Jane's Light Tanks and Armoured Cars by Dellvzla

JANE'S LIGHT TANKS AND

ARMOURED CARS

JANE'S LIGHTTANKS AND ARMOURED CARS Christopher . EFoss

JANE'S

Copyrig ht © C hri sto ph er F Foss 1984 Firs t publis hed in th e United Kingdo m in 1984 by J a ne' s Pub lishin g Compa ny Limited 238 C it y roa d , Lond on CCIV 2PU ISB"lO 7 10603223

All ri ghts rese rved. No pan of thi s publi ca tion may be reproduced , s tored in a re tri eva l syste m , lrans mitted in a ny form by a ny mea ns

elee tri Gll , mec han ica l or ph otoco pi ed , reco rd ed Ol oth crwi sc with o ut prior permi ss io n of th e publish er. T ypesc lling by D. P. M edi a Limited , H itchin , H enford s hirc Printed in th e Unit ed Kingdom by Biddies Ltd , C uildford , Su rrey

Introduction

While Ma in Ba ttl e T a nks a re th e bac kbone of a ll th e Europea n co untri es as well as ma ny co untri es in th e Middle East a nd elsewhere, lig ht ta nks a nd a rm o ured ca rs pl aya vita l role in providing th e M ain Ba ttl e Ta nks with deta il ed inform ation on th e streng th , pos iti on a nd future direc ti on of movement of enemy fo rces so th a t fri endl y units ca n be used to th eir bes t ad va ntage. In NATO so me of th e roles traditi ona ll y und erta ken by lig ht ta nks a nd a rm oured ca rs a re now being suppl emented by oth er· surve illa nce systems such as helicopters, remotely pil oted ve hi cles (RPVs), long-ra nge rada rs a nd oth er se nso rs (both g ro und a nd a ir), sa tellites, electroni c intellige nce a nd so on. But as th ese a re in so me cases susce ptibl e to enemy co unterm eas ures , lig ht ta nks a nd arm oured ca rs still have a vita l role to pl ay bo th now a nd in th e futur e. There a re co nsidera ble differences within NATO on th e types a nd role of reco nn a issa nce vehicles. Fo r exa mpl e th e Wes t Germ a n Arm y uses th e Luchs (8 x 8) a mphibious vehicle whi ch is a rm ed with a 20 m m ca nnon while th e United Kingd om a nd Belgium bot h use the Alvis Scorpi o n CVR(T ) with a 76 mm g un . T he F rench use bo th th e Panha rd AML-90 lig ht a rm oured ca r a nd th e EBR (8 x 8) heavy a rm oured ca r, both of whi ch have a 90 mm g un. T he EBR, whose design can be traced back to before th e Seco nd World Wa r, is now being repl aced by th e A M X-IORC (6 x 6) a mphibio us vehi cle with a 105 mm g un a nd a n adva nced fire co ntrol sys tem incorpora ting a lase r ra ngefind er, computer a nd low lig ht level television simila r to th a t being fitted to th e la tes t produ cti on A M X-30 B2 Ma in Ba ttl e Tanks. The U nited Sta tes used the M I 14 co mm a nd a nd reconn a issa nce ca rri er a nd the M 55 1 Sherid a n lig ht ta nk in th e reco nn a issa nce ro le. T he form er has now been withdraw n from se rvice while th e la tter rema ins in se rvice with o nl y one ba tta lion based in the U nited Sta tes a nd a tt ached to th e 82nd Airborn e Division. I n pl ace of the M I 14 a nd M 55 1, M60 seri es MBTs a nd M 11 3 APCs have been used , alth ough a modifi ed version of th e M 2 Bradl ey Infa ntry Fig hting Vehicle, th e M 3 Cava lry Fig hting Vehi cle, is now being produ ced for th e cavalry sco ut role. In th e Soviet U ni o n th e PT-76 lig ht a mphibio us ta nk has bee n replaced in ma ny units by specia lised ve rsio ns of th e BMP-I MI C V but th e BRD M-2 (4 x 4) a rm o ured amphibious sco ut ca r is still widely used for reconn a issa nce. The chass is of th e BRDM-2 has a lso become th e bas is for a complete fa mil y of specia lised vers io ns incl ud ing a nti-ta nk guided missile ca rri ers, co mm a nd vehicles, the SA-9 Gas kin surface-to-air missil e sys tem a nd a NBC reco nn a issance vehicle. A new scout car/arm oured ca r is ex pected to enter servi ce in th e future a nd this will pro ba bl y be a 6 x 6 model with grea ter mobility tha n th e current BRD M -2. As menti oned previously, th e lig ht ta nk has a lmos t fad ed away in th e United States Arm y but th e form a ti on of th e Rapid Deploy ment Force (now Centra l Comm a nd ) has o nce again a wa kened interes t in this type of vehicle as th e M I Abrams MBT is too heavy to be q ui ckl y a irlifted to troubl e spots in th e Middle E as t a nd elsew here in th e required numbers. None of th ese lig ht ta nks a re ye t in se rvice a lthoug h

inform a ti o n a nd photog raphs of so me of th e vehicl es und er consid era tion are given in th e text where thi s inform a ti on has bee n released. This boo k provid es a deta iled descripti on of eac h lig ht ta nk a nd a rm o ured ca r a nd its va ri a nts, full tec hni cal specifi cati o n, list of use r co untri es, current s ta tus a nd ma nufacturer. Eac h vehicl e is, wh ere possible, a lso provided with a side draw ing (a ll to a scale of 1/76 th ), selec ti o n of pho togra phs of th e basic ve hi cle a nd where a pplica ble, some of th e va ri a nts as we ll. I n ad d ition to describing th e light ta nks a nd reco nn a issa nce vehicles th a t a re alread y in se rvice, cove rage is a lso given of so me of th e future vehi cles und er stud y or d evelopment wh ere this inform a ti on has been released . Lig ht ta nks a nd arm oured cars tha t were developed during th e Second World Wa r a nd a re s till in se rvice today, s uch as th e Ameri ca n M 3 1ig ht ta nk a nd th e M8/ M 20 lig ht a rm oured ca r ha ve bee n excluded. There is however a n entry on th e M24 C haffee lig ht ta nk as this has been moderni sed by Norway a nd this co nversi on is still being offe red. In recent years th ere has been a trend to desig n vehicl es th a t ca n be used for a number of different roles s uch as a rm oured ca r a nd / or a rm oured personn el ca rri er, a ltho ug h in so me cases th e end res ult has bee n a vehi cle th at can effec tively ca rry o ut neith er of th ese co nfli cting requirements. In this volume only th e multi-mission Arrow po inte Dragoo n 300 (4 x 4) a nd th e Cadill ac Gage V-I 50 (4 x 4) a nd V- 300 (6 x 6) Comm a nd o se ri es ha ve been includ ed. Some of th e vehicl es included in thi s vo lum e, such as th e British Alvis Sco rpi o n C omba t Vehicl e Reco nn a issan ce (Tracked ) a nd Fox Comba t Vehicl e Reco nn aissa nce (Wheeled ) ha ve bee n developed specifica ll y to mee t th e requirements of th e na ti o nal arm y. Others, fo r exa mpl e th e Cadill ac Gage V-1 50 a nd V- 300, Pa n ha rd ERC a nd Rena ult VBC -90 have bee n developed with compa ny fund s specificall y for th e ex port ma rket, a ltho ug h in so me cases th e home a rm y has end ed up adopting th ese vehicles to mee t a specia l require ment th a t has rise n over a s hort peri od of tim e a nd wh ere insuffi cient fundin g has been a va il a ble to design a new vehi cle fro m scra tch. I n th e 1950s a nd 1960s mos t a rm oured ca rs we re a rm ed wi th a rela tively small calibre wea pon s uch as a 20 mm ca nno n or heavier wea pons in th e 76 to 90 mm ra nge th a t fir ed H EAT or HE a mmunition. In th e las t few yea rs however th ere . has been dra mati c ad va nces in both g un a nd a mmuniti o n tec hn ology a nd new ge nera ti o n 90 mm wea pons, s uch as th e French G I AT Super 90 a nd th e eve n newer Cockerill Mk VII ca n fir e a rm o ur-pi ercing finsta bilised discarding sa bot (APFSDS ) th a t is ca pa ble of defea ting th e a rm our of fir st ge nera ti on ta nks a nd penetrating th e sides a nd rear of seco nd genera ti o n ta nks as we)!. The Ameri can ARES 75 mm cannon, now in its fin a l stages of develo pment has already bee n insta ll ed in th e AAI Ra pid D eploy ment Force Lig ht T a nk a nd th e Hig h Surviva bility T es t Vehi cle (Lightweig ht ) can fire a t the ra te of one round a second until its a mmunition is exhausted a nd infli ct severe d a mage on ta nks. 5

T he Wes t G erm a n Rh einm eta ll 105 mm Super Low Recoil g un an d th e new Royal Ordnance Facto ry Notting ham L7 105 mm with new recoil system, neither of which a re in produ ction yet, can fi re s ta nd a rd 105 mm ta nk gun am munition, including A PFS DS ro und s th a t a re ca pa ble of knocking o ut a ll but th e la tes t MBTs a nd th ese wea pons ca n be insta lled on ve hi cles with a co mbat we ig ht of 20 tonn es or und er. Such a vehicle, for exa mple th e MOWAG Sha rk wou ld have th e same fir epowe r as th e Leo pard I , M60, M I a nd A MX- 30 MBTs but have better mo bility because of its hi g her power-to-weig ht ra ti o, g rea ter stra tegic mobility beca use it is wheeled rat her than tracked , but of co urse thinn er a rm ou r protec ti on. Most peopl e wou ld agree th a t the la tter, to so me exte nt a t leas t, i · offse t by its mobility. Th ere have a lso bee n major adva nces in fir e con trol systems a nd nig ht vision equipm ent. Mos t lig ht ta nks a nd a rm oured ca rs today a re ava il ab le with ve ry simple fire co ntrol systems right up to more co mpl ex sys tems with a co mputer, laser rangefind er, powered co ntrols and a stabilisati o n syste m enablin g th em to engage both sta tionary a nd moving ta rge ts with a hig h first ro und hit probability . [n mos t cases th e basic chass is of th e a rm oured car, or its a utomoti ve co mponents, can be ad op ted for a wide range of other roles so enab ling th e user to have a co mplete fami ly of vehicles a ll using comm on co mponents with substanti a l savings in training , spare pa rts a nd operating cos ts . Many co mpanies ha ve designed a rmoured ca rs th a t have co mmon co mpo nents with a rmoured perso nn el ca rri ers, for exa mpl e th e Pa nh a rd A ML armo ured car sha res 95 pe r ce nt of its a utom otive com ponents with M3 A PC, th e ENGESA EE-9 Cascavel a rm oured ca r sha res ma n y co mponents with th e

EE-ll Urutu armoured personnel carri er and th e Renault VBC-90 armoured car shares ma ny common components with th e VAB family originall y developed to mee t th e req uirements of th e French Army . Virtuall y a ll current light tanks and armoured cars a re ava ilab le with wide range of optional equipm ent such as passive night vision equipment, air cond ition ing system, NBC kit, amphibious capability, navigation system a nd various armament installations to name but a few. These a ll help to kee p the price of th e basic vehicle as low as possibl e a nd at the same time enable th e customer to selec t onl y that op ti onal equipm ent that he reall y needs. Often this equipment is refi tted at a later date. Vehicles can also be upgunned to mee t a cha nging threat, for exampl e the Alvis Scorpion was ori gina ll y introduced with a 76 mm gun but is now availabl e with th e more potent 90 mm Cockerill Mk 1[[ weapon. The M41 light tank was originall y a rm ed with a 76 mm g un but more recently AA I have developed APFSDS a mmunition for this weapon while Cockerill ca n offer th eir 90 mm Mk IV gun as a retrofit package. The a uthor would like to take this opport unity of thanking th e ma ny companies, armies and individuals who have provided ma terial for this book. Information a nd photogra phs for rev ised editions should be forward ed to the a uthor via th e publis her.

Christopher F Foss M ay 1984

ARGENTINA Vehiculo de Apoyo y Exploraci6n The French companies of Pa nhard and Rena ult have each built prototypes of a 6 X 6 a rm o ured vehicle to meet the requireI!)ents of th e Argentinian Army under th e d es ignation of the Vehiculo de Apoyo y Exploracion (VA PE). Both of these were fitted with a French SAMM TTB 190 turret armed with a GIAT 90 mm CS 90 F4 gu n with a coaxia l 7.62 mm machine gun. The weapons have a n elevation of + 15 degrees and a depression of -8 degrees with turre t traverse a full 360 degrees. Three types of turret power drive can be fitted, electric, hydrau lic or electro-hydra ulic. A total of 23 rounds of90 mm and 2000 ro unds of7.62 mm a mmunition a re carri ed. Optional eq uipment includes replacement of th e coaxia l 7.62 mm machine gu n by a 12.7 mm mac hine g un , installation of a 7.62 mm a nti-a ircraft machine g un , various fire control systems, lase r rangefinder and night vision equipment. I t is believed that th e prototype selected for production wi ll be ma nufa ctured und er licence in Argentina . Us ing the sa me components both companies have a lso designed a n armoured personnel carri er des ignated th e Vehicu lo Ar mado Exploracion (VAE).

SAMMTIB 19090 mm two-man turret armed with GIATTS90 mm

es 90 F4 gun which fires the same ammunition as the GIATTS 90 turret fitted to the Panhard ERe 90 F4 Sagaie armoured car

Status: Prototypes.

AUSTRIA Jagdpanzer SK 105 Light Tank/Tank Destroyer Development The J agdpa nzer SK 105, also ni ckn amed th e Kiirassier, was developed from 1965 by Saurer- Werke which was taken over in 1970 by th e Steyr-Daiml er-Pu ch company, a nd is based o n a redesigned chassis of th e Saurer APC. The SK 105 was developed to provide the Austrian Army with a n independent anti-tank weapon for difficult terra in. The first prototype was completed in 1967 with the second followin g in 1969. Five pre-production vehicles were completed in 1971 and since th en 150 production ve hicles have bee n built for the Austr ian Army and over 250 for export to seven co untries. Description The hull of the SK 105 is welded steel and is divid ed into three compa rtm ents: driver's at th e front, fighting in th e centre and th e engin e a t th e rea r. The SK 105 is immune to 20 mm armour-piercing rounds over its frontal a rc. The driver is seated at th e front of the vehicle on th e left and is provided with a single-pi ece ha tch cover th a t opens to the left. There are three periscopes forward of hi s ha tch cover and in wet weather a small windscreen with a wiper can be fitted. Ammunition and th e vehicle's batteri es a re stowed to the right of the driver. The Steyr turretJT I mo unted in th e centre of th e vehicle is derived from th e FL- 12 bui lt by"Fives-Cai l Babcock of France and assembled in Austria with a number of improvements. The osci lla ting turret is simila r to th a t fitted to some me m-

bers of th e AMX- 13 light ta nk fa mily a nd th e Brazilia n ENGESA EE- 17 Sucuri (6 x 6) tank des troyer. The comma nder is seated on th e left of th e turret an d th e gun ner on th e right. The commander is provided with seven perisco pes, a periscopic sight with alternatively X 1.6 magnifi cation a nd a 28-degree fie ld of view or a X 7.5 magnifi cation and a 9-degree fi eld of view, and a single-piece hatch cover that swivels to open. The gunner has two observation periscopes, a telescopic sight with a magnifi cati on of X8 and an 8.5degree fie ld of view a nd a one-piece lifting a nd swivelling ha tch cover. Due to th e design of the oscill a ting turret all sights are a lways linked to th e main a nd secondary a nnament. For engaging targets a t night a n infra-red periscopic sight with a magnification of X6 and a 7-degree fi eld of view is provided for th e co mmander. A T C V 29 laser ra ngefi nd er (ra nge of 400 to 5000 metres) mounted on the roof of th e turret is surm ounted by a n XSW-30-U 950-watt infra-red/ white lig ht searchlight. A fi xed fan in the turret draws out fumes when th e main or seconda ry armament is fired . The engine and transmission a re at the rear of th e vehicle and the engine compartm en t is fitt ed with a fire ex tinguisher which can be operated by hand or a utomaticall y. When flam es enter th e suction part th e intake pipe is closed a nd air is th en drawn in from th e crew compa rtm ent. The engine permanently drives an oil pump with a variable output linked to a hydrau lic motor acting on the dilferential which controls the tracks. By acting on th e steering gea r and th e speed or th e engine th e driver can co ntinuously adjust th e speed ra tio of both tracks. All· turnin g radi i can thus be obtained until pivoting on the spot occurs with both tracks turning in an opposite direction a t the same speed. Since this system needs no ac tion from th e brakes, the whole

Jagdpanzer SK 105 Iight tank/tank destroyer power produced by the engine is constantly available at the tracks. The main brakes of th e SK 105 are hydra ulic, footoperated. The torsion bar suspension consists of five dual rubbertyred road wheels with th e drive sprocket at the rear and th e idler at th e front. There are three track return roll ers and th e first and las t road wheel stations have hydraulic shock absorbers. The vehicle has tracks with rubber blocks, each track having 78 links. Steel spikes can be fi tted for operations in ice and snow. The SK 105 has individual NBC protection and a diesel oil heater is fitted as standard on all models. The SK 105 is not amphibious but can ford to a depth of one metre. The 105 mm gun, designated th e CN-I05-57, fires the following types of spin-stabilised fixed ammunition: HE with the complete round weighing 18.5 kg with a muzzle velocity of 700 metres per second ; HEAT with the complete round weighing 17.3 kg with a muzzle velocity of 800 metres per second and a maximum effective range of2700 metres which wi ll penetrate 360 mm of armour at an incidence of 0 degrees or 150 mm of armour at an incidence of 65 degrees, and smoke with the complete round weighing 19. I kg and a muzzle velocity of 695 metres per second. As the projectiles are identical to thos e of the AMX-30 MBT th e SK 105 therefore has the same kill probability. The SK 105 has also been tested with th e West German Lemstar tank fire-control system. The 105 mm gun is fed from two revolver type magaz ines in th e turret bustle, one in either side and each holding six rounds of ammunition. Once th e gun is fired th e empty cartridge cases are ejected out of th e r ear of th e turret through a trapdoor hinged on the left. A rate offire of one round every five seconds can be achieved until the two magazines are empty. Once empty the magazines have to be refi lled by ha nd from outside th e ta nk. A gun barrel travelling lock is fitted at the front of th e hull a nd this folds back onto th e glacis plate when not in use. Mounted coaxiall y to the right of th e main a rmament is a 7.62 mm MG 74 (Steyr) machine gun and fitted on either side of th e turret are three smoke discha rge rs . Variants

KOrassier II

Jagdpanzer SK 105 lig ht tank/tank destroyer with laser rang efinder and infra-red/white searchlight

Jagdpanzer SK 105 with turret hatches open (Christopher F Foss) and th e laser ra ngefinder will automatically provid e data for the computer. Mounted externally above the 105 mm gun is a pass ive night vision camera with a tv screen connected to the calculator to indicate the aiming point on th e screen wi th the lateral speed of the target taken from th e traverse speed of the turret. The turret front has improved ballistic protection. Overall height of the Ki.irassier II is 2.514 metres and firing height is 1.95 metres. ,.

