Wildlife Conservation

WARNING Extinction matters It might not be obvious, but humans rely heavily on animals everyday. We rely them especially for food and clothing.

We get our cotton and silk from animals and if they were to go extinct, the cost of material will definitely rise, as there would be a lack of clothes for everybody.

Then there’s the issue of the availability of food. Here’s the point: if a certain species of animal becomes extinct, the food chain will probably be affected. The predator that depends on the extinct animal for food will then have to either adapt to a different environment where there is more availability of food, or will starve to death. In addition to that, there would then be a shortage of food

for the species of animals that depends on that same prey for food. And if that happens, they will soon become endangered due to the lack of food. As the food chain collapses, species going down will suffer because preys become scarce; birth rate would drop and eventually results in a lower population of its own species, thus increasing the decline.

On top of that, there are some species of animals like the fresh-water mussels that are natural water filter. There are over a thousand sub-species of it but the population of some of them are declining and facing the risk of being extinct. If they were to be wiped out from earth, the quality of our water will suffer. And once that happens,

Did you know? 50,000 species of plants and animals become extinct every year due to deforestation? That means that every 12 minutes, a whole species of plant or animal is entirely wiped out on Earth. And due to deforestation, 2.47 acres of forest, are cleared every single second. That’s equal to 78 million acres of trees dissapearing from Earth’s surface every year.

human can no longer swim in it, or drink from that source. Without mussels, bacteria will grow and contaminate the water, thus killing the fishes and other marine creatures or organisms.

By analyzing only one species, we see that many things can be affected by it. To think, there are thousands of animals around the world on the brink of being extinct. According to experts, the acceptable rate of extinction should only be one species a year, with a new species replacing it to sustain the equilibrium. But this is not the case because the current rate is exponential.

All these did not come from natural causes, but it is because of man-made products and events like pollution, exploitation, and global warming.

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INTERESTING FACTS

In

Elephant’s tusks are made out of dentine. This is the same as our teeth.

2006 253

442

species

species

were listed as

CRITICALLY endangered can live up to 20 years in the zoo & about 10 -15 years in the wild.

4

INTERESTING FACTS All bonobo chimpanzees are

BISEXUAL Polar Bears can eat more than

At birth, a panda bear is smaller than a

50 lbs. of meat in a setting.

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ZULUS URGED TO

SWITCH

NEWS AND REPORTS

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TO

I

t is a tradition for South Africa’s Zulus to adorn themselves in leopardpelt and for the sake of protecting the country’s decreasing population of the big cats, conservation biologist Tristan Dickerson has created fake versions of leopard skins. He says that these artificial versions are as good as the real thing—only cheaper and machine-washable. Tristan Dickerson leads the world’s biggest study of leopards and he is almost close to finalizing a deal with the 5.6 million-strong Nazareth Baptist Church, which blends Christian and Zulu traditions, the Independent reports. “I have used digital photography and imaging to produce an exact synthetic replica of a leopardskin stole with all the dots in the right place,” says Dickerson. But there are uphill situations that he face, as leaders like President Jacob Zuma are indirectly encouraging the tradition by wearing real furs. He also mentioned, “on the same day as Prince Charles visited a black rhino conservation project, he did not seem to bat an eyelid in the face of all the poached leopard skin he saw at the king’s palace.”

FAKE FURS

NEWS AND REPORTS

COULD BE

WILD TIGERS

EXTINCT IN 12

YEARS

T

igers still roams wild in 13 countries today, but all of them could vanish from the Earth if no urgent action is taken to protect habitats and deter poaching.

These were the warnings given by the experts at a “tiger summit” in St. Petersburg. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) reported that the tiger population has dwindled drastically from an estimated amount of 100 000 to about 3 200 in the duration of only 100 years. Encroachments on habitats due to logging and construction, as well as trophy hunting, are some of the biggest threats. Though the prediction is that the tigers could be extinct in the next 12 years, they aim

to double the population of them instead.

However, such an effort will not come cheap.

To find the first five years of the plan, the Global Tiger Recovery Program estimates that countries like Bangladesh, Cambodia, Thailand and Russia will need $350 million in outside funding. The directors of the WWF noted, “To save the tigers you need to save the forests, grasslands, and lots of other species.”

