time should be allocated.

Decisions are relative to time. The longer the time it takes to observe and orient the longer the duration to decide and then act. When thinking of decisions we should not be confused with Reaction and Response. In combat training, reactions are the focus, in management and politics it is response. Reactions are instinctive whereas Responses are Intuitive and / or Intelligent.

In Politics, Management

Speed Of Choices

In Combat

The opposite could be true in the case of threats. The larger a threat is, the more complex the issue. The more complex an issue, the more time needed to collate data and process a decision. Large threats should not be confused with large targets. An OODA loop used in combat is different from one used in politics or management. In combat, speed and efficiency are skills well trained. In management however, being speedy and efficient is important but not generally life threatening. Both involve the OODA loop yet the external forces acting on them are different. Just as specifics in a dog-fight which apply to an Air Force pilot wouldn’t apply to a Marine the same way. Both use the OODA loop theory, however training and execution is different.

Simple Model

of its complicated nature. To clarify this point there are 2 generally accepted models.

The OODA loop is in fact a complex model but one that only reﬂects the complicated way our minds work. We can inter-change the word complex and complicated at any point when referring to the OODA loop and the human mind. Complexity is intrinsic, insofar as it involves a lot of elements regardless of the complicated or

The ﬁrst law that should be clearly understood is Hick’s Law. Hick’s Law is a theory based on Simple Reaction Time (SRT). The law was named after a British psychologist called William Edmund Hick (1912-1974). Hick’s Law states that the reaction time increases proportionally to the number of possible responses until a point at which the response time remains constant despite the increases in possible responses. It describes the time taken for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has. With Hick’s Law in mind we can train more common attack techniques and fewer less common techniques to increase reaction time. Researchers long ago discovered that complicated decisions lead to slower reaction times. By carefully manipulating tasks, we can identify the different thought processes involved in reaching decisions and thereby determine approximately how long each mental step takes. Hick’s Law measures RT which essentially measures the duration to initiate a movement or set of movements.

To summarise: Reaction Time (RT) = Response Time.

Movement

Time

(MT)

Alberonius or Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048) a Persian scholar who was one of the ﬁrst noted scientists to research mental chronometry, sums up the complex nature of Reaction Time (RT) thus: Not only is every sensation attended by a corresponding change localised in the sense-organ, which demands a certain time, but also, between the stimulation of the organ and consciousness of the perception an interval of time must elapse, corresponding to the transmission of stimulus for some distance along the nerves. Later in the 9th century, Franciscus Donders the ﬁrst scientist to measure reaction time in the laboratory (1869), found that simple reaction time is shorter than recognition reaction time and that choice reaction time is longer than both.

Complex Model The OODA loop is not a static cycle. It’s an active process with built-in feedback loops that inﬂuence and change based on the previous stimulus and response. Adaptive in nature, the main focus is to reduce latency in your own loop and create a time lag in the Bad Guys loop. Contrary

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

simplistic manner of which that operates. Complication on the other hand is extrinsic. That is to say that external forces acting on something more often than not makes it complicated. Something can be complex without being complicated, or it could also be complex because

Human reaction time is deﬁned as the time elapsing between the onset of a stimulus and the onset of a response to that stimulus. The OODA loop, in a nutshell is a way of explaining how we go through the process of reacting to stimulus. Then to understand the SRT we need to expand

Human reaction time is defined as the time elapsing between the onset of a stimulus and the onset of a response to that stimulus. The OODA loop, in a nutshell is a way of explaining how we go through the process of reacting to stimulus further into the world of Choice Reaction Times (CRT). Detecting a stimulus is one aspect yet the choice reaction time condition requires us to classify the stimulus. A boxer doesn't necessarily dodge a speciﬁc punch from an opponent. The boxer has practiced movement against a particular stimulus set provided by the following:  Boxing rules; only ﬁsts are used to strike.  A set criteria of punches are allowed (Jab, Hook etc)  Understands a set amount of combinations and possibilities  Understands the weak points and targets of the body in accordance with boxing rules The list could go on but it is not that simple. A boxer is also a pre-contact cue specialist. Physics of boxing dictates that the fastest punch after a jab is another jab or a strike with the other hand. The boxer would be able to calculate from the body movement of the opponent what will be the next probable strike. Put a boxer in a no-holds-barred match and the absence of rules increase the chances of different possibilities, which then leads to different probabilities. There have been many attempts to modify the loop, however the normal route is to either add to it or change the sequence where applicable and in some circumstances place emphasis on one element over another. The Australian armed forces utilise the Adaptation Cycle. The Adaptation Cycle comprises of two key, interconnected components, Adaptive Action and Mission Command. It describes the characterisation of Land Force actions taking into account the complex adaptive nature of the modern battlespace: Act – Sense – Decide – Adapt. The Adaptation Cycle complements Boyd’s OODA loop by explicitly drawing out the requirements to learn and adapt while integrating Mission Command (Adaptive Campaigning, 2006).

Reduction Of Reaction Time

Not only are there inhibiting factors to reaching supersonic speeds in the decision-making process but there is a tradeoff for an ever increasing decision-making loop. Below are some elements which may impact the speed at which decisions are made.  Fatigue  Interruptions / Disruptions  Dangers  Difﬁculties  Distractions  Improper training / Incorrect training  Inexperience  Lack of understanding the enemy  Lack of stress inoculation and simulation training to increase “known stimulus” How can one interrupt the Bad Guys OODA loop

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … KEY TO ENHANCING PERFORMANCE

dsa: the journey so far …

and tactical air forces were concentrated at this point of maximum effort whenever possible. By local success at the Schwerpunkt, a small force achieved a breakthrough and gained advantages by ﬁghting in the enemy’s rear. The principle of Schwerpunkt enabled the attacker to win numerical superiority at the point of the main effort, which in turn gave the attacker tactical and operational superiority even though the attacker may be numerically and strategically inferior along the front overall.

UPGRADING THE HELIFORCE

MILITARY HELICOPTERS IN INDIA

FUTURE TECHNOLOGY LT GEN B S PAWAR PVSM, AVSM (RETD)

Fundamentally, Schwerpunkt is like concensus but its more of agreement and consent by all members. All members are clear of their goal. The information has been given and the course set. It is the one thing everyone is working toward. An operation without Schwerpunkt without character. – Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg

man

Using The Model OODA loop (positive)

OODA loop (negative)

OBSERVE

OVERLOOK

ORIENT

OBFUSCATE

DECIDE

DEFER

ACT

ABSTAIN

Alternative Decision-making

Some cultures like Japan utilise the consensus decision-making process involving Ringi-sei and Nemawashi (group approval and information dissemination). On the battlespace environment this type of decision-making process does not work but under certain business or political landscape possibly can. The idea of consensus-based decision-making is time consuming, open to stagnation, susceptible to circumvention and without the correct training will continue to inhibit creativity and leadership. Consensus relies upon the ideal that everybody is a decision-maker and of those involved the proviso they all share the same culture. If one is exposed to a consensus process for a long period of time, the ability to begin an OODA loop cycle is reduced dramatically. With consensus decision-making there isn’t a learned path to fast resolution. Boyd, however was a fan of the blitzkrieg or “lightning war” and in particular Schwerpunkt (focal point) and to a Schwerpunktprinzip (concentration principle) in the planning of operations. Germans viewed the Schwerpunkt as a centre of gravity or point of maximum effort, where a decisive action could be achieved. Ground, mechanised

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

Initially when introduced to the OODA loop there is a possibility that the decision-making process will slow down. As understanding deepens and observation and orientation elements continue to make the transition between the stages and recalibrate, the feedback pours into the loop faster and faster allowing ﬂuid decision-making. Countries cannot physically move but they can align with other countries and manoeuvre policies to solidify relationships and force other policies. The OODA loop is also concerned with getting inside adversaries OODA loop. Understand their response time to act faster, creating ambiguity in the process and outclass them at a stratospheric level. As technology increasingly compresses the ﬂow of information, driving the decision-making process ever faster, what happens to the proponents of the OODA loop? The understanding and training of reaction times, the introduction of new theories is like watching Evolutionary Epistemology occur in the battlespace instantaneously. The relay of information in a digital world creates enormous pressure on the feedback loop where circumstances can change dramatically in a fraction of the time. Can the OODA loop help negate that feeling of being on the back-foot?

References

 Science, Strategy and War: The Strategic Theory of John Boyd (Strategy and History) by Frans PB Osinga 2006.  Jason, A (2010). Shooting dynamics: elements of time and movement in shooting incidents. Investigative Sciences Journal.  Army’s Future Land Operating Concept Prepared by HEAD MODERNISATION AND STRATEGIC PLANNING – ARMY Australian Army Headquarters. Canberra September 2009.

Presently the Indian military holds in its kitty approximately 600 helicopters of all types and class including specialised ones, but majority of these have far exceeded their lifespan. In the light utility category, the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) manufactured Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) has already entered service with the Army, Air Force and Coast Guard. The Navy has not found them suitable for operations from the ship and is looking at alternatives in the world market. In the heavy lift category there is nothing worthwhile held with the Indian military, barring a few Russian Mi-26 helicopters whose high altitude capability is poor.

The writer is an alumnus of Rashtriya Indian Military College and National Defence Academy and was commissioned into Artillery in June 1968. He fought the 1971 war as an Observation Post Ofﬁcer in the Uri sector of Jammu and Kashmir. He was the Brigade Major of an Infantry and Mountain Brigade and a Director in the Perspective Planning Directorate. He commanded a Rocket Regiment and has the distinction of commanding the largest Artillery Brigade in Jammu and Kashmir. He was Maj Gen Artillery, Western Command during Operation Parakram. He also headed the Army Aviation Corps and was the Commandant, School of Artillery. He hung his boots in September 2008. A defence analyst, he writes for a number of defence journals and publications. He is a member of the Governing Council of the Rotary Wing Society of India.

he operational diversities of the Indian Armed Forces coupled with extremity and variety of terrain (from sea level to high altitude) underline the need for state-of-the-art, modern technology helicopters capable of operating both by day and night in a complex battlefield environment of future. As per reports the armed forces are looking to induct as many as 900 helicopters in the coming decade ranging from attack and high altitude reconnaissance to medium lift and VVIP variants. Presently the Indian military holds in its kitty approximately 600 helicopters of all types and class including specialised ones, but majority of these have far exceeded their lifespan and are either obsolete or nearing obsolescence and the total numbers are scanty. The light observation helicopters (Chetak and Cheetah) held with the Army, Navy and Air Force are vintage and need urgent and immediate replacement. The trials for their replacement (Army and Air Force) have been completed a year back but the Ministry of Defence (MoD) is yet to take a decision on the final selection. In fray are the French Eurocopter AS 550 Fennec and the Russian Kamov Ka 226T. The Navy is also looking to replace its current fleet of Chetak / modified Chetak-MATCH (mid-air torpedo carrying helicopter) with a twin engine, 4.5 ton helicopter capable of operating from warship decks, as well as being armed with rockets / guns and lightweight torpedoes.

has already entered service with the Army, Air Force and Coast Guard. The Navy has not found them suitable for operations from the ship and is looking at alternatives in the world market. The ALH has recently been test evaluated for high altitude operations with the fitment of a more powerful engine ‘Shakti’ being produced jointly by HAL and French Turbomeca. This is a major achievement and will give a boost to helicopter operations in high altitude areas especially Siachen. The induction of the armed version of the ALH Rudra into the Army is likely to commence this year. In the medium lift category the Air Force holds the Mi-8 and the Mi-17 Russian helicopters. While the Mi-8 requires immediate replacement, the majority of the existing Mi-17 fleet has been upgraded / refurbished in respect of avionics and night capability. The process to acquire 80 Mi-17V5 helicopters (latest version) has already been set into motion and some of these are already operational in the Air Force units. As per reports another 59 are planned for induction in the near future to completely replace the ageing fleet of Mi-8. These helicopters are upgraded versions, with glass cockpit, night capability and armament package and should boost the armed forces’ capability.

Indigenous Effort

In the heavy lift category there is nothing worthwhile held with the Indian military, barring a few Russian Mi-26 helicopters whose high altitude capability is poor. Based on the

In the light utility category, the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) manufactured Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH)

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

iKLAN DSA aspacpol.pdf

7/22/13

3:44 PM

dsa: the journey so far … UPGRADING THE HELIFORCE Army’s requirement of a suitable helicopter capable of lifting underslung the Ultra Light Howitzer being acquired from the United States for deployment in mountains, the process for acquisition was set into motion. Trials for the same have been completed with the American Chinook CH 47 scoring over the Russian Mi-2. Fifteen numbers are planned for induction. In addition the Air Force was in the process of acquiring 12 AgustaWestland 101 Merlin for VVIP duties as part of its Communications Squadron – this acquisition has been put on hold due to kickback allegations.

operations gaining ascendency around the world, helicopter survivability will assume greater signiﬁcance. Advances in stealth, such as reductions in radar and acoustic signatures offer major results in this area, as does the development of early detection / jamming countermeasure capabilities .

Some of the above technologies are already being incorporated in the development of Eurocopters X2 and X3 and Sikorsky’s X2 co-axial compound helicopter as technology demonstrators. The main emphasis is on speed, stealth, reliability and survivability which the above models are focusing on. In Obsolescent Attack Fleet fact in its demonstrative flight Sikorsky’s X2 achieved a speed The weakest link in the Indian military inventory is the holding of 287 mph, a major leap from the current standard helicopter of specialised helicopters like the attack and anti-submarine speeds. Its military version the Sikorsky S-97 Raider is stated to warfare. The Mi 25 / Mi 35 attack helicopters held are vintage and be the future light tactical helicopter of the US military. Finally, require replacement on priority. Even the Sea King anti-submarine the development of innovative concepts, along the lines of warfare helicopters (ASW) held with V-22 Osprey (tilt rotor technology), the Navy need upgrade / replacement The weakest link in the Indian military could generate fresh momentum in with a state-of-the-art modern inventory is the holding of specialised the utility / logistics domain. The V-22 ASW helicopter. In the recent trials helicopters like the attack and is already deployed in Afghanistan conducted for acquisition of attack and was instrumental in the rescue of anti-submarine warfare. The Mi 25/ a downed US pilot in Libya last year. helicopters the American Apache Mi 35 attack helicopters held are Such an aircraft would be ideal for Longbow has been selected over the vintage and require replacement deployment in our north-eastern region Russian Mi-28 (Havoc). The induction on priority. Even the Sea King anti- where the infrastructure is woefully of 22 Apache Block-III (latest upgraded submarine warfare helicopters (ASW) inadequate. Another area of future version) is likely to commence by end of this year. With the recent MoD held with the Navy need upgrade / development is helicopter UAVs. Two decision on the ownership issue of replacement with a state-of-the-art avenues are already being explored attack helicopters in favour of the and implemented in different countries modern ASW helicopter Army, more numbers of this class of — UAV-helicopter cooperation and helicopters are likely to be inducted in the coming years. The development of rotary wing UAVs. Lockheed Martin’s K-MAX Navy had also conducted extensive trials for replacement of its helicopter UAV is currently deployed in Afghanistan for logistic multirole Sea King fleet with the European NH-90 and American resupply and is proving to be quite a hit. It has been able to fly Sikorsky 70B. However this project has run into some trouble and in adverse weather conditions when manned helicopters could could get delayed. not fly. The Indian armed forces / security forces are seriously examining this option.

Future Developments

While jet fighters are in their fifth generation, the helicopters are still strutting around with the same old airframes for the last several decades, with mostly upgrades to its credit. The Apache Block-III is a vivid example of the same, even though 26 new technologies have been incorporated in the upgraded version. The new generation helicopter platforms are expected to feature the latest advances in aeronautics giving military helicopters improved flight performance especially in relation to speed. This offers the new generation machines unprecedented capabilities – lighter and stronger construction materials, increased autonomy, more powerful engines, reduced acoustic signatures, more accurate navigation systems, enhanced data acquisition and protection systems and more effective weapons and munitions. Helicopters will have to become truly modular, making it possible to change part of the system without affecting overall integrity. The concept of modularity is likely to increase, especially with the emergence of the concept of multirole machines. The world over today the armed forces are seriously looking at the multirole concept, due to the changing nature of conflicts (sub-conventional) and financial constraints. The ALH is a classic example of a multirole helicopter with its utility and armed version (Rudra) available to the Indian armed forces. In terms of data acquisition, day / night observation and detection capabilities will increase and become more diversified specially in respect to information sharing and cooperation with other aircraft and UAVs. Target engagement capabilities with regard to weapon range and precision is likely to remain the focus of future development. With sub-conventional

INCORPORATING WITH

The most significant development in the HAL venture is the light combat helicopter (LCH), a state-of-the-art attack helicopter with capability to operate at high altitudes. The LCH uses the technology of the existing ALH and its configurations except that the fuselage is suitably modified and streamlined for tandem seating required for a modern day attack helicopter. An indigenous attack helicopter is a step in the right direction as it can be tailored to suit the terrain and climatic conditions of our area of operations. A number of development flights have taken place since its maiden flight on 29 March 2010 and it is expected to enter service by 2014. Both the Air Force and Army are the potential customers for induction of the same. The HAL is also looking at the development and manufacture of a three ton class light utility helicopter (LUH) as well as a 10-12 ton class of MRH for the requirement of armed forces in a joint venture with a foreign vendor. While the LUH project is progressing slowly, no headway has been made in the MRH project. The Army is keen to acquire this class of helicopters and has suitably called it the Tactical Battlefield Support Helicopter (TBSH). The HAL will have to keep in mind the developing future helicopter technology and incorporate the same in its future projects for the armed forces, even if it involves joint ventures, to meet the future operational requirements.