In 1978 Steyr-Daimler-Puch completed the prototype of th e Ki.irassier II which has a fully stabilised upper turret including the seats for the commander and gunner, ballistic cal- Greif Armoured Recovery Vehicle culator with sensors for air press ure, humidity, cross wind, The first prototype of the Greif ARV was completed in 1974 temperature of propellant and barrel wear. Ballisti c da ta for with production beginning in 1976/77. The chassis is identitwo types of ammunition can be inserted into the computer cal to th e SK 105 but a new superstructure has been built at

Jagdpanzer SK 105 with spent 105 mm cartridge case being ejected from turret bustle

Greif armoured recovery vehicle in travelling configuration (Austrian Army) 10

Prototype of KOrassier II showing redesigned turret front and passive tv camera above main armament

SPECIFICATIONS CREW COMBAT WE IGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO GROUND PRESSURE LENGTH GUN FORWARDS LENGTH HULL WIDTH WIDTH OVER TRACKS HEIGHT (to top of commander's cupo la) (to hull top) FIRING HEIGHT GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK TRACK WIDTH LENGTH OF TRACK ON GROUND MAX SPEED 1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear 4th gear 5th gear 6th gear

reverse FUEL CAPACITY

3 17500 kg 18.28 hp/tonne

0.68 kg /e m' 7.763 m 5.582 m 2.5 m 2.5 m

2.529 m 1.413 m 1.965 m 0.4 m 2.12 m 380 mm

MAX RANGE FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TREN CH TURNING RADIUS ENGINE

AUX ILIARY ENGINE TRANSMISS I6N

STEER IN G CLUTCH

3.037 m 6.82 km/h 11.96 km/h 19.09 km/h 29.93 km/h 46.39 km/h 65.34 km/h 7.36 km/h 400litres

SUSPENSION ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPMENT

Status: In production. In service in Argentina (in 1978-79 70 SK 105s were delivered. In mid-1981 the Austrian government approved an export licence for the sale of5 7 SK lOSs worth, with spare parts and ammunition, about £90 million. In 1982 it was reported th at Argentina had placed an order for an additional 225 vehicles) , Austria, Bolivia, Morocco,

520 km 1m 75% 40 % 0.8 m 2.41 m 8.5 m in 1st gear Steyr 7FA 6-cylinder liquid-cooled 4-stroke turbo-charged diesel developing 320 hp at 2300 rpm

none ZF manual with 6 forward and 1 reverse gears hydrostatic split torque type F and S single dry-plate torsion bar 24 V 2 x 12 V, 180 Ah

x 105 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG

AMMUN ITION (main) (coaxial) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control By commander By gunner Max rate power

44 2000 hydrauli c/manual yes yes

traverse 360° in 12-15 s Gun elevation/depression + 12°1- 8° Maximum power elevationl depression 4.5° to 5° Commander's override Commander's firecontrol override Gun stabiliser (vertical) (horizontal) ARMO UR Hull front Hull sides Hull top Hul l rear Turret front Turret sides Turret top

second yes yes no no 25 mm 15mm 8 mm 15 mm 40 mm 20 mm 10mm

3 smoke dischargers either side of turret

and Tunisia. Chile placed an order for the SK 105 but this was subsequently stopped by the Austrian Government.

Manufacturer: Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG , Werke Wien, A-I III Vienna, Austria.

Engineer Tank 4KH7FA-Pi in travelling configuration with dozer blade raised and hydraulic arm with bucket stowed to rear

Pionier Engineer Vehicle The Pionier vehicle is designa ted the Engin eer Tank 4KH 7FA - Pi (Pionier pa nze r) and has the same hull a nd chass is as th e Greif ARV. I t has a new winch with a capacity of8000 kg and is fi tted with a larger dozer blade at the front of th e hull. O n the right side of th e hull, where the crane on the ARV is situa ted , is a hydra ulically operated excavator. At present this ve hicle is a t th e prototype stage. Loaded weight is 19 000 kg and it has a crew of four.

Driver Training Vehicle This is called th e 4KH7F A - FA (Fahrschulpanzer) an d is based on th e chassis of th e SK 105. Each SK 105 is convertible into a d river training vehicle within two ho urs.

OAF Armoured Car Training version of Jagdpanzer SK 105, the FA (Fahrschulpanzer)

th e front of th e vehicle to the right of which is mounted a hydra ulic crane with a max imum lifting capacity of 6000 kg. The crane is provided with 42 metres of cable a nd its j ib can be extended fro m its norma l length of3 metres to 3.9 metres. The main winch, with a capacity of 20 000 kg, is mounted in th e lower pa rt of th e hull a nd is led out through th e front. Mounted a t th e front of th e hull is a hydra ulicall y-operated blade which can be used for dozing or stabilising th e vehicle when th e winch is being used . Full designa tion of this vehicle is the Armoured Recovery Vehicle 4K-7FA, SB 20 (Bergepa nzer G reif). Loaded weight is 19 800 kg and it has a crew of four: driver, commander and two mechanics. 12

Development/Description O AF and G raf and Stift have developed to the prototype stage a 6 X 6 a mphibious reconnaissance vehicle whi c;:h is based on th e chassis and a utomoti ve components of th e OAF Type 20.320 (6 x 6) 10000 kg cargo tr uck, 350 have been delivered to the Austria n Ar my. The hull of the vehicle is of all-welded steel construction with th e d rive r a t th e front, fi ghting compartment in the. centre and th e engine and transm ission at th e rear. An entry door is provided in each side of the vehicle between th e first a nd second ax les. The ar mour provides protection from 20 mm projectiles over its frontal arc and 12.7 mm proj ectiles on its sides. T he prototype is however of mild steel.

The fiv e-ma n crew consists of th e driver, comma nd er , gu nner a nd two infa ntrymen who can dismount from th e vehicle to carry out th eir reco nnaissance duties . The prototype has been fitt ed with a n Oerlikon two-ma n GDD-BOE power operated turre t armed with a 35 mm Oerlikon KO E a utomatic cannon, 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun a nd smoke dis cha rge rs . The vehicle is fully a mphibious being propelled in the water by two propellers a t the rear of th e hull. Before entering th e wa ter a trim va ne is erected at th e front of th e vehicle, this folds back onto th e glacis plate when not req uired .

Variants

Command Vehicle (4 x 4) with a max imum crew of six a rmed with a 12.7 mm machine g un .

Armoured Personnel Carrier (6 x 6) with a total crew of ten a rm ed wit h a 12.7 mm machine g un .

Reconnaissance Vehicle (6 x 6) with a total crew of fiv e, fitted with vario us turrets including th e Oerlikon-Buhrle GDD-BOE 35 mm or a two-man turret armed with a 90 mm gun a nd a rope winch with a ca pacity of 8000 kg. This model would be full y a mphibio us. An 8 X 8 model is also proj ected . BRIEF SPECIFICATIONS

COMBAT WEIGHT MILITARY PAYLOAD ENGINE MAXIMUM SPEED GRADIENT

4 x 4 model 6 x 6 model 8 x 8 model 14 000 kg 18 000 kg 28 000 kg 2500 kg 5000 kg 12 000 kg MAN D 2538 MT V-8 d iesel developing 320 bhp at 2500 rpm 90 to 110 km/h 90 to 110 km/h 90 to 110 km/h adhesi on lim it up to 70%

Status: Prototype. Manufacturers: Graf a nd Stift AG, Brunner Strasse 72 , A-1 2 11 Vienna , Austria. OAF AG , Brunner Strasse 72, A-1 2 1 I, Vienna, Austri a.

Engineer Vehicle (6 x 6) fitted with a n O erliko n 20 mm turret model GADAOA, max imum crew of8 a nd a rope winch with a capacity of 8000 kg. This model wou ld be fully am phibio us.

Prototype of OAF (6 x 6) armoured car fitted with Oerlikon GDD-BOE two-man turret

BELGIUM FN 4RM/62F AB Light Armoured Car Development The F 4RM/6 2F AB light armoured car was developed by Fabrique Nationale of H erstal to meet th e requirements of the B~ l gi ah Gendarmeri e and is based on th e chassis of th e FN 4RM/ 62 Ardennes (4 X 4) 1500 kg truck. The first prototype was completed in 1962 with the second following in 1965. Between 1971 and 1972 62 production vehicles were built. Fa brique Na tionale is no longer in volved in th e development or producti on of armoured vehicles or tru cks.

rear. The commander has eight peris copes and the gunner has three plus an optical sight linked to th e main armament. Turret traverse is electric, two-sp eed (fast and slow) with manual controls for emergency use. The engine compartment at th e rear of th e hull is eq uipped with an automa ti c fire- extinguishing system. Standard Machine gun and mortar model of FN 4RM/62F AB light armoured car

Description The hull of the vehicle is all- welded steel with the driver seated at the front in th e centre. The driver is provided with a single-piece ha tch cover that opens upwa rds, in th e top of which are three periscopes and in th e lower part a bulletproof window with an armoured cover. T here is a single door in each side of th e hull ; th e door on th e right is fitted with a rectangula r observation port. The all-welded turret is in th e centre of th e hull with th e gunner on th e left and the commander, who also acts as loader, on th e right. Both the comma nder and gunner are provid ed with a single-piece hatch cover th a t opens to th e 90 mm gun model of FN 4RM/62F AB light armoured car with driver's hatch open

equ ipm ent includes an NBC system, searchlights for both th e comm and er a nd gunn er, a nd cha nnels for crossin g ditches carried on th e rea r of the turret (on 90 mm gun mode l only). The vehicle has no night vision equipment a nd has no a mphibio us ca pa bility.

second a nd a maximum effecti ve ra nge of 1800 metres. A 7.62 mm M AG mac hine g un is mounted coaxia ll y to th e rig ht of th e ma in a rm a ment and a sim il ar wea pon pin tl emounted in fro nt of th e comma nder's cupola is used for a nti-aircraft defence. Mounted on eith er side of th e turret a t th e rea r a re six electri call y-operated smoke d ischargers.

Variants

Machine Gu n and Mortar Model 90 mm Gun Model This varia nt" is a rm ed with a 90 mm CAT l gun which fir es two types of am munition, HEAT a nd shra pnel. The HEAT round weighs 3.5 kg and has a muzzle velocity of640 metres a second a nd a n effecti ve ra nge of 1000 metres. The shra pnel round weighs 5.1 kg, has a muzzle velocity of 330 metres a

SPECIFICATIONS (data in brackets relate to 90 mm gun model where th is dillers fro m th e machine gun model) CREW 3 4 x 4 CONFIGURATI ON LOADED WEIGHT 8800 kg (8000 kg) WEI GHT ON FRONT AXLE (loaded) 3800 kg (3350 kg) WEI GHT ON REAR AXLE (loaded) 5000 kg (4 650 kg) POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATI O 14.77 hp/tonQe ( 16.25 hp/tonne) LENGTH GUN FORWARDS 4.5 m (5.42 m) LENGTH HULL 4.5 m WIDTH ' 2.26 m HEIGHT (overal l) 2.37 m (2.52 m) GROUND CLEARANCE 0.324 m TRACK 1.62 m WHEELBASE 2.45 m ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE 50'/37' MAX SPEED (road) 110 km/h ACC ELERATI ON (0 - 80 km/h) 65 s 180 litres FUE L CAPACITY MAX ROAD RANGE (at 80 km/h) 600 km

FORDING GRADIENT TURN ING RADIUS ENGINE

This model is ar med with twin 7..62 mm MAG mac hine g uns a nd a 60 mm breech-l oaded morta r which can be eleva ted se pa ra tely or in pa rallel. It is not fitted with a n a nti-aircra ft machine gun a nd the smoke dis cha rgers a re towards th e front rather than th e rear of th e turret as in th e case of th e 90 mm g un model.

Um 60 %

6m FN 652 6-cyli nder in-line OHV petrol developing 130 hp at 3500 rpm man ual with 4 forwa rd and 1

TRAN SMISSION TRANSFER CASE STEERING CLUTCH SUSPENSION

reverse gears 2-speed worm and twin finge r

single dry pla te longitud ina l leaf sp ri ngs wi th double-action hydrau lic

shock absorbers front and rear 9.00 x 20

TYRES BRAKES (main)

drum on all whee ls, dual

(parking) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) (anti-ai rcraft)

Status: Prod ucti on complete, In service onl y with the Belgia n Gend arm eri e. It is reported th e Uruguay has ta ken delivery of a small number of F N 4RM/6 2 AB light a rm oured cars.

circuit. servo-assisted hand brake acting on propeller sha ft 24 V 4 x 12 V, 50 Ah

SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPMENT

2 x 6 smoke di schargers

AMMU NITION (main) 46 (40) 4830 (3680) (machine gun) (smoke g renades) 36 FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control

e lect ric/manual

By commander By gunner

yes (fast only) yes

Gun eleva ti onl depression

+55' (MGs) /- 10' (+27'/- 12')

+75' (mortar)I- 10' Gun stabi li se r

(vertica l) (horizontal) ARM OUR

no no 6.5-13 mm

1 x 60 mm ( 1 x 90 mm) 2 x 7.62 mm MG (1 x 7.62mm MG) none (1 x 7.62 mm MG)

Manufacturer: Fabrique Nationa le H ersta l SA, B-4400 H erstal, Belgium .

BRAZIL X1 A1 Light Tank Development In the earl y 1970s th e Bern a rdini company of Sao Pau lo reb uilt two M 3A I light tanks for th e Braz il ia n Arm y. Technical control of th e project was und er the direction of th e Brazilia n Army Research a nd Development Cent re, The modifi cations included replaci ng th e armour above the tracks by new sloped armour provided by th e Bisell i company, replacement of th e origina l Ameri can petrol engine by a six-cylinder Saab-Scania di esel developing 280 bhp, new volute suspensio n designed by th e Novatracao compa ny, new turret with a French DEFA D-92 1A 90 Fl 90 mm g un as fitt ed to th e Pa n ha rd AML (4 x 4) a nd other light AFVs,

a nd a fire- co ntrol syste m design ed by the D F Vasconcelos compa ny. Following tri a ls with th e two prototypes th e Brazilia n Army placed a n ord er for 80 M3A I Stuart lig ht ta nks to be rebuilt to th e new standard , which were subseq uently d elivered to the Cavalry Regiments under the designat ion X I A. The vehicle weighs 15 000 kg, has a road range of450 km a nd can ford to a depth of one met re without prepa ra tion. The X I A was followed by th e Carcara, or X I A I. This is essenti all y a stretched X I A with a n add itional volute spring suspension gro up, additi onal return wheel a nd a new tension wheel each side. E ngin e a nd turret a re th e same as fitted to the ea rlier X I A ta nk. Trials with the X I A I we re comple ted in 1977/78 but th e 15

X1A light tanks awaiting delivery to Brazilian Army

Braz ilian Army did not place an order for th e vehicle and further development resu lted in th e X IA2 which is based on a new chassis rather than a rebuild of a n M 3A I chass is .

XLP-10 AVLB Following trials with prototype vehicles based on the X I A chass is, th e Braz ilia n Army ord ered ten production models based on the X I A I chassis. The aluminium a nd steel bridge is launc hed over the front of the vehicle, weig hs 2750 kg, can span a ga p of up to ten me tres a nd take a max imum load of 20000 kg.

X1A lig ht tank, essentially rebuilt M3A1 Stuart

SPECIFICATIONS (X1A 1) CREW WEIGHT GROUND PRESSURE LENGTH GUN FORWARDS LENGTH HULL WIDTH HEIGHT (10 hull lop) GROUND CLEARANCE MAX SPEED FUEL CONSUMPTI ON RANGE ROAD FORDING GRADIENT VERTICAL OBSTACLE ENG IN E ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) (anli-aircraff)

4 17 000 kg 0.55 kg/c m'

6.36 m 5.3 m 2.4 m 2.45 m

1.63 m 0.5 m 60 km/h 1.7 kmllilre 520 km 1.3 m

60% 0.8 m Saab-Scania di esel developing 280 hp

1 x 90 mm

x 7.62 mm MG 1 x 12.7 mm MG 1

XLF-40 Rocket Launcher Th is is based on the X I A I dlassis a nd carries three readyto-l a un ch XLF-40 surface-to-s urface rockets which ha ve a solid propellant moto r giving a maximum range of 25000 metres. For travelling th e missiles point towards the front a nd on a rrival at the fi ring position th e hydrau lic stabilisers a re lowered at the front a nd rear of the chass is. The launcher its elf has a traverse of about 90 degrees left a nd rig ht.

Status: X IA in service with th e Brazilian Army. XIAI producti on as req uired for ex port onl y. Manufacturer: Bernardini SI A Industria e Comercio, Rua Hipoli to Soares No 79, 04201 Sao Pa ulo, S P, Brazi l.

Prototype of XLP-10 AVLB in travelling config uration showing stabi lisi ng blade under vehicle's nose (Ronaldo S Olive)

X1 A2 Light Tank Development Following develop ment of the X I A light ta nk, essenti a ll y a modernised M 3A I Stuart light ta nk, Bern a rdini reb uilt two vehicles to a new standard known as th e X I A I whi ch is basicall y a n X I A with a n additional vo lute spring s uspensio n g ro up, ad ditio na l return wheel a nd a new tens ion wheel either side. Engine a nd turret a re th e same as th e X I A's. The Braz ilia n Army did not adopt this model but developm ent co ntinued a nd res ulted in th e X I A2 whi ch is simi lar to th e X I A I but is based on a new chass is in stead of a reb uilt M3A I Stuart a nd is now in production for the Brazi lia n Army as we ll as being offered for ex port. XLF-40 rocket launcher with stabilisers lowered front and rear

Description The hull of th e X I A2 is a ll welded with th e driver's co mpa rtm ent a t th e front , fig hting co mpartm ent in th e centre a nd th e eng ine at the rear. The dri ver is seated a t th e front of the hull on the left a nd is provided with a sing le-piece ha tch cover th a t opens to th e left. Mounted in fro nt of th e hatch cover a re three periscopes for observation when th e hatch cove r is closed. The all-welded turret is in the ce ntre of th e hull with th e co mm a nd er, who also acts as the loader, on the left a nd the g unner on th e rig ht. Both are provided with a sing le- piece cover that opens to th e rear. The co mm a nd er's cupola has fiv e obse rva tion periscopes a nd th e g unn er has three a nd a telescope linked to th e ma in a rm a ment. The ver ti cal volute suspension has three bogies eac h side each with two road wheels, with the dri ve sp rocket a t the front, idler at the rear a nd two tra ck return rollers. There is a

X1A2 light tank from rear showing turret bustle

X1A2 lig ht tank at speed with all hatches in open position with commander manning 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun

poss ibility th at la ter ve hicles will be fitted with to rsion bar suspension to imp rove cross-co untry mobi lity. Optio na l equipment includes a laser ra ngefi nder for th e ma in arma ment, fu ll ra nge of ni ght vision eq uipment a nd a n a ir-co nditi oning syste m. Prototype X IA2s had a French 0-92 1 g un as fitted to th e Pan ha rd AML-90 (4 x 4) ar moured car a nd earl y produ cti on ENGESA (6 X 6) Cascavel armoured ca rs but produ ctio n veli'i cles have a 90 mm Cockerill g un made und er licence in Braz il by ENGESA wh ich is also now fitted to current produ cti on Cascavel a rm oured cars. A 7.62 mm machine g un is mounted coaxia lly with the ma in armamen t a nd a 12.7 mm machine gun is mounted extern all y at th e comma nder's posi ti on for a nti-aircraft use. Three electri call y opera ted smoke d ischa rge rs a re mounted either side of"th e turret a t th e front.