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NEWS AND REPORTS

I

t has been a disastrous year for elephants, it might have been the worst since 1989 when ivory sales were banned to save the world’s largest land animals from extinction, said the wildlife trade monitoring network, TRAFFIC.

A number of large seizures of elephant tusks that represents at least 2500 dead animals and shows that organized crime are increasingly involved in illegal ivory trade and the poaching that supports it.

Some of the seized tusks came from elephants that had been killed many years ago. While it still isn’t clear how many elephants were killed recently, but the experts are now alarmed.

TRAFFIC’S elephant and rhino expert Tom Milliken thinks that the criminals may have the upper hand in the war to save the rare and endangered animals.

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20 DEA YEAR

ELEPH “As most large-scale ivory seizures fail to result in any arrests, I fear the criminals are wining,” Milliken told the Associated Press. Most of the time, ivories are being smuggled from Africa into Asia, where the growing wealth and economy has fulfilled the desire for ivory ornaments and for rhino horn that is used in traditional medicine, though scientists have proved that it has no medicinal value.

11 DLY FOR

ANTS In this year alone, there were at least 13 large seizures compared 6 last year with a total weight fewer than 1000 kilograms.

The worst and most recent case is that the Malaysian authorities seized $1.3 million worth of African Elephant tusks that were being shipped to Cambodia.

NEWS AND REPORTS

According to the Washington-based Environmental Investigation Agency, 50 elephants had their tusks hacked off and killed in a month.

With large shipments, criminals have taken to shipping them by sea instead of by air, falsifying documents with the help of corrupt officials, monitors said.

Milliken said some of the seized ivory has been identified as coming from the government-owned stockpiles – made up of confiscated tusks and those of dead elephants – in another sign of corruption.

African’s elephant population was estimated at between 5 million and 10 million before European colonization. Massive poaching for the ivory trade during the 1980s halved the remaining number or African Elephants to about 600 000.

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Buy products that are wildlife friendly

It can also help to spread the message of conserving wildlife and raise the awareness among the public.

Share your enthusiasm for wildlife and nature

One of the most effective ways is to educate others about conserving wildlife and how much easier is it to achieve it than to encourage the people close to you about it and enjoying nature and valuing wildlife together? plastic bags for preys and actually choked to death when they consume it.

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Join an organization

There are many communities such as WWF and the Nature Conservancy working to protect wildlife. Different organizations work with different goals. They can range from saving wildlife and the environment on a global scale right down to protecting certain species of animal.

REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE

By recycling the waste papers that we have, by using biodegradable product, we indirectly help in saving the wildlife because we helped save the natural resources of the Earth.

One of which is an important habitat to many species of animals–the forests.

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Minimize use of herbicides and pesticides

Yes, though they can help keep our gardens pest free and grow healthily, they are actually hazardous pollutants that can affect wildlife. As the chemicals are released into the soil, it takes a while to degrade and thus it will start to accumulate. Some amphibians are particularly vulnerable to these chemicals and therefore suffer a lot in their very own habitat.

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Buy sustainable products

These are products that are biodegradable or products that came from species that are protected or are bred responsibly.

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Donate money to organizations that protect wildlife and their habitats

Every cent counts in contributing to the good cause of every wildlife conservation projects.

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Boycott items made using animal furs or ivory

With less demand for items made with animal furs and ivory, there will be less reason to kill animals just for their fur and body parts.

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Don’t litter

Collect your own waste and dispose of it properly.

Do not litter into the sea

This is the basic of the basics. You may have heard of it before but there were incidences when sea turtles mistook plastic bags for preys and actually choked to death when they consume it.

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Do not leave fishing line or fish hooks unattended or lying about outdoors

Try to retrieve any kite string left on the ground or entangled in trees.

Animals might get tangled and trapped in them and die.

Do not attempt to raise or keep wildlife yourself

Not only is it illegal, but wild creatures do not make good pets and captivity poses a constant stress to them. Young wild animals raised without contact with their own species fail to develop survival skills and fear of humans, virtually eliminating their chances of survival in the wild.