THE 7TH INDONESIA'S

CMY

(HAL) Helicopter Programme

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dsa: the journey so far …

SELF-RELIANCE THE KEY

AIR POWER GLOBAL TRENDS AND IAF Air Forces all over the world have been shifting focus from traditional fixed wing predominance for uniform offensive capability to UAVs, helicopters, missiles (ballistic and cruise), NBC and Network Centric Air Warfare for diversified options. Gulf War was also a technology demonstrator for Precision Guided Munitions (PGM) – 90 per cent were assessed to have hit their target. It was therefore a logical progression for major air forces to move towards increased reliance on PGM.

WG CDR AN HANFEE VrC (RETD) The writer served IAF for 23 years and handled command and staff assignments. He was also Deputy Director of helicopter ﬂeet of IAF in Air HQ. He is a graduate of Defence Services Staff College and an MBA from University of Pune.

ulf War is considered a deﬁning event in the history of modern air warfare. It took place in a multipolar world. It took place on a global stage with television images of the conﬂict seen real-time throughout the planet. It was a campaign where air power played a dominant role in the victory more than ever before. It set new trends in air warfare and forced the doctrines to be re-written. IAF completes 81 years in the month of October this year and a review of the direction it has taken so far is in order.

Shift To PGMs

Being capital-intensive form of military power, any attempt to shift the air power balance requires massive investment, which even the robust economies of the world find difficult due to the far-reaching political consequences. This decision is even more difficult in developing economies because any diversion in spending patterns trigger adverse social consequences such as rise in unemployment. The United States with global economic and political interests, focused to make its air power capable of gaining absolute control of air in any theatre of conflict, without attracting adverse political consequences at home. Russia and China on the other hand, built their air power to dominate their region. Air Forces all over the world have been shifting focus from traditional fixed wing predominance for uniform offensive capability to UAVs, helicopters, missiles (ballistic and cruise), NBC and Network Centric Air Warfare for diversified options. Rotary wing aircraft with their ability to quickly change role configuration, are increasingly taking over some of the roles so far performed by fighter and transport aircraft. Similarly, ballistic and cruise missiles tipped with conventional and NBC warheads are now key strategic and tactical

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

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SELF-RELIANCE THE KEY terrorism and internal dissensions. The Indian Air Warfare doctrine is guided by Pakistan’s Indo-centricity on one hand and China’s strategy of dominating the region around it on the other. While Pakistan aims to de-stabilise and Balkanise India, Chinese doctrine is oriented towards projection of a politico-military power, which would brook no opposition in the region. Today China is more belligerent due to her numerical, technological and nuclear weapon superiority and it does not rule out use of nuclear weapons in zones of conﬂict. Is the IAF today ready for this challenge?

It is no surprise then that while USA, Russia, France, UK and Germany account for 75 per cent of all world arms exports, India, Pakistan, China, South Korea and Singapore remain biggest importers. Today, even after 81 years of existence, the IAF depends solely on imports of combat aircraft to state-of-the-art weapon systems and high-end technology equipment. Indian leaders did have the foresight to set up PSUs like HAL, NAL, DRDO and ISRO with the aim of achieving

Depleting manpower is another area of concern. Two main reasons for this are firstly the IAF raised many new units to expand its SAM and UAV capability by depleting other units of their sanctioned manpower. Secondly, a large number of personnel, especially pilots, are seeking pre-mature release from service to seek a career in commercial world

Current State Of IAF

components for their devastating damage capability. A 20 KT nuclear warhead on these missiles would have a lethal area of 50 sq km when dropped from a height of 2,700 ft. A biological warhead employing pathogen can inﬂict casualties over a much larger area. A chemical warhead with agents such as nerve gas or other toxins could be lethal for prolonged duration. Gulf War was also a technology demonstrator for Precision Guided Munitions (PGM). Out of a total of 6,250 tons of PGMs dropped in Iraq, more than 90 per cent were assessed to have hit their target as compared to only 25 per cent of 82,250 tons of iron bombs dropped. It was therefore a logical progression for major air forces to move towards increased reliance on PGMs. Gulf War also demonstrated that an aspiring regional air force will have to have its own IT enabled network centric warfare. Functions such as reconnaissance and search, acquisition, detection, Identiﬁcation Friend or Foe (IFF), tracking and designation, to Damage Assessment (DA) and redesignation of targets to appropriate weapon systems can all be undertaken more accurately to achieve greater results. Therefore all major air powers are eager to put in place a network and continuously upgrade and protect it.

Depleting manpower is another area of concern. Two main reasons for this are ﬁrstly the IAF raised many new units to expand its SAM and UAV capability by depleting other units of their sanctioned manpower. Secondly, a large number of personnel, especially pilots, are seeking premature release from service to seek a career in commercial world. Combined effect is that most of the IAF units today face manpower shortage. Unless this situation is rectiﬁed by cadre review and improving service conditions, the shortfall in trained manpower will continue to undermine its operational preparedness.

Current Indian Doctrine

Indigenisation And Acquisition

The Indian War Book tasks the IAF with Air Defence of all Indian territories. Accordingly, in the mid-1960s the IAF was authorised to build force levels up to a 64-squadron, including 10 transport squadrons and a heavy bomber squadron. A force level of 39.5 ﬁghter squadrons was considered adequate by IAF. India is faced with not only territorial challenges from nuclear capable neighbours but also cross-border

Both, import of equipment and indigenisation have so far failed to match this need and today with only 32 fighter squadrons, the IAF stands a depleted force in terms of numbers. Delays in induction of the LCA, MMRCA and the early retirement of types such as the MiG-23BN, MiG-21FL and MiG-21M /MF is a major cause for this. High Accident Rate is also greatly responsible for this depletion

Being a technology oriented organisation IAF is required to be in a state of continuous transformation to keep itself abreast with technological advancements. Both, import of equipment and indigenisation have so far failed to match this need and today with only 32 ﬁghter squadrons, the IAF stands a depleted force in terms of numbers. Delays in induction of the LCA, MMRCA and the early retirement of types such as the MiG-23BN, MiG-21FL and MiG-21M / MF is a major cause for this. High Accident Rate is also greatly responsible for this depletion. Out of a combat ﬂeet of 872 MiG aircraft inducted since 1966, IAF has so far lost 482 aircraft and 171 pilots, which is unusually high for any Air Force in the world.

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All over the world, the Air Forces are striving to achieve self-reliance to extent possible. Dependence on foreign sources not only leads to drain on national resources but also denial of critical spares and ammunition when they are needed most. IAF faced as much as 70 per cent denial of spares for its ﬂeet during Soviet era. In 2008, the Russian company Rosoboronexport hiked the price of 80 much needed Mi-17-IV medium lift helicopters from US$ 650 million to US$ 1 billion after the deal had been inked. While self-reliance in defence equipment is an inescapable objective, achieving it is easier said than done. Major characteristic of technology is its speed of change. Quick absorption of selected technology is essential to overcome obsolescence. Synergy between user, developer and manufacturer is mandatory for foolproof design, production and induction. Viable production of equipment developed indigenously need economy of scales, which are not always available in Indian context. Exports are the solution to this problem but are invariably a political decision.

Embraer Pilatus PC-7 Mk II

AW 101 BrahMos missile

Tejas

self-reliance. Whether they have fulﬁlled their mandate is a point of debate. HAL set up 74 years ago, designed its last combat aircraft in the 1950s. It was mandated to design and produce HF-24 aircraft, IJT Sitara, Basic Trainer HPT-32, Tejas LCA aircraft and ALH Helicopter. The HF-24 Marut failed because Orpheous 12 engines needed for the project were never produced. IJT Sitara failed anti-spin tests and never saw the light of the day. For LCA Tejas, HAL at best acts as subcontractor to ADA. Tejas has excellent ﬂy by wire, glass cockpit and composite technology. But the Kaveri engine on which it is based, has failed. A monolith like HAL now is reduced to license manufacturing aircraft imported with technology transfer clause and at price much higher than cost of buying them off the shelf. It also means IAF now stands at a point where immediate import of MMRCA is inescapable. Failure of HAL made HPT-32 aircraft has already led IAF to import 75 Pilatus PC-7 Mk II basic trainers to meet training requirements. Similarly, lack of indigenous option led IAF to import Hawk aircraft as AJT. Import of these aircraft is a huge drain on ailing Indian economy. It is not as if indigenisation is without its success stories. BrahMos cruise missile jointly manufactured by Russian Federation, DRDO, Tata and L&T stands out. But this success has so far been in spurts at best. Similarly the AFNET network with enhanced encryption system needed by IAF and requires assured space access has IAF, ISRO and DRDO working closely and moving in right direction.

Indigenise Faster

With diversity of current threat perceptions in Indian

context, Air Force will have to provide quick response and far-reaching strike power. The depleting force levels for reasons beyond IAF control are a major cause for concern towards achieving this mandate. IAF has to quickly move to ﬁrst induct equipment to bridge the gap between its mandate and capability to execute that mandate. Simultaneously move on to indigenous UAV, NBC and EW, MMRCA and Helicopter capability. There is no better option than self-reliance. Even a country like Brazil has Embraer to boast about. Today all Embraer products can compete on their own in the market; a feat cannot be matched by HAL yet. Though strictly not applicable, perhaps IAF can draw a lesson or two from Indian Navy, which produces 95 per cent of naval warships and submarines, designed and manufactured in the country. Naval Headquarters has oriented itself by having a dedicated Directorate of Naval Design and the Controller of Warship Production functioning directly under CNS. Integration and close co-ordination between IAF and HAL seems to be missing. This orientation needs to change. Air Force inductions also need to be insulated against political decisions. The AW 101 VVIP Helicopters deal is a case in point. Perhaps a time has now come to have an autonomous arms induction body pending which the air force will continue to suffer erosion in its capability. The criminality element in a defence deal must be separated from merits of the equipment and should not be allowed to hinder induction.

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DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT ISO 9001:2008 Certiﬁed

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Global Business Partner

Global Training Partner

ART OF GROWTH

LEARNING ORGANISATIONS

A CONTINUOUS TRANSFORMATION

People rise to the challenge when it’s their challenge. Learning Organisations have the levers that drive creation, define purpose, value incubation of ideas, conjure passion, abridge gaps between potential and possibilities, give abilities, motivation and positive attitude.

Training Par Excellence for Police and Security Forces by our international task force of elite training experts

“It is not the strongest of the species who live on, nor the most intelligent; rather it is those most responsive to change.” – Charles Darwin

O A joint venture of DSA and Xiphos-ISS Website:

www.dx-india.com

Chief of Business Operations Email: pawan@dx-india.com

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rganisations such as the paramilitary forces, are one of the vanguards of society, these capable men and women realise their potential through the organisation they are in. These organisations are or should be – “Learning Organisations” (LO). Learning Organisations are the building blocks, through which the human design can only improve and with effective deployment of force multipliers leading to consistent performance that meets or exceeds expectations of organic growth. Building capacity of employees (through constant trainings in developing skill-sets, acquiring new knowledge, applying and testing that knowledge) and facilitating innovativeness (avenues to express new ideas, brainstorm and be a part of envisioning the “learning philosophy” and the ultimate goal of the organisation) are

DR RUPALI JESWAL The writer is an Intelligence and Terrorism Analyst, Operational Psychologist and Clinical Hypnotherapist based in South-East Asia. She has also received training in specialised areas including counter-terrorism,intelligence and tactical operations. She specialises in cognitive learning processes and neural pathway response and how these factors apply to specialised trainings. She is an expert in the ﬁeld of non-verbal micro and macro expression for deception and detection and also using non-verbal assets for psychological self-assessment in conjunction with Emotional Intelligence to enhance the human mind, personality, image and spirit. She is the Director of Counter Extremism Research & Training Program: IACSPSEA (International Association for Counter-Terrorism and Security Professionals, South-East Asia) and member APA (American Psychological Association), APP (Association of Professional Psychologists), FPRI (Foreign Policy Research Institute) and UK Certiﬁed Hypnotherapist and General Hypnotherapy Register. She is CEO of Xiphos-ISS, a multidisciplinary training organisation and Chief of Training Operations, DX India.

two signiﬁcant pillars of a Learning Organisation. The critical engines for growth, prosperity and viability of any LO in the current turbulent and unconventional environment is to be innovative-conscious, to develop, react and modify ideas collectively. Innovative behaviour is a multiple-stage process and organisations need to invest efforts in developing self-leaders to improve the overall functioning of the organisation. A 1982 report from the Walter Reed Army Institute for Research noted that leaders must sustain “intellectual and cognitive effort” when future warfare will have

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ART OF GROWTH

a pace, intensity and technological complexity of unprecedented dimensions. The future warfare mentioned in this report is the present state now, correlating with studies which have identified that our bag of competencies must include: “an ability to deal with cognitive complexity, tolerance of ambiguity, intellectual flexibility, a meaningful level of self-awareness and an enhanced understanding of the relationships among organisational sub-systems that collectively construct the prevailing “climate.” These would supplement timeless leader qualities: integrity, high energy, courage and commitment to institutional values.” People rise to the challenge when it’s their challenge. Confident leaders disperse discretion and autonomy, give visibility and recognition and build strong relationships. They inspire self-leadership in every individual of the organisation resulting in officers setting leadership by example and also setting a trend of aspiring mentors. Learning Organisations have the levers that drive creation, define purpose, value incubation of ideas, conjure passion, abridge gaps between potential and possibilities, give abilities, motivation and positive attitude. This is returned to the organisation through empowerment of their employees, amassing professionalism, bringing trust in the communities of their safety, leadership skills and gathering of mentors. This leads to true capacity development and building in motion (Fig. 1).

 In learning organisations, brain-storming and tabletop exercises are process where groups of people (in-groups) from various departments come together and create innovation. They take each other’s potential, multiply it with their own and come up with options, suggestions and methods of operations.  In-groups are those that reciprocally link individuals’ attitudes and behaviours with the group-level conditions in which they are situated. Groups are cohesive when group-level conditions are producing positive membership attitudes and behaviours and when group members’ interpersonal interactions are operating to maintain these group-level conditions (Positive or negative – cohesion comes when all agree).  Cohesive groups are self-maintaining with respect to the production of strong membership attractions and attachments.  A unifying notion for the success of the process is a state of equilibrium that must be felt within each and every individual of the in-group, this depends on the imaginable specifics of the goal. The more specifics are clearly detailed the easier the goal becomes. Every organisation has a culture, this is a set of beliefs, assumptions, learned behaviours, values, shared feelings and perceptions which influence the actions and decisions taken by the organisational members. If the culture is of innovativeness then that will foster initiatives.

Self-esteem

A prolific organisational culture, nurtures a satisfied employee that in turn fuels the individual’s sense of belonging and self-esteem, commitment to the vision and mission. Self-esteem or the overall sense of self-worth is expressed through the confidence in knowing that one has the ability due to his / her character strengths and continuous professional development trainings to face challenges when they are encountered. Modes of resilience and recovery are also embedded in the organisational culture. This has a positive affect on performance of the work force and their self-efficacy. The internal environment of learning organisations influences the employees’ behaviour, work ethics, attitudes, expectations, values and morale. This internal environment is referred to as an organisational climate. Climate can be viewed as: The ‘character’ or ‘psychological atmosphere’ of the internal working environment. The climate is comprised of the attitude of the members of the organisation and of the organisation’s working and support structure. This attitude fuels trust and perceptions of genuineness amongst colleagues and those effectively working as a team.

Reciprocity And Swarming: Learning organisations induce “mirroring” of behaviours, to be positive and to deliver effectiveness as a shared and learned task. Swarming is a decentralised force which incorporates flexibility, self-autonomy in making decisions when need be and leading every individual from within before they can lead others. This can only be instilled in an individual due to confidence, which the organisation climate produces under the umbrella of professional development provided. To make the environment reciprocal and swarming, there has to be transparency, communication and synchronisation and a deliberate doctrine to achieve excellence. Force Transformation is meant to identify, give leverage and even create new underlying principles for the way things should be done which makes every individual and unit efficient. Features of the organisational climate and what it leads to:

(Fig. 1)

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ART OF GROWTH

Every organisation has a culture, this is a set of beliefs, assumptions, learned behaviours, values, shared feelings and perceptions which influence the actions and decisions taken by the organisational members. If the culture is of innovativeness then that will foster initiatives Learning Organisations strive to create a link between teaching, learning and promoting development and application of the natural intrinsic values and beliefs of the officers who are in organisations such as paramilitary, police force, correction homes and other security fields. Development comes when what is learned is made applicable in the field through confidence and abilities gained during trainings and learning to convert knowledge into actionable acts. Leaders of character who demonstrate sophisticated and effective performance are a combination of character, intrinsic values and beliefs, employing responsibilities, skills along with evolving knowledge and performing as collective members of the profession of arms and security. The basic competency profile of men and women who serve in these organisations are:  Strong sense of ethics and values.  Self-belief – belief in ability to achieve goals.  Belief they are different to opponent.  Motivation (desire / determination).  Intrinsic motivation and using adversity as a source of determination.  Accept competition anxiety, but have a plan on how to deal with it.  Can maintain focus-ability to “balance”.  Maintain technique / effort in face of fatigue / pain.

employees as individuals and in the team. Empowerment in the team brings forth and enhances natural individual attributes which are:  Interpersonal relationships Motivating others  Managing conflict  Initiating collaboration  Team building  Performance – Adaptability, Responsibility and Conflict transformation  Information exchange – Roles, Interoperability through cross-trainings  Trust Performance along with self and peer to peer monitoring  Leadership qualities – Self-efficacy, Collective efficacy  Communication – Understanding the constraints, flexibility, clarity and infusing it all through cognitive evaluation  Team identification – Social exchange, Building camaraderie  Stress – Managing, Utilising, Supporting others through various leadership styles

Character Strengths: To be productive and proﬁtable, character strengths matter. Leader’s character shapes the culture of his or her organisation which shapes and steers the character of the employees of the organisation. This process advances to shape the public opinion and inspires trust and conﬁdence in the organisation.

Components of social cohesion and leadership culture provide a clear sense of the unit’s importance, unique capabilities and dedication to professionalism. A will to win against all odds comes first through the quality of character, this is the root of an officer’s identity, embedded in their organisation culture and nourished by the organisational climate which makes it strong and provides growth. Collective unified vision propels the teams towards a common objective and manages operational security risks.