X1 A2 light tank fitted with ENGESA-built 90 mm Cockerill gun SPECIFICATIONS

CREW COMBAT WEIGHT POWER·TO-WEIGHT RATIO GROUND PRESSURE LENGTH GUN FORWARDS LENGTH HULL WIDTH HEIGHT (to turret top) GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK WIDTH MAX SPEED (road , forwards) (road, reverse) (cross-country) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE (road) (cross-country)

3 19000kg 15.78 hp/tonne 0.63 kg /cm' 7.1 m 6.5 m 2.6 m 2.45 m 0.5 m 460 mm 55 km/h 15 km/h 30 km/h 600 litres 600 km 350 km

FUEL CONSU MPTION FORDING GRADIENT SI DE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE TRENCH TURNING RADIUS ENG INE

TRANSMISSION STEERING

SUSPENSION ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIER IES

llitl e/km 1.3 m 70% 30%

0.7 m 2.1 m 7m Saab-Scania model OS-II 6-cylinder water-cooled turbo-charged diesel developing 300 hp at 2200 rpm manual wi th 2 forward

and 1 reverse gears controlled differential. manual operated by hydraulic system vertica l volute 24 V 2 x 12 V

ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) (anti-aircraft) SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPMENT

1 x 90 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 1 x 12.7 mm MG

3 smoke discha rg ers either si de of turrel AMMUNITION (main) 66 (coaxial) 2500 750 (anti-aircraft) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM hydraulic/manual Turret power control manua l By commander By gunner hydr~ulic Max rate power

traverse Gun elevation/ depression Gun stabiliser (vertical) (horizontal)

360'in12s + 17'/ -8' no no

Status: In prod uctio n. In service with the Braz ilia n Army.

Manufacturer: Bern ard ini Sf A Industria e Comercio, Rua Hipolito Soares, No 79,04201, Sao Pa ul o, SP, Brazil.

ENGESA EE-9 Cascavel Armoured Car

Suiza) H 90 turret. Current production vehicl es have a new turret of Braz ilia n des ign mountin g a Braz ilia n 90 mm gun. T he EE-9 Cascavel sha res ma ny components with th e EE-II Urutu (6 x 6) armou red person nel carri er a nd many au tomoti ve components used in both vehicles a re s ta nd ard commercia l pa rts availab le worl d-w ide. The EE-9 Cascavel (6 x 6) ar mo ured car has been used in combat by th e Iraqi Army during the recent fig hting with I ra n where it has carri ed out the trad itional role of a rm oured recon na issance as well as direct a nd indirect fire support and Ra nk g ua rd for ta nk units. During th e in vas io n of C had by Libyia n backed g uerillas in 1983 numbers of the earl y model of the EE-9 Cascavel fitted with the French H 90 turret armed with a 90 mm gun were captured by th e C had Army. T hese we re s upplied to th e g uerill as by Libya.

Development The EE-9 Cascavel was des igned by ENGESA (E ngesa Engenh eiros Especializados) to meet th e requirements of th e Braz ilia n Army. Design wo rk began in Jul y j 970 a fter th e compa ny had completed d es ign work on th e EE-II a rm o ured perso nn el carri er, with th e first prototype being compl eted in Novembe r 1970. Following tri a ls with prototy pe veh icles a pre-produ cti on ord er was placed by the Brazilian Arm y, which na med th e ve hicle th e C RR (Ca rro de Reconhecimento Sobre Rodas), for ten vehicles which were delivered between 1972 a nd 1973. Productio n of the EE-9 began a t a new pl a nt a t Sao J ose dos Campos in 1974 with th e first produ ctio n ve hicl es being delivered th e same yea r. T he production ve hicles were slightl y longe r a nd wider tha n th e prototypes a nd had a differen t wheelbase. First production veh icles d elivered to th e Braz ilia n Arm y were fitted with a turret a rm ed with 37 mm g uns removed from old American-supplied M3 Stua rt lig ht ta nks, but first production vehicl es for ex port were fitted with a French CNM P-Berthi ez (now Hispa no18

Description T he a ll- welded hull of the EE-9 has du al ha rdn ess a rm our which was developed by ENGESA's Resea rch Depa rtm ent with th e co-opera tion of the Uni ve rsity of Sao Pa ul o a nd consists of a n outer layer of hard steel a nd a n inner layer of softer steel ro ll- bonded and heat-trea ted to give max imum

ballistic protecti on. Increased protection is give n over th e frontal a rc a nd special emphasis has been given to protect th e vehicle against. a ttack from booby traps, grenades a nd moloto v cocktai ls. The driver is seated a t the fr ont of th e hull on th e left side and is provided with a ha tch cover opening to th e ri ght. There are three periscopes in th e top part of th e glacis pl a te giving th e driver a 120-degree view. The driver is a lso provided with a sma ll windscreen a nd wiper, whi ch folds forward onto th e glacis plate when not in use. The .driver's seat and steering wheel a re both adjustab le. Initial produ cti on veh icles were fitt ed with a French H 90 turret armed with a 90 mm D 92 1 g un but current production vehicles have a n ENGESA ET-90 turret armed with a n ENGESA EC-90 g un . The comma nd er is seated on th e left side of th e turret a nd th e g unn er on th e ri ght, both wi th a single-piece ha tch cover th at opens to th e rear a nd four periscopes. The g unn er has a telescopic sight linked to th e ma in arma ment with a magnifi catio n of x6 . The engine compa rtm ent is at th e rea r of th e vehicle a nd access to th e engine is via two hatches in th e hull roof. Power is transmitted from th e engine to th e gea rbox (eith er a C la rk manual with fi ve forwa rd and one reve rse gears or a Detroit Diesel Allison MT 643 with four forward a nd one reve rse gears) to th e two-speed ENGESA tra nsfer box, which splits th e drive between th e front a nd rea r differentia ls. The front differential is bolted to th e hull with th e power being tra nsmitted to the front ax le by shafts, a nd th e rea r d ifferenti al forms part of th e ENGESA Boomera ng walking beam suspension. The la tter, which is also used on E GESA 6 X 6 tru cks, consists of a ri gid axle conn ected to th e hull by doubl e leaf springs and telescopic d a mpers which holds two la teral walking beams . Power is taken from th e dri ve shaft to th e four

ENGESA EC-90 90 mm gun as fitted to cu rrent produ cti on mod els of th e ENGESA EE-9 Cascave l (6 x 6) arm oured ca r

Brazilian Army ENGESA EE-9 Cascave l armoured car showing large verti ca l wheel travel mad e possibl e by wa lking-beam rear suspension

A summa ry of the va rio us models of the ENGESA Cascavel a rmoured car alread y produ ced is given below:

Mark I First produ ction model a rm ed with a 37 m m g un , Mercedes-Benz di esel engine, ma nu al transmission, 12-volt (huU ) a nd 24-volt (t urret) electrical sys tem, no cen tral tyrepress ure reg ul a tion sys tem. These were buil t onl y for the Brazilia n Arm y a nd mos t have now been rebuil t with th e new ENGESA ET-90 turre t.

Mark II

ENGESA EE-9 Cascavel armoured car fitted with laser rangefinder over 90 mm gun and commander's cupola with externally-mounted 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun

rea r wheels by gears inside the walking beam , which ca n rota te freely aro und th e centra l hub. The d esign of th e rear s uspension allows up to a maximum of 0.9 metre of ve rtical wheel travel a nd ensures tha t a U four rear wheels are in contact with th e ground a t a ll times. The run-fl a t tyres ena ble th e vehicle to travel for more th a n 100 km after being completel y defl a ted. The Cascavel has a double 24 V electrical sys tem; a ba ttery set is used for vehicle opera tions a nd turret while a second set is used purely for engine start to a void lack of power a fter long still radi o opera tions. The Casca vel is a lso equipped with disc brakes a nd a n a utoma ti c tyre infla tion sys tem . Optional equipment includes a n air-conditioning system, heater, laser ra ngefind er, a utoma ti c fire extinguisher a nd passive or acti ve night vision equipment. A fire-co ntrol system is und er development. The g un is called th e EC-90-III a nd is mounted in a n ET-90 turret. The rifl ed-bore g un fires the foUowing types of a mmunition: HE (muzzle velocity 700 metres a second ), HEAT (muzzle velocity 900 metres a second), HESH (muzzle velocity 800 metres a second), Smoke White Phosphorus (Smoke WP-T) with a muzzle velocity of690 metres a second a nd H EAT T a rge t Practice with a mu zzle velocity of 900 metres a second . Of 44 rounds of 90 mm a mmunition carried , 24 a re in the tu rret a nd 20 in the hull. ENGESA has a lso developed a comma nder's cupol a for the EE-9 which can be tra versed thro ug h 360 degrees a nd has vision blocks fo r all-round o bservation a nd a 12. 7 mm (0. 50) machine g un mo unted ex terna Uy on a bracket forward of th e commander's single-piece ha tch cover th a t op ens to th e rear. A 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted to th e left of th e main a rmament and a similar weapon, or a 12.7 mm (0 .50) Browning M2 HB machine gun, can be mounted on the turret roof for a nti-aircraft defence. Three smoke dis chargers are mounted either side of th e turret a nd a re electricaUy fired from within the vehicle. Recent produ ction vehicles for Iraq have a trave rse indicator, clinometer, improved seating, laser rangefind er integra ted into sight which is protected by a shutter when th e main armament is fired , a nd a 12 .7 mm FN M2 HB machine gun on an anti-aircraft mount which is similar in design to tha t used by th e Soviet Union with its 12.7 mm DShKM machine guns. 20

First productio n model for ex port, Me rcedes-Benz diesel, a uto ma tic tra nsmiss io n, l 2-volt (hull ) a nd 24-vo lt (turret) electri cal system, no central tyre-press ure reg ul at ion system a nd fitt ed with F rench Hispa no-Suiza H 90 turret with 90 mm g un. No longer in produ cti on.

ENGESA EE-9 Mark IV Cascavel arm oured car of th e Gabon Army with pintle-mounted 7.62 mm MAG ge neral-purpose mac hine gun for anti-aircraft defence

Latest production ENGESA EE-9 Cascavel .armoured car with ENGESA ET-90 turret with ENGESA EC-90 90 mm g un, lase r rangefinder over main armament, command er's c upola with remote controlled 7.62 mm mac hin e gun , ARGUS day/ni g ht sig ht and six (2 x 3) e lectrically ope rated s moke gre nade la un c he rs

Mark III First production mod els completed in 1977 and fitted with ENGESA ET-90 turret with ENGESA EC-90 gun, M ercedes-Benz diesel, automatic tra nsmission, 12-volt (hull) and 24-volt (turret) electrica l system, no central tyrepress ure reg ulation system.

Mark IV Powered by G eneral Motors Detroit Diesel model 6V-53 diesel developing 212 hp at 2800 rpm, automatic transmission, 24-volt (hull a nd turret) electrical system, disc bra kes, central tyre-pressure regulation system a nd ENGESA ET-90 turret.

Mark V As Mark IV but powered by a Mercedes-Benz OM 352 A diesel d eveloping 190 hp at 2800 rpm. ENGESA EE-9 Mark II Cascavel armoured car fitted with original Hispano-Suiza H 90 turret armed with 90 mm gun. Some of this model were captured by Chad Army units during the invasion of the country by Libyian backed guerillas in 1983

Variants There are no variants of th e EE-9 apart from the different armament installations des cribed above.

ENGESA EE-9 Cascavel (6 x 6) armoured car with ENGESA ET-90 turrfet armed with ENGESA EC-90 turret armed with ENGESA EC-90 gun , commander's internally-mounted 7.62 mm machine gun cupola and laser rangefinder over main armament

SPECIFICATIONS (Mark IV) CREW 3 CONFIGURATION 6 x 6 COMBAT WEIGHT . 12000 kg UNLOADED WEIGHT 10800 kg POWER-TO-WEIGHT 17.5 hpl tonne RATIO LENGTH GUN FORWARDS 6.29 m 5.25 m LENGTH HULL 2.59 m WIDTH HEIGHT (lop 01 commander's cupo la) 2.60 m (to turret roof) 2.29 m (to hull top) 1.75 m GROUND CLEARANCE (front axle) 0.375 m (hull centre) 0.52 m TRACK 2.1 m WHEELBASE 2.343 m + 1.414 m ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE 70'175' MAX SPEED (road) 100 km/h FUEL CAPACITY 360 litres MAX RANGE (cruising) 750 km FORDING 1m GRADIENT 60% SIDE SLOPE 30% VERTICAL OBSTACLE 0.6 m

ENGINE

TRAN SM ISSION

TRAN SFER CASE STEERING CLUTCH SUSPENSION (front)

(rear)

TYRES BRAKES (main)

Status: In production. In service with Bolivia, Brazil (Army and Marin es), Ch il e, Colombia, Cyprus, Gabon, Iraq, Libya, Tunisia, Uruguay, Zimbabwe and oth er undiscl osed countries.

Detroit Diesel 6V-53N 6-cy linder water-cooled diesel developing 212 hp at 2800 rpm (other engines can also be installed) Detroit Diesel Allison MT 643 automatic with 4 forward , 1 reverse gears (or Clark manual wi th 5 forward and 1 reverse gears) ENGESA 2-speed ZF integral hydraulic single dry plate manual transmission only independent with

helical springs and double action shock absorbers as front but with ENGESA Boomerang with walking beams and differential blockage system 12.00 x 20

(parking) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) (anti-aircraft)

SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPMENT

mechan ical on transfer case output 24 V (4 batteries) 1 x 90 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 1 x 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm MG (optional) 2 or 3 smoke dischargers either side of turret

AMMUNITION (main) (coaxial) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control By gunner Max rate of traverse

44 2400 manual

yes 360' in 25 s

Gun elevationl

depression Gun stabi liser (vertical) (horizontal) ARMOUR

+15'/-8' no no 8.25-16 mm

air over hydraulic, dual circu it, disc brakes

Manufacturer: Engesa Engenheiros Especializados SA, Avenue qas Nacoes Unidas, 22.833 (Sa nto Amaro), CEP 04795, PO Box 12_705 (CEP 01000) , Sao Paulo, SP, Brazi l.

ENGESA EE-3 Jararaca Scout Car Development The EE-3 J araraca scout car was ori gin all y des igned specifi cally for th e ex port ma rket and compl ements the other vehicles in th e ENGESA ra nge of a rmoured vehicles which include the EE- ll U rutu (6 x 6) a rm o ured personnel carri er a nd th EE-9 Cascavel (6 x 6) a rm o ured ca r. All vehicles in th e ENGESA range us e standard a utomoti ve components. The production model of th e EE-3 J a raraca, to which th e descriptio n and specifications rela te, is slightl y differen t in layout a nd appearance from th e prototype in th a t th e door is now on th e right side of th e hull a nd th e dri ver's a nd comma nd er's ha tches have bee n red esigned. Description The all-welded hull of the £E-3 co nsists of an outer layer of hard steel a nd a n inner laye r of softer steel roll- bonded a nd heat-trea ted to give th e maximum ballistic protection. The a rm o ur is sim il ar to th a t used on oth er members of th e ENG£SA fa mily of a rm oured veh icl es. The driver is seated towards th e front of th e hull , slightly to the leftofth e vehicle's centre line and'has a single- piece hatch cover th a t lifts and swings to th e right to open. There a re three periscopes for forw a rd observation immediately in front of the driver. A windscree n a nd wi per which can be fi tted in front of th e driver's positio n for us e in wet weather fold s forwa rd onto th e glacis pla te when not in use. The machine g unner is seated behind th e driver on th e ri ght side of th e hull a nd has a circular mounting which can be travers ed through 360 degrees a nd a single-piece hatch cover that opens to th e r ~a r. A standard 12.7 mm (0.50) M2 HB machine g un is pmtle-mounted on the forw a rd part of the circular mounting, but th ere is no provisio n for aiming th e weapon from inside th e vehicle. There a re vision blocks in both sides of the hull. The three-man crew enters and leaves th e ££-3 by a door in th e right side of th e hull th a t opens forw a rd. Imm edi ately

behind th e door is a single vision block und er which is a firing port. The comma nder is seated on th e left side of th e hull to th e rear a nd has a hatch cover that opens to th e rear. The engin e is at the rear of th e hull a nd access to it is by two large hatches in th e roof. The suspension, front and rear, co nsists of semi-elli ptical springs and hydra ulic shock absorbers. The axles have hypoid gears. The wheels of th e ££-3 a re not within th e a rmoured pa rt of th e vehicle as th e light sheet steel covering over th e top of each wheel will blow away if th e ve hicle hits a mine. The Jara raca is fitted with an automatic tyre infla tion system as standard. The sta nd ard 12.7 mm (0.50) M2 HB pintle-mounted machine g un can be replaced by a 7.62 mm machine g un or a 20 mm canno n. Other armament installat ions currently available include a 60 mm breech-l oaded mortar, a Euromissile MILAN la un cher a nd a cupola with internally operated 7.62 mm machine g uns. The ££-3 has no a mphibious ca pa bility. Optional equipment includes passive night vision equipm ent and various radios with a n intercom system. The E£- 3 can be fitted with a n NBC system .

ENGESA EE-3 Jararaca (4 x 4) scout car from front with all ENGESA EE-3 Jararaca (4 x 4) scout car fitted with 12.7 mm MG

with both roof hatches c losed

hatches c losed

Variants Apart from th e NBC reconnaissa nce version illustrated on th e right and th e different armame nt installations mention ed previously there are no varian ts of th e EE-3Jararaca.

ENG ESA EE-3 Jararaca scout ca r with 12.7 mm MG

ENGESA EE-3 Jararaca (4 x 4) NBC reconnaissance vehic le fitted with commander's internal ly operated 7.62 mm mach ine gun cupo la and four smoke dischargers

ENGESA EE-3 Jararaca (4 x 4) scout car, armed with pi ntle-m ounted 12.7 mm (0.50) Browning M2 HB machine gun, showi ng door in right side of hu ll

SPECIFICATIONS

CREW CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (withou t armament) (top of 12.7 mm MG mount) GROUND CLEARANCE TRA CK WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE MAX SPEED (road)

65'/58'

750 km 1351itres 0.8 m 60% 30'% 0.4 m Mercedes-Benz OM 314A tu·rbo-charged . 4-cylinder water-cooled diesel developing 120 hp at 2800 rpm manual with 5 forward and 1 reverse gears ENGESA 2-speed 7.2 m ZF integ ral hydraulic single dry plate hydraulically

100 km/h

ope rated

4 x 4 5500 kg 21 .8 hp/tonne 4.125 m 2.13 m

MAX RANGE (road) FUEL FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE ENGINE

1.56 m TRANSMISSION 1.97 m 0.315 m 1.71 m 2.6 m

TRANSFER CASE' TURNING RADIUS STEERING CLUTCH

Status: In production. In service with Gabon , Tunisia an d Uruguay.