THINGS NOT TO DO 5

Do not handle dead animals

If you find a dead animal, leave it alone. Always contact the authorities to report animals that have been hit by vehicles so they can be properly handled. Many animals carry dangerous pathogens and the risk to you and your family is just too high.

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Motor oil should not be left in oil pans unattended

Birds often fall into these pans and few survive.

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Don’t buy coral

Coral is a living organism found in the world’s oceans; it provides a home for other living things such as fish and crabs. Due to global warming, coral species are already under great threat,and if they disappear, much of the biodiversity in the oceans will be gone. We should be aware of all our actions and careful of what our material desires result in.

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INTERESTING FACTS

Never get a camel angry, for he or she will spit at you.

In Pakistan, goats are often sacrificed to improve the performance of the stock market.

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INTERESTING FACTS Over 90% of all fish caught are caught in the northern hemisphere.

Over

10,000

birds a year die from smashing into windows.

On average, it takes 660 days from conception for an elephant to give birth.

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NEWS AND REPORTS

THE GRAY WOLF 16

NEWS AND REPORTS From an excerpt found in Vanishing Wildlife of North America by Thomas B. Allen, published by the National Geographic Society, copyright 1974: “Favorable publicity comes late to the wolf, long an object of fear and hatred, now an animal with active sponsors. On tour to win friends, Jethro, an amiable Canadian timber wolf [subspecies of the gray wolf], visits a school in Virginia with a spokesman—John Harris, president of the North American Association for the Preservation of Predatory Animals (NAAPPA). Students respectively keep pace, or peer into a van to watch Jethro and another NAAPPA wolf, Clem.

On the Capitol steps, Jethro demonstrates a wolf ’s muzzle-to-muzzle greeting with a Virginia Congressman G. William Whitehurst, whose wife Janie, holds the chain collar. Mr. Whitehurst has introduced legislation to protect the wolf. Later in 1973, five months after this trip, a NAAPPA staff man found Jethro and Clem victims of deliberate poisoning in their van. Now Jethro’s nephew Rocky, 19 months old, continues NAAPPA’s educational programs.”

E

ven though this article mentions only one specific subspecies of the group, the same story can be told a thousand times again about all of its species—the Gray Wolf.

A big reason why this species is endangered is because people fear the Gray wolf and therefore must remain there. Much efforts has been made since it was first considered endangered in 1967; however, in 2003, there were serious talk about removing it from the list, and letting them fend for themselves without federal protection. Since 1967, the population of the wolves has grown to a manageable level, however, if left by themselves and at the mercy of hunters and farmers, history will repeat itself again, and we will have to fight to keep the wolves alive. Gray wolves can be found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Rocky Mountains of Montana, Idaho and Wyoming.

They were occasionally sighted in Washington State, North Dakota, South Dakota and are now being reintroduced in Arizona and New Mexico.

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NEWS AND REPORTS

“

they used any possible means to rid themselves of what they called a “pest” animal ”

At one point of time, Gray wolves can be found throughout the 48 states of the United States, but by the early 20th century, they were nearly extinct. As settlers came from the east to settle in the west, these wolves were being killed off in record numbers to protect people against attacks and to protect livestock. They also died from the loss of habitat—the woods, because of the developments of farms. Now with federal protection, they are not as threatened by attacks as such, but the farmers still fear for the livestock that might be eaten by hungry wolves.

In reality, there has never been one report of a human being killed by a wolf, but rather there were reports of them killing livestocks. Around humans, 18

wolves are usually very timid and shy.

Wolves are carnivores, and will eat any available meat like, moose, elk, bison, musk ox and deer. However, they will only go after large prey like these when they are hunting in a pack. When it hunts by itself, the wolf will usually go after prey such as beavers and rabbits.

There are times when it will just steal another animal’s food. Basically, the Gray Wolf will eat whatever food is available to them. This would not have been a problem, but as their natural food sources were being killed off as the U.S. was being settled, the wolves had to look elsewhere for food.