An ofﬁcer’s identity is rooted in qualities of character that have a substantial inﬂuence on behaviour and performance – the working attitude! Combined values and beliefs held by an employee of an organisation about herself / himself and of the organisation are major components of the organisational culture and this affects the overall performance of the organisation building credibility of it’s strength and support amongst the members of the community. There is a considerable overlap in semantics of beliefs, values and attitudes, however with organisational support to cultivate – talent, innovation and leadership skills serve as distinct constructs and bring empowerment amongst the

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References

 Walter F Ulmer, “Military Leadership into the 21st Century: Another ‘Bridge Too Far?” Parameters 38 (Spring 1998) : 7.  Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin E P (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classiﬁcation. Oxford University Press.

Further Reading  http://www.gemi.org /metricsnavigator/eag /What%20are%20the%20 Characteristics%20of%20a%20Learning%20Organization.pdf  The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook: Strategies and Tools for Building a Learning Organisation. Paperback by Peter M Senge.  http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/conf/olkc/archive/olk4/papers/villardi.pdf  Journal of Economic and Social Research 6 (2), 87-116; Learning Organisations. Gökhan Torlak.  Paper: The Learning organisation: Review, Pratice and Application by Jean Marrapodi.

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TOWARDS HYPERSONIC REGIME

BRAHMOS A SHINING EXAMPLE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

adma Bhushan Dr Apathukatha Sivathanu Pillai, a distinguished scientist, CEO and MD of BrahMos Aerospace is the prime force behind the unique "Mind to Market" concept of the most successful joint venture BrahMos, which is a world leader in the family of cruise missiles. He has also earned several other honours for his exemplary and invaluable contribution to science and technology. In an exclusive interview with DSA, Dr Pillai expounds his ideas on how India can emerge as a global player in missile systems. Defence and Security Alert: The Indian and Russian government committees have approved “BrahMos Vision 2050”. What is the scope and reach of this vision document and what progress has been made in this direction? BrahMos Aerospace: As you are aware, the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile is unique in the world with far reaching capabilities to dictate war dynamics. Indian Armed Forces have inducted BrahMos in Army and Navy and it will be inducted very soon by Indian Air Force. BrahMos is a War Winner. Having reached this stage and in order to keep our competitive edge, it is essential that we ensure our armed forces with product support, maintenance for ever-ready status and continuous upgradation of performance. Moreover, from Supersonic we must also graduate to Hypersonic regime. Outlining all the future activities and new technologies our young team has worked out a document called ‘BrahMos Vision 2050’. DSA: BrahMos Aerospace is a shining example of public-private partnership in the defence sector. How far have your efforts succeeded in developing a “Missile Industry Complex” so that all our missile needs are successfully met within the country? BrahMos: BrahMos being a joint venture between India and Russia, we need to produce systems at both countries. So, we have listed 205 industries from India and 7 major industries from Russia constituting more than 40,000 employees working for BrahMos production. This is a massive effort as the needs of quantity for Indian Armed Forces, for Russia and for export have to be met. Hence, we have established a Missile Integration Complex for meeting the production requirement. After all, competitiveness of a successful organisation is possible only if we ensure superior performance of the product, maintaining the high quality and quantity in production making them available just in time and

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BrahMos: BrahMos is the quickest deployable weapon in the warfare. In a salvo operation with multiple missiles in a regiment or onboard ship, every other missile will be fired at 3 seconds interval. That means a barrage of missiles get released against different targets; almost at the same time, all in supersonic speed with no reaction time to the enemy. The targets can be on sea or on land. This type of fire power is not available in any other weapon. cost-effectiveness. BrahMos Aerospace today is a ‘Total Solution Company’ from ‘Mind to Market’ meeting the needs of our valued customers. Therefore, industries as ‘Missile Industry Complex’ (MIC) are partners in this venture. DSA: In an interview with a national paper sometime back you had said that “I want to develop a weapon that can be commanded by mind”. What were you referring to? Can you please share this futuristic vision of yours with our readers? BrahMos: Our mythology and godly weapons give lot of ideas. Indians are the fortunate people to know such mythology and the weapons. I was amazed to know about ‘Sudarshan-chakra’; it is commanded by the mind of Lord Vishnu to annihilate the enemy and comes back to his hand. It is the only weapon which is on rotation and ready-to-go in nano-second. With the advent of knowledge-age and cyber-war, it will be possible to command weapons from mind as our Rishis have done in the past. DSA: It is said that hundreds of BrahMos missiles can be fired at the enemy within minutes. Please elaborate on the strike capability of Indian defence forces and how BrahMos is enhancing and strengthening this capability?

DSA: BrahMos is acknowledged as one of the best known missile systems in the world. Many countries have shown keen interest in buying BrahMos missiles. Are we ready and willing to export BrahMos? What is the present status? BrahMos: Being the best known cruise missile, deﬁnitely interest will come from other nations. When the JV was formed in 1998, in the Inter Governmental Agreement itself we speciﬁcally mentioned that we will export BrahMos with the approval of both Governments, keeping security of two nations in mind. As an organisation, BrahMos is ready to export missiles ensuring security of nations in a transparent manner with Government to Government agreement. It is upto the Indian Government to take the decision when to sell and to whom. DSA: You have signed an agreement with Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI) for developing a ‘hypersonic’ missile. It has been reported that materials resistant to extremely high temperature are just not available. How soon do you think hypersonic missile can be a reality? BrahMos: Hypersonic missile needs scramjet technology which generates tremendous heat. World over considerable research efforts are being taken to solve the problem of high

temperature material, it is not an easy task. Worldwide experiments have failed after certain time. That is why we want to get the best research inputs to come on new materials. Hence, we have signed an agreement with MAI on materials development for Hypersonic programme. DSA: What are your plans to build on the success of BrahMos and emerge as a global player in missile systems? BrahMos: BrahMos experience has shown to India that we need to use this JV model for high technology products. BrahMos has given out-of-the-box idea on how to make a nation great. I therefore suggest we need Military Industry Complex for our nation integrating the best of Indian industries with policy suitable for growth and control exercised through appropriate legal system. If this happens, India will emerge as a global player in missile systems.

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CYBER SECURITY In India following sectors have been identiﬁed as critical:  Energy  Transportation (air, surface, rail and water)  Banking and Finance  Telecommunication  Defence  Space  Law enforcement, security and intelligence  Sensitive government organisations  Public health  Water supply and disposal  Critical manufacturing  E-governance

NCIIPC Mission And Objectives

PROTECTION OF NATIONAL

CRITICAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

As India’s economy and society has begun to rely on information systems and networks that are interconnected and interdependent, nationally and globally, several of those systems and networks have become vital for the nation. Their protection, consequently from cyber attacks and towards ensuring better quality of service to customers, is a priority focus area, as a part of the overall national cyber security initiative.

s India is integrating with global economies and societies, her reliance on information systems and networks, that are interconnected and interdependent, is increasing exponentially. These interconnected networks and system are widely acknowledged as “Critical Information Infrastructure (CII)”. In general Critical Infrastructure (CI) can be deﬁned as: “Those facilities, systems or functions, whose incapacity or destruction would cause a debilitating impact on national security, governance, economy and social well-being of a nation”. Critical Information Infrastructures (CIIs) are those ICT infrastructures upon which core functionality of Critical Infrastructure is dependent. Thus CII is a sub-set of CI. As per the Section 70A of IT (Amendment) Act 2008, CII is deﬁned as:

 Interconnected  Interdependent  Heterogeneous With the advancement of convergent communication technologies and shared information systems in India, Critical Sectors are becoming more dependent on their Critical Information Infrastructure (CII). These CIIs are interconnected, interdependent, complex and distributed across various geographical locations. Various inherent threats such as terrorist attacks, organised crimes, cyber espionage; malicious cyber activities afﬂicting the CIIs are growing rapidly. Protection of CIIs of the nation is one of the paramount concerns of the Indian government as an important component of national security.

“The computer resource, the incapacitation or destruction of which, shall have debilitating impact on national security, economy, public health or safety.”

Under Section 70A of IT (Amendment) Act 2008, National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) of National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) has been identiﬁed as the nodal agency to coordinate with government departments, private and public sector stakeholders for protection of Critical Information Infrastructures (CIIs) and for taking all measures including associated Research and Development for the protection of CIIs in India.

Characteristics of CIIs are that they are:  Highly complex  Distributed

Gazette notiﬁcation for NCIIPC under section 70A (1) of IT Act 2008 is underway. Rules under section 70A are also being notiﬁed.

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NCIIPC is mandated to follow best global and practical approaches, control and guidelines for accomplishing its mission for protection of CII’s in line with its clear vision of providing safe, secure and resilient environment. NCIIPC is driven by its mission “To take all necessary measures to facilitate protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, from unauthorised access, modiﬁcation, use, disclosure, disruption, incapacitation or destruction through coherent coordination, synergy and raising information security awareness among all stakeholders” and with a vision “to facilitate safe, secure and resilient Information Infrastructure for Critical Sectors in the country”.

 Establish sectoral Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) to deal with critical sector speciﬁc issues. These guiding principles have helped NCIIPC to draw a CIIP road map to achieve safe, secure and resilient CII of the nation.

CIIP Guidelines

In January 2013, a Joint Working Group (JWG) consisting of representatives from the government and private sector, was appointed by Government of India with the following key objective:  To study various approaches, international standards and best practices for Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP).  To interact with stakeholders and regulators to understand their requirements and environment.  To evolve the appropriate guidelines for CIIP speciﬁc to the country.  To evolve Strategy to implement guidelines thus evolved.

To achieve its mission and vision, NCIIPC has formulated The JWG was headed by the following guiding principles: Prof N Balakrishnan, Associate  Develop mechanism to facilitate identiﬁcation of Director of Indian Institute of CII, protection of CII through risk management and Science, Bangalore as Chairman. ensuring compliance of NCIIPC policies, guidelines, Mr Kiran Karnik, Chairman, CII advisories / alerts etc by CIIs. National Committee on Telecom  Lead and coordinate national programmes and and Broadband, Mr Virat Bhatia, policies on Critical Information Infrastructure protection. Chairman, Communication and  Establish national and international linkages Digital Economy Committee / initiatives for the protection of CIIs including R&D. – FICCI and Mr Muktesh Chander  Promote indigenous Research and Development IPS, Ex-Centre Director of NTRO (R&D) relating to protection of Critical Information Infrastructure were its members. including modelling and simulation of complex CIIs, development of CIIP tools and threat scenarios.  Develop mechanism to facilitate sharing of information on information security breaches, incidents, cyber attacks, espionage etc among CII stakeholders as well as with NCIIPC.  Facilitate thematic workshops and information security awareness and training programmes.  Facilitate capacity building towards creation of highly skilled manpower through engaging premier institutes like Indian Institute of Science, Indian Institutes of Technology, National Institutes of Technology etc as well as private / non-government partners working on CIIP.  Develop capability for real time warning system and facilitate sharing of information on emerging threats, cyber attacks, vulnerabilities etc with CIIs. The writer at the release function

MUKTESH CHANDER IPS The writer is Joint Commissioner of Police, Prime Minister’s Security. He was Centre Director of Centre for Cyber Deterrence and Information Assurance in National Technical Research Organisation, Government of India. He has been DIG of Police, Goa, Additional Commissioner of Police, Crime and Trafﬁc Delhi and Inspector General of Police Daman and Diu.He graduated in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering from Delhi University in ﬁrst class with distinction. He holds a law degree from Delhi University. He has completed his Masters Degree in Criminology and is pursuing his PhD in Information Security Management from IIT, Delhi. He has also done Hostage Negotiation course at Louisiana State Police Academy, USA. His current areas of interest are Cyber crime and its detection, cyber terrorism, E-governance, Digital Signatures, Cryptography, E-policing, Information security and Cyber laws, Social media monitoring etc. He has been awarded police medal for meritorious service and President's police medal for distinguished service.

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CYBER SECURITY

These CIIs are interconnected, interdependent, complex and distributed across various geographical locations. Various inherent threats such as terrorist attacks, organised crimes, cyber espionage; malicious cyber activities afflicting the CIIs are growing rapidly. Protection of CIIs of the nation is one of the paramount concerns of the Indian government as an important component of national security In view of the need for a multi-stakeholder dialogue, the JWG had consultations with experts across the critical sectors such as Communications, Banking and Insurance, Power and Energy, Aviation, Railways, other organisations of strategic importance and the sector regulators including Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Since the communications network forms the ﬁrst line of defence with regard to any cyber security threat and in turn provides the linkages across several sector networks within the CII, the JWG also met key telecom industry associations including Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), Association of Uniﬁed Telecom Service Providers of India (AUSPI), Internet Service Providers Association of India (ISPAI), Association of Competitive Telecom Operators (ACTO), Communication and Manufacturing Association of India (CMAI), Telecom Systems Design and Manufacturers Association (TSDMA) and Internet & Mobile Association of India (IAMAI). After detailed discussions and consultations, the JWG prepared and submitted the “Guidelines for Protection of National Critical Information Infrastructure”. On 19th July 2013, these guidelines were released by Mr Shivshankar Menon, National Security Adviser to Government of India in presence of Mr AG Apte, Chairman NTRO. The guidelines are suitable for India and have 40 controls for the protection of CIIs across various sectors. Development of these guidelines is one of the

significant milestones for the protection of nation’s critical information assets. The 40 controls for the protection of CIIs across sectors suggested by the JWG are:  Identification of CIIs  Vertical and Horizontal interdependencies  Information Security Department  Information Security Policy  Training and Skill upgradation  Data Loss Prevention  Access Control Policies  Limiting Admin Privileges  Perimeter Protection  Incident Response  Risk Assessment Management  Physical Security  Identification and Authentication  Maintenance Plan  Maintaining, Monitoring and Analysing logs  Penetration Testing  Data Storage Hashing and Encryption  Feedback Mechanism  Security Certification  Asset and Inventory Management  Contingency Planning  Disaster Recovery Site  Predictable Failure Prevention  Information / Data Leakage Protection  DoS / DDos Protection  Wi-Fi Security  Data Back-up plan  Secure Architecture Deployment  Web Application Security  Testing and Evaluation of Hardware and Software  Hardening of Hardware and Software  Period Audit  Compliance of Security Recommendations  Checks and Balances for Negligence  Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) protection

    

Network Device Protection Cloud Security Outsourcing and Vendor Security Critical Information Disposal and Transfer Intranet security

Cyber Security: A Global Concern

In a networked world, there are no real safe havens. If you are on the network, you are automatically available to everyone else on the network. A key consequence is that security is not the concern of someone else; it is of necessity the concern of everyone, a collective global concern that must transcend national boundaries cyber security policy must be creating the right awareness of and incentive for cyber risk management at all levels: home computer users, small and large corporations (the main component of the critical infrastructure), as well as local, regional and national governments. This is why cyber security is such a complex and novel area of public policy concern. Cyber security concerns cannot be dealt with easily by market forces or by regulation but require a novel mix of solutions. These concerns are not the exclusive domain of economists, political scientists, lawyers, business policy or management experts, or computer specialists – or even of national security experts or telecom regulators. Rather, a highly diverse group of stakeholders or key actors – working in their domains and in concert – have to play a potential role

Stuxnet is a computer malware that targets industrial control systems that are used to monitor and control large scale industrial facilities like power plants, dams, waste processing systems and similar operations. It allows the attackers to take control of these systems without the operators knowing. This is the first attack we’ve seen that allows hackers to manipulate real-world equipment, which makes it very dangerous. It’s like nothing we’ve seen before – both in what it does and how it came to exist. It is the first computer virus capable of wreaking havoc in the physical world. It is sophisticated, well-funded and there are not many groups that could pull this kind of threat off. It is also the first cyber attack we’ve seen specifically targeting industrial control systems. Stuxnet can infect Windows systems and we all should protect ourselves from this and other online threats. Whistleblower Edward Snowden told German magazine Der Speigel that Israel and the United States created the Stuxnet computer virus that destroyed nuclear centrifuges in Iran. Snowden was asked if the US National Security Agency partners “with other nations, like Israel?” He responded that the NSA has a “massive body” responsible for such partnerships called the Foreign Affairs Directorate. He also was asked, “Did the NSA help to create Stuxnet?”. Snowden responded, “NSA and Israel co-wrote it”. Stuxnet, in 2010, wrought havoc on equipment at Iran’s Natanz nuclear plant and complicated the manufacture of highly enriched uranium, which the West suspects is intended for making atomic weapons. The virus temporarily disabled 1,000 centrifuges being used by the Iranians to enrich uranium. Snowden, a former technical contractor for the NSA and employee of the CIA, revealed the existence of mass surveillance programmes by the United States and Britain against their own citizens and citizens of other countries. He said Germany and most other Western nations are “in bed together” with the NSA. STUXNET virus is a game changer in the world.  It was discovered in June 2010.  It is first known targeted worm to attack a particular type of Industrial Control Systems (ICS).  It primarily spreads via portable USB drive.  It first exploits zero-day vulnerabilities to infect Windows based workstations, then attacks associated Programmable Logical Controller (PLC) based Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) machines and modifies their configuration and behaviour.  Stuxnet, which affected the Nuclear programme of Iran is the most sophisticated APT.

Guidelines being released by National Security Adviser Mr Shivshankar Menon

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

Cyber security is not something done by one person, but is a shared responsibility among all connected with and who use the ICT infrastructure. Therefore one key element of effective

in orchestrating the set of functions that in aggregate result in an effective cyber security policy. Each stakeholder will need to take actions or communicate with other key actors in the private sector, semi-private sector, or the government, nationally or internationally. As a result, any effective approach to cyber security will result in a complex network of conversations among public and private entities both in a national and international context. These communications are seamless, having no bounds or limits – geographic or jurisdictional.