SUSPENS ION

semi-el lipti cal springs and hydraulic shock absorbers. both have hypoid gears and tapered gear. sing le reduction differential

TYRES BRAKES (main) (parking)

11 .00 x 20 drum, air-a ssisted drum, acting on transfer

case ELECTRICAL S.YSTEM ARMAMENT

double 24 V system 1 x 12.7 mm MG

Engesa Engenheiros Especializados SA , Avenue das Nacoes U nid as, 22.833 (Sa nto Amaro) , CEP 04795, PO Box 12.705 (CE P 01000) , Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.

CANADA Light Armored Vehicle Between 1979 and 1983 th e Diesel Division of G eneral Motors Canada built a total of 4 19 Armoured Vehicle General Purpose (AVGP) for th e Canadian Armed Forces. These were based on the Swiss MOWAG Piranha (6 X 6) design and bui lt in three versions: Cougar 76 mm Wheeled Fire Support Vehicle (WFSV) Grizzly Wheeled Armoured Personn el Carri er (W APC) Husky Wheeled M aintena nce a nd Recovery Vehicle (WMRV ) . Following a competition with vehicl es submitted by Alvis (Scorpion 90 and Stormer), Cadillac Gage (Co mmand V-300 and V-150 ) and General Motors Canada (WFSV) the US Ma rin e Corps selected th e G eneral Motors Canada in an 8 x 8 configuration to meet its requirement for a Light Armored Vehicl e (LA V). The US Marine Corps has a

requirement for 289 vehicl es while the US Army has a requirement for 680 vehicl es, subj ect to Congress ional action a nd changes in requirements. The first yea r bu y of60 vehicles valued a t $29.9 million was for the US Marine Corps with th e first production vehicles being delivered in O ctober 1983. The Marines call th e veh icle th e LAV-25 while th e th e US Army designation is th e LA V-25 (A) or M I 047. Main difference between th e two vehicles is that th e US Marine Corps model has a three man crew consisting of commander, gunner and driver and can carry six troops while th e US Army vehicles have a similar crew but do not carry any troops. Variants required by th e US Marine Corps and Army includ e an anti-tank vehicle with same launcher and M90 I Improved TOW Vehicle, logisti cs support, mortar carrier and recovery vehicle. A detailed d escription of th e LAV-25 is not given in this book as it was originall y des igned as an armoured personnel carri er and will be used in that rol e by th e US Marine Corps.

Prototype of the LAV-25 fitted with two-man Arrowpointe turret armed with 25 mm M242 cannon and coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun

SPECIFICATIONS

(LAV-25 Basic Spec iii ca tions re late to USMC modet. those In brackets relate to the US Army model where this differs) CREW 3 + 6 (3 + 0) CONFIGURATION 8 x 8 12 882 kg ( 12 700 kg) COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT 11067 kg (1 1 113 kg) LENGTH 6.388 m WIDTH 2.499 m HEIGHT OVERALL 2.692 m HEIGHT REDUCED 2.565 m MAXIMUM ROAD SPEED 100 km/h MAXIMUM WATER SPEED 10.46 km/h MAXIMUM RANGE 668 km GRADIENT 70% VERTICAL OBSTACLE 0.5 m TREN CH 2.057 m ENGINE GM Detroit Diesel model 6V-53T. 6-cylinder diesel developing 275 hp at 2800 rpm

TRANSMISSION

Allison MT-653 DR

(anti-aircraH. optional)

automatic, 5 forward and 1

TRANSFER CASE STEERING SUSPENSION (Front four wheels) (Rear four wheels) BRAKES (main) (parking)

reverse gears Rockwell AG-VST (modified) power assisted on front two axles independent coil springs and shock absorbers independent torson bars and shock absorbers B-wheel dual air hydraulic drum brake transmission brake and transfer case lock

TYRES ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial)

Status: LA V-25 is in producti on a nd in service with US Marine Corps. InJanua ry 1984 it was a nnoun ced that funding for th e US Arm y was being ca ncelled from FY 1985.

11.00 x 16 with Hutchinson run-flat inserts

1 x7. 62mmM60orl x 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun 2 x 4 (M257)

(smoke dischargers) AMMUNITION (ready use) (25 mm) 210 (7.62 mm) 400 AMMUNITION (reserve) (25mm) 420 (990) 1200 (2200) (7.62 mm) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control hydraulic/manual Elevation/depression + 60·/- 10· Turret traverse 360· Gun stabiliser (vertical) yes (horizontal) yes Periscopes 7 x M27 Sights 2 x M36El

1 x 25 mm M242 cannon 1 x 7.62 mm M240 MG

Manufacturer: Diesel Division, G eneral M otors Canada Limited, PO Box 5160 London, Ontario M6A 4N5, Canada.

CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC Type 63 Light Tank Development In th e late 1950s China received several batches of Soviet PT-76 light amphibious ta nks. There is a possibility that this tank was built in C hin a in a slightly modified version under th e designation Type 60, as a number of Chinese PT-76 tanks have been observed with provision for mounting a 12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine gun on one of two pintle type mounts on th e turret roof. This was followed by th e redesigned version of the Type 60 know n as th e T ype 63 which had the same armament and certain oth er a utomotive co mponents as th e Type 62. The Type 63 was used in co mbat in Viet-Nam by the North Vietnam ese Army and during th e 1971 Indo-Pakistan war by Pakistan. During the la ter stages of the fighting in South Viet-Nam th e North Vietna mese used th e Type 63 in

armoured cavalry batta lions of one tank company of seven to ten Type 63s to two co mpanies of BTR-60PA or Type 53 1 (previously K-63) armoured personnel carriers . It is issued in the Chinese Army on the scale offour tanks in th e reconnaissance platoon of each armoured regim ent and ten in th e reconnaissance company of each a rmoured division.

Description The hull of the Type 63 is welded roll ed steel a nd is divided into three compartments: driver's at th e front, fighting in the .centre and engine at the rear. The glacis plate of th e Type 63 is mu ch shallower than on the Type 60 or PT-76. The driver is seated at the front of the hull on th e left a nd is provided with a single-piece hatch cover that swings to th e left a nd three periscopes forward. The turret is in cast sections with th e commander a nd gunner seated on th e left of the turret a nd th e loader on th e right. The commander's hatch opens forward and th e

Type 63 light a mphibious tank (provisional drawing)

Type 63 light tank on display in South Korea without 12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine gun fitted on turret roof (Pau l Handel)

loader's to th e rea r. A dome-sha ped ventil a tor is mounted in th e turret roof to th e rea r of th e comma nd er's a nd g unn er's h a tches. The engin e a nd tra nsmiss·io n a re a t th e rear of th e hull a nd additi onal fu el ta nks can be fitted on top of th e hull to increase opera ti o na l ra nge. The engine of th e T ype 63 is the same as in the T ype 59 MBT. The torsio n ba r suspension consists of six la rge rubb ertyred road wheels simila r to th ose o n th e Soviet PT-76, with th e drive sprocket a t the rear a nd th e idl er a t th e fr ont. There a re no track return roll ers. M ain a rm a ment of the T ype 63 is a n 85 mm g un , proba bl y Type 63 light amphibious tank showing turret detail (DIA) Type 631ight amphibious tank from rear showing covers for water jet propulsion system (DIA)

identical to th a t insta ll ed in th e T ype 62 light ta nk, which fir es a mmunition of th e fi xed type including AP, APHE, HE, HEAT a nd smoke. The 85 mm g un co uld be a modifi cation of th e 85 mm Type 55 a nti-ta nk g un which is a Chinese co py of Soviet 0-44 wea pon. Ifso, th e gun fires th e foll owing types of a mmunitio n:

TYPE

APHE

WEIGHT OF PR OJECTILE MUZZLE VELOCITY PENETRATION (0' /1000 m)

9.3 kg 792 mls

9.5 kg 792 mls nla pp

102 mm

HVAP 5 kg

1030 mls 130 mm

It has bee n reported th a t so me vehicl es have been fitted with a las er ra ngefind er over th e ma in a rm a ment simil a r to that fitt ed to th e T ype 59 MBT. 26

SPECIFICATIONS (provisional) (Note: in some cases differing specifi cations have recently become avai lable from US sources, these are

given in bra ckets) CREW 4 COMBAT WEIGHT 18000 kg POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATI O 28.9 bhpl tonne GROUND PRESSURE 0.5 kgl c ln' LENGTH GUN FORWARDS 8.27 m LENGTH HULL 6.91 (7.16) m 3.25 m WIDTH HEIGHT TO TURRET TOP (exclud ing AA MG)2.19 m (including AA MG) 2.46 m GROUND CLEARANCE 0.37 (0.4) m TRACK 2.74 (2.6) m TRACK WIDTH 360 (450) mm

LENGTH OF TRACK ON GROUND MAX SPEED (road) (water) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE FORDING GRADIENT VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TREN CH ENGINE

4.08 (4.55) m 50 kml h 9 kml h 545litres 240 km a mphibious

60% 1m 2.8 (3.00) m V-12 liquidcoo led diesel developing

520 hpl 2000 rpm TRANSMISSION ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Status: Proba bly still in produ cti on. In se rv ice with C hin a, Pa kistan , Sud a n, Tanzan ia a nd Vi et-N am .

manual , 5 forward and 1 reverse gears 24 V

ARMAMENT (main) (coaxia l) (a nt i-ai rcra~)

AMMUNITION (ma in) (12.7 mm) (7.62 mm) GUN ELEVATIONI DEPRESS ION ARMOUR Hull lront (max) Hu ll sides upper Hull top Hulilloor Hull rear Turret mantlel

1 x 85 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 1 x 12.7 mm MG 56 t200 3000 + 18'1- 5" tl mm at 80' 14 mm 10mm 10 mm 10mm 11 mm

Manufacturer: C hin ese state a rse nals.

Type 63 light amphibious tank (left) compared with Type 59 MBT (right) . both on display in South Korea (Paul Handel)

A 7.62 mm ma chine g un is mounted coax ia ll y to th e rig ht of th e ma in a rmam ent a nd a Type 54 heavy machin e g un is mounted a t th e loader's station for a nti- a ircraft d efence. The Type 54 is th e Soviet M1938/46 DShKM manufact ured in China. The ta nk is fu ll y amph ibious being propell ed in th e water by two water j ets of Soviet desig n. Before entering th e water a trim board is erec ted a t th e front of th e hull ; wh en trave lling this fo lds back onto th e glacis pla te. As far as it is known th e Type 63 has no BC sys tem or nig ht vision equipment.

Type 62 Light Tank Description The Type 62 lig ht tank is virtua ll y a scaled down Type 59 MBT and weighs abo ut 2 1 000 kg. It is believed th a t th e tank is used in place of th e Type 59 in rugged terrai n suc h as that

enco untered in South ern China. The layo ut of th e tank is identi cal to th e T ype 59 with the dri ve r sea ted a t th e fro nt of th e hull on th e left a nd th e oth er three crew members in th e turret. The com ma nd er a nd gu nn er are sea ted on th e left of th e turre t with th e loader on th e ri ght. The engine a nd transmiss ion are a t th e rear of the hull. The tors io n bar suspens ion co nsists of fiv e road wheels with a distinct ga p between the first a nd seco nd wheels. The drive sprocket is at th e rea r a nd th e idler at th e front. Main a rmam ent is a n 85 mm gu n, probably identi cal to that on th e T ype 63 lig ht a mphibio us tank, whi ch fires fix ed amm unitio n including AP, APHE, HE, HEAT a nd smoke . A total of 47 rounds of amm un ition are carried. The 85 mm g un co uld be a modifi ca tio n of th e 85 mm Type 55 a nti-ta nk g un which is a Chinese co py of th e Sovie t D-44 wea pon. If so, th e g un fir es th e following types of ammu nition: APHE with th e projectil e weig hing 9.3 kg, muzzle velocity of 792 metres per second , whi ch will pene trate 102 mm of armo ur a t a degrees a t a 27

ra nge of 1000 metres; H E with th e proj ectile weighing 9.5 kg a nd a mu zzle velocity of 792 metres per second; HV AP with the proj ectile we ighing 5 kg, mu zzle ve locity of 1030 metres per seco nd , which will penetrate 130 mm of a rm o ur a t a ra nge of 1000 metres . A 7.62 mm machine gu n is mou nted coaxiall y to th e rig ht of th e ma in armamen t an d a 12.7 mm Ty pe 54 heavy machine g un is mo un ted at th e loader's positio n for a ntia ircra fr'use. T he Type 54 is th e Soviet M 1938/46 DShKM ma nufactured in C hina. The T ype 62 is not am phi bio us, has no NBC system a nd has no t bee n o bserved with a ny infra-red night vision equipment. The T ype 62 was used in comba t in Angola by Za'irea n forces a nd by Tanza nia aga inst Ugand a in th eir 1978 O cto ber- November bo rder wa r. Type 62 light tan k SPECIFICATIONS (provisional) 4 CREW COMBAT WEIGHT 21 000 kg POWER-TO-WE IGHT RATI O 18 hp/tonne GROUND PRESSURE 0.7 1 kg/c m' LENGTH (gun forwards) 7.9 m (hull ) 5.55 m WIDTH 2.86 m HEIGHT 2.55 m GROUND CLE ARANCE 0.42 m TRA CK 2.39 m 380 mm TRAC K WIDTH LEN GTH OF TRACK ON GROUND 3.53 m

MAX SPEED (road) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE (road) FORDIN G GRADIENT VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TRENCH ENGINE

TRANSMI SS ION SUSPENSION

60 km/h 730 litres 500 km 1.3 m 60% 0.7 m 2.55 m liquid-coo led di esel developing 380 hp at 1800 rpm manual , 4 forward and 1 reverse gears

ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM ARMAMENT (m ain) . (coax ial) (an ti-a ircraft ) AMMUNITION (main) (coaxial) (anti -aircraft ) GUN ELEVATI ONI DEPRESS ION

24 V 1 x 85 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 1 x 12.7 mm MG 47 1750 1250

+20'1- 4'

torsion bar

Status: Probably still in produ cti on. In service with Albania, Congo, C hin a, North Korea, M a li , Sudan , Tanza nia a nd Za·ire.

Manufacturer: C hinese sta te a rsenals.

FRANCE AMX-13 Light Tank Development Shortl y after th e end of th e Second World Wa r th e French Arm y iss ued a req ui remen t for three a rm oured ve hicles: a heavy a rm o ured car (w hic h Pa n hard developed as th e EBR from th eir pre-war AM R 20 1), a lig ht ta nk (th e AMX-1 3) a nd a heavy ta nk (th e AMX-50). The AM X -50 was built only to th e prototype stage a nd not placed in produ ctio n as th e USA s upplied th e French Arm y with a la rge number of M47 medium ta nks un der the M utu al Aid Progra m. Design work on th e AMX-1 3 began in 1946 a t the Atelier de Cons tru cti on d ' Issy-l es-Mo ulinea ux a nd th e first prototype was compl eted two yea rs la ter. Produ ctio n was und erta ken a t th e Atelier de Cons tru ction Roanne (ARE) from 1952 with th e first prod ucti on ta nks being completed th e following yea r. At one time produ cti on of th e tank was running a t 45 units per month but in th e ea rl y 1960s productio n of th e whole fa mil y was tra nsferred to th e civilia n compan y of Creusot-Loire a t C hiilon s ur Saone as th e ARE was tooling 28

up for produ ction of th e AMX-30 MBT. T he bas ic chass is has been used for a wide ra nge of vehicl es incl uding the AMX VCI mechanised infa ntry comba t ve hicl e, 105 mm selfpropelled howitzer, 155 mm self-propell ed g un Mk F3 a nd twin 30 mm DCA self- propell ed a nti-aircraft gu n system . The AMX-1 3 is still used on a la rge sca le by the French Army a nd a lth ough the bas ic d es ig n is over 30 years old no announcement has been made on a new des ign to repl ace it. By earl y 1982 total produ ctio n of th e AM X-1 3 light ta nk had a mounted to over 3000 vehi cles.

Description The hull of th e AMX-1 3 is all welded a nd is d ivided in to three compartments with th e dri ve r's a nd engine compa rtment a t the front and th e turret mounted a t th e rea r. T he driver is seated a t the front of th e ve hicl e on the left side with th e engine compa rtm ent to his ri ght a nd th e d ifferential in front of him . The dri ve r is prov ided with a single-piece ha tch cove r tha t opens to th e left a nd three perisco pes, th e centre

road wheels with th e dri ve sp rocket at the front a nd th e idler at th e rear. T here a re th ree (or two in some cases) track re turn rollers which support th e inside of the track onl y. The first a nd last road wheel sta tio ns have hydra ulic shock a bsorbers. The steel tracks have 85 links pe r side a nd can be fitt ed with rubber pads if req uired. The AMX-1 3 does not have a n NBC sys tem, canno t be fitted fo r d ee p wadin g a nd as built was not fi tted with a ny night fi ghting equ ipment a ltho ug h a number of a rmies have fitted th eir ve hicl es with some: for example, a Fives-Cail Ba bcock infra-red searchlig ht to the rea r of th e gunn er's position a nd a n in fra-red sight for th e g un ner. More recentl y, th e AM X-1 3 has been offered fitt ed with passive night firin g a nd nig ht dri ving eq ui pment, laser rangefinde r and a uto mati c display of th e battle sight. FL-10 turret showing a mmunition resupply hatc hes in roof at turret rear and e mpty cartridge case ejection port in turret rear

Variants

one of whi ch can be replaced by a n infra-red or imageintensificat ion periscope for night d rivi ng. The oscill at ing turret, ma nu fac tu red by Fives-Cail Ba bcock, is mounted a t th e rea r of th e hull a nd th e type of turret depends on the mode l of the ta nk a nd its a rm a ment. All tu rrets a re osci ll a ting a nd th e comma nd er is seated on th e left of the turret and the g unn er on the right. The ta nk comma nde r is provided with a domed ha tch cover tha t opens to the rea r and eig ht peri scopes . The g unn er has a single-piece hatch cover that opens to th e rea r a nd two periscopes. The torsion bar suspensio n co nsists of fi ve rubber-tyred

This was th e firs t model of the AMX-1 3 to en ter service a nd is fi tted with th e FL-\ O turret armed with a 75 mm gun with a single baffi e mu zzle brake. T he weapon is fed fro m two revolver type magazines in the tu rret bus tl e, one either side, each magaz ine holding six rounds. Once the gu n has fi red th e empty cartri dge case is ejected out of the rear of th e turret th rough a tra pdoo r hin ged on th e left. A rate of fire of one round eve ry five seconds can be ach ieved un til th e two magazines a re em pty . O nce empty the magazines have to be refill ed by ha nd fro m outside the tank. T he g un fi res two main types of am muni tion:

Model 51 with 75 mm gun

AMX- 13 Mode l 51 light ta nk in Singapore

AMX- 13 Model 51 with 75 mm gun showing cartridge case ejection door in turret bu stle (E C P Armees)

AMX- 13 with 90 mm gun and infra-red searchli ght stowed on ri ght sid e of tu rret at rear (P Touzi n)

AMX-13 with 90 mm gun This entered service in the ea rl y 1960s a nd is still in produ ctio n. I t is a rm ed with a 90 mm g un in a n FL- I 0 turret and th e ba rrel is fitted with a th erm al sleeve a nd a single ba ffl e mu zzle bra ke. The g un fir es th e following types of fin sta bilised a mmunitio n: Type WEIGHT OF CARTRIDGE WEIGHT OF PROJECTILE MUZZLE VELOCITY ARM OUR PENETRATI ON

Canister 10.4 kg

HE 10.4 kg

HEAT 8.9 kg

5. 28 kg 750 mls

5. 27 kg 750 mls

nl app

3.65 kg 5.4 kg 950 mls 744 mls 320 mm/O· nlapp 120 mm/65·

Smoke 10.6 kg

Now in production by GIAT is an APFSDS round wi th a muzzle velocity of 1300 mls whic h w ill penetrate a tr ip le target (10/25/60 mm) at an incidence of 60· at a range of 2000 metres.