Unfortunately, since the wolves will eat anything, this lead to the attack on the farmers’ livestock. Once the

farmers were able to find the threat of their livestock, they used any possible means to rid themselves of what they called a “pest” animal. Bounty programs were started in the 1880s and continued throughout the U.S. until 1965.

Hunters were offered $20-$50 per wolf that they bring in during these programs. The wolves were trapped, shot, dug from their dens, hunted by domestic dogs, and were indirectly fed with strychnine, which has a cascading effect hurting them and other species such as the eagle, raven, foxes and bears.

Beside the threat from farmers, wolves also have to contend with

NEWS AND REPORTS

their image as the “big, bad wolf ” that had existed since Red Riding Hood was first written. From there, it gave everyone the mindset that wolves are ferocious beast, and most of the people support killing them to rid themselves of the dangers. But the fact is, wolves are not really a threat to us humans, and all they want is to be left alone to hunt, raise their young, and live out their lives. Actually, wolves are very much like humans; they are social animals and spend most of their time with their pack.

Packs usually consist of one alpha male and another adult, and their family.

Breeding occurs in January through April, with the northern population breeding later in the year than the southern. Wolves also choose lifetime mates, and will stay with their mate ruling over the pack until they die.

After mating, the female wolf will dig a den to raise the young in and after

about 60-63 days, a litter of about 1-14 pups are born. The average litter size for the Gray Wolf is about 6-7 pups. When born, the pups are both blink and deaf, and weighs only 1.10lbs.

Once they grow up, they will weigh about 50176lbs., and will stand on average 2 ½ feet tall.

They will remain with their mothers until about 8 or 10 weeks old and then they will be taken care of by the entire pack. At 45 days old, they are fed with regurgitated food from the pack, but after that, they will join the rest of the family in eating food brought back by the older members of the pack. Pups will form their own packs at 2 years of age.

There are currently about 2,200 wolves living in the wild in Minnesota, 120 in Michigan and Wisconsin, and an additional 240 in the Northern Rocky Mountains.

Since the numbers are high, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service is trying to delist the Gray Wolf. They propose to focus future Gray Wolf recovery efforts by narrowing down to certain portions of the species’ historic range, recognize recovery efforts, and adjust the degree of protection under the Endangered Species Act.

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NEWS AND REPORTS

THE IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER

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…museums commissioned hunters to go out and shoot these birds so they could be displayed for the public. ”

NEWS AND REPORTS

I

n 1999, a college student was out hunting for turkeys in the Pearl River Wildlife Management Area, where he claims to have come across a pair of ivory-billed woodpeckers.

He had never seen these birds before but had heard about them from one of his professors.

Knowing enough about the birds that any sudden movement would scare them away, he decided not to raise up his camera to take a picture, and settled for mentally cataloging everything he could see. He sat there for a while, quietly observing these birds, but they eventually flew away and he continues on with his turkey hunt.

He couldn’t shake off the image of those birds even after returning back to his university, he then did a bit of research about them and knew that almost nobody would believe his story as the ivory-billed woodpecker is considered to be extinct by many ornithologists. So David Kulivan went to the college professor whom he had first heard about the ivory-billed woodpecker and told him the story. The professor, who had never really given up hope for the ivory-billed’s survival, listened and consulted with a few of his birding colleagues. As Kulivan expected, many did not believe his story. However, because he was grilled for information, ornithologists realized that he could tell them specific things about the birds that were not included in any field guide.

At this point, they organized a search for the ivory-billed woodpecker living in that region.

Top ornithologists scoured the Pearl River area for signs of the ivory-billed, but found nothing to substantiate Kulivan’s sightings. Zeiss Sports Optics sponsored the first search in 2000 and chose seasoned birders and biologist from a group of 50 applicants to go out to the same area to search for the ivory-billed woodpecker from 21

NEWS AND REPORTS January to March 2000. The search team went through almost 12 remote sites in the management area, but it was in vain. From early January to March 2002, another search for the ivory-billed was conducted.

This time, scientists used audio equipment that is able to record sounds and used it in he forest for about eight hours each day. When these recording were studied, scientists found distinct drumming sounds that they thought could possibly be the sounds of an ivory-billed woodpecker; however, they later learned that these sounds were actually the sounds of gunshots in the distance. Though no evidence of the ivory-billed woodpeckers was found, scientists and researchers have not given up hope.