Developing Global Relationships

Effective cyber security policy requires a wide range of global collaborative activities. This needs to take place at different levels between government and private sector stakeholders. These contacts must be both bilateral and multilateral. The

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far …

CYBER SECURITY

reason for these collaborations include information sharing on risks, vulnerabilities and best practices, developing formal and informal working relationships with key stakeholders in other countries with comparable roles and responsibilities and enabling the assessment of one’s effort against those of similar countries. The global community should commit to developing the necessary resources and capabilities for implementing more effective cyber security policies on an international basis. Many multinational organisations including International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Union etc have an important role in dealing with and implementing such policies. An overview of a comparative analysis of the development of policies for the protection of Critical Information

Generic National Framework

Societies all over the world are becoming more and more dependent on information technology. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) is universally acknowledged as a vital component of national security policy. In order to protect their critical infrastructure, some countries in Western Europe and North America have established sophisticated and comprehensive CIIP organisations.

The Four Pillars of CIIP

International Telecommunication Union has provided a Generic National Framework for Critical Information Infrastructure Protection which identiﬁes the essential tasks of CIIP arranged in a Four Pillar Model. These four pillars are:  Prevention and early warning  Detection  Reaction  Crisis management

dsa: the journey so far …

BOOK REVIEW

BLACK MONEY A THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

hen former Swiss banker Rudolf Elmer handed over the information about bank accounts of more than 2,000 individuals to WikiLeaks, did he realise, he would be actually uncorking a bottle of worms and revealing millions and millions of skeletons buried in the closets of politicians, godmen, terrorists, oil barons and kings !!! According to Mr BV Kumar, former Director General Revenue Intelligence, this news provided enough ammunition to the opposition parties to discredit the government for its inaction and failure, among others, in this area. He writes, “Politicians, as well as prominent businessmen, in India are worried in case their names figure in the dreaded list and the possible consequences.” In his book, the author attempts to “highlight the problem faced not only by India but by many emerging economies and developing countries where former rulers, dictators, tyrants, including corrupt politicians, terrorist organisations, unscrupulous businessmen, organised crime and drug mafias have stashed their wealth in not only Swiss banks but other tax havens”. It should be recognised that there is demand for financial secrecy because of the need to conceal the dirty money generated in various anti-national activities. On the flipside, it should also be recognised that the demand for secret money varies from country to country in intensity and complexion and can broadly be categorised as follows:

Infrastructure (CII) in Australia, Canada, South Korea, Japan, The Netherlands, The United Kingdom and the United States is in order. In these countries the critical information infrastructure encompasses the following:  Information components supporting the critical infrastructure  Information infrastructure supporting essential components of government business  Information infrastructure essential to the national economy The following components have been considered by the above seven countries when implementing national policies for protection for the critical information infrastructure and cyber security programs:  A national strategy  Legal foundation  Incident response capability  Industry-government partnerships  A culture of security  Information sharing mechanisms  Risk management approach

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

The Path Ahead

Taking a lesson from the most advanced countries, which have been facing threats to their CII, India needs to adopt a proactive approach in protecting its CIIs. Such computer systems and networks, which directly or indirectly affect the facility of CIIs, must be identified and declared as “Protected Systems” under the provisions of Section 70 of IT Act so that the provisions of punishment for cyber terrorism are applicable on the attacker. A National Cyber Security Operation Centre must be established for live tracking of threats, situational analysis and alert generation on 24x7 basis. Sector specific guidelines must also be formulated for micro management of information security in specific critical sectors. There must be annual review and evaluation of compliance of these guidelines, which must be made mandatory for protected systems. A National Institute of Critical Information Infrastructure Protection must be established for capacity building of stakeholders and Research and Development in this field. Co-operation of industry, academia and international agencies must be solicited to deal with the constantly evolving cyber threats and attack vectors. The possibility of a “Digital Pearl Harbour” is real and we cannot let it happen.

 capital ﬂight (fright capital), triggered by perceived adverse, economic, political or social unrest;  funds generated in bribery and corruption and placed abroad for secrecy and security. Slush funds maintained abroad to meet the demand for paying bribes;  tax evasion;  smuggling and related activities;  fraud, including banking frauds and securities law violations;

 money laundering associated withsmuggling,gambling, extortion or protection rackets, drug trafﬁcking etc;  demand from intelligence agencies for supporting undercover activities, terrorists in other countries who are inimical. Such operations are considered in the national interest. The Darker Side of Black Money discusses the ugly truth of dirty money. It explains why certain countries, termed as tax havens, are more conducive to such stashing of cash. Unfortunately, the problem doesn’t end with hiding the money. In fact, it’s just the beginning. Whether it’s funding terrorism or toppling over a government, this dirty money comes in handy in everything that is murky and illegal. Mr BV Kumar intricately unfolds the mystery and explains the modus operandi of this Black Money business. The Illustrated Weekly of India called him “The Super Sleuth”... Which aptly describes the author. “Some of the large industrial houses also fund politicians who are in the Opposition as a hedge to ensure that any decision that may be given in their favour is not opposed by them. They also treat such funding as a long term investment”says the author ...

BV KUMAR IRS (RETD) The writer has held various signiﬁcant posts like Director General Revenue Intelligence, Director General Narcotics Control Bureau and Director General Economic Intelligence Bureau. He was elected President of the Drugs Committee at the November 1987 Interpol Conference in Nice. He has been responsible for busting many crime syndicates operating internationally and prosecuting some of the well-known tax evaders and smugglers. Visiting Lecturer at IIM Ahmedabad, National Defence College, New Delhi and National Police Academy, Hyderabad, he has authored The Preventive Detention Laws of India and co-authored The Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Laws of India.

The Darker Side of Black Money spins an intricate but dangerous web that magnetises and traps as soon as I step in. Its intriguing facts and shocking ﬁgures do not let me escape. Swiss accounts, Corruption at levels beyond comprehension, Operation C-Chase, Cruel pathology of terrorism, Drug trafﬁcking, Organised Crime. There is a strange restlessness between “can’t handle any more” and “need to know TITLE it all”. Layer upon layer of startling The Darker Side Of Black Money revelations mesmerise me into staring at the jaw dropping naked truth ... This AUTHOR is truly an unfortunate beginning of a Mr BV KUMAR IRS disastrous End.

PUBLISHER

KONARK PUBLISHERS PVT LTD

ISBN NO 978-93-220-0822-2 YEAR OF PUBLICATION 2013

The reviewer, Mrs Mamta Jain is an effective communicator and dynamic professional with an enriching experience in Sales and Service Operations. She heads Corporate Communications at Defence and Security Alert (DSA).

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

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ASIAN SECURITY BALANCE

AIR POWER IS VITAL FOR ASIAN SECURITY BALANCE

INDIA: ASIA’S NEW HOPE? The countries around South China Sea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and Philippines face a more serious situation. Currently, in South China Sea, China happens to be the only dominant power in the region except US. However, there are two reasons that US air power will not be enough to deter China’s assertiveness in the near future. Firstly, there is a possibility that US cannot concentrate all air power in Asia because US needs to deal with the problem in other parts of the world as well. The Indian Air Force has been, off late, trying to rectify the numerical inferiority in fighter airplanes. Secondly, the other way India could rectify the numerical inferiority is by using their rich experience of battles. There is one effective strategy to rectify numerical inferiority in fighter airplanes. This is cooperation. India has already started with this strategy. As a part of India’s Look East Policy, the Indian Air Force trained pilots of Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore.

he countries around South China Sea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and Philippines face a more serious situation. Currently, in South China Sea, China happens to be the only dominant power in the region except US. However, there are two reasons that US air power will not be enough to deter China’s assertiveness in the near future. Firstly, there is a possibility that US cannot concentrate all air power in Asia because US needs to deal with the problem in other parts of the world as well. The Indian Air Force has been, off late, trying to rectify the numerical inferiority in ﬁghter airplanes. Secondly, the other way India could rectify the numerical inferiority is by using their rich experience of battles. There is one effective strategy to rectify numerical inferiority in ﬁghter airplanes. This is cooperation. India

DR SATORU NAGAO The writer is a Research Fellow, Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Tokyo. He is an expert on strategic affairs with a PhD on India’s military strategy, the ﬁrst of its kind in Japan. He was awarded his doctorate in 2011 from Gakushuin University in Tokyo, where he is currently working as an Instructor in the Department of Political Studies, Faculty of Law. Gakushuin University is a premier institute from where members of the Japanese imperial family have also graduated. He has been a post-doctoral Fellow at the Research Institute for Oriental Cultures, Gakushuin University. In the past, he has worked as a Security Analyst at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and has also served as First Lieutenant of Japan Ground Self-Defense Forces (Japanese Army).

has already started with this strategy. As a part of India’s Look East Policy, the Indian Air Force has trained pilots of Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Japan from 27th-30th May this year and signed the joint statement with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on 30th May. In this joint statement, “The two Prime Ministers welcomed the expanding defence relations between the two countries based on the Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and India. The two Prime Ministers expressed satisfaction that the ﬁrst bilateral exercise between the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Indian Navy (IN) was held in June 2012 off the coast of Japan and decided to conduct such exercises on a regular basis with increased frequency.”

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

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ASIAN SECURITY BALANCE

Despite the statement being very important in furthering Japan-India relations, one point stands out for its absence. Where is Air Force? There is no doubt that air power is a vital factor for Asian Maritime Security and yet it ﬁnds no clear mention in the above quoted statement.

Figure 2: China’s deployment of 4th generation ﬁghter airplanes

Therefore, this article will seek to analyse the cardinal importance of air power balance for Japan-India relations. From the viewpoint of the current air power balance in Asia, there are ﬁve important factors underlying this analysis ie “Changing Japan-China power balance”, “Countries around South China Sea needing air power” “Declining US air power” “India sharing similar problem” and “Cooperating will enable us to be a counterbalancing power”. Finally, the article will conclude with certain concrete proposals to this end.

Changing Japan-China Air Power Balance

One of the most important aspects of the Asian Security is changing Japan-China air power balance. Assessing the total number of 4th generation fighter airplanes could be a good example to understand this situation. Until 2000, Japan possessed 170 fighter airplanes while China possessed 125. In 2013, Japan has only 277 fighter airplanes as compared to China’s, a whopping, 913 (Figure 1). China has been increasing its fighter airplanes drastically. In addition, these fighter airplanes are deployed towards Japan (Figure 2). Figure 1: The number of fighter airplanes

Source: International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

On 24th July 2013, the day when Japanese Defence Minister Itsunori Onodera came to Kagoshima prefecture near Okinawa, Chinese surveillance airplane flew over the waters between Okinawa’s main island and Miyako Island. It was the first time a Chinese airplane had been detected passing through the first island chain which is the defence line of China according to US claim. Further, the white paper of Ministry of Defence of Japan pointed out that “In FY 2012, the number of scrambles exceeded 500 for the first time in 22 years. Also, the number of scrambles against Chinese aircraft exceeded the number of those against Russian aircraft for the first time” (FY = Fiscal Year) (Figure 3, 4). Hence, China’s assertiveness has been rising along with their increasing number of fighter airplanes. Because China has been increasing the number of fighters drastically, there is a high possibility that China will choose more assertive diplomacy ascertaining China’s image as a strong air power in near future. Figure 3: Times the foreign airplanes forced Japan to be in scramble mode.

Countries Needing Air Power

The countries around South China Sea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and Philippines face a more serious situation. Compared with China’s 913 4th generation fighter airplanes, Taiwan possess only 331 in 2013. Vietnam is at 34, Malaysia at 36, Singapore at 84 and Indonesia at 20. Even when combined, they constitute an insignificant air power. Moreover, Philippines and Brunei do not possess any fighter airplane (Figure 5). Recently, these countries around South China Sea have been planning to increase their number of fighter airplanes. For example, Indonesia has planned to procure 204 fighter airplanes in the next 15-20 years. Philippines is planning to rebuild Air Force and procure fighter airplanes by 2016. Thus, although it may be reasonable to suppose that these countries around South China Sea might emerge as a better air power in the future but presently the picture is a far cry. Currently, in South China Sea, China happens to be the only dominant power in the region except the US. Figure 5: Air Power Balance in South China Sea

Source: International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2013, p. 48. The number of fighter airplanes affects all aspects of maritime related security between Japan and China. For example, Japan possesses 80 anti-submarine patrol airplanes. These anti-submarine patrol airplanes can locate warships and submarines and attack if need be. Compared with other countries, the number of Japan’s patrol airplanes is higher. China possesses only 4 aircraft for the same purpose. During the cold war, Soviet submarines tried to go from Vladivostok to Okhotsk Sea which was the best location to hide nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines against US. For this, they needed to pass through three international straits; Souya Strait, Tsugaru Strait and Tsushima Strait navigating through various islands of Japan. However, because Japan possessed strong anti-submarine forces including the patrol airplanes, USSR could not pass through the straits easily without Japan’s knowledge. Again, in 2004, when Chinese nuclear submarine entered the territorial waters of Japan, it could be located and chased off because Japan possessed strong anti-submarine forces including the patrol airplanes. This clearly implies that these patrol airplanes are a strong determinant in deciding dominance over the sea. However, there is a technical issue involved. To operate these patrol airplanes, Japan needs air supremacy. For example, it is noteworthy to mention that China’s fighter airplanes had intercepted and harassed the US intelligence plane near Hainan Island in 2001 to an extent that the Chinese fighter ultimately crashed into the US airplane. If China uses such kind of aggression against Japan’s patrol airplanes, Japan cannot operate these patrol airplanes even when the two countries are not at war formally. If Japan cannot operate patrol airplanes, Japan will not be able to identify Chinese naval activities. Needless to say, this implies a problematic situation.

Source: International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2013, p. 48. Figure 4: The deployment of Japan’s air power

Source: International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance.

Declining US Air Power

Reflecting on the situation of countries possessing fighter airplanes around South China Sea, it becomes evident that despite their not possessing enough fighter airplanes, US emerges as the key player in maintaining air power balance in Asia. The total number of 4th and 5th generation fighter airplanes which US possess is 3,232 which is a far bigger number when compared with China’s 913. Hence, US still has a dominant presence in the region. In addition, in the countries around South China Sea, Taiwan’s 146 of 331, Malaysia’s 8 of 36, Singapore’s all 84 and Indonesia’s 10 of 20 4th generation fighters are made in the United States. This shows the cooperation between these countries and the US in terms of receiving spare parts and assistance in training etc. US is the most influential country in East and South China Sea at present.

Source: Ministry of Defence of Japan

However, there are two reasons that US air power will not be enough to deter China’s assertiveness in the near future. Firstly, there is a possibility that US cannot concentrate all air power in Asia because US needs to

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ASIAN SECURITY BALANCE

US abandoned “Two Major Regional Conflict Strategy” that had implied that US shall keep the capabilities to defeat the enemy when facing two major regional conflicts occurring nearly simultaneously. With this strategy abandonment, Japan and / or countries around South China Sea are concerned about a situation lest US might be involved in conflicts in the Middle East or Africa and cannot provide enough military support in the South China Sea region in the case of a conflict erupting in the latter

third of China’s air force”. Even in 2013, India possesses only 322 4th generation fighters, a number certainly not enough to tackle 913 Chinese fighters (Figure 6, 7). Figure 6: The number of 4th generation fighters of India and China

deal with the problem in other parts of the world as well. According to ‘The National Military Strategy of United States of America 2011: Redefining America’s Military Leadership’, US abandoned “Two Major Regional Conflict Strategy” that had implied that US shall keep the capabilities to defeat the enemy when facing two major regional conflicts occurring nearly simultaneously. With this strategy abandonment, Japan and / or countries around South China Sea are concerned about a situation lest US might be involved in conflicts in the Middle East or Africa and cannot provide enough military support in the South China Sea region in the case of a conflict erupting in the latter. Secondly, it is a known fact that US air power has been declining. In 2000, US possessed 4,540 4th and 5th generation fighters. Now with 3,232 in 2013, it is only about 70 per cent of the fighter airplanes which US possessed 13 years ago. Thus, even though US can stabilise the security situation in Asia at present, but it cannot guarantee so in future.

Source: International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance. Figure 7: India’s deployment of 4th generation ﬁghter airplanes

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However, despite India’s efforts to strive for a reputation as a trustworthy air power, risk factor from the Chinese side remains a big threat. As was mentioned earlier, China’s air power modernisation is much faster than India’s. It is difficult for the latter to catch up with the pace of China’s air power modernisation. Furthermore, because China is increasing the number of fighters, there is a high possibility that China will choose more assertive diplomacy resulting in an image of a “Strong China” they believe in. Finally, it should be remembered that India needs to rectify numerical inferiority in fighter airplanes to prepare for the worst case scenario if any. There is one effective strategy to rectify numerical inferiority in fighter airplanes. This is cooperation. For example, if India cooperates with Japan, India will not need to deal with all Chinese fighters at once because China is likely to keep some of their fighters in their east side against Japan. In such a scenario, US as Japan’s ally will also be a concern for China. And there is a possibility that air power of countries around South China Sea will also help disperse China’s fighters in the future.

India has been facing a threat from China for some time. China has been building military infrastructure that includes an airport in Tibet. Only last year, in 2012, Chinese heavy fighter airplanes carrying live ammunitions cruised along India-China border. This year, in 2013, China held high-altitude night flying exercise in Tibet. These infrastructural developments and exercises enable China’s air force to redeploy their main 4th generation fighters from the area in front of Japan to Indo-China border area rather rapidly.

In 2009, Air Chief Marshal PV Naik had accepted that India’s “aircraft strength is inadequate and is just one

Secondly, the other way India could rectify the numerical inferiority is by using their rich experience of battles. The Indian Air Force has joined the battle in the First Indo-Pakistan War (1947-1948), the action against Hyderabad (1948), counter-insurgency operation in Nagaland (19601961), Liberation of Goa (1961), UNPKO in Congo (1961), second Indo-Pakistan War (1965), third Indo-Pakistan War (1971), Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka (1987-1990), Kargil War (1999) and Kargil-II during Operation Parakram after the attack on Indian Parliament (2002). The Indian Air Force has had valuable experience in not only small guerrilla wars but also in modern mechanised air war between nation versus nation. These experiences have been inﬂuential in strategy and tactics as important know-how. Thus, even when the number of ﬁghters is not enough, there is a reasonable assessment that the operational capability of the Indian Air Force is high.