AMX-13 lig ht tank fi tted with FN 7.62 mm anti-ai rcraft GPMG

Type

APC

WEI GHT OF COMPLETE ROUND MUZZLE VELOC ITY ARM OUR PENETRATI ON

12.5 kg 750 mls

14.4 kg

nlapp

1000 mls 170 mm/2000 m

Note: Th e APC ro und is designated the 75 POT 5'1 A. The 75 PCOT 51 Pproiectil e will penetrate 170 mm of armour at 0 d eg rees at 1000 metres, and 40 mm of armour at an inc idence of 60 degrees at th e same range.

A 7,5 mm or 7. 62 mm machine g un is mo unted coaxially to the ri ght of th e m ain a rma ment a nd a sim il a r wea pon is often mounted ex tern a ll y at th e co mm a nd er' s positi on. Thirtyseven rounds of 75 mm a nd 3600 rounds (in belts of200) of machine g un a mmunition a re ca rried. In addition th ere a re two elec trically operated s moke dis cha rge rs either side of th e turret. The turret a lso has a coax ia l machin e gun and a simila r wea pon can be m ounted a t th e comm a nder's positio n. Thirty-fo ur ro unds of 90 mm a mmuni tion are carried of whi ch 2 1 a re in the turret ( 12 in the m agazines) a nd 13 in the hu ll , plus 3600 ro und s of machine g un a mmunition . 30

AMX- 13 arm ed wi th 90 mm g'un

AMX-13 with 105 mm gun This was developed specifically for export a nd has a n FL-1 2 turret a rm ed with a 105 mm g un whi ch fires th e same nonrota ting ro unds as the AMX-30 MBT. This turret is also

AMX-13 with 105 mm gun of Netherlands Army with infra-red search li ght to right of turret (Roya l Netherlands Army)

petrol-engined version. In additi o n to installing th e new engine th e cooling sys'te m has been improved by CreusotLoire. At th e same time as th e engine is being rep laced the AMX-1 3 can also be up-gunn ed to 90 mm or 105 mm a nd a laser rangefind er and nig ht vision equipment installed . It is believed that Singapore is co nsidering refitting its AM"X- 13 tank fl eet with a new power pack. The diesel co nversion proposal is a pplica ble to other members of th e AMX fa mi ly such as th e APC/MICV a nd the SPGs. This model is now m production. For tria ls purposes a n AMX- 13 lig ht ta nk has had its original pet rol engine replace d by a Poya ud 520 4LCS25 four- cylinder diesel developing 265 hp at 2600 rpm. In 1983 Ba udo uin an noun ced th at it was offering its model 6 F II SRY six- cylinder diesel developing- 280 hp a t 3200 rpm as a replace ment for th e original SOF AM pe trol engine.

fitted to th e Austrian SK 105 tan k destroyers used by Argentina, Austria, Bolivia, M orocco a nd Tunisia. The g un can fire th e following types of ammunition: Type WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT. OF PROJECTILE MUZZLE VELOCITY ARMOUR PENETRATION

HEAT

Smoke

17·7 kg 10·95 kg 800 mls 360 mmlO' 150 mm165'

18·4 kg 12·1 kg 700 mls nlapp

19· 1 kg 12·8 kg 695 mls nlapp

75 mm Gun in FL-11 Turret This model of the AMX-1 3 was developed in the 1950s for use in North Africa a nd has a n FL-I I turret, also fi tted to some models of th e Pa n ha rd EBR a rmoured car, equipped with a manuall y-loaded 75 mm g un . This model can be distinguished from th e basic AMX- 13 as its turret has no overhang at the rear.

AMX-13 Model51 fitted with four Aerospatiale S8-11 wire-guided ATGWs

Model 51 with 75 mm Gun and SS-11 Missiles This is the standard model with two Aerospatiale SS-II wire-guided anti-tank missiles mounted each side of th e main armament. This missile weig hs 30 kg, has a minimum range of350 metres and a maximum range of 3000 metres and its warhead wi ll penetra te 600 mm of armour. This model is in service with th e French Army.

Model 51 with 75 mm Gun and HOT Missiles In the 1960s a number of AMX- 13s were fitted with three launcher boxes eith er side of the turret for three Euromissile HOT ATGW systems. This model has not been adopted by the French Army but is being offered for ex port.

AMX-13 with Diesel Engine Shown for th e first time at th e 1979 Satory Exhibition of Milita ry Equipment was a Creusot-Loire AMX-13 light ta nk with its original SOF AM petrol engine replaced by a General Motors 6V-53T diesel developing 280 hp a t 2800 rpm. This version, which had completed over 6000 km of trials by mid- 1979, has a max imum road speed of64 km/ h a nd a road fu el consumption of I lit re per km , giving it a road range of about 500 km compa red with 350 to 400 km for th e origin al AMX-13 light tank fitted with General Motors V6 diesel engine 31

AMX-13 with Laser Rangefinder The French compa ny of Compagnie Industrielle des Lasers has developed the T C V 29 laser rangefind er for installation on the AMX-1 3 and similar tanks. This has a range of between 400 a nd 10 000 metres and is mounted exte rnally behind the gunner's position. This system has already been adopted by the Austrian Army for their J agdpa nzer SK 105 ta nk d stroyers.

AMX-13 Armoured Recovery Vehicle The AM X- 13 ARV (Char de D epannage Model 55) is used to recover other members of the AM X- 13 fami ly as well as cha nging major components such as turrets and engines. Equipment fitt ed includes a fro nt-mounted . A-fra me, 15 000 kg capacity winch with 50 metres of25 mm diameter cable, secondary winch with 120 metres of 6 mm diameter cable, four spades a t the rear of the hull and tools and other equipment. The veh icle has a crew of three consisting of commander, driver and winch operator and weighs 15 300 kg. Armament consis ts of a n externall y-mounted 7. 5 mm or 7.62 mm machine gun and smoke discha rgers .

AMX-13 Bridgelayer The AMX- 13 bridgelaye r (C ha r Poseur de Pont AMX- 13) is fitted with a folding class 25 bridge which has an unfolded length of 14.0 I metres . The bridge is la unched over the rear of

SPECIFICATIONS (90 mm ve rsion) CRE W 3 15000 kg COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT 13 000 kg POWER-TO-WEIGHT 16.66 bhp/tonne RATI O GROUND PRESSURE 0.76 kg/cm' LENGTH GUN FORWARD S 6.36 m (6.5 m for 105 mm ve rsion) LENGTH HULL 4.88 m WIDTH 2.5 m HEfGHT (to top of commande.-s hatch) 2.3 m GROUND CLE ARANCE 0.37 m TRACK 2.159 m 350 mm TRACK WfDT H LENGTH OF TRAC K ON GROUND 2.997 m MAX ROAD SPEED 60 km/h FUEL CAPACITY 480litres MAX RANGE ROAD 350-400 km 0.6 m FORDIN G GRADIENT 60% VERTICA L OBSTACLE (forward s) 0.65 m (reverse) 0.45 m TREN CH 1.6 m TURNIN G RADIUS skid turns ENGINE SOFAM Model 8Gxb 8-cylinder water-cooled petrol developin g 250 hp at 3200 rpm AUXILIARY ENG INE none TRANSMISS ION manual wi th 5 forwa rd and 1 reverse gears STEERING Cleveland type differential CLUTCH sing le-d isc torsion bar SUSPENSION ELECTR ICAL SYSTEM 24 V 4 x 12 V, 190 Ah BATIER IES ARMAMENT (main) 1 x 90 mm gun 1 x 7.5 mm or (coax ial) 7.62 mm MG (anti-a irc raft) 1 x 7.5 mm or 7. 62 mm MG (optional )

SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPM ENT

AMX- 13 bridge layer laying its bridge in position (E C P Armees)

the vehicle and two sta bilisers steady the vehicle when the bridge is being positioned. The ve hicle has a loaded weight of 19 700 kg and without the bridge weighs 15 000 kg.

AMX-13 Driver Training Tan k This is simply the standard tank with the turret removed .

2 smoke d ischarg ers ei the r si d e of turret

AMMUN ITION (main) 32 (MG) 4000 SMOKE CAN ISTERS 12 FfRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control hydrauli c with manual for emerg ency By commander yes By gunner yes Max rate of power

traverse Max rate of power

360·/12 s

e levat ion G un elevation/

5° in 15

LENGTH OF TRACK ON GROUND 2.80 m MAX ROAD SPEED (petrol engine) 60 km/h (diesel eng ine) 64 km/h MAX RANGE ROAD (petrol eng ine) 350-400 km (di esel engi ne) 500-550 km EN GINE (petrol) SOFAM Model 8Gxb 8-cylinder water-cooled petrol developing 250 hp at 3200 rpm (di esel) General Motors Dettoit Diesel 6V-53T turbo-charged. 6-cyli nder wate r-cooled diesel

+12.5·/ -5· depress ion Commander's override yes TRANSMISS ION

Gun stabiliser

(vertical) (horizontal) Commande.-s sight

no no telescope L961 wi th x 1.5 and x 6

Gunne.-s sight

telescope L862 with

FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret powe r contro l

magni fication

x 7.S magnifi cation

ARMOUR Hull front Hull sides Hull top Hull rear Turret front Turret sides

Turret top

15 mm at 55· (equal to 40 mm) 20 mm 10mm 15 mm 25 mm at 45· (equal to 40 mm) 25 mm 10 mm

SPECIFICATIONS (105 mm version) As 90 mm version apart from the following LENGTH GUN FORWARDS 6.5 m HEIGHT 1.495 m GROUND CLEARAN CE 0.47 m

developing 280 hp at 2800 rpm manual with 5 forwa rd (4 synchronised) and 1 reverse gears

Commander'S sight

e leva ting a nd trave rsing gear

controls (1). eith er by means of pi stol grips and hydrauli c motor (gunner and commander, the latter ove r-riding the former) (2). or by means of a crank handle (gunner) M2 12 telescope with x 1.5and x 6 mag nifica tion

Gunner's sig ht

M213 telescope wi th x 7.S mag nifi cation

Status: In produ cti o n. In service with Algeria, Arge nti na (was a lso asse mbled in th e co untry), C hile, Dominica n Republic, Ecuador, Fra nce, EI Salva dor, Indi a, Indones ia, I vory C oast, Jibuti , Le ba non (rece nt deli ve ry), Morocco, Neth erl ands, Nepal (fro m Israe l), Peru , Singa pore (fro m Israe l), Tunisia and ·Yenez uela. Manufacturer: C reusot-Loire at C hillon s ur Saone. Enq uiri es to C reuso t-Loire, Arm a ment Depa rtm ent, 15 ru e Pasqu ier, 75383 Pa ris Cedex 08, Fra nce.

AM X-13 armoured recovery veh ic le with A frame in operat ing positi on

AMX-10RC Reconnaissance Vehicle Development The AMX-I ORC reconn aissa nce vehicle was d es ig ned fro m Septem be r 1970 a t th e Atelier d e Co nstru cti on d' i ssy-IesMolinea ux to mee t a French Arm y requirement for a vehicl e to replace th e Pa nh a rd EBR heavy a rm oured car. The first of three proto types was compl eted in Jun e 1971 a nd by la te 1977 th e three had compl eted so me 60 000 km a nd 3000 hours of tri a ls under a wide ra nge of opera tiona l environments. Four TK turrets were built a nd betwee n th em fired ove r 2000 rounds of a mmunitio n during tria ls. Ma ny of th e a utomoti ve co mponents of th e AMX-I ORC a re id enti cal to th ose used in th e tracked A MX-IOP IFY . The AMX-I ORC will equip th e reco nna issa nce regiments of th e corps of th e French Arm y as we ll as th e cavalry regiments of th e in fa ntry di visio ns. The fi rst unit to be equip-

ped with th e ve hicl e was th e 9c Regim ent de Hussa rd s based a t Provins, whi ch received its co mpl ement of ve hicles la te in 1979. The fi rst ord ers fo r th e F rench Arm y were pl aced in 19 76 when 20 vehicl es we re ord ered ; a furth er ten ve hi cles were ord ered in 1977, followed by 40 in 1978,60 in 1979 a nd 50 in 198 1. Fort y-seve n were o rd ered in 1982 but la ter ca ncelAM X-10RC (6 x 6) reco nnaissance vehicle (GIAT) (1) M504 tel escope (2) gunner's tv monitor (3) gunner's panel (4) traversing box (5) co mmander's tv mon itor (6) command er' s pan el (7) posi tion indicator (8) slant sensor (9) M389 telescope (1 0) radi o set (1 1) M389 telescope electronics (12) ventilation (1 3) NBC protection (1 4) smoke dischargers (15) tachymetry (16) commander's seat (17) radio-loader's seat (1 8) tran smission assembly (19) overriding aiming control (20) el evation sensor (21) gunner's seat (22) road wh eel arm (23) suspension jack (24) driver's seat (25) tv camera (26) gunner's control station (27) gun sight mirror

Towards

5 4

TK 105 turret as installed on AMX-1 ORC (6 x 6) reconnaissance vehicle (1) junction box including logic system, hydraulic electronic supply, deviation computer, tachometry electronics (2) tv channel box (3) gunner's control station (4) loader's panel (5) TVBNL analysis box (6) fire-control unit elevation sensor (7) M550 laser rangefinder (8) M504 telescope with optical compensator and automatic bore sighting unit (9) M389 sensor (10) gunner's panel (11) gunner's tv monitor (12) M389 commander's telescope (13) commander's panel (14) commander's tv monitor (15) tv control box (16) commander's control station (17) slant sensor (18) M389 commander's telescope (19) fire-control unit bearing sensor (GIAT)

led for financial reasons. The 1983 order is for 44 vehicles. The only know n overseas sale of the AMX-IORC is to Morocco who ordered 108 vehicles , with the first of th ese being delivered in 1981 .

Description The all-welded a luminium hull and turret provides the crew with protection from small arms fire, flash burns and shell splinters. The driver is seated at the front of th e vehicle on th e left side and is provided with an adjustable seat a nd a large single-piece hatch cover that opens to his right with three periscopes, the centre one of whi ch can be replaced by a passive OB-31-A periscope for night driving. The turret is in the centre of the vehicle with th e co mm a nder and gunner seated on the right and the loader, who also

acts as the radio ope rator, seated on th e left. Both th e co mmander and th e loader are provided with a single-piece ha tch cover that opens to th e rea r a nd th e loader has three periscopes, one to his front , one to his left and one to his rear. The veh icle commander has six periscopes for a ll-rou nd observation and a periscope and panoramic M389 telescope with a magnification of X 2 and x 8 which has full contrarotation and enables the co mm and er to observe the target regardless of the position of th e turret. Th e M389 can be elevated from -12 degrees to +24 degrees and has automatic proj ection of reticles, x 2 for MG a nd x 8 for 105 mm gun. The commander also has overriding co ntrols enabling him to lay the gun on to th e targe t. The gunner has two peris <;opes and an M504 telescope manufactured by SOPELEM and Compagnie Industrielle des Lasers (CILAS) which is the main part of the fir e-control system. The M504 has a magnification of x 10 and is co mbined with an optical co mpensator with control electronics for automatic input of fire corrections, M550 laser rangefind er and an M553 bore-sight unit which corrects for any abnormal droop or accidental misalignment of the main armament. The complete COT AC fire- control system co mprises various sensors which provide the co mputer with th e following data: target distance as meas ured by th e lase r rangefinder

AMX-10RC (6 x 6) reconnaissance vehicle

with a n acc uracy of ± 7 mils between 400 a nd 10000 metres; hori zonta l a nd verti cal speed of th e ta rge t; a ng le of ca nt of th e vehicl e a nd windspeed , altitude a nd outside tempera tu re, whi ch is fed into th e co mputer manu a lly . In a typical ta rget engage ment th e g unn er a ligns his sig ht with th e ta rge t, tracks th e targe t a nd depresses th e measuring button for two or th tee -seconds, th e tim e ta ken for th e ta rget inform a tion to be fed into the co mputer. The introdu ction of fir e correc ti on d a ta ta kes onl y I % seconds a nd th e gunner opens fire. For nig ht engage ments th e A M X-IORC is fitt ed with a Thomson-CSF model DIVT 13 LLLTV . The sys tem co nsists of a televisio n ca mera mo unted in th e ma ntlet to th e left of th e main a rm ament, elec troni cs unit, control unit a nd two television scree ns, one for th e co mm a nd er a nd th e oth er for th e gunner. An a iming reticle is genera ted electroni call y a nd superimposes itself on th e monitor screen . The devia tion co mputer of th e COT AC fire-co ntrol sys tem th en int rodu ces fire correc ti on data a nd shifts this aiming reticle by th e req uired va lue und er th e sa me conditions as for th e day reticl e. The integ rated tes t sys tem of th e modul a r fire-control sys tem ena bles a ny fa ult to be qui ckl y located a nd th e defecti ve unit repl aced . A tes t kit ma kes it possible to locate within a unit the defecti ve s ub- asse mbl y whi ch is th en replaced. The engine a t th e rea r of th e hull is identi cal to th a t of th e tracked A M X -IOP vehicl e with whi ch it also has m a ny a uto motive co mponents in comm on. T he eng ine is co upl ed to th e gearbox throug h a hydra uli c- torqu e co nve rter with a cut- out clutch. The gea rbox has two fun ctions: pre-selection th ro ugh four gea r ra ti os in both directi ons with a n a uxilia ry drive for th e two wa ter-j ets, a nd stee rin g, with outlet epicyclic gea rs a nd hydra ulicall y-ac tu a ted disc bra kes. The AM X-IORC is skid-stee red in a simila r ma nner to th e tracked AMX-IOP.

In 1983 it was co nfirmed th a t th e last two produ cti o n ba tch es of AMX-I ORC vehicles for th e French Arm y will be fitt ed with th e Ba ud ouin model 6 F II SRX di esel eng ine whi ch develops 300 hp at 3300 rpm in place of the sta nd a rd Rena ult HS 115 diesel developing 280 hp a t 3000 rpm. In addition to being a more powerful engine th e Ba ud ouin is more fuel- effi cient whi ch will give th e ve hicle a la rge r opera ting ra nge. It is ex pected th a t earli er vehicl es will be retrofitted with th e new engin e. The hydro-pneum a ti c suspension sys tem, des igned a nd ma nufactured by M essier Auto-Industri e, can be q ui ckl y adjusted by th e dri ver to s uit th e type of gro und being crossed. The minimum ground clea ra nce is 2 10 mm , but fo r road tra vel 350 mm is norm al, for cross-co untry trave l 470 mm a nd for a mphibious opera tio ns 600 mm .