The ivory-billed woodpeckers has been declared extinct by scientists many times in history, only to show up to prove them wrong time and time again. The last confirmed sighting of ivory-billeds was in 1940; however, there have been several unconfirmed sightings like Kulivan’s. These birds have never been an easy bird to spot even in historic times. Many people in the South often referred to the ivorybilled woodpeckers as the “white ghost” who would occasionally appear, but few ever got to see them.

“

And so, our bottom line question is, does the ivory-billed woodpecker still exists? ”

The decline of the ivory-billed started in the late 1800’s as logging in its habitat of mature forests started. Since there was a big interest by the public to learn more about these birds and want to see them, museums commissioned hunters to go out and shoot these birds so they could be displayed for the public. By 1938, it was believed that the population of the ivory-billed woodpecker had declined to only 22 individuals due to hunting and logging.

Nowadays, there is very little conservationist can do for the ivory-billed woodpeckers other than reading and learning more about them in historic data; however, that in itself is becoming difficult to find. Many common field guides will not even list the ivory-billed woodpecker, although the Peterson guide still has them listed with the note, “Very close to extinction, if indeed, 22

it still exists.” One of the newest field guides, the National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America also listed the ivory-billed also with the note, “Unconfirmed sightings in recent decades in Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas undoubtedly have been the smaller Pileated Woodpecker.” And so, our bottom line question is, does the ivory-billed woodpecker still exists?

Dave Kulivan believes so; ornithologists who have spoken to him about his sightings do as well. However, since there were no confirmed sightings since the 1940’s in America, some

NEWS AND REPORTS

scientists believe the fact that the ivorybilled is most likely extinct. Then, there could be people who see them who may mistake them for the pileated woodpecker since many of the field guides contains no information on the ivory-billed woodpecker.

If a population of ivory-billed woodpeckers still exists in the forests of the Pearl River in Louisiana, no one is quite sure what we could do for them at this point. They already have full coverage under the Endangered Species Act since they are listed as an endangered species, but this may not be enough to save these birds. There is very little habitat left for the ivory-billed, and captive breeding may not even be possible anymore. One thing for sure, the search will continue until there is conclusive proof that the ivory billed still exists or is extinct, until then researchers will continue to search the Pearl River are for these birds.

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INTERESTING FACTS

Millions

of trees are accidentally planted by

reproduce very

slowly

who bury

and then forget where they hid them.

A mother gives birth to one

every 3-5 years.

The small car on the road is probably the size of the heart of a blue whale.

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INTERESTING FACTS Aquatic species, which are often overlooked, are facing serious trouble.

ARE

ENDANGERED

GORILLAS

rarely attack humans. But in an encounter a person should stay still and refrain from

OR

Animals at risk of extinction are protected by the Endangered Species Act which states that when a species is endangered, it is illegal to kill, harm, or take the species out of its habitat.

at it.

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STATISTICS

NORTH AMERICA

1600

Number of

SOUTH AMERICA

1000

ENDANGERED ANIMALS in continents 26

STATISTICS

EUROPE

650

ASIA

2100

AFRICA

1350 Australia

700

Antartica

80 27

WILDLIFE AND ITS HABITAT

BLUEFIN TUNA

Classification Fish

Location Western and Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea Population 3% of original Cause Mainly caught by longlines and traps. It is also used for commercial fishing farming in the Mediterranean Sea. Climate made their food scarce.

VAQUITA

Classification Mammal Location North of the Gulf of California Population 250 Cause Mortality in gillnets of various mesh size.

LEATHERBACK TURTLE

Classification Reptile Location Tropic and temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea Population 34000 nesting females Cause Prolonged harvest of eggs and incidental capture in fisheries, illegal poaching and water pollution.

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WILDLIFE AND ITS HABITAT

BLUE WHALE

Classification Mammal Location Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Ecuador, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Namibia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, United Kingdom, United States and Uruguay.