A Counter-balancing Power?

India Sharing A Similar Problem

US Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2011 pointed out “To strengthen its deterrent posture relative to India, the PLA has replaced liquid-fuelled, nuclear-capable CSS-2 IRBMs with more advanced and survivable solid-fuelled CSS-5 MRBM systems. China is also investing in road development along the Sino-Indian border.“ (PLA = Chinese People’s Liberation Army, IRBM = Intermediate range ballistic missile, MRBM = Medium range ballistic missile). The threat and possibility that China could use these ballistic missiles or other cruise missiles to destroy the air bases of India cannot be overlooked.

which means that India possess more 4th generation ﬁghter airplanes than Japan’s 277. The Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy are planning to procure about 600 to 800 ﬁghters including Su-30, Rafale, Tejas, PAK-FA, and MMRCA.

Source: The writer made the map by using open source such as the web site of Global Security (http://www. globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/airbase.htm), articles of The Times of India etc. The Indian Air Force has been, off late, trying to rectify the numerical inferiority in ﬁghter airplanes. Firstly, the Indian Air Force has been modernising. This is evident from the fact that in 2000, India possessed only 126 ﬁghter airplanes. But by 2013, this number has gone up to 322

India has already started with this strategy. As a part of India’s Look East Policy, the Indian Air Force has trained pilots of Vietnam Air Force and exported spare parts to them. The pilots and crew of 28 of 36 fighters in the Malaysian Air Force were also trained by India. Further, India extended technical assistance to the Indonesian Air Force. Singapore Air Force is using India’s air base in India for their training. The more the air power of Southeast Asia grows both individually and in collaboration with allies such as India, the more China will be forced to keep to their positions instead of deploying along the Indo-China border. In addition, if India can deploy small number of fighters at the Indian base in Tajikistan, there is a possibility that China will further disperse some more of their fighters. Thus, for Japan and Southeast Asian countries, rising Indian air power is a new hope to rebalance the Asian air power. Likewise for India too, Japan and Southeast Asian countries are

The other way India could rectify the numerical inferiority is by using its rich experience of battles. The Indian Air Force has had valuable experience in not only small guerrilla wars but also in modern mechanised air war between nation versus nation. These experiences have been influential in strategy and tactics as important know-how. Thus, even when the number of fighters is not enough, there is a reasonable assessment that the operational capability of the Indian Air Force is high beneﬁcial partners. It is a mutual win-win.

How To Cooperate?

Therefore, the article is concluded with concrete suggestions to this end. Japan and countries around South China Sea are facing China’s assertiveness based on China’s strong air power. And these countries are concerned about future because US air power is declining. India is facing a similar situation in the guise of China’s speedy air power modernisation. Though India’s potential to become a trustworthy air power is quite high but to achieve this goal, India needs to deter China’s assertiveness keeping in mind the worst case scenario. This goal could be achieved by furthering cooperation with Japan and Southeast Asian countries and manipulating this position to disperse China’s fighter airplanes and rectify numerical inferiority in fighter airplanes. What still remains to be deliberated upon is how to achieve this cooperation? There are three options. Firstly, we should establish “Indo-Pacific Air Power Symposium” to exchange opinions, understand the real situation and find out ways to solve the problem. Especially, Japan and India should support to establish strong air power in the countries around South China Sea. To achieve this purpose, the symposium could be useful for assessing the kind of needs that all parties, including Southeast Asian nations, may have. Secondly, joint exercises could be useful in understanding each other and sharing know-how. Japan has already joined Cope North Guam which is Japan, US, Australia trilateral Air Force exercise. There has also been Japan India Maritime Exercise since last year. We should think on the lines of starting similar trilateral or multilateral Japan-India-Vietnam and / or Japan-India-Indonesia air power exercises. Thirdly, Japan-India-Southeast Asian countries should equip with same weapons. In the Joint Statement: Strengthening the Strategic and Global Partnership between Japan and India beyond the 60th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations, there is an important mention as follows. “They decided to establish a Joint Working Group (JWG) to explore modality for the cooperation on the US-2 amphibian aircraft.” If Japan and India possess same equipment, it is easier to find ways to share know-how. And if India procure this US-2 sea plane, Japan will export the same sea plane to Southeast Asian countries. Furthermore, Japan is planning to export C-2 transport planes as the next step. Thus, there is a huge untapped potential for furthering Japan-India air power relations. We should exchange opinions, share know-how and equip common weapons. The time is right to initiate such cooperation.

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dsa: the journey so far … TOUR DE FORCE

WHY INDIA SHOULD BUILD-UP ON TEJAS LEGACY

From a strategic standpoint, LCA Tejas makes for a win-win development. For starters, with LCA Tejas in place and its follow-on advanced fighter under development, India can progressively reduce the mind-boggling outgo of funds for the acquisition of fighter aircraft. In particular, Tejas has helped India bridge the technology gap in the critical area of developing a world-class fighter besides helping create a pool of talented manpower for the futuristic aircraft development programme. Rafale fighters

Light Combat Aircraft Tejas

eveloping an advanced combat aircraft with the state-of-the-art technological features is a costly, complicated and time consuming process involving as it does human talent in abundance along with an unstinted support from a forward looking industrial enterprise. Equally crucial is the participation of academic institutions and research organisations with a sound track record in the cutting edge areas of research and technology. No wonder then that only a handful of defence and aerospace conglomerates with deep pockets and a range of advanced testing, research and production facilities at their command are into building combat aircraft the market potentials of which could be vulnerable to a variety of factors including shifting geostrategic priorities and changing political and economic milieu. Against this backdrop, the development of India’s fourth generation supersonic Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, capable of meeting the needs of speed, acceleration, manoeuvrability and agility, was taken up as a national project funded fully by the government of India. There is no denying the fact that fighter aircraft are not built in a day and Indian experience with Tejas developmental cycle proves this truism to the hilt. First conceived three decades back, as a tactical front-line fighter meant to replace the aging Russian MiG-21 fleet of the Indian Air Force, Tejas project despite its “cost overrun and time slippages” stands out as a shining symbol of India’s quest for self-reliance in the crucial area of fighter aircraft technology.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

Cost-beneﬁt Factor

From a strategic standpoint, LCA Tejas makes for a win-win development. For starters, with LCA Tejas in place and its follow-on advanced fighter under development, India can progressively reduce the mind-boggling outgo of funds for the acquisition of fighter aircraft. For instance, India maybe required to spend anything around US$ 12 billion for the purchase of 126 French Rafale fighters, the winner of the closely contested Medium, Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) tender. Incidentally, MMRCA was necessitated by the delay in the Tejas programme. LCA has been described as one of the “lowest costing aircraft”. According to Avinash Chander, Director General of Defence Research Organisation (DRDO), whose Bangalore based Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) designed and developed Tejas, “the cost of LCA is a small fraction of what an F-15 costs.” The view of Chander is that LCA will be able to compete very well in performance as well as on cost basis with equivalent aircraft. On another front, the cost and problems associated with sourcing of spares and maintaining the imported aircraft could be a thing of the past with a home grown fighter in place. In this context, Indian Defence Minister AK Antony’s observation is “Our experience is that foreign vendors are reluctant to part with critical technologies. There are

delays in the supply of essential spares and exorbitant price increase. We cannot eternally be dependent on foreign equipment and platforms”. Further, the biggest advantage of an indigenous fighting equipment is that the “scams and scandals” associated with the foreign defence equipment acquisition will come down by a substantial extent. Similarly, the technology denial regimes as exemplified by the American sanctions that could easily make US origin defence equipment unserviceable, will not be in a position to corner India during “critical times”. And on the top of these, India could export the fighters to the friendly countries. For the Indian defence forces, an agile indigenous fighter would imply a big psychological boost.

critics wrong in addition to giving a quickening impetus to India’s plan for developing the ﬁfth generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) and Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) featuring futuristic technologies. ”A state-of-the-art indigenous combat aircraft would go a long way towards enhancing the national security besides being the pride of the nation towards building indigenous combat aircraft capability,” notes Antony.

True Competence Building

No Mishaps

Of course, the Tejas programme, which not long back was written off as a ”failure and flop”, has helped India master the nuances of the advanced fighter aircraft technology. Indeed, the infrastructure, expertise and technological and research base that the Tejas programme helped evolve has become a national asset that could help the country build fifth generation fighter aircraft. According to PS Subramanyam, Director, ADA, “thanks to the Tejas programme, we have made excellent progress in the areas of creating a world-class infrastructure for facilitating ground testing and flight testing, evolving a sound procedure for certification while ensuring quality and safety in all the conceivable areas of fighter aircraft development programme.” In particular, Tejas has helped India bridge the technology gap in the critical area of developing a world-class fighter besides helping create a pool of talented manpower for the futuristic aircraft development programme. DRDO says that Tejas programme has helped rejuvenate the field of aeronautics in India with capabilities in research, design and development, fabrication, assembly and testing facilities undergoing radical changes. Similarly, the spin-offs of the technologies developed for Tejas have proved beneficial to the civilian sector including the healthcare areas. The Indian industrial units with skill level and production capability upgraded in the process of supplying hardware and services to the Tejas programme are now in a position to garner good business from overseas firms on the lookout for high quality but low cost components.

Import Lobby

In every way, developing an indigenous fighter literally from scratch and that too in the context of the forces opposed to the indigenisation in the defence sector being on the prowl was a “challenging task”. For well over five decades now, a well-entrenched import lobby operating under the shadow of the political dispensation in New Delhi has been vigorously pursuing a strategy of nullifying all the efforts aimed at indigenously building fighting equipment and combat aircraft. Indeed, Kota Harinarayana, considered the “architect and founding father" of LCA Tejas had not long back rued the fact that there was no shortage of critics who believed that an Indian fighter will never take off. But the Tejas team of bravehearts led by never say die Kota forged ahead to give a “definitive shape and forward thrust” to the LCA programme. It is not for nothing that Antony had described Kota as the Bhagiratha of Tejas. As pointed out by Antony, Tejas developed virtually from scratch has proved

RADHAKRISHNA RAO The writer specialises in space technology, aeronautics, defence and security issues. He is a Visiting Fellow at Vivekananda International Foundation. Before taking to full time writing he was associated with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for about two decades.

Perhaps the most heart warming aspect of the Tejas development programme was that there was not a single “mishap or accident” during the entire spell of qualification trials and test flights involving technology demonstrators, prototype vehicles and limited series production vehicles, across varying topographic and environmental zones of the country. All said and done, the masterstroke achieved by Tejas project was the development of the complicated control laws for the sophisticated fly by wire (FBW) system of the fighter. Originally, the US defence and aerospace giant, Lockheed Martin was contracted to assist the Tejas team in the formulation of the control laws. However, following the US sanctions that came in the wake of 1998 twin Pokhran nuclear blasts the Lockheed Martin withdrew from its contractual obligation. Subsequently, a national control law team led by the Bangalore based National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), a constituent of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), was set up to develop control laws. Thanks to the ceaseless endeavours of this national team that drew from the talent and expertise available in the academic institutions and research organisations spread across the country, well-refined control laws making for the smooth handling of Tejas were put in place. Because of its unstable configuration, FBW system based on a powerful digital flight computer was found to be critical to sustain the performance of the aircraft. The national control laws team has won acclaims for the high degree of proficiency with which it realised the control laws for Tejas.

Multi-role Capabilities

Described as the smallest, lightest multi-role fighter aircraft in the world, Tejas is considered one among the best of its class. Tejas, which is capable of flying at supersonic speeds at all altitudes, weighs 5,450 kg with a maximum take-off weight of 13,500 kg. In terms of capability and performance, Tejas is said to be comparable to Swedish Gripen. Aerial warfare experts are of view that Tejas is best suited for a close range aerial shoot mission. Tejas enjoys the size and weight advantage and better close combat, high speed and high angle attack characteristics. The longitudinal stability of the fighter has been relaxed to enhance agility, manoeuvrability as well as performance under stringent battlefield conditions. The fighter primarily meant for “air combat” and “offensive air support” with reconnaissance has as its secondary role “anti-ship capability”.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … TOUR DE FORCE ”A state-of-the-art indigenous combat aircraft would go a long way towards enhancing the national security besides being the pride of the nation

Defence Minister AK Antony

towards building indigenous combat aircraft capability,”

On another front, the cost and problems associated with sourcing of spares and maintaining the imported aircraft could be a thing of the past with a home grown fighter in place. In this context, Indian Defence Minister AK Antony’s observation is “Our experience is that foreign vendors are reluctant to part with critical technologies” In terms of technology development, LCA Tejas stands out as unqualified success. It has helped the country master the technology of unstable aerodynamics, use of composites, computer-based control of electro-mechanical systems and open architecture avionics with glass cockpit, head-up displays and helmet-mounted sighting. Many ace pilots from India and abroad have testified to the excellent and smooth flying qualities of Tejas. The single seat, single engine multi-role Tejas features a pure delta wing configuration with no tail planes and single dorsal fin. According to ADA, the capabilities of Tejas are further augmented by several on-board sensors, communications and navigation systems that are supported by powerful mission computers and cockpit display systems. Further, Tejas has an airframe designed for strength and stiffness under specified loads in extreme environment with durability and damage tolerance.

Accurate Nav-attack

A major breakthrough in Tejas programme was reached when the aircraft landed at Leh, one of the highest airfields in the world, located at an altitude of 10,600-ft. This phase of flight was meant to assess the aircraft performance in rarefied atmosphere by exposing the on-board systems to sub-zero temperature. And in stunning demonstration of its combat capabilities, the LCA Tejas during its recent trials operated successfully by carrying and releasing “long range beyond visual range weapons.” According to ADA “Tejas carries long range, beyond the visual range weapons with highly agile, high-off boresight missiles to tackle any close combat threat. A wide variety of air-to-ground munitions and an extremely accurate navigation and attack (Nav-attack) system of the fighter enables it to prosecute targets over land or at sea, giving Tejas true multi-swing role capability.” All said and done, the significance of Tejas lies in the fact that it would remain relevant for another couple of decades notwithstanding the expanding role of drones in the battlefield. Tejas can be tweaked and technologically upgraded on a periodic basis.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

Kaveri Engine Potential

Originally, the Kaveri engine taken up for development in late 1980s by the Bangalore based Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE), was to serve as the power-plant of Tejas. However, technical snags faced by Kaveri meant that it could not be refined to the level at which it could be capable of generating thrust sufficient enough to propel Tejas. As such, the current MK-1 version of Tejas is being powered by US origin F-404 GE-IN 20 engine which is capable of generating a thrust of 85-kN. However, with IAF finding the thrust of this engine insufficient to meet many of its requirements, it was decided to develop MK-II version of the fighter powered by F-414-GE-INSC engine capable of generating 98-kN thrust. IAF has placed an initial order with the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for 20 MK1 version of Tejas with the commitment to place order for 20 more after the Final Operational Clearance (FOC). It has been projected that IAF, facing the problem of squadron depletion, may need 200 Tejas fighters over a period of time. Meanwhile, DRDO has proposed to upgrade Kaveri engine in tie-up with a global engine major so that it would be capable of propelling even the fifth generation AMCA, a 20-tonne class stealth fighter being developed as a follow up to Tejas. The AMCA which will be equipped with advanced avionics, will have deep strike capability and deft manoeuvring ability. Tejas was conceived by DRDO as a lightweight combat aircraft with capabilities similar to F-16 in 1980s. To fast track the development of Tejas, DRDO created ADA with headquarters in Bangalore, the nerve centre of Indian aerospace activities. The objective was to develop a world-class fighter by 1994. However, the project received final go ahead only by 1986. The maiden flight of Tejas which took place in June 2001 lasted just for 18 minutes. But the high point of Tejas was that in qualification trials it has been able to attain a velocity of 850-kmph in fifteen seconds. In comparison the Jaguar and MiG chase aircraft were able to do so only in 20 seconds.

Victim Of Sanctions

The developmental cycle of Tejas was hit badly by US sanctions, difference of opinion between IAF and ADA as well as poor industrial support base and a lack of legacy to build a fighter aircraft. At the Phase One of the Initial Operational Clearance of Tejas held in Bangalore in early 2011, the then IAF chief PV Naik had expressed his unhappiness over the “deficiencies and problems” facing Tejas. Said Naik, “I must confess that there are still areas where work needs to be done before the aircraft gets inducted into IAF”. Following this, it was decided that a second phase of the IOC would be necessary. As envisaged now second phase of IOC is expected by 2013 end followed by FOC (Final Operational Clearance) by 2014-end. Meanwhile, work is proceeding apace on the development of a naval variant of Tejas. Tejas naval would feature arrester hooks for landing smoothly and safely on the deck, a drooped nose for better vision and structural strengthening for higher load lifting capability. The Tejas naval fighter is considered the only deck borne fighter in the light weight category in the world.

dsa: the journey so far …

TERROR MAZE

DR PREM MAHADEVAN

Al Qaeda. The following year, Hizballah’s terrorist wing, using the pseudonym ‘Islamic Jihad Organisation’, carried out a suicide truck-bombing of the Israeli embassy in Argentina. It was the ﬁrst time the group had ever struck a target so far from its home base in Lebanon and the attack came as a shock for both Western and Israeli intelligence services. Two years later, the IJO carried out an even more devastating attack on an Israeli cultural centre in Argentina. Both bombings were crucially enabled by Hizballah sleeper agents recruited amongst the Lebanese diaspora in South America.