AMX-1 ORC with suspension lowered to give ground c learance of 0.6 metre (GIAT)

AMX- 10RC with suspension raised for minimum ground clearance (GIAT)

AMX-10RC with suspension on right side raised and left s ide lowered (GIAT)

AMX-10 RAC (6

The s uspension a t each wh eel sta tio n co nsis ts of a road wh eel a rm , susp ensio n assembly (link rod , level a nd cylinder) with the cylinder ac ting as spring a nd s hock a bsorber and a llow ing th e heig ht to be adjusted . A centra lised lubri cati on unit facilita tes ma intena nce of th e suspension sys tem. The tyre press ure can be adjusted to suit th e typ e of gro und being crossed. The AMX-IORC is fully a mphibio us being propelled in th e wa ter by two wa ter-j ets either side of th e rear of th e hull. Before enterin g th e wa ter a trim va ne is erected a t th e front of th e ve hicle, with a tra nspa rent window in th e left side to a ll ow th e dri ver to see a head when afl oat. The ve hicles delivered to M orocco were not fitted with wa terj ets. The NBC sys tem is mo unted in th e rea r of th e turret a nd maintains a slight overpress ure in th e fi ghtin g co mpa rtm ent. Fo r use in cold clima tes a n a uxilia ry hea ter is insta lled . M a in a rm a ment of th e A MX-IORC is a 105 mm se mia utom a ti c g un with a verti r.a l wed ge breech-bl ock a nd a ba rrel with a th erma l j acket a nd a two-stage mu zzle bra ke. The g un itself is 48 calibres long without th e mu zzle bra ke a nd has a recoil length of600 mm a nd a recoil force of a bout 13 tonn es. The recoil mec ha nism co mpri ses a bra ke on th e left side a nd a counter-recoil mecha nism on th e rig ht side of th e g un. The g un fires three types of a mmunitio n, H EAT , HE a nd practi ce. The fin- sta bilised H E AT round will penetra te 350 mm of a rmour a t a n incidence of 0 degrees o r 150 mm of arm our a t 60 d egrees. Both this a nd th e practi ce round a re fitted with a tracer in th e rear of th e proj ec til e. The a nti-ta nk round has a n effecti ve ra nge of 1250 metres . Basic deta ils of th e a mm uniti on a re as follows:

Of 38 ro unds of 105 mm a mmunition ca rri ed 12 are for ready use in th e turret. A 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted coaxia ll y to th e left of th e ma in a rm a ment. T wo smoke discha rge rs mo unted eith er side of th e turret towa rd s th e rear a re electri call y fir ed fro m within th e ve hicle. An APFSDS 105 mm ro und is currentl y being developed by GI AT for th e weapon fitt ed to th e A M X-IORC . The turret is equipped with a SAMM C H 49 electrohydra ulic control system co nsisting of a se rvo-co ntroll ed cylinder, fl ow di viding un it, servo-motor, hydra ulic powe r so urce, electroni cs box, twin ha ndl es for th e g unner a nd a single ha ndl e for th e comm a nd er. If required th e A M X-IORC ca n be deli vered without th e air co nditio ning system, hea ter, NBC sys tem, night firecontrol equipm ent, nav igation sys tem a nd a mphibious ca pa bility.

Type DESIGNATION WEIGHT OF CARTRIDGE WEIGHT OF PROJECTILE WEIGHT OF EXPLOS IVE

HEAT OCC 105 F3 13.85 kg 5.65 kg 0.92 kg

HE OE 105 F3 13.7 kg 7.2 kg . 1.74 kg

LENGTH OF CARTRIDGE MUZZLE VELO CITY

838 mm 11 20 mls

888 mm 800 ml s

Smoke OFUM 105 F3 13.7 kg 7.2 kg 1.50 kg (compositi on) 888 mm 800 ml s

Note: Training ve rsion of HEAT is BSCC 105 F3 and has a muzzle velocity of 11 20 metres a second. All rounds are fin stabil ised.

6) reconnaissance vehicle (GIAT)

Variants In 197 1 a prototype of a wheeled (6 x 6) APC called th e A MX-IORP was show n for th e firs t tim e but it has not been placed in produ ctio n. A tracked version of th e AMX-l ORC developed to tJ:! e proto type stage is know n as th e AMX-IOC but has not ye t been pl aced in produ cti on. Model of AM X-1 0 RAA twin 30 mm self-propelled anti-a ircraft gun (GIAT)

AMX- 10 RAe This is essentiall y the AMX-I0RC with its original turret replaced by theGIAT TS 90 turret which is fu ll y described in th e entry for th e Pan hard ERC 90 F4 Sagaie armoured ca r later in this book. The vehicle has a loaded weight of 14800 kg with the three-m an crew consisting of commander/ loader; gunner and driver. The turret has man~ ual traverse but can be fitted with power traverse ifrequired . A total of37 rounds of90 mm and 3200 rounds of7.62 mm machine gun ammunition a re carri ed.

AMX-10 RAA Shown in model form at the 1981 Satory Exhibition of M il itary Equipment was th e AMX-I0 RAA. This is essentiall y the AMX-IORC with its ori gina l turret replaced by the SPECIFICATIONS (with 0.3 m ground c learance) 4 CREW 6 x 6 CONFIGURATION 15800 kg COMBAT WEIGHT 14900 kg UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER-TO·WEIGHT 16.45 hp/tonne RATI O LENGTH GUN 9.15 m FORWARDS LENGTH HULL 6.35 m 2.95 m WIDTH HEIGHT 2.68 m (overall) 2.2 15 m (to tulret top) 1.565 m (to hull top) GROUND CLEARAN CE (normal) 0.35 m (adjustable from 0.2 - 0.6 m) 2.425 m TRA CK 1.550 m + 1.550 m WHEELBASE MAX SPEED 85 km/h (road) 7.2 km/h (water)

MAX RANGE (roa d) FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE TREN CH ENGINE

TRANSMI SSION

SUSPENSION ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BAnERIES ARM AME NT (main) (coax ial)

Thomson-CSF/SAMM SABRE turret armed with twin 30 mm cann on.

AM X-10 RTT In 1983 GIAT announced th a t th e prototype of a wheeled arm oured personnel carri er version of th e AMX-IORC had been built und er th e designa tion of th e AMX- IO RTT (Roues Transporteur d e Troupes). This has a similar suspension to th e AMX-I ORC but with th e driver at the front of the hull on the left a nd th e engine compartment to his right. The troop compartm ent is a t th e rear of th e hu ll with periscopes giving observa tion to th e sides. Over th e top of th e troop compartment is a GIAT CIBI 12.7 mm wea pon station armed with a 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun. The three-man crew consists of commander, gunner and drive r and it can carry 10 fu ll y eq uipped infantrymen.

800 km amphibious 60% 40% 0.7 m 1.15 m Hispano-Suiza HS-1 15 super-charged water-cooled 8·cylinder diesel deve loping 260 hp at 3000 rpm preselective with 4

forward and 4 reverse gears hydro-pneumati c 24 V 6 x 12V, 100Ah

SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPMENT AMMUN ITI ON (main) (coaxial) (smoke grenades) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power con trol

By commander By gunner Gun elevati on/ depress ion Gun stabili ser (vertical) (horizonta l)

2 smoke dischargers either side of turret 38 4000 16 electro-hyd rauli c/ manual yes yes +20"/-8" no no

1 x 105 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG

Status: In produ ction. In service with th e French Army and Morocco.

Manufacturer: Atelier de Construction Roann e (ARE). Enquiries to Groupement Industriel des Armements Terrestres, 10 place G C lemenceau, 9221 1 Saint Cloud , France.

Pan hard EBR Heavy Armoured Car

Panhard EBR 75), a light ta nk (which became theAMX- 13) and a heavy tank (which became the AMX-50 but was never placed in produ ction).

Development In 1937 Pan ha rd started design work on a new armoured car for the French Army called th e AMR 201 , which was to have better cross-country mobility th an armoured cars us ed by the French Army at th e time, such as th e Panhard AMD (4 x 4). Design of th e AMR 201 (A uto-Mitraill euse de Reconnaissance) was completed within a year and construction of th e first prototype began in 1938 and was completed by December 1939. The prototype had a crew of thr:ee and was fitted with a turret armed with a 25 mm gun a nd a 7.5 mm coaxial machine gun. Its eight-wheel drive gave it excellent cross-country mobi lity. Whe)) travell ing on roads the four centre wheels were ra ised off th e ground as th ey had steel ribs wh ich wou ld bite into th e s urface of th e road. The four centre (or interm ediate) wheels were lowered when th e vehicle was crossing rough country. When the Second World War broke out th e AMR 20 1 was taken to North Africa where it was subsequ ently lost. Shortly after the end of th e Second World War th e French Army issued a requirement for three new armoured vehicles: a heavy a rmoured car (which eventuall y became th e

Panhard EBR with FL-10 turret arm ed with 75 mm gun (E C P Arm ees)

Pan hard EBR with FL-11 turret armed with 90 mm gun

To meet the requirement for a heavy a rm oured car four French co mpa nies submitted proposals, H otchkiss (6 x 6), La til (8 x 8), Lorraine (6 x 6) a nd Pa n ha rd (8 x 8). Pa nh ard com pleted its desig n earl y in 1946 a nd was a wa rd ed a contrac t to build two prototype vehicles which were completed by Jul y 1948. After tri a ls wi th th e Pa n ha rd a nd Hotchkiss designs, th e form er was acce pted for service, with modifi cati ons, in December 1949. Produ ction began early in 1950 a nd th e first produ ction vehicles were completed in la te 1950. By th e time produ ctio n had bee n compl eted in 1960 1200 EBRs (Engin Blinde de Reconna issance) had been completed , most of which we re s upplied to th e French Army. T he EBR is still in service with th e French Army; from 1979 it sta rted to be replaced by th e AMX-I ORC (6 x 6) vehicl e, but it is not expected to be fin a ll y phased out of French Arm y service until 1986/8 7.

Description T he hull of th e EBR is made of welded steel with th e driver seated a t th e front, fi ghting compa rtm ent in th e centre a nd th e second dri ver, who also opera tes the radio, a t th e rea r, with th e engine und er th e fighting co mpa rtm ent. T he front a nd rea r dri ve rs a re both provided with a twopiece ha tch cover th a t opens either side of th eir position , th e

left cover with one periscope a nd th e right with two. In additio n th ere is a small fl a p th a t opens upwa rds. Both drivers a re provided with a full set of driving controls a nd th e vehi.cle can be dri ven a t the same speed in each direc tion. Mounted betwee n each dri ve r' s feet is a 7. 5 mm machine gun firing forwa rds, but th ese a re not normally fitt ed today. The FL-II oscill a ting turret, ma nufactured by Fives-C ail Ba bcock, is in th e centre of th e vehicle with th e comm ander on the left a nd th e gunn er on th e right. The commander is provided with periscopes for all-ro und observa tion while th e g unn er has a telescope linked to th e main a rm a ment a nd three periscopes. I n th e 1950s some Pa n ha rd EBRs were fi tted with th e FL-I 0 turret as install ed on mos t produ ction AMX-1 3 light ta nks, which had th e adva ntage of being fitted with a n a utoma ti c loading system whi ch ena bl ed a high ra te of fir e to be achieved for a short tim e. But it also had two dis adva ntages: it increased th e vehicle' s we ight to 15 200 kg (almos t th e sa me as th e AMX-1 3 lig ht ta nk ) a nd its overall heig ht to 2. 58 metres . In th e 1960s all EBRs were fitted with th e FL-II turret a rm ed with th e new 90 mm g un. The engine is und er th e fi ghting compa rtm ent a nd air is drawn into th e vehicle by two fa ns through oval holes between th e top of th e hull a nd th e bottom of th e turret; th e air th en passes over th e engine a nd leaves th e vehicle by simila r ova l holes a t th e rear of th e turret. The engine consists of two

Pan hard EBR with FL-11 turret armed with 90 mm gun , this is current model in service with French Army

The EB R is a rmed with a 90 mm gun which fires finstabilised HEAT and HE proj ectiles. A 7.5 mm machine gun is mounted coaxiall y with the main armament and two electrically-operated smoke dischargers are mounted on eith er side of th e turret. Type WE IGHT OF COMPLETE ROUND WE IGHT OF PR OJECTILE MUZZLE VE LOCITY

HEAT

Smoke

Canister

7.1 kg

8.9 kg

9.1 kg

8.9 kg

3.65 kg 640 ml s

5.27 kg 635 ml s

5.4 kg 750 mls

5.28 kg 640 mls

The EBR has no NBC system, no night vision equipment and no amph ibious capability. Panhard EBR of Frenc h Army with FL-11 turret armed with 90 mm gun and driver's hatch in open position

Variants

opposed groups of six cylinders. Power is transmitted from th e engine through a four-dis c dry clutch to th e four-sp eed gearbox, wh ich is connected to th e second transversely mounted gearbox by bevel gea rs giving forward and reverse. This gives th e veh icle 16 gea rs in both directions. The second gearbox incorporates a differential (which can be locked for off-road tra vel) and power is then taken to a free-wheel transmission on each side of th e vehicle and then via shafts to th e fo"ur wheel stations . When travell ing on roads the centre or interm ediate wheels are raised off the ground , but still turn. Before crossing rough country, th e intermedia te wheels are lowered to the ground by a hydro-pneumatic unit operated by th e driver. The front and rear wheels are sprung with two concentric coil springs and a telescopic damper. The front and rear wheels have tyres with bullet-proof inner tubes.

There have been a number of experimen tal models of the EBR but th e only variant known to be in current service is the EBR ETT a rm oured personnel carri er which has the Panha rd designation model 238. The first prototype was completed in 1957 but onl y 30 were built for service in North Africa. They are no longer used by the French Army but a few are known to be used by Portugal. The ETT has a superstructure that extends to the rear of the hull and is provid ed with hatches to enable the crew to us e th eir small a rms from within th e vehicle. Normal means of en try and exit for the crew is via two doors in the rear of the hull which a re also provided with firing ports. This model was fi tted with a: turret-mounted 7.5 mm machine gun or two small turrets each fitted with a rifle. The EBR ETT has a crew of three and can carry 12 fully-equipped troops; loaded weight is 13 000 kg.

SPECIFICATIONS (EBR fitted with FL-ll turret armed with 90 mm gun) CREW 8 x 6 CONFIGU RATI ON 13500 kg COMBAT WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEI GHT 14.81 hpl tonn e RATIO LENGTH GUN 6.15 m FORWARDS 5.56 m LENGTH HULL 2.42 m WIDTH HEIGHT (to turret top on 8 wheels) 2.32 m (to turret top on 4 2.24 m wheels) GROUND CLEARANCE 0.41 m (on 8 wheels) 0.33 m (on 4 wheels) 1.74 m TRA CK MAX SPEED (road) 105 kml h 380 litres FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE (road) 650 km 1.2 m FORDING GRADIENT 60% VERTICAL OBSTACLE 0.4 m

EBR En Armoured Personnel Carrier

TREN CH TURNING RADIUS (on front whee ls) (on front and rear whee ls) ENGINE

7.974 m 3.962 m Pan hard model 12 H 6000 12-cylinder air-cooled petrol developing 200 hp at 3700 rpm 2 4-speed gear boxes hydrauli c assisted 4-disc dry

TRANSMISSION STEERIN G CLUTCH SUSPENSION (front and rear wheels) concentric coil springs and tel escopic damper hydro-pneumatic (i ntermediate) ARMAMENT 1 x 90 mm gun (main) 1 x 7.5 mm MG (coax ial) (fixed at both d(iver's 1 x 7.5 mm MG pOSitions) SMOKE-LAYI NG 2 x 2 smoke disEQUIPMENT chargers either side of turret

Status: Production complete. In service with France (being replaced by AMX- IORC) , Mauritania, Morocco (being replaced by AMX-I ORC) , Portugal (armoured car and ETT APC) and Tunisi a.

AMMUNITION (main) (machine gun) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control By co mmander By gunner Max rate of power traverse Max rate of power elevation Gun elevationl depression ARMOUR Hull front Hull sides Hull top Hull floor Hull rear Turret front Turret sides Turret rear Turret top

43 2000 hydraulicl manual yes yes 360· in 12 s 5· in 1 s + 15·1- 10· 40 mm 16 mm 20 mm 16mm 40mm 40 mm 30 mm 20 mm 10 mm

Manufacturer: Societe de Constructions M ecaniq ues Panhard et Levassor, 18 avenue d' Ivry, 75621 Paris, France.

Renault VBC 90 Armoured Car Development The VBC 90 (Vehi cule Blinde de Comba t) was d esigned by Rena ult Vehicules Industri els specifi call y for th e ex port ma rket and was shown ror th e first time a t th e 1979 Satory Ex hibition of Military Equipment. First produ cti on VBC 90 arm oured ca rs were compl eted in September 1981. It shares many a utomoti ve components with th e VAB (6 x 6) APC which is in produ cti on for th e ex port market and th e V AB (4 x 4) which is alread y in service with th e French Arm y. T he first of 28 VBC 90 armoured cars ordered by th e French Ge ndarmeri e we re deli ve red in 1983 a nd a re fitted with a SOPTAC fi re control system incorporating a laser rangefinder.