Population 5000 to 12000 Cause Pollution, Overfishing

JACKASS PENGUIN

Classification Mammal Location South-western coast of Africa Population About 55000 Cause Sea pollution, penguin eggs are considered as delicacy, and commercial fisheries and global clinate made their food scarce.

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WILDLIFE AND ITS HABITAT

BACTRIAN CAMEL

Classification Mammal Location China, Mongolia Population Approx. 950 Cause They are killed annually for subsistence use. And they are preyed by wolves due to the depleting of oases in the desert.

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WILDLIFE AND ITS HABITAT

POLAR BEAR

Classification Mammal Location Arctic circle Population 20000 to 25000 Cause Pollution, oil & gas development

SNOW LEOPARD

Classification Mammal Location Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan Population 4080 to 6590 Cause Loss of habitat and loss of orey base, poaching and persecution.

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WILDLIFE AND ITS HABITAT

PHILIPPINE EAGLE

Classification Birds Location Philippines Population 180 to 500 Cause Forest destruction and fragmentation, through commercial timber extraction and shifting cultivation.

SIBERIAN TIGER

Classification Mammal Location Mainly in Eastern Russia, and a few in Northeastern China Population 350 – 450 Cause Poaching, loss of habitat

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WILDLIFE AND ITS HABITAT

MOUNTAIN GORILLA

Classification Mammal Location Arctic circle Population 20000 to 25000 Cause Pollution, oil & gas development

BROWN KIWI

Classification Bird Location New Zealand Population Less than 80% Cause Introduction of non native predators.

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WILDLIFE AND ITS HABITAT

PRZEWALSKI HORSE

Classification Mammal Location Mongolia Population 1500 Cause Cultural and political change, climate change, hunting, military activities.

HIROLA

Classification Mammal Location Kenya, Somalia Population Less than 400 Cause Hunting, disease, drought, habitat loss, and competition with livestock.

BLACK RHINO

Classification Mammal Location Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, United Republic of Zimbabwe, Zambia Population Less than 4800 Cause Illegal poaching of horns 34

WILDLIFE AND ITS HABITAT

AFRICAN ELEPHANT

Classification Mammal Location East, South and West Africa Population 470000 to 690000 Cause Poaching of ivory and meat, Loss of habitat (in Central Africa.)

CHINESE GIANT SALAMANDER Classification Amphibian Location Central, south-western and southern China Population declined over 80% Cause Loss of habitat, pollution, over collecting (as ingredient for traditional medicine.)

CUBAN CROCODILE

Classification Reptile Location Cuba Population 4000 Cause Illicit hunting and hybridization with native American Crocodiles 35

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mulwane, M. (n.d) Percentage of endangered animals in continents. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/ facts_6932749_percentage-endangered-animals-continents.html Save your planet, save your life (2011, April 5) When endangered animals become extinct – the impacton human life. Retrieved from http://www.sosyourlife.com/endangered-animals/endangered-animalsextinct-impact-human-life Koppel, H. L. (2003, January 5) The gray wolf. Retrieved from http://www.wildlifewatchers.org/esReports/report45.html Koppel, H. L. (2002, July 1) Ivory-billed woodpecker. Retrieved from http://www.wildlifewatchers.org/ esReports/report29.html Kurpis, L (2002) Facts about endangered species. Retrieved from http://www.endangeredspecie.com/ Interesting_Facts.htm Animal Fast Facts (n.d) Did you know? Retrieved from http://didyouknow.org/fastfacts/animals/ Quinn, R. (2011, November 9) Zulus urged to switch to fake fur. Newser. Retrieved from http://www. newser.com/story/132898/zulus-urged-to-switch-to-fake-fur.html Aaron (2010, November 21) Wild tigers could be extinct in 12 years. Newser. Retrieved from http://www. newser.com/story/105863/wild-tigers-could-become-extinct-in-12-years.html The Siberian tiger (n.d) Tigers in Crisis. Retrieved from http://tigersincrisis.com/siberian_tiger.htm 13 simple things you can do to avoid harming wildlife. (n.d) Wildlife Haven. Retrieved from http://wildlifehaven.tripod.com/13simple.htm WWF Global. http://wwf.panda.org/ 36