Al Qaeda Special Operations

In effect, LeT = Al Qaeda + ISI + SSG + a nuclear shield. Basically, special operations are an advertising mechanism in the global jihadist fraternity. They do not aim to achieve a broad strategic effect, beyond boosting the reputation of their planners. Breaking this offensive momentum shall require that India aggressively target LeT operatives within Pakistan itself. Only once top LeT planners fear for their own lives, will Indian civilians be safe from further attack.

mmediately after the 26/11 attack, decision-makers from various government departments met to debate the appropriate response. Some advocated that India should respond with covert action against Pakistan. However, a top intelligence ofﬁcial challenged this logic, pointing out that 26/11 was extraordinary even by the standards of state-sponsored terrorism. It was not just another paramilitary operation by the Inter Services Intelligence (ISI), but rather was a full-ﬂedged commando raid that left a strong evidential trail leading back to Pakistan. A transgression of such magnitude could not be adequately avenged merely by covert methods, with their inherent limits on escalation. How did Lashkar-e-Toiba acquire enough support from the ISI to carry out such a sophisticated and provocative attack? The answer perhaps lies in the competitive dynamic of the international ‘jihadosphere’. Ambitious terrorists seek to build a brand-name by carrying out spectacular attacks and thereby attract a larger share of funding from external sponsors. In the process, they break through previous restraints in targeting policy, executing long-range strikes deep within hostile territory. Basically, special operations are an advertising mechanism in the global jihadist fraternity. They do not aim to achieve a broad strategic effect, beyond boosting the reputation of their planners.

Terrorist Special Operations

Classists might argue that the Hashshashin – the secretive Middle Eastern cult from which the word ‘assassin’ is derived, pioneered the use of special operations for

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terrorist purposes. Through disguised killers called ‘fidayeen’ (meaning ‘those who accept death’) the cult would infiltrate past the protective barriers surrounding its strongest enemies and eliminate them, often in a daylight stabbing so that there would be plenty of witnesses. The shock effect generated by the murder of a known opponent, combined with the suicidal determination of the fidayeen, would discourage any other community leader from opposing the Hashshashin. Even Saladin, hero of the anti-Crusader resistance, was intimidated after a warning note was left by his bedside while he was asleep. Fast forward nine centuries and a new martyrdom cult took root in the same region in the 1980s. The driving factor was a Hizballah operative named Imad Mughniyeh. An innovative and aggressive mastermind, he invented many of the techniques used by jihadists worldwide today. His signature was the vehicle-borne suicide bombing – an attack method against which there was little scope for defence. Realising that particularly daring acts of terrorism generated substantial media coverage, he set out to manipulate this by releasing pre-recorded videos of suicide bombers, in which they explained their motivations, using reference points that would publicise Hizballah’s political agenda. His gift for media management got him the attention of another terrorist mastermind, Osama bin Laden. The Saudi millionaire admired Mughniyeh, who he perceived as a man of bold action and wished to emulate him. In 1991, bin Laden’s deputy (and current Al Qaeda chief) Aymanal-Zawahiri met Mughniyeh to discuss joint training between Hizballah and bin Laden’s new group,

None of the operations carried out by Mughniyeh helped the Palestinians in their fight against Israel, nor were they intended to. Instead, they pushed forward Hizballah’s own narrowly-defined agenda for self-promotion. The group used the prestige generated by these feats to consolidate itself within Lebanon and acquire additional support from external sponsors such as Syria and Iran. These countries viewed the group as a cost-effective proxy in the Levant. Organisationally, Hizballah gained considerable strength from their sponsorship – which would have been noted by bin Laden. By the mid 1990s he was running out of cash to keep his own organisation running. Al Qaeda had overhead costs that needed to be met – employee salaries, building rentals, transport expenses, but without a major operational success it could not attract new financiers.

However, the best way to gain new supporters was to conduct out-of-area strikes, preferably by recruiting third country nationals to ensure deniability.

Propaganda-psyops Loop

The writer is Senior Researcher for Intelligence, Sub-state Conﬂict and Organised Crime at the Center for Security Studies in Zurich, Switzerland. Between 2002 and 2009, he completed an undergraduate degree in War Studies and postgraduate and doctoral degrees in Intelligence Studies from King’s College, London. He has written extensively on Indian and Pakistani intelligence agencies and his articles on Indian counter-terrorism have been made recommended reading for military ofﬁcers in North America and Western Europe.

From its association with Al Qaeda, LeT discovered how to create a self-reinforcing loop between special operations and propaganda. By 1998, even as LeT was building its own long-range strike capability in the form of ‘ﬁdayeen’ squads, Al Qaeda adopted a policy of internal postings that would eventually lead to the 9/11 attacks. Normally, its cadres would be assigned to a speciﬁc Al Qaeda wing on a permanent basis. However, there was one notable exception: Cadres assigned to the media departments could be sent thereafter to work in the special operations unit, which was responsible for planning major attacks. Khalid Sheikh Mohammad, the 9/11 mastermind, was one such Al Qaeda member. After spending two years working on Al Qaeda’s publicity and media strategy, he became head of the special operations unit. He used this position and the proximity which it gave him to bin Laden, to lobby for a high-impact attack on the US homeland. Rather than any clear strategic vision or logic, it appears as though his primary motivation was to boost his own stock within the Al Qaeda organisation, prove himself as an operational planner and make a splash on the world stage.

The solution that it resorted to was to carry out the 1998 embassy bombings in East Africa, as a way of raising its profile above that of rivals in the jihadist world. Planning and preparation for the attacks unfolded in much the same manner as previous attacks by Mughniyeh’s network. Responsibilities were divided into four teams. One team identified and reconnoitred potential targets, another assessed their vulnerability and made a short list, a third team arranged the logistics of moving men and material on-site and a fourth team carried out the actual attacks. This compartmentalised model was based on cumulative lessons learnt not just from the Lebanese theatre, but also from Egypt, where Zawahiri had unsuccessfully tried to wage a terrorist campaign. It was later copied by Lashkar-e-Toiba, which developed close ties with Al Qaeda due to their common Salafi orientation. The two even shared training camps and curricula. Through this interaction, LeT was able to observe Al Qaeda’s successes and failures. It thereby learnt two lessons: that a jihadist group must never advocate violence against its Al Qaeda’s organisational structure. The highlighted boxes show the own homeland and that attacks on Western cross-departmental posting of cadres between propaganda duties and targets should not be directly claimed in planning for special operations. order to avoid international repercussions.

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dsa: the journey so far …

TERROR MAZE

How did Lashkar-e-Toiba acquire enough support from the ISI to carry out such a sophisticated and provocative attack? The answer perhaps lies in the competitive dynamic of the international ‘jihadosphere’. Ambitious terrorists seek to build a brand name by carrying out spectacular attacks and thereby attract a larger share of funding from external sponsors. Being state-sponsored helps

produce. It has built strong ties with the Pakistani military through both institutional and family liaison. While every senior LeT member works under an ISI handler, at lower levels, several members have at least one relative in the armed forces. LeT’s recruiting heartland is in north and central Punjab, which also provides the bulk of recruits for the Pakistani Army. These connections not only provide LeT with sympathy from the Pakistani populace, but also routes for accessing the military’s specialist skills.

It is not known if LeT adopted a similar policy of rotating mid-ranking cadres between propaganda and operational duties, but one should not be surprised if such is the case. The 26/11 attacks were clearly intended to cause a media spectacle that would garner worldwide attention, hence the deliberate targeting of foreigners and the burning of the Taj Mahal hotel. Visuals of the hotel in ﬂames later adorned LeT publications and recruiting posters across Pakistan. Even as LeT spokesmen vociferously disclaimed the group’s involvement (for the beneﬁt of Western audiences), its psychological operations department was cashing in on the opportunity to raise the group’s stature within the global jihadist community. Following Mumbai, LeT came to be seen as a prestigious organisation for would-be terrorists to join, because of its military achievements.

For instance, ‘ﬁdayeen’ operations were originally conceptualised by an ex-warrant ofﬁcer who had served with the counter-terrorist team of the Special Services Group (SSG). Known as Zarrar Company, over the last 15 years this team has provided the instructional core of LeT military training, according to interrogation reports of captured cadres. The 26/11 attack was professionally planned with close target reconnaissance having been conducted by a long-term penetration agent, David Headley. Topographical details thus obtained were used to simulate the layout of the target sites on a mock-up prepared in Pakistan. Advice on the best means of ingress was provided by the Pakistan Navy. Arms training for the attacks included a multiplicity of combat shooting skills, which only a well-resourced and state-protected terrorist group can acquire. Al Qaeda did not have this luxury. In effect, LeT = Al Qaeda + ISI + SSG + a nuclear shield. It is similar to Mughniyeh’s IJO, but deadlier.

LeT Is Al Qaeda ‘Plus’

There are certain peculiarities about Lashkar-e-Toiba however, that set it apart from Al Qaeda. Most notably, the group does not lack either funding or protection: it has grown into a lucrative business enterprise, running schools, collecting charitable donations and retailing local

the expansion of its recruitment and training activities within Pakistan. As long as LeT does not strike within Pakistan itself, the ISI and Pak military see it as an efﬁcient proxy for attacking India at low cost. Ever since the Soviet-Afghan War, the ISI’s operational culture has prioritised cooperation with jihadist groups that deliver impressive results on the battleﬁeld, while neglecting those that do not produce a high enemy bodycount. Given the symbiotic relationship between LeT and the Pakistani state, this means that the jihadist group will periodically seek to carry out high-impact operations

Brake On LeT’s Offensive

The key to LeT’s success is – its success. Special operations that inﬂict heavy casualties on Indian civilians impress the group’s patrons in the ISI and cause them to tolerate

deep within India, provided plausible deniability can be maintained for the official Pakistani establishment. Breaking this offensive momentum shall require that India aggressively target LeT operatives within Pakistan itself. Only once top LeT planners fear for their own lives, will Indian civilians be safe from further attack. Neutralising a single individual, who knows that he is being hunted and has powerful backers, is extraordinarily difficult at the best of times. Even the Israeli Mossad, a ruthlessly effective service, has often required infinite patience while waiting for a high-value target to appear within its sights. The hunt for Imad Mughniyeh lasted two decades, during which Israel constantly benefited from intelligence provided by friendly countries, who also wanted the terrorist mastermind dead. Fate eventually caught up him in

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

While every senior LeT member works under an ISI handler, at lower levels, several members have at least one relative in the armed forces. LeT’s recruiting heartland is in north and central Punjab, which also provides the bulk of recruits for the Pakistani Army. These connections not only provide LeT with sympathy from the Pakistani populace, but also routes for accessing the military’s specialist skills

Damascus in 2008, thus depriving Hizballah of a key operative. Building a similar capability to eliminate LeT’s operational managers would require persistent relationship-building with friendly powers, years of focused research on the targeted persons and their circles of association, as well as readiness to inﬂict collateral damage when unavoidable. India has little choice except to bear the strain of these efforts and ﬁght back hard. It cannot count on the West to persuade Pakistan to act like a civilised country and cannot allow itself to become a pin-cushion for LeT’s savage urges. The only way to stop terrorist special operations, is to carry out special operations of one’s own, by striking deep in the enemy’s safe havens and thereby exposing his own vulnerability.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far …

ENGAGING CHINA

TIBET: WATER TOWER OF ASIA

RIPARIAN ISSUES

the unique water-power they impart and the extent to which people and ecology depend on rivers make control of riparian resources a very delicate and sensitive issue. The rivers and the land of Tibet in particular are rich in 3,000 mineral resources of 102 different varieties and this renders the riparian control in this region even more explosive. Coming to the crux of the issue – which is the control of water towers of Tibet and also of the trend globally, it can be clearly observed that China exercises unilateral decisions when it comes to these matters. It has been known to build dams and river projects in Tibet. The exercise of power for selﬁsh ends has been growing both in South Asia and Southeast Asia due to China’s domineering attitudes. Since 1989, Chinese engineers have been constructing dams and upgrading south-north water diversion projects driven partly by internal economic compulsions and partly by the desire to acquire a dominant external position. The Tibetan plateau is the largest water tank in the world. For 29 per cent of the people living in South Asia from regions around Afghanistan and Bangladesh and even Myanmar, the rivers ﬂowing from Tibet are the economic, social and sustenance lifeline of its people.

Hydropower

China’s decision to dam all the major rivers originating on the Tibetan plateau has invited strong reactions in various Asian capitals from New Delhi to Hanoi. The best strategy appears to be one of engaging China in a dialogue process and persuading it not to construct dams and diversion projects on Tibetan rivers at the cost of environmental degradation and the livelihood of nearly 2 billion people living in Afghanistan, the Ganga-BrahmaputraMeghana basin and the Mekong basin countries including Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. Unfortunately, because of the mammoth economic status that China enjoys, every play of the dice is in China's hands, its every roll a six ... the lesser countries are simply too small, too dependent to contradict this flow of events. “Mount Everest is singing for joy and the Brahmaputra is swirling in happiness." – A Chinese Report

t 4,500 meters above sea-level, Tibet is the water tower of Asia. All the rivers originating in Tibet ﬂow into its various surrounding regions. The ten major river systems here include the Indus, Sutlej, Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Salween, Arun, Yangtse, Mekong, Yellow River and the Karnali River. They all originate on the Tibetan plateau and support hundreds of millions of people downstream. The total area of river basins in Tibet is approximately 5 million sq km. The glaciers of Tibet, feed the rivers of India and Pakistan. Each year, all the waters of the Yellow River, which is the mother river of China, ﬂow from the mountains of Tibet. Almost 300 million people of China depend on this river for their daily needs and all important agricultural activities. In other words, if China and its neighbouring countries were to be taken

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as a single region, then the rivers of Tibet sustain almost half the world's population, for the moment at least. The bunch of snow forest densely surrounding the foothills of Mt Everest, is thinning drastically. It is estimated that in the next 30 years, 80 per cent of Tibet’s glaciers will have disappeared due to environmental violations. Tibet is thus the barometer of world ecology – any damage to its fragile environment will affect us all. Water crisis is a major issue of dispute in recent times. It is a common phenomena that between two countries, the one with the heftier balance of power, usurps the rivers that ﬂow along the borders between the two nations. This naturally leads to political stress and cause for conﬂict in that region. Population boom, the forces of capitalism and other aspects of nation building force a country to capture its waterways. The indispensability of the rivers,

There are reports that China has constructed barrages on the Sutlej River. The construction work for erecting dams to block the natural flow of Brahmaputra was begun in 2010. This is not the only diversion project that China has insidiously started, rather this economically gigantic country even plans to construct 15 other dams along the Mekong basin. In addition, China plans to tap the waters of most of the big rivers flowing from the Tibetan plateau. The TAR or the Tibetan Autonomous Region is now rampantly dotted with Chinese government owned hydel power projects for generating maximum electricity for China. China’s needs for electricity and power supply are enormous and almost no river has been spared in the TAR Region for extracting gains in this respect. As a fallout of their hydroelectric plans, China is working diligently towards developing road connectivity with Nepal and other South Asian countries. This will help it to sell the electricity generated to its neighbours and thus promote dependence of neighbouring countries for their basic power and electricity needs. This will in turn strengthen China’s hegemony over the region. The rivers of Tibet are thus acting like a political dice of intense power play in South East Asia. Unfortunately, because of the mammoth economic status that China enjoys, every play of the dice is in China’s hands, its every roll a six ... the lesser countries are simply too small, too dependent to contradict this flow of events. Besides the singular dimension of reaping power supply from its rivers, the Tibetan streams might also be used to tap the region’s rich mineral reserves including uranium, borax, lithium, copper, zinc and iron; a double gain for Chinese interests. However there are many human factors already influencing this vulnerable system such as deforestation, hydropower development, agriculture dependence and

pollution due to human waste in Tibet’s waters. In combination with the melting of crucial glaciers and reduction of precipitation the downstream effects may become devastating. Tibet is a data scarce and extremely inaccessible area and therefore Remote Sensing is an indispensable tool in these areas. Using Remote Sensing to gain insight on the use of the rivers of this region is the only way to gather important information from these high plateaus.

VINITA AGRAWAL The writer is a Gold Medallist in MA, Political Science from the MS University, Baroda. She is a researcher and poet and has worked freelance for over 20 years. She has published papers on Comparative Analysis of Media in India and Pakistan and Cultural connectivity in the SAARC region.

Beijing does not share its intentions vis-a-vis its approach to the rivers of Tibet. It does not reveal how and where these rivers are diverted. What the lower countries witness is the end effect of China’s political muscle power. China has not yet signed the 1997 UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Waterways. It did not notify the lower riparian countries when it started constructing three dams on the Mekong River. In the same way, it started work on the Brahmaputra River in November 2010 without sharing any information about it with the lower riparian countries. World opinion is in favour of a delegation from India, Nepal, Bangladesh or Vietnam visiting these crucial river-projects and bringing transparancy to the activities at these sites of projects – be it the Brahmaputra, the Indus or the Sutlej. Of late, China has drawn strong opposition from 263 international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) for its effort to construct dams on the Mekong River. These NGOs feel that China has been using the water resources in Tibet as a political tool. As such, they want a moratorium on the lower Mekong dams for at least 10 years. China’s decision to dam all the major rivers originating on the Tibetan plateau has invited strong reactions in various Asian capitals from New Delhi to Hanoi. The region as a whole objects to the manner in which China has been using its river water as a weapon. Some analysts have even predicted open outbreaks of bitter conﬂicts resulting from China’s damming and diversion of Tibetan river waters.

Under the existing situation, what should the lower riparian countries do? The best strategy appears to be one of engaging China in a dialogue process and persuading it not to construct dams and diversion projects on Tibetan rivers at the cost of environmental degradation and the livelihood of nearly 2 billion people living in Afghanistan, the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghana basin and the Mekong basin countries including Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. Such a dialogue could be initiated bilaterally or multilaterally by the lower riparian countries that are likely to be affected by China’s construction of dams and river diversion projects in Tibet.