Description Its all-welded steel hull protects th e crew from small arms fire and shell splinters and is divided into three compartments: driver's at th e front, fi ghting in th e centre and engine at the rear. T he d river is seated a t th e rront orthe vehicl e on th e left side a nd has a single-piece hatch cover th a t opens to th e right with three integral perisco pes. Vehicles for th e French Genda rm eri e have bullet-proof windows rath er th an periscopes for greater all round observa tion, with centre one fitt ed with wiper. T he GI AT TS 90 turret is all-welded with th e commander on th e left and th e gunn er on th e right, both with a singlepiece hatch cover tha t opens to th e rear and a n adjustable seat. An extractor fan is mounted in th e forwa rd part of th e

Renault VBC 90 (6 x 6) armoured car

Renault VB C 90 (6 x 6) armoured car as delivered to the French Gendarmeri e with all hatches c losed

GIAT 90 mm C8 90 gun as installed in T8 90 turret fitted on VB C 90 a rmoured car together with a selection of a mmunition ca rried , that on the right being the APF8D8 round

turret roof. M ain arma ment co nsis ts of a long-ba rrell ed 90 mm gun with a 35-degree oblique wedge breech-block, hydro-pn eum a ti c recoil system , therma l sleeve a nd a mu zzle brake. Twenty rounds of read y-use a mmunition are ca rr ied, four in th e turret bas ket a nd 16 in th e turret bustle. The empty cartridge cases are ejected into a bag under th e breech and th e comm a nd er has a n a mmunition resupply ha tch in th e left side of th e turret. A further 25 rounds of 90 mm ammunition are ca rri ed in th e hull. The 90 mm rifl ed g un fires th e following fix ed a mmun ition: Type DESIGNATION WEIGHT OF PROJECTILE WEIGHT OF FILLING LENGTH OF PROJECTI LE WEIGHT OF CARTR IDGE MUZZLE VELOCITY

Canister ODOR 5.28 kg 4 kg 158 mm 10.4 kg 750 mls

HE OE 90 F1' 5.28 kg 0.945 kg 480 mm 10.42 kg 750 ml s

HEAT Smoke OCC 9O-62t OFUM PH* 5.4 kg 3.65 kg 0.67 kg 0.8 kg 500 mm 480 mm 10.54 kg 8.95 kg 950 mls 750 mls

'practice projectile is OE 90 PLN twill penetrate 320 mm of armour at O· incidence will penetrate 120 mm of armour at 65· incid ence practice version called SCC 90 F1 * will lay 50-metre wide smokescreen which will last 2()...;30 seconds Recently developed is an APFSDS proiectile with a muzzle veloci ty of 1275 metres a second which will penetrate 120 mm of armour at an inc idence of 60 degrees at a range of 2000 metres: proj ectil e weight is 3.3 kg .

cha nn el with a mag nifi cation of X 5.5 and a n 8-degree fi eld of "iew. This can be used in co njun ction with th e following co ntrol sys te m: SOPELEM SOPTAC 22 with a C ILAS TCV 107 laser ra ngefind er SOPELEM SOPTAC 10 wi th a C ILAS TCV 107 lase r rangefind er which a utom a ti call y disp lays target ra nge in th e g unn er's sig ht SOPELEM SOPTAC II with a C ILAS TCV 107 lase r rangefind er wh ich automaticall y d isplays target ra nge in th e g unn er's sight and also provides cross ing speed of target Thomson-CSF Canasta passive night system which ena bl es th e gunner to detect and engage targe ts a t a ra nge of up to 2000 metres, aim th e gu n a nd fire in darkn ess . GIAT M586 day a nd nig ht firing system whi ch us es co mponents of th e COTAC fire-con trol system a nd includ es a T C V 107 lase r ra ngefinder a nd a computer which integra tes the va rio us fun ctio ns required for engaging sta ti o nary a nd moving ta rgets, including wind speed, ex tern a l temperat ure, speed a nd distan ce of target. Optiona l equipm ent includes a 7.62 mm anti- aircra ft machin e gu n. Future developments pla nn ed for th e turret include independ ent eleva tion of th e coax ial 7.62 mm machin e g un, option of th e 7.62 mm coax ia l machine g un being replaced by a 12. 7 mm machin e g un , electric traverse (360 degrees in 14 seconds). The engin e, tra nsmission and fu el ta nk a re at th e rea r of th e hull , with a la rge door, opening to th e left, for access for ma intena nce. Powe r is transm itted from th e eng ine to th e wheels by a torque co nverter a nd a gea rbox with five forward a nd one reverse gea rs. G ears a re shifted by a sma ll pneum at icall yopera ted lever wh ich a lso opera tes th e clutch . The ax les have differentia l redu cti on gea rs with d o ubl e redu cti o n and differenti al locking. The wh eels a re independ entl y s uspend ed by torsion bars and hydra uli c shock absorbers. Steering is hydra uli call y ass isted on th e front two ax les a nd the tyre pressures ca n be adjusted to suit th e type of g round being crossed. Unlike th e VAB fa mil y of APCs th e VBC 90 does no t have any amp hibio us ca pabili ty. Optional equipm ent includes a n NBC system and a front-mounted winch with a ca pacity of7000 kg a nd supp lied with 60 metres of ca ble.

Mounted coaxia ll y to th e left of th e main armament is a 7.62 mm machine g un a nd th ere are two electri ca lly- Renault VBC 90 (6 x 6) armoured car with driver's hatch in operated smoke discha rgers mounted either side of th e turret closed position towa rds th e rea r. A PH 9A white lig ht searchlig ht is mounted coaxia ll y to th e left of th e main ar mament and a second white lig ht sea rch light is mounted in th e forwa rd part of th e turret a nd operated by th e co mm a nd er. The co mm a nd er has seven periscopes a nd th e g unn er five a nd th e g unn er a lso has an M563 tel escopic sight with a magnifi cation of X 5.9 for laying th e main arma ment. The ve hicle ca n a lso be fitted with the followin g SOPELEM sig hts: SOPTAC 2 1 with a CILAS TCV 107 lase r ra ngefind er SOPTAC 6 with C ILAS TCV 107 lase r ra ngefind er which autom a ti call y displ ays target ra nge in th e g unn er's sight SOPTAC 13 with C IL AS TCV 107 laser rangefind er which auto ma ti call y displ ays targe t range in th e gunner's sight, a nd a lso provides th e crossing speed of th e ta rget For engaging targets a t night th e SOPELEM TJN 20 gunner's sig ht is fitted, which has a day cha nn el with a magnifi cation of X 6 a nd a n 8-degree fi eld of view a nd a night 41

One of the prototypes of VBC 90 fitted with Hispano-St:liza Lynx 90 turret a rm e d with Cockeri ll 90 mm Mark III g un

VBC fitted with GIAT turret armed with 81 mm s mooth-bore gun/mortar (Christop her F Foss)

Variants The VBC 90 can be fi tted with a number of other turrets including th e follow ing: Hispano-Suiza Lynx 90 (already tested ) G I A T turret armed with 81 mm smooth-bore g un/ morta r ESD TA-20 a nti- a ircra ft turret with twin 20 mm ca nnon SAMM TTB 190 turret with 90 mm g un Hispano-Suiza MARS 90 mm

Note: Automo ti ve componen ts of th e VBC/ VAB fami ly a re a lso used in a fami ly of veh icl es that th e co mpany has designed to mee t the requirements of Argen tin a in competition with d esigns carried o ut by Pan hard. Ava ilab le detai ls of this programm e are given in this section und er Argentina.

SPECIFICA nONS CREW 3 CONFIGURATION 6 x 6 POWER-TO-WEIGHT 18.36 hp/tonne RATIO WE IGHT 12800 kg LEN GTH GUN FORWARD 8.152 m LENGTH HULL 5.495 m WIDTH 2.49 m HEIGHT (to turret top) 2.55 m 1.697 m (to hull top) TRACK 2.035 m 1.5 m + l .5m WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE 45°/45° MAX ROAD SPEED (5th gear) 92 km/h (4th gear) 58 km/h (3rd gear) 34 km/h (2nd gear) 20 km/h (1st gear) 12 km/h (reverse) 13 km/h MAX RANGE (road ) 1000 km FORDING 1.2 m

GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE TRENCH ENGINE

TRANSMISSION

STEERING TYRES BRAKES SUSPENSION

60% 30%

SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPMENT

0.6 m 1m MAN D.2356 HM 72 in-line water-cooled 6-cy linder diesel developing 235 hp at 2200 rpm Renault Tran sflu id with 5 forwa rd and 1 reverse gears recirculating ball . hydraul ic assisted 14.00 x 20

AMMUNITION (main) 45 4000 (coaxial) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control electrically assisted manual (traverse only) Max rate of power 360°/20 s traverse Max rate of manual elevation 23°115 s Gun elevati on!

depress ion

+ 15°1 _8°

disc

independent (torsion bar and telescopic

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) (an ti-airc raft )

shock absorbers) 24 V 4 x 12V6TN 1 x 90 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 1 x 7.62 mm MG (optional)

Note: From 1983 th e MAN engine was replaced in production vehic les by th e Renault 6-2045. six-cy linder. in-line water-coo led turbo-charged diesel develop ing

230 bhp at 2200 rpm .

Status: In produ ction. In service with Fra nce (Ge ndarmerie, 28 delivered in 1983), Oman (4) and the U ni ted Arab Emira tes. Manufacturer: Prod uction of th e VBC 90 is undertaken by Renau lt Vehi cules Industriels . Marketing: Societe d es Materi els Specia ux Renault VI C reusot-Loire, 316 Burea ux de la Colline, 922 13 Saint- C loud Cedex, France.

2 smoke dischargers e ither side of turret

LOHR RPX 90 Armoured Car Development The RPX 90 (4 x 4) armoured car has been developed by th e LOHR company as a private venture specificall y for th e export ma rket and. was shown for th e first time at th e 1983 Satory Exhibition of Military Equipment. Description The hull of th e RPX 90 is of all-welded steel construction wh ich provides th e crew with protection from small arms fire and shell splinters. The driver is seated at the front of the hull and has a single-piece hatch cover over his position. Bullet-proof windscreens at th e front and sides provide excellent visibility, but when in a combat area th ese are covered by armoured shutters with integral vision slits that are hinged at th e bottom. Provisiona l drawing of LOHR RPX 90 (4 x 4) armoured car

LOHR RPX 90 armoured car fitted with turret armed with six MATRA SATCP surface-to-air missiles

M ounted on th e roof in th e centre of th e vehicle is th e Hispano-Sui za CNMP 90 mm MARS turret which is a rm ed with th e GIAT 90 mm Super 90 gun which has an elevation of + 20 degrees and a depression of - 8 degrees, instead of the 90 mm CN-90-F3. A 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted coaxially with th e main a rmament. The engine and transmission are a t th e rear of th e hull. According to th e manufacturer th e excell ent off-road mobility of th e LOHR RPX 90 is made possible by its good powerto-weight ra ti o and its oversize and low press ure tyres . In the either side of th e hull is a two-pa rt ha tch, the upper part opening to th e rear and th e lower foldin g down to form an entry step.

LOHR RPX 90 armoured car fitted with Hispano-Suiza CNMP 90 mm MARS turret which features an externally-mounted gun

Variants Although th e prototype was shown with th e ex perimental Hispano-Su iza MARS 90 two-ma n turret, the RP X 90 armou red car can be fi tted wi th a wide range of other turrets and has already been fit ted with a Hispano-S uiza CNMP Serval turret armed with a 60 mm breech-loaded morta r, 20 mm ca nnon and 7.62 mm machine gun. T his turret is full y decribed in the following entry. It has also been fitted with th e turret armed with six MATRA SATC P surface-to-air missi les, a lthough this system has ye t to enter production .

LOHR RPX 90 armoured ca r fitted with Hispano-Sui za CNMP Serval turret armed with 60 mm breech-loade d mortar: 20 mm ca nnon and 7.62 mm machine gun SPECIFICATIONS CREW CONFIGURATION COMBAT WE IGHT WEIGHT UNLOADED AND WITHOUT TURRET POWER·TO·WEIGHT RATIO LENGTH (without armament) WtDTH HEtGHT ( ~ull top) (tu rret) GROUND CLEARANCE

3 4 x 4 10000 kg

7000 kg 25 hp/tonne 5.20 m 2.65 m 1.725 m 2.52 m 0.5 m

TRACK WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE MAX ROAD SPEED MA X CROSS-COUNTRY SPEED MAX RANGE (road) FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TURN ING RADIU S ENG INE

2.13 m 2.95 m

45·/45·

TRANSM ISSION STEERING TYRE S

105 km/h 53 km/h 1000 km 1.4 m 60% 40% 0.6 m 7.5 m 6-cylinder water-cooled turbo-charged diesel developing 250 hp

BRAKES ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) AMMUNITION (main) (coaxia l)

automatic. 6 forwa rd and 1 reverse gears hydraulic assisted 20.5 R 20.5 S with run flat capability discs on all wheels 1 x 90 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 1 1

x 90 mm x 7.62 mm

60 2000

Status: Prototype.

Manufacturer: LOHR, 67980 H angenbieten, France.

Panhard ERC Armoured Car

a rm oured cars shares many a utomotive componen ts with th e Pan hard VCR range of armoured personnel carri ers which we re also shown for th e first time in 1977. The French Army req uires at leas t 53 Pan hard ERC 90 F4 Sagaie armoured cars a nd the first of th ese were deli vered in 1982. They are being issued to th e two uni ts assigned to rapid deploymen t overseas, th e Regiment d' Infanterie de C hars de Marines which is based at Vannes in Brittany and th e Regiment de Hussards Parachutistes based at Tarbes in th e Pyrenees.

Development The ERC (E ngin de Reconnaissan ce Cannon) range of armoured cars was d eveloped by Pan ha rd as a priva te venture from 1975 and is aimed specifically at th e ex port market. The range was first shown in 1977 at th e Satory Exhibition of Military Equipment and entered produ ction th e following year a t Panhard's new factory a t Marolles. First produ ction ve hicles were completed in 1979 . The ERC ra nge of Panhard ERC 90 F4 Sagai e fitted with TS 90 turret with 90 mm gun depressed

Description The all-welded steel hull provides th e crew with protection from sma ll arms fire and shell splin ters. The floor of th e hull consists of two pla tes welded togeth er to form a flat V which helps th e vehicle to slide off obs tacles and stiffens th e fl oor aga inst da mage from mines. The driver is seated a t the front of th e hull , slightly to the left of th e vehicl e's centre lin e. His hatch is in two parts: one part, which contains th e forward -fa cing periscope, folds forward onto th e glacis plate and th e second part folds upwards. The forw ard periscope can be replaced by an infra-red or image-intensifi cation peri scope for night driving, and th ere is an additiona l peris cope either sid e of th e driver's hatch cover. The turret is mounted in th e centre of th e vehicle and as each version has a different turret th ey are described in detail und er variants. All vehicles in th e range are powered by a militarised version of a Peugeot V-6 petrol engine which develops 155 hp a t 5500 rpm. Power is taken from th e engine through a single-plate clutch to a transvers ely-mou nted

Pan hard ERC 90 F4 Sagaie fitted with TS 90 turret with 90 mm gun

Pa n ha rd gea rbox with six forwa rd a nd one reverse gears a nd inco rpora ting a Pa n hard cam-type limited slip differential from which th e dri ve is ta ken to either side of th e vehi cle . Drive is th en ta ken by half-shafts to bevel gea rs a t th e centre wheel sta tions a nd th en sha fts ta ke power to th e bevel gears a t th e front wheel stati ons. The rea r wheel bevel gea rs a re dri ven by shafts directl y from th e gearbox. The dri ve from th e centre to th e front wheel on each side incorpora tes a noth er cam-typ e limited slip differentia l. Power is tra nsmitted from th e bevel boxes to th e wheels by a tra in of gears ho used within tra iling a rms which independ entl y locate th e wheels. The front a nd rea r wheels a re sprung by single coil springs with concentri c telesco pic hydra uli c da mpers. The centre wheels, which a re raised off th e ground when on roads, a re sprung by h y dr~-pn e um a ti c uni ts. The centre wheels a re powered even when ra ised cl ea r of th e road surface. Only th e front wheels a re steered , a nd stee ring is hydra ulically assisted . The low-press ure tyres a re fitt ed with Hutchinson cellula r inner tubes, whi ch ena ble th e ve hicle to travel for at least 100 km a t 30 km/ h when th e tyres have been punctured by bullets. The bas ic ve hicle can ford to a depth of 1.2 metres without prepa ra ti on but two different a mphibio us models of th e ERC ha ve al read y been d eveloped . Both models have a trim vane mounted a t th e front of th e hull which is folded back onto th e

glacis pl a te when no t in use a nd has a tra nspa rent pa nel in its centre to ena ble the driver to have a clear view a head , a nd sheet metal fl oats over th e wheel s tatio ns which a re fill ed with closed- cell foam . A rea r opening door is provided in th e left side of th e hull. Before entering th e wa ter th e trim vane is erected a nd th e two tubul a r du cts a t the sides of th e engine compa rtm ent a re hydra uli call y swivelled into th e vertical position to prevent wa ter entering th e engine compa rtm ent. The radia tor compartm ent is allowed to fl ood , as when th e vehicl e is afl oat cooling is by wate r-to-wa ter heat transfer. The first a mph ibio us model is propelled in th e water by its wheels a nd th e second by two Dowty-Messier hyd roj ets. All models ha ve a turret-mounted ventilato r a nd in te rn a l lights as stand a rd. Optional equipment includes a n NBC sys tem, gro und naviga ti on compass, air-co nditio ning equipment a nd a front mounted winch with 60 metres of ca ble a nd a capacity of 3500 kg.

Variants

ERe 90 F4 Sagaie This was th e first model to enter produ ction a nd is fi tted wi th a GI AT T S 90 tu rret a rm ed with a 90 mm g un which can fi re th e following a mmunitio n:

Panhard ERC 90 F4 Sagaie fitted with TS 90 turret firing its 90 mm gun . Note water jets at rear of hull

Type DESIGNATION WEIGHT OF PROJECTILE WEIGHT OF FILLING LENGTH OF PROJECTILE WEIGHT OF CARTRIDGE MUZZLE VELOCITY

Canister ODDR 5.28 kg 4 kg 158 mm lO A kg

HEAT

OE 90 Fl ' 5.28 kg 0_945 kg 480 mm 10A2 kg

OCC 90-62t 3.65 kg 0.67 kg 500 mm 8.95 kg

Smoke OFUM PH* 5A kg 0.8 kg 480 mm 10.54 kg

750 mls

950 mls

750 mls

' practic e projectile is OE 90 PLN twill penetrate 320 mm of armour at 0' incidence will penetrate 120 mm of arm ou r at 65° incidence

practice version called SCC 90 Fl *will lay a 50-metre wide smokescreen which wi ll last 20-30 seconds Recently developed is an APFSDS projectile with a muzzle veloci ty of 1275 metres a second which will penetrate 120 mm of armour at an inci dence of 60 degrees at a range of 2000 metre s; projectil e we ight is 3.3 kg

A 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted coaxia lly to the left of th e ma in a rmam ent and two smoke dis chargers a re mounted either side of th e turret a t th e rear. The co mm a nd er is seated on th e left side of th e turret a nd th e g unner on the ri g ht, both with a single-piece hatch cover th at opens to th e rear. The comm a nd er is provided with seven periscopes a nd the g unner fi ve and th e gunner also has a n M 563 telescopic sight with a magnification of X5.9. Of 20 rounds of 90 mm ammunition ca rri ed in th e turret, 12 a re HEAT a nd 8 HE. Optio nal turret eq uipment includes a n a nti-aircraft machine gun, day/ night telescope a nd a lase r ra ngefind er, a nd developments pla nn ed includ e indepe nd ent eleva tion of the coaxial machine gun, option of having th e 7.62 mm machin e gun replaced by a 12 .7 mm machine gun a nd a fire-co ntrol system for engaging movin g targets. The turret is mounted with a new gun m a ntlet which a llows super-elevation of th e main armament to + 35 degrees ena bling it to be used aga inst high and co ncealed ta rgets. Pan hard offers six options for th e vehicl e, eac h with a weight ind ex of I or 2, a nd th e use r can select optio ns up to a n index offour. The optio ns are amphibious kit propelled in th e water by its whee ls ( I), a mphibious kit propelled in th e water by hydroj ets (2), NBC system (I), a ir-co nditioning sys tem/ hea ter ( I), a n additi ona l 10 round s of 90 mm a nd 1000 rounds on ·62 mm a mmunition ( I) a nd a gro und nav iga ti on system (I).

ERC 90 F4 Sagaie TT8 190 This was shown for the first tim e at the 1983 Satory Exhibition of Military Equipment and is th e basic chassis fitted with th e new SAMM TTB 190 two-m a n turret which is a rmed Pan hard ERG 90 F4 Sagaie fitted with SAMM DB 190 turret

Pan hard ERG 90 F1 Lynx with turret traversed left and commander manning external machine gun

with th e same GIAT 90 mm F4 gun as th e original ERC 90 F4 Sagaie whi ch has the GIAT TS 90 turret. The commander is on th e left and gunn er on right, and both have a co mbined day/ night plus perisco pes for observation The 90 mm gun has an elevation of + 15 d egrees a nd a depression of - 8 degrees with turret traverse a full 360 degrees. Turret traverse can be elec tri c, hydra uli c or electro- hydraulic. A 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm machine gun can be mounted coaxial to th e left a nd a 7.62 mm machin e g un can be mounted ex terna ll y on commander's cupol a for a nti-aircraft defence. A tota l of 23 rounds of 90 mm and 2000 rounds of 7.62 mm machine g un ammunition are carri ed. A wide range of options is available for this turret including a stabilisation system a nd various types of fire control system including a lase r rangefi nder. Loaded weight is 8300 kg, empty weight 7700 kg, leng th hull 4.91 m, width 2.495 m, height overall 2.382 m a nd height to hull top 1.502 m. Other data is ident ical to th e Pan hard ERC 90 F4 Sagaie.

ERC 90 F1 Lynx This is fitted with a Lynx 90 turret designed and manufactured by Hispa no-Suiza and armed with a 90 mm FI g un, 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun a nd two smoke disch a rgers on either side of th e turret at th e rear. The g un fir es the foll owing a mmunition: Type WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT OF PROJECTILE MUZZLE VELOCITY

HEAT

Smoke

Canister

7.1 kg

8.9 kg

9.1 kg

8.9 kg

3.65 kg

5.28 kg

750 mls

650 mls

5A kg 640 mls

640 mls

5.28 kg

Th e commander is seated on th e left of th e turret with th e gunner on the right. The co mmander is provided with a cupola with a single-piece hatch cover th a t opens to the rea r and eight periscopes for all- round o bserv a tion. The g unn er is provided with a single-pi ece ha tch cove r th a t opens to th e rear. Vision equipment consists ofa co mbined day and night passive periscope mod el TJN 2.90 (SOPELEM) , TCV 107 laser rangefinder (CILAS/SOPELEM) a nd 12 periscopes (nine type L 794 B and three type L 794 D). A tota l of 21 rounds of90 mm ammunition are ca rri ed in th e turret and if 46

req uired a 7.62 mm machine gun can be fi tted for an tiaircraft defence. Panhard offers six options for th e ve hicle, identi cal to those offered for th e ERC 90 F4 Saga ie exce pt th at it can ca rry a n additiona l 20 ro unds of 90 mm a mmunition ra th er th an th e 10 in th e ERC 90 F4 Sagaie.

ERC TG 120 Guepard This model is no longe r offered .

ERC 60-20 Serval This is fitted with a 60-20 Serval turret designed a nd manufactured by Hispano-Suiza and is a rm ed with a 60 mm breech-loaded mortar which can be elevated from - 8 to + 80 degrees and a 20 mm cannon mounted at th e right rear of the turret which can be elevated from -8 to + 50 degrees. The 60 mm mortar can be either a Hotchkiss Brandt HB 60 with a maximum range of2600 metres or a H otchkiss Brandt HB 60 LP with a max imum range of 5000 metres. The 20 mm cannon can either be a French M693 du al-feed cannon with 300 rounds of HE and 37 rounds of AP a mmunition for ready use or an HS 820 (Oerlikon KAD-BI6 ) single-feed cann on with 300 rounds of read y-use a mmunition. If requ ired , a Panhard ERC 60-20 Serval armoured car

Panhard EMC 81 mm mortar gun carrier

7.62 mm machine gun can be mounted coaxiall y to th e right of th e 20 mm cannon. Vision equipment includes one sighting periscope, nine observati on periscopes and a n optional night periscope. Pan hard offers seven op ti ons for this vehicle, identical to th e ERC 90 F4 Sagaie exce pt th at an addi tional I 00 rounds of 20 mm and 1000 rounds on.62 mm ammun ition a re carri ed ( I) and/ or 20 60 mm mortar projectiles ( I).

ERC 60/12 Mangouste This was shown for th e first time at th e 1983 Satory Exhibition of Mi litary Equipment an d is th e bas ic chass is fitted with th e new Hispano-Suiza 60112 Mangouste turret armed with a 60 mm Brandt HB LP mortar, 12. 7 mm M2 HB machine gun a nd a 7.62 mm anti-a ircraft machin e gun. The 60 mm mortar has an elevation of + 85 degrees and th e 12.7 mm machine gun an eleva ti on of + 55 degrees; both weapons have a depression of + 12 degrees. Turret traverse a nd weapon elevati on is manual. A tota l of6 5 rounds (of which 30 are for emergency use) of 60 mm, 1200 rou nds of 12.7 mm and 800 rounds of 7.62 mm am munition a re carri ed.

EMC 81 mm Mortar Gun Carrier

Pan hard ERC 60/12 Mangouste armoured car, first shown in June 1983 (Christopher F Foss)

The EMC (Engin Blinde Mortier-Cannon) is fitted with an open- to pped tu rre t armed with an 81 mm breech-loaded mortar with a 7.62 mm machine gun mou nted on the top of the turret for anti-a ircraft use. The 81 mm mortar fires standard 6 kg HE mortar bombs to a range of more than 7000 metres and can a lso fire a 1.4 kg APFSDS proj ectile with a muzzle velocity of 100 metres a second. The 78 mortar bombs are carried in th e rear of th e turret but th e six APFSDS projectiles a re carried in th e front of th e turret basket ready for immed ia te use. Turret traverse a nd weapon elevation are manual. Panhard offers five options for this vehicle, each with a weight index of I or 2 and th e user can select options up to an index of four. The op ti ons are amphibious kit propell ed in th e water by its wheels ( I), a mphibious kit propell ed in th e water by hydrojets (2) , ai r- conditioning/ heating system ( 1), NBC sys tem carri ed in the hull ( 1) and a ground naviga tion system ( 1).

ERC with SAMM TIS 125 turret For trials purposes th e ERC has been fitted with th e SAMM TTB 125 two-man turret arm ed wi th a 25 mm Hughes Chain 47

ERe with SAMM TAB 220 20 mm turret Th is mode l, known as the ERC 20 Kri ss was fi rst shown in public during th e 1983 Sa tory Exhibition of Military Equipm ent. The SAMM TAB 220 two-man turret is ar med with twin 20 mm ca nno n with each being prov ided with 280 round s o f read y use a mmuniti on. Turret trave rse is powered through a fu ll 360 d egrees a nd th e weapons ca n be ele va ted fro m - 10 d egrees to + 70 d egrees.

ERe with SATep SAMS MATRA has proposed us ing th e ERC chass is for a n anti aircraft vehicle using th e MATRA SATCP mi ss iles, with six missil es in the read y to la un ch pos itio n, eg three eith er side of th e turret.

Argentinian vehicles Panhard ERe 25 Lanza fitted with SAMM TIB 125 two- man turret

A utomoti ve co mponents of th e ERC/ VC R fami ly a re a lso used in a fa mil y of ve hicl es th a t th e co mpa ny has developed to mee t th e requirements of Argent in a in co mpetition with d es ig ns ca rri ed out by Rena ult with th eir VBC/ VAB. Ava ila ble d etail s a re give n in thi s secti o n und er Arge ntin a.

Panhard ERe 20 Kriss fitted with SAMM TAB 220 two-man turret

Panhard ERe with SAMM twin 20 mm S 530 A anti-aircraft turret

g un a nd a coaxia l 7.62 mm m ac hin e g un. Turret trave rse is elec tri c thro ug h a full 360 d egrees with weapon eleva tion a lso elec tri c from -8 to +50 d egrees . A total of 140 ro und s of ready use 25 mm a nd 200 ro und s of read y use 7.62 mm a mmunition a re ca rri ed. This mod el is known as th e ERC 25 La nza a nd has a load ed weight of 7300 kg a nd a n empty weig ht 01'6800 kg. It has not yet bee n pla ced in produ ction.

ERe with SAMM S 530 A 20 mm turret Shown fo r the first tim e at th e 198 1 Sa tory Exh ibition of Military Equipment was th e Panha rd ERC (6 x 6) chass is fitted with th e SAMM twin 20 mm S 530 A a nti- a ircra ft turret as fitted to the Pa nh a rd AML (4 x 4) a rm oured ca r. Detail s of thi s sys tem a re given in th e entry for th e Pa n ha rd AML a rmoured car.

ERe with ESD TA-20 turret Shown for the first tim e a t th e 1981 Pa ris Air Sh ow was th e Pa nha rd ERC (6 x 6) chass is fitt ed with th e ESD TA-20 twin 20 mm turret. Turret trave rs e is a full 360 d egreeqmd eleva ti o n fro m - 5 to + 50 d egrees, both powered. Each of th e 20 mm ca nnon is provided with 325 round s of read y use a mmunition. Mounted a t th e rear of th e turret is a s urve illance ra d a r. This mod el has not entered production on thi s ch ass is, but th e turret is being produ ced for th e VAB (6 x 6) and Panha rd M 3 (4 X 4) a rmoured pers onn el ca rri ers. 48

Panhard ERe (6 x 6) vehicle with ESD TA-20 turret with twin 20 mm cannon

Panh a rd ERG 90 F1 Lynx s howing a mphibi ous capabil ities with s norke ls raised at rear of hull. Thi s ve rsio n has a 90 mm g un th at can be e levate d to +35 degrees SPECIFICATIONS Model CREW CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATI O LENGTH GUN FORWARDS LENGTH HULL WI DTH HEIGHT (overall) (to hull top) GROUND CLEARANCE (road) (cross country) TRACK WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE MAX SPEED (road) (water, whee ls) (water, hyd ro iets) MAX RANGE (road) FUEL CAPACITY FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE TRENCH ENGIN E TRANSMISSION STEERI NG CLUTCH TYRES ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial)

(anti-aircraft) AMMUN ITION (main) (coaxial) (anti-aircraft) TURRET POWER TRAVERSE GUN ELEVATIONI DEPRESS ION

Sagaie 3 6 x 6 8100 kg

Lynx 3 6 x 6 7700 kg

Serval 3 6 x 6 7000 kg

EMC 81 3 6 x 6 8000 kg

19.13 7.693 5.098 2.495

20.12 hp/tonne 6. tt5 m 5.30 m 2.495 m

22. t 4 hp/tonne 5.26 m 5.26 m 2.495 m

t 9.37 hp/tonne 5.26 m 5.26 m 2.495 m

2.254 m t .502 m

2.147 m t .502 m

2.333 m t .502 m

2.348 m 1.502 m

0.294 m 0.344 m 2.135 m 1.63 m + 1.22 m

0.294 m 0.344 m 2. t35 m 1.63 m + 1.22 m

0.294 m 0.344 m 2.135 m 1.63 m + t .22 m

48"/45"

48"145"

45"145"

100 kml h 4.5 kml h 9.5 kml h 800 km 242 litres 1.2 m 60% 30% 0.8 m 1.1 m

100 kml h 4.5 kml h 9.5 kml h 800 km 242 litres 1.2 m 60% 30% 0.8 m Um

hp/tonne m m m

100 kmlh 100 kml h 4.5 kml h 4.5 kml h 9.5 kml h 9.5 kml h 800 km 800 km 2421itres 242 litres 1.2 m 1.2 m 60% 60% 30% 30% 0.8 m 0.8 m 1.1 m Um Peugeot V-6 petrol developi ng 155 hp at 5500 rpm Pan hard with 6 forward and 1 reverse gears

power-assisted hydrau lic controlled disc 11 .00 x 16 24 V

11.00 x 16 24 V

11 .00 x 16 24 V

1 x 90 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG

1 x 81 mm none

1 x 7.62 mm MG optional

1 x 60 mm 1 x 20 mm (independent elevation) 1 x 7.62 mm MG optional

20 2000

21 2000

included in above

50 250 1000

84 none 2000

manual

manua l

+ 35"1- 8"

+ 80 mortar + 50° cannon/ -Bo

+ 68"1 -8"

+ 15"1- 8"

1 x 7.62 mm MG

The ERC armoured car is now being offered wi th the Mercedes-Benz OM 617 A super-charged diesel engine developing 115 hp at 4200 rpm. Thisgives a road range of 1000 km compared tothe 800 km of th e current production version .

Status: [n produ ctio n. In service with Arge ntina (36 Lynx ordered for Marines), C had (four ERC 90 Lynx deli vered in 1983 of whi ch one has been lost in combat) , France (53 ERC 90 F4 req uired of wh ich 20 have been ordered), I raq (unco nfir med) , I vo ry Coast (E RC 90 F4 Sagaie, seven

ordered in 1979 a nd now delive red), Mexico (42 Ly nx orde red and deli vered) and Niger (E RC 60-20 Serva l).

Manufacturer: Societe de Constr uctio ns Mecaniques Pa nhard et Levassor, 18 avenue d' I vry, 7562 1 Paris, France. 49

Pan hard AML Light Armoured Car Development In 1956, foll owing th e s uccessful use of th e British Ferret sco ut ca r by th e French Arm y in No rth Afri ca, th e French Arm y iss ued a requiremen t for a simil a r vehicl e but with a more powerful a rm a ment a th e Ferret was ar med onl y with a single 1.62 mm machin e g un w hich, in th e case of th e Mk I, was p int le mounted. At one tim e it was thought th a t th e Ferret was to be ma nufactured und er licence in Fra nce but th e French a rm oured m a nufac turers resisted this sugges ti on. Pa nh a rd , whi ch was buildin g th e EBR (8 x 8) heavy a rmo ured ca r a t th e tim e, was awa rd ed a contract to build th e prototype whi ch was compl eted in 1959 und er th e Pa n ha rd designa ti o n Mod el 245 . Savi em a nd D EFA-AMX a lso built pro totype ve hicl es, but a ft er tri a ls th e Pa nh a rd model was acce pted for se rvice with th e French Arm y as th e AM L (A utomitra illeuse Lege re) a nd first produ ction ve h icl es we re delivered to th e French Arm y in 196 1. S ince th en th e AML has been built in ve ry large numbers, a lth o ug h now it rema ins in production for ex port o nl y. T o d a te ove r 4000 AMLs have been built a nd th e ra nge has bee n co ntinu o usly ex pa nd ed to ena bl e th e vehicle to und erta ke additi ona l roles. The AML has a lso been m a nufac tured und er lice nce in South Afri ca by Sand ock-A ustra l Limited as th e Eland . Th ere is a se pa ra te entry for this vehicl e und er South Afri ca . The Pa nh a rd M 3 a rm o ured perso nn el carri er, use 95 per cent of th e a uto motive components of th e AM L, a nd ma ny a rm ies have bought compl ete fl ee ts of AM L a rm o ured ca rs a nd M 3 a rm ou red perso nn el ca rri ers. Panhard AML wi th H 90 turret armed with 90 mm gun

Description (AML 90) The a ll-welded steel hull of th e AM L is divided into three co mpa rtm ents: dri ver's a t th e front, fighting in th e centre a nd th e engin e a t th e rea r. The driver is sea ted a t th e front of th e hu ll a nd is provided with a singl e-piece ha tch cove r th a t opens to th e right with three integ ra l periscopes, th e centre one of which can be replaced by a n infra-red or image- intensification peris cope for ni g ht dr iving. The all- weld ed turret is m a nufac tured by H ispano-Sui za. The co mm a nd er is sea ted on th e left of the turret a nd th e g unn er on th e ri g ht, bo th with a single-piece ha tch cove r th a t opens to th e rea r. The comm a nd er a nd g unn er eac h have four L 794B periscopes and th e gunn er a lso has a type M262 or M 37 sighting perisco pe. The M 37 has a magnifi ca tio n of X6. A sea rchlight is mounted forward of th e co mm a nd er's ha tch. Either side of th e hull below th e turret ring is a n entry d oor, th e left door, on whi ch th e spa re wh eel a nd tyre is mounted , opens to th e rea r, th e rig ht d oor opens to the front. The eng in e is a t the rea r of th e h ull a nd two access panels a re provided over th e engin e co mpartment. T he gearbox is crossw ise a nd co nsists of two gea rboxes in one (high and low), co up led on both sides of th e bevel pinion. The lowra nge box is for cross-co untry use a nd comprises two low gea rs, a top gea r a nd one reverse gea r. When th e low-ra nge box is in norm al dri ve th e four ra tios of th e high-range box co mm a nd th e four upper gea rs of th e ra nge: sixth , fifth , fourth a nd third. The hi g h-ra nge box is for normal road use a nd has three low gears a nd one overdrive. There are Pa n ha rd type ba ll differenti a ls in th e gea rbox a nd in each rea r transfer box whi ch a uto ma ti call y preve nt gea r slip.

wa ter it is propell ed a t a speed of 6 to 7 km/ h by a sing le p ropeller a t th e rea r of th e hull , s teering by using th e fro nt wheels as norm a l.

Variants

AML with H 90 Turret Thi s mod el is fitted with a n H 90 turret ma nu fac tured by Hispa no-Sui za a nd is a rm ed with a 90 mm D 92 1 F I g un whi ch fi res : Type WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROU ND WEIGHT OF PROJECTILE MUZZLE VELOCITY

HEAT

Smoke

Canister

7.1 kg

8.9 kg

9.1 kg

8.9 kg

3.65 kg

5.28 kg

5.4 kg

5.28 kg

750 m/s

640 m/s

Fre nch Army Pan hard AM L with H 90 turret All of th e above are fin-stabilised an d the HEAT project ile will penetrate 320 mm of armour at an incidence of 0° or 120 mm at 65°

A 7.62 mm machin e g u n is moun ted to th e left of th e ma in a rm a ment a nd a sim il a r wea pon, or a 12. 7 mm (0.50) m achin e g un , ca n be mounted on th e roof fo r a nti-aircraft d efence. T wo s moke disc ha rge rs mo unted on either side of th e t urre t a re electri ca ll y fi red from within th e ve hi cle . T his mod el was ori gin a ll y offered with two SS-II or ENT AC ATGWs mo un ted either sid e of th e ma in a rm a ment. T his mod el is no lo nger in prod ucti on.

AML with Lynx 90 Turret

Pan hard AML with H 90 turret of 1st Armoured Car Squadron , Irish Army (De ni s McCarthy) Dri ve is tra nsmitted from th e gea rbox to two la teral tra nsfer boxes via pinions to th e rea r wheels a nd via dri ve sha fts tha t run a long th e inside of th e hull to th e front wheels. The independ ent suspension a t each wheel sta tion co nsists of coil springs a nd hydro-pneum a ti c shock a bso rbers ac ting on th e tra iling a rm s of th e wh eel mecha nism. The tyres a re fitted with unpun ctura ble Hutchinson inner tu bes. T he bas ic vehicle has no NB C sys tem or ni ght fi ghting aids, but th ey ca n be fitt ed as optiona l ex tras as can a n a ir-conditi oning sys tem a nd a n a mphibious kit. The kit co