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dsa: the journey so far …

ENGAGING CHINA Tibetan Plateau make up the largest river run-off from any single location in the world. Perhaps the most critical region in which the melting glaciers will negatively affect water supply (in the next few decades) will be China and parts of Asia, including India and Bangladesh. Zachu or Mekong River, originating from Mount Thangla is the bloodline for the Mekong-region countries. This river flows from the central Tibet through Yunnan Province in China and then flowing through Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and finally ending its journey in Vietnam. This river directly supports approximately 60 million common peoples along its basin from fisherman to farmers.

Why Save Tibet’s Environment?

There may be many myths and legends about plateaus and rivers forming the axis of the world but the Tibetan plateau with its mountains and glaciers and plethora of rich rivers can lay fair claim to being the axis of the world. Besides, it is also the engine that drives the monsoons of the region. Glacial runoff from these regions feeds the largest rivers in Asia. The Tibetan Plateau is the head region to major rivers that flow into India, Bangladesh, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam. For China alone, 30 per cent of its fresh water supply is met from the rivers flowing from Tibet. For many generations, this plateau has met the basic necessities to sustain life and flourish human civilisations beyond its vast border. From the arid plains of Pakistan and India to the rice paddies of southern Vietnam, from the great Tonle Sap Lake of Cambodia to the North China plain, these rivers bring life and joy to millions of people. It is estimated that 1.3 billion peoples live in the watersheds of these major rivers. Beyond the populations residing in the watersheds of these rivers are the additional millions who depend on monsoon rains drawn inland by the Tibetan Plateau. It was also indicated that this Southeast Asian monsoon that recharges most of the rivers downstream varies in intensity according the snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau. There is little doubt that melting glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau provide a key source of water especially in the summer months; as much as 70 per cent of the summer flow in the Ganges and 30–50 per cent of the flow in other major rivers. The glacier-fed rivers originating from the

There is little doubt that melting glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau provide a key source of water especially in the summer months; as much as 70 per cent of the summer in the Ganges and 30–50 per cent of the flow in other major rivers. The glacier-fed rivers originating from the Tibetan Plateau make up the largest river run-off from any single location in the world

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

According to the Chinese Academy of Science, glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau are melting at a rate of 7 per cent annually and if the current rate continues, two-thirds of the glaciers on the plateau will be gone by 2050. A separate study by NASA revealed that 20 per cent of Tibetan glaciers have retreated in the past 40 years and more than 60 per cent of the existing glaciers could be gone in the next 40 years. Some recent studies have also indicated that the black soot depositions on these glaciers are also responsible for accelerating the rate of meltdown due to reduced surface reﬂection and more heat accumulation.

Permafrost As Carbon Store

Tenzin Norbu, a prominent expert on the Permafrost Degradation, living in Dharamshala, says that the presence or absence of the permafrost layer entails major variations in the soil’s physical structure, determining, to a large extent, the hydrological and nutritional status of the soil, which in turn, is pivotal in determining the vegetative coverage, plant community structure and productivity. Unlike the ones that are widespread in the Arctic and boreal regions of Northern Hemisphere, the permafrost prevailing on the Tibetan Plateau (1.3 to 1.6 million km2) are alpine permafrost. This type of permafrost are featured by warm permafrost and rich ground ice and are among the most sensitive to climate change and are particularly vulnerable to warming temperature. The alpine permafrost on Tibetan Plateau stores about 12,300 million tonnes of carbon. A study conducted at the source region of the Yellow River indicated that a signiﬁcant amount of methane (CH4) is trapped in the permafrost layer of that region. The types of rangeland vary from alpine meadows and mountain scrub to mountain sparse wood and mountain desert, which helps sustain domestic herds and nurture a wide variety of wildlife species. These rangelands and its cold alpine grassland soils are the major carbon sink and house a greater organic carbon pool. During the growing season, the alpine meadows appears to absorb ‘or’ take up CO2 at the rate of (1840-3050) mg / m2.day. Studies showed that total Soil Organic Carbon storage (sampled from the top 1 meter soil) in the alpine grasslands of Tibetan Plateau was estimated

about 7,400 million tonnes of carbon.

Impact On The Summer Monsoon

In 1884, an English Meteorologist, Henry Francis Blanford, (in the pages of Proceedings of the Royal Society, in London) proposed that the greater the snow cover in Tibet, the later the Indian monsoon wets the parched earth on India. Conversely, he suggested, the less the winter snows in Tibet, the earlier the snowmelt and the earlier the monsoon. The plateau’s seasonal heating during summer and spring plays a principal role in determining the large-scale air circulation in summer. Heating over the Tibetan Plateau tends to generate a surface cyclonic circulation and upper-atmosphere anti-cyclonic circulation which results in the appearance of a large air motion in the eastern side of the plateau. During summer, the Tibetan Plateau intensifies the pressure gradient between the south Asian landmass and the Indian Ocean leading to the flow of air and moisture from the sea. According to many scientists and researchers the ground freezing and thawing of the Tibetan Plateau have a significant influence on the atmospheric circulation. Thus the heating of the Tibetan Plateau is regarded as one of the major factors influencing and contributing to the onset of Asian summer monsoon, which contributes 70 per cent to India’s annual rainfall.

Strategic Nutcracker

Rivers originating from Tibet flow to more than ten countries and play a vital role in the environmental services and socio-economic structure of each country. These rivers enable the Tibetan Plateau to become a strategic platform in exercising its dominance over the lower riparian states. So far China has dammed every major river and its tributaries in Tibet and has unveiled plans to construct even more dams in the coming years. In its 12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015), hydropower projects are to be prioritised and those that are not completed during its previous five year plans are now scheduled. Water user communities of the downstream countries are turning their frustration on the Chinese government whose damming projects on the mainstream rivers have greatly affected their livelihood. Green NGOs in China believe hydropower projects could bring ‘economic development’, but not necessarily to the benefit of local people. They believe that today’s insufficiently transparent policy making mechanisms are maximising the interests of hydropower industry, officials and a small number of experts, while driving ecological destruction, affecting local livelihoods and increasing the risk of geological disasters. Chinese government policy is that the hydropower is the cheapest source of electricity. Many scientific studies have suggested that dams impact the aquatic ecosystem including water flows, water quality, fish habitats, wetlands and livelihood of people relying on it. Dams also cause heavy loss of water through evaporation and are also a globally significant source of greenhouse gases such as methane. The rotting organic matter from the vegetation and soils and

Green NGOs in China believe hydropower projects could bring ‘economic development’, but not necessarily to the benefit of local people. They believe that today’s insufficiently transparent policy making mechanisms are maximising the interests of hydropower industry, officials and a small number of experts, while driving ecological destruction, affecting local livelihoods and increasing the risk of geological disasters detritus that ﬂows in the reservoir also contribute to the greenhouse gas emission. Growing industrialisation, population growth and increasing levels of consumption are placing heavy demands on water resources, which provide vital support for the subsistence livelihood to millions of people. Currently, there exists no regional framework or forum for South and East Asian nations to discuss or negotiate over water resources, other than the Mekong River Commission which does not include China. The politicisation of the waters of Tibet needs to be addressed afresh, preferably from a non-partisan think tank view point. It needs to be treated as an issue much larger than the boundaries of Asia portray because in essence, the usurping of natural resources of an indigenous land by the vested interests of another dominant country is morally and principally wrong. On this basis alone, the water towers of Asia need to be erected on the porches of United Nations so that they stand upright in a manner that is fair and just. The UN needs to look into the information blackout plaguing this issue thanks to China’s repressive policies.

Regional Approach

Broadly speaking, the most appropriate suggestions to stop the rivers of Tibet being misused are:  Sino-Tibetan Dialogue (PRC vs Tibetan Ofﬁcials)  Sino-Indian Dialogue  Global Awareness  Opening of Border Trading Routes  India’s role in this issue cannot be understated. In the words of Lalit Mansingh, ex ambassador to USA, “challenges not met are opportunities lost and India's policy on Tibet is a challenge not met.” As mentioned in the introductory part, Tibet is the source of many of the Asia’s principal rivers, which include: the Brahmaputra (Yarlung Tsangpo), the Indus (Senge Khabab), the Sutlej (Langchen Khabab), the Karnali (Macha Khabab), Arun (Phongchu), the Salween (Gyalmo Ngulchu), the Mekong (Zachu), the Yangtse (Drichu), the Hwang Ho or Yellow River (Machu) and the Irrawaddy. These rivers ﬂow into ten countries such as China, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. More than 15,000 natural lakes are found in Tibet and some of the prominent lakes are Mansarovar (Mapham Yumtso), Namtso, Yamdrok Yumtso and the largest, Kokonor Lake (Tso Ngonpo).

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … EURASIAN PERSPECTIVE By looking into the ways on how SCO is concentrating on security issues, it is quite possible that SCO may very soon take the centre stage in the Asian security architecture. Although there were some major differences among various members, as Russia in particular feels security cooperation should be the primary focus of the SCO, whereas, China viewed economic cooperation as SCO's primary purpose.

ussia attaches great importance to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and will continue to render all assistance to the organisation. Over the past decade Russia has formed institutions like the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), a mutual defence alliance; the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), a customs union; and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) along with other former Soviet states. However, formation of SCO seems to have been the most signiﬁcant one co-founded by Russian President Vladimir Putin in the year 2001 along with Heads of State of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

RUSSIA'S APPROACH

SCO

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Time has changed and SCO has also changed along with time. Today SCO has gone beyond the scope of resolving the regional problems. Russia considers SCO as the most important foreign policy initiatives. The Middle East Crises, including those initiated by the Arab Spring, the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq and also, most signiﬁcantly, the situation in Afghanistan made major revision in the SCO’s approach which prompted the organisation to step up its foreign policy efforts.

Security Anchor

Today SCO has also thought of formulating a common policy for all its members if a sudden crisis erupts in the region mainly after 2014, when foreign troops are expected to leave Afghanistan. Russia’s effort is to consolidate SCO’s position in the region. Of late, Russia has become a global centre of power and major ballast for maintaining the security, stability and economic development of the Eurasian states. Most of the SCO members appreciate Russia’s role and intentions to maintain close cooperation in a bid to enhance the region’s security, peace and stability. Moreover, SCO members understand that countering international terrorism and religious extremism is mutually beneﬁcial form of cooperation for all and therefore, it provides broad opportunities for intensive action and support. By looking into the ways on how SCO is concentrating on security issues, it is quite possible that SCO may very soon take the centre stage in the Asian security architecture.

Difference On Primary Purpose

SCO’s mission has broadened to promote regional security and economic cooperation. SCO’s signiﬁcant aim is to combat the three evils ie terrorism, separatism and extremism, as well as to promote various types of cooperation among the members as well as Observer states. Although there were some major differences

among various members, as Russia in particular feels security cooperation should be the primary focus of the SCO, whereas, China viewed economic cooperation as SCO’s primary purpose. Nonetheless, in spite of such differences in opinion the SCO appeared to be a useful mechanism for advancing the regional policy and priorities.

DR NIVEDITA DAS KUNDU The writer, PhD in International Relations is a Foreign Policy Analyst and Assistant Director at Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi, India. She is a recipient of 2013 Pushkin Award and member of Valdai Discussion Club and Associate of York Center for Asian Research.

Russia encourages strengthening the ‘energy club’, within the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. In recent years, SCO member states have sought greater energy cooperation. In the past SCO has formulated energy dialogue and integrated national energy concepts for the creation of an energy club. SCO member states want to create a uniﬁed energy market for oil and gas exports, while promoting regional development through preferential energy agreements.

Energy Element Of Security

Energy security became the new dimension of security policy for SCO. In addition to military-political issues, energy security, which increasingly identiﬁed as a vital element of security policy has been gaining ground within the SCO. The idea of SCO's energy club was formulated way back in July 2007, when SCO aimed for a common energy approach for strengthening energy security. Thus, the bilateral or multilateral energy cooperation among SCO members is aimed at trying to develop a common SCO energy approach although it is still unclear how this would take shape.

SCO members understand that countering international terrorism and religious extremism is mutually beneficial form of cooperation for all and therefore, it provides broad opportunities for intensive action and support Over the past few years the SCO has publicly put on the agenda energy as a major issue within SCO. Russia intends to strengthen the energy club among SCO members in order to develop a joint SCO course of action in the ﬁeld of energy. The idea of formulating common and strong energy policy within SCO has been discussed almost in all SCO Summits. At the outset, priority areas of cooperation concerning energy transportation and telecommunications were deﬁned. The discussions also include creation and launch of special working groups in the fuel and energy sector, as well as for exchanging information and decisions for implementing SCO’s energy security policy.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far …

EURASIAN PERSPECTIVE

If SCO’s energy club has to closely coordinate and cooperate with all the SCO member and Observer states, the pipeline network needs to be formulated combining Russia’s, Central Asia’s as well as China’s energy connectivity and create a common energy market

have divergent interest and views on strengthening the potential of the energy club. China seeks energy security in the sense of security of supply of energy raw materials to feed its increasing demand. However, Russia feels such a club can bring together the oil producing states to control supply and prices too. Therefore, certain unsettled concerns on gas prices, tariffs and routes need to be discussed thoroughly within the SCO.

cooperation in the ﬁeld of defence and security. The members unanimously noted the need to consolidate efforts to jointly counter new challenges and threats and also recognise the desirability for formulating joint Peace Mission and conduct anti-terror military exercises.

Other significant topics that were discussed during the Bishkek Summit were on the action plan for 2013-2017 for implementation of the treaty on long-term good neighbourliness

Russia supports open interactions and cooperation and would welcome the involvement of all SCO states. Russia has also drawn the attention to the Russian-Chinese initiative of the personal satellite communication system expansion across the SCO region. The energy club needs to be directly connected with the energy ministries from the SCO member states as well as with the leading regional energy companies. By strengthening the energy club it could be helpful even for settling the disputes related to energy issues between SCO members.

The energy club intends to unite energy companies from SCO’s producers, consumers and transit countries to coordinate strategies with the aim of increasing energy security for all. In the energy club SCO Observer states also take an active part along with the full member states. SCO’s energy club tried to concentrate on formation of a common energy policy. Security organisations of the SCO member states also tend to get involved in the energy security concerns as security nowadays not only entails military issues but energy issues and concerns too.

Common Energy Mart

The SCO is still a very young organisation, having only been formed in the year 2001, the issues related to its effectiveness, particularly in the energy field, which is comparatively recent development, might be premature. However, if efforts are made then it is not a difficult proposition to integrate multilateral oragnisations and formulate common energy policy throughout the region. Nonetheless, if SCO’s energy club has to closely coordinate and cooperate with all the SCO member and Observer states, the pipeline network needs to be formulated combining Russia’s, Central Asia’s as well as China’s energy connectivity and create a common energy market. While talking about the energy club and energy security within SCO, there is a need to formulate a mechanism to defuse potentially damaging competition among producers, consumers and transit states. Another possible area of cooperation between all SCO member as well as Observer states can be in the sphere of nuclear energy too. Russia and Kazakhstan have already taken the decision to form a centre for enriching Uranium much of which will come from Kazakhstan as Kazakhstan holds almost 20 per cent of the world’s Uranium reserves. Nonetheless, SCO’s two most influential members

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

Energy traditionally holds a key position on the global agenda, Russia’s proposal to set up a strong and permanent mechanism for dialogue on the energy issue within the SCO is indeed signiﬁcant. Russia feels exchange of opinions could promote energy cooperation in the region and argued for coordinated action on the issue. Hence, Russia pushes for strengthening SCO’s energy club and believes that energy security of SCO members and Observers can be ensured through this energy group within the organisation.

Bishkek Summit

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’s Bishkek Summit took place on 13th September 2013 in Kyrgyzstan in close coordination with other member states. Kyrgyzstan took over the SCO chairmanship from China after the Beijing summit in 2012. Russia has been providing continuous comprehensive support to the Kyrgyz government for conducting this Summit successfully in Bishkek. The discussions during the Summit were on the host of issues related to the concerns of SCO members and Observer states, number of agreements were also signed. SCO President also signed the agreement on Bishkek Declaration. This declaration ensures cooperation among the SCO member states for fighting against terrorism, extremism and separatism as well as to curb illegal drug trafficking. Other significant topics that were discussed during the Summit were on the action plan for 2013-2017 for implementation of the treaty on long-term good neighbourliness. During the Summit the focus was also given on fostering economic development and regional security cooperation, especially regarding the situation in Afghanistan. NATO’s withdrawal by the end of 2014 and Afghanistan’s security situation was one of the major topics discussed during the Summit. Over the past few Summits, SCO has been discussing issues of cooperation on the current international and regional situations, as well as on strengthening

Russia also feels SCO has got significant and efficient means for strengthening regional security. Russia has also focused on establishment of the SCO Bank and raising funds for the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Regional security issues, fighting separatism and extremism are all important matters on SCO agenda that are expected to be taken-up in the coming years. During the Summit the discussion also took place on the potential expansion of the SCO however, consultations for the formation of legal rules for admitting new members are yet to be finalised. Russia being one of the main pillars of SCO, understands that SCO’s efforts will have a clear effect in stabilising the region. The SCO has also taken number of measures in developing knowledge and cultural exchange programmes. Russia as an important member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation has acted positively in responding actively in the issues related to global, regional and on a range of other important matters. Russia feels that due to rapidly changing international situation and the pressing issues of regional security and development aspects, the SCO’s function and influence need to be further closely studied for improving the condition as well as for the long-term development of SCO as an institution. During the Summit, Russian President supported Iran’s nuclear power programme meant for peaceful purposes including the enrichment of uranium. Russian President also offered to supply Iran with S-300 air-defence missile systems and proposed to

cooperate for building a second reactor at the Bushehr nuclear plant.Resolution for solving the conﬂict in Syria was also one of the signiﬁcant topics of discussion at the Summit. SCO member states expressed their support for Russia’s position regarding a possible diplomatic solution for the crisis in Syria. All the members favoured for resolving the situation without the interference of foreign military forces. However, Russian President mentioned that external involvement for solving the situation in Syria will be possible only if the UN Security Council approves for such requirement. He mentioned that Syria’s decision to join a global ban on chemical weapons should be welcomed by all. Strong cooperation between SCO members and Observers will strengthen mutual understanding and can improve situation for lasting peace and stability in the region. Over and above cooperation is required in overcoming poverty, dealing with the problems related to climate change and concerns connected with the use of water resources etc. The SCO can play a constructive and coordinating role in managing these sensitive issues. Today Shanghai Cooperation Organisation has got the strength and capacity to move forward and engage in productive work. The SCO’s close collaboration and rational response are extremely important to realise real and lasting peace and provide secured environment in the region. Further, SCO also needs to focus on the sphere of non-traditional security and challenges. Russia’s approach will be to continue to play a cooperating as well as coordinating role for SCO’s forward movement.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far …

SCRAMBLE AT 300 MILLISECONDS EC-130H airborne electronic attack aircraft

B-1 bomber

B-52 bomber

B-2 bomber

US PROMPT GLOBAL STRIKE

AIR POWER

Under the Conventional Prompt Global Strike, it was decided that ‘weapons would provide the nation the unique conventional capability to strike time sensitive targets, so that distant, hard to reach places will no longer provide sanctuary to adversaries’. For this the US Air Force and DARPA had been working hard to develop a family of systems which could enable the United States to carry out such a mission. 88

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

he concept of Prompt Global Strike formulated by the United States is an “offensive and pre-emptive concept” focusing on ‘defeating the threat before it is unleashed’. The Unified Command Plan defined the concept as a ‘capability to deliver rapid, extended range precision kinetic (nuclear and conventional) and non-kinetic (elements of space and information operations) effects in support of theatre and national objectives’. The United States planned to hit any target in the world in less than 300 milli-seconds. The main objective was to rely less on forward bases for targeting any place in the world. This plan was also expected to strengthen the first strike capability of the United States.

Though not a new concept, the seriousness of such a concept was only considered when in 1998, the USS Abraham Lincoln Battle Group, which was stationed in the Arabian Sea launched a Tomahawk cruise missile at an al-Qaeda training camp in eastern Afghanistan. But by then Laden had already escaped. At present, the United States has realised that its adversaries are developing Anti-Access Area Denial capabilities and to counter the strategy there was a plan for Air Sea Battle and Prompt Global Strike concepts.

in a known location in a neutral country.  A rogue state armed with a nuclear weapon was threatening to use that weapon against a US ally.

Concerns

While bombers can be an option, they could be vulnerable to enemy air defences. Also long DEBALINA GHOSHAL Under the Conventional Prompt Global Strike, it was range bombers would need tanker The writer is Associate decided that ‘weapons would provide the nation the bombers to refuel them. This is Fellow at the Centre unique conventional capability to strike time sensitive where cruise and ballistic missiles for Air Power Studies, Western Air Command. targets, so that distant, hard to reach places will no could prove advantageous. While She is MA in International longer provide sanctuary to adversaries’. In 2010, bombers could be stealth, they Studies from Stella Maris the QDR laid stress on the ‘family of systems’ which lacked advanced technologies College, Chennai and PG could ‘support the US power projection operations to evade air defence systems. Diploma in International over the next two to three decades’ for which there If bombers are used for such Humanitarian Law from is a need for robust command and communication missions, they would need to NALSAR, Hyderabad, system, computers, intelligence, surveillance and be of supersonic speed, be able India. Areas of interest: to carry large payload and have reconnaissance capabilities’. Missiles and artillery. very low observability. If the Presently she is working Delivery Systems bombers are chosen for carrying on "Role of Missiles in International Security.” For this the US Air Force and DARPA had been working out the PGS mission, then one hard to develop a family of systems which could enable of the rationales for developing the United States to carry out such a mission. There such a system is lost since the US could be a possibility that the United States could use might need to depend on its forward bases for refuelling next generation ICBM or hypersonic Common Aero of bombers. Moreover, bombers can take hours also to be deployed which meant that it might not be able to conduct Vehicles and Small Launch Vehicles. prompt action especially against sensitive targets. As has been reported, there would be Though there has been a need for ‘survivable airborne no specification on the kind ISR assets, jam-resistant satellite of delivery system that There could be a possibility that the communications and long would be used for the job, United States could use next generation endurance unmanned air vehicles the US bombers could be a ICBM or hypersonic Common Aero to act as communications relay choice. The aircraft of choice Vehicles and Small Launch Vehicles. platforms are essential components could be B-52, or B-1 or B-2 Though there has been no specification of this infrastructure’. bombers with payload being on the kind of delivery system that B61 or B83 or W80-I. The would be used for the job, the US The Future US Contingency Plan is a bombers could be a choice. The The United States however, is strike plan developed by aircraft of choice could be B-52, or B-1 trying to improve the bombers like STRATCOM in coordination or B-2 bombers with payload being modifying the B-1 to carry JDAMs with the US Air Force and US Navy which would be an and the B-52s to carry LITENING B61 or B83 or W80-I effort to deliver a prompt strike Advanced Targeting pods and with nuclear, conventional, Sniper Advanced Targeting Pods space and information warfare capabilities. However, which would enable them to attack even moving targets by 2004, the Contingency Plan (CONPLAN 8022-02) with laser guided precisions. There are also plans of was altered under the Global Strike Interim Capability fitting the B-52 bombers with Miniature Air Launched Operations Order. Decoys and Military Standard-1760 Internal Weapons. At present the B-2 bombers can evade Integrated Air When To Attack? Defence Systems and in a single sortie can deliver The Defence Science Board identified five scenarios 80 independently targeted 500 pound JDAMs. when such action could be initiated by the United States: There are predictions that the future family of systems  A near-peer competitor had used its emerging may include EF-18G, EA-6B and EC-130H airborne counter-space capability to destroy a US satellite. electronic attack aircraft for Airborne Electronic Attack.  The US wanted to destroy a package of special nuclear The bombers of the next generation could either be materials that a terrorist organisation had shipped to a manned or even be optionally unmanned, ‘un-refuelled neutral country. combat range of at least 4,000 nm, broadband, very  A small package of weapons of mass destruction was low observable with improved low observability materials, AESA radar, carry air to air missiles, both located temporarily in a rural area of a neutral country.  The leadership of a terrorist organisation had gathered conventional and nuclear’.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … EU DILEMMA aerospace DASA, German, French and Spanish CASA were illustrative of the kind of multilateral cooperation and trade agreements possible within the European Union context. Political will and conjoining industrial logic, the merger between Aerospatiale-Matra and DASA Germany, added to the Spanish participation through CASA Spain was announced on July 8, 2000. Its creation, European Aviation Defence Sector – EADS – has approximately 100,000 employees in more than 70 production sites. However, the military branch represents 25 per cent of the portfolio of activities of EADS. The main foundation of EADS and probably the ﬁrst reason of its formation, is civil. Indeed, Airbus is a powerful engine in the creation of EADS, restructured in a manner necessary to ensure that the joint venture of Aerospatiale-Matra, DASA, CASA and BAe can stay competitive with its direct competitor Boeing. Nevertheless, the establishment of EADS still relies on national structures: EADS has set up a system of complex governance, with all levels of decision, a Franco-German double command and cross-reporting.

EUROPE COMPETING WITH

AMERICA

It is 16 years since the Heads of Government of France, Britain and Germany issued a joint statement that restructuring of defence industries is essential to remain competitive against American competition. As many experts say, the development of transnational strategies is necessary. Nevertheless, purely national strategies do not disappear; particularly in military aviation sector where the strategic interests of states are at stake.

uropean companies should cooperate to rebuild ancient European dominant position in global market. Many years ago, Europe was the ﬁrst and biggest military aviation power in the world. Messerschmitt was one of the symbols of this leadership. After World War II rising domination of the United States and other players changed situation. Just compare ﬁgures: In 2005 the US spent € 406 billion on defence, while Europeans spent only € 193 billion. It is also visible in this particular sector. But there is a chance there will be some positive progress: The European Union would like to reunite military aviation

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

sector as well. It will be one new level of common defence and security policy of EU.

Contemporary History

The idea of re-enforcing and constructing mutual cooperation between European countries is not very new one. It all started in 1997 when the President of the French Republic, the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and the British Premier recognised in a joint statement that restructuring of defence industries is essential to remain competitive against American competition. The existence of joint activities between the

As many experts say, the development of transnational strategies is necessary. Nevertheless, purely national strategies do not disappear; particularly in military aviation sector where the strategic interests of states are at stake. Over time, the implementation of these two strategies, national and transnational, enables European industry to remain competitive, should nevertheless be ﬂat national strategies. Champion of this strategy is BAE Systems in the UK. However, this company, which has no connection with other countries in Europe, however, sought economies of scale on the international market and, in particular, in the United States. In this respect, the process of building of EADS is a relatively symptomatic European aerospace defence industrial construction. It is indeed the only transnational group capable of ensuring the mastery over construction of a modern combat aircraft.

Position Of European Firms

European aerospace companies produce the full range of aerospace products and services, from large civil aircraft, to satellites, to subassemblies and components. As a result, European firms are both important partners as well as competitors for US firms. The European Union is the largest regional export market for the United States aerospace industry (although Japan is the largest individual country market). Combined exports of the US aerospace industry to France, the United Kingdom and Germany account for 20.9 per cent of total US aerospace exports. There is significant variety in the ownership structure of European major suppliers. For example, unlike in the United States, several major suppliers still have significant government ownership. The European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS), for example, benefits from partial French and Spanish state ownership, nearly 5 per cent ownership by a Russian state-owned bank as well as other public shareholders. EADS emerged in 2000 from the link-up of the German-French Aerospatiale Matra and Spain’s CASA. Additionally, Thales-Alenia is 27.2 per cent owned by the French state. As is the case with the US aerospace industry, the global economic downturn after 2008 affected the EU aerospace industry. However, economic fundamentals are in place for continued long-term growth.

French The Largest

The French aerospace industry is the largest in Europe, with exports of over US$ 44.7 billion (in 2009 dollars) The French aerospace industry employed approximately 134,000 persons in 2009, up from approximately 132,000 people in 2007. Despite the 2009 economic crisis, the long-term outlook for the French aerospace DOMINIKA COSIC industry remains generally positive, The writer is a characterised by continued revenue journalist and political growth, record orders and a stable correspondent based in industry workforce. In the civil Brussels. She specialises aerospace sector, the Airbus A380 and in NATO and European Dassault Falcon 7X entered into service Union affairs. She is in 2007 and the A350XWB, Falcon SMS correspondent (Europe) of and Falcon 2000 LX programmmes Defence and Security Alert (DSA) magazine. were launched. There was also a significant rise in telecommunications satellite orders. For a time, the decreasing value of the dollar was seen as a major issue of concern despite the continued growth of export orders, but by 2010 this was no longer a concern. The German aerospace industry is the second largest in Europe, with 2009 exports of US$ 40.1 billion and 2009 employment of 93,000, compared with 2006 exports of US$ 27.7 billion and 2007 employment in aeronautics at 70,500. In 2008, civil aviation made up 67.2 per cent of all German aerospace industry revenue (62,011 employees), defence and security accounted for 25.4 per cent of revenues (20,267 employees) and the space industry accounted for 7.4 per cent of revenues (6,136 employees). Major challenges include the lack of consolidation among German aerospace suppliers and the need for more qualified engineers to fill manufacturing jobs. Germany accounted for well over one-fifth of the total revenue generated by the European aerospace industry. In general, the outlook for the German aerospace industry remained positive, with gains in the civil and military aviation sectors driving growth. Specifically, current Airbus A380 and Eurocopter helicopter production, coupled with future production of the Airbus A350XWB are driving strong civil aviation sales. In the military aviation sector, increased production of the Eurofighter and the Tiger and NH90 military helicopters are driving export sales growth. Aerospace revenue gains are sustained by Germany’s continued emphasis on research and development expenditures, which are greater on a percentage of sales basis than in other EU member countries.

Britain’s Trans-Atlantic Link

The UK aerospace industry is the third largest in Europe, with 2009 exports of US$ 26.4 billion (in 2009 dollars). 2007 exports were US$ 27.7 billion (in 2007 dollars). The UK aerospace sector grew by approximately 8 per cent annually from 2003 to 2007, due primarily to growth in the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) market, which was driven by increasing demands for air travel. According to the Society of British Aerospace Companies (SBAC), in 2009 UK aerospace companies directly employed 112,585 people, plus 40,091 people located in the United States. According to the SBAC, in 2007 UK aerospace companies had directly employed over 124,000 people and over 30,000 people in the United States.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

dsa: the journey so far … EU DILEMMA

M-346

gas turbine compressors. The outlook for Spain’s aerospace industry remains positive in the long-term, as continued sales growth by EADS-afﬁliated aerospace companies carries over to the industry in general.

Intra-European Cooperation

paper,”also designed to feed into the summit talks, called on member states to review national defence capabilities and to identify what hardware is needed for the protection of EU countries' interests. EU ofﬁcials noted that “deepening the EU’s security and defence co-operation will help slash procurement costs and allow the EU to react faster to international crises.”Leaders of European countries will debate the idea of EU-level military integration at a special summit in December. One of the conclusions is that for the time being, defence and security policy remains exclusively in the hands of national

Interesting point of view has been enunciated by the European Commission. The commission's "ideas paper," also designed to feed into the summit talks, called on member states to review national defence capabilities and to identify what hardware is needed for the protection of EU countries' interests

One of the most signiﬁcant examples is that which saw various European manufacturers compete for an international competition designed to renew part of the ﬂeet of British training aircraft. The Italians were proposing their training M-346, aircraft developed with Finmeccanica capital. But the Italian bid ended in 2004, a failure response to the decision of the British government to cut short tender and ordering by mutual agreement of Hawk-128, in order

Hawk-128

It is the segment of fighter aircraft which offers the best example of the competitive situation facing European manufacturers. Its creation, European Aviation Defence Sector – EADS – has approximately 100,000 employees in more than 70 production sites. However, the military branch represents 25 per cent of the portfolio of activities of EADS. The main foundation of EADS and probably the first reason of its formation, is civil The UK is home to several of the world‘s leading aerospace companies, including BAE Systems PLC and Rolls-Royce PLC. In addition, US aerospace companies such as Boeing, Honeywell, Raytheon, Rockwell Collins and Lockheed Martin also maintain a presence in the UK. One of the primary challenges facing the UK aerospace industry as recently as 2010 was the impact of an appreciating British currency against the US dollar which has compelled some UK aerospace producers, such as Rolls-Royce, to move production and other activities abroad to dollar-denominated locations. Further appreciation of the British pound will likely expand and accelerate the trend of outward mobilisation across the UK aerospace industry. Other challenges facing the UK aerospace industry include consolidation of SME manufacturers in order to enable them to better compete globally.

Italian Majors

The Italian aerospace industry is the fourth largest in Europe, with 2009 worldwide exports of US$ 8.2 billion (in 2006 worldwide exports were US$ 4.4 billion). The Italian aerospace industry, which employed approximately 38,000 people as

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

of 2008 (the same number as in 2005), is generally open to cooperation with the US aerospace industry. Major players in the Italian aerospace industry include Finmeccanica, which is the country‘s largest engineering and aerospace / defence group. Finmeccanica manufactures helicopters, military aircraft, defence systems, satellites and is also an energy producer and builder of generation and transmission components, boilers, turbines, cogeneration plants, desalination plants and nuclear power plants. Telespazio, a Finmeccanica joint venture, is involved in satellite management and navigation and broadband multimedia telecommunications. Fiat Avio SpA is the country‘s major manufacturer of aircraft propulsion systems. Fiat Avio has partnerships with Pratt & Whitney, GE Aviation and Rolls-Royce for the production of aircraft engines.

Spain Enjoys EADS Support

Spain‘s aerospace industry is the ﬁfth largest in Europe, with 2009 exports of US$ 4.1 billion and 2009 employment of over 40,000 workers (in 2006 exports were US$ 3.0 billion and 2007 employment was 25,700 workers, which has declined from 28,099 workers in 2005). The Spanish aerospace industry is dominated by three manufacturers. Airbus Military (formerly called EADS CASA) is Spain‘s largest aerospace company and is a world leader in light and medium-sized military aircraft. Airbus Military is also a supplier of aerodynamic surface components for the Boeing 737, 757 and 777. Aeronova (formerly called Gamesa Aeronautica) designs, develops and manufactures major subassembly structures for a number of large civil aircraft. Indra Sistemas S.A. is Spain‘s leading producer of electronic defence equipment. Industria de Turbo Propulsores S.A. (ITP) designs, produces and provides maintenance repair and overhaul services for a variety of aircraft engines and

to preserve its national aircraft BAE System. Nevertheless, it is the segment of ﬁghter aircraft which offers the best example of the competitive situation facing European manufacturers. As we have seen, the history of industrial construction in the European military aviation sector the national strategic needs tend to generate and exacerbate real competition between different European actors. These players all have a "national champion" in the ﬁeld of combat aircraft and have failed in federating among themselves as happened in civil aerospace or missiles now gathered around MBDA. The study of the trajectory of three European combat aircraft can illuminate the situation. Interesting point of view has been enunciated by the European Commission. The commission's “ideas

governments, many of which are reluctant to increase the EU’s role in the field. Last month, a French Senate paper outlined ideas to abandon plans for a Europe-wide defence system in favour of creating a so-called “Eurogroup” force which would work outside the influence of EU institutions. The force would see four European Generals in charge of co-operating on military operations. Meanwhile, a report by the European Commission in July warned that the bloc’s military strength was diluted by overlapping capacities and defence procurement at national level. European Union officials also wanted to encourage EU countries to cooperate closely, including exchanging technologies also, in aviation sector. Hopefully largest countries are supporting this idea. But of course there is a long way from an idea to concrete steps.

October 2013 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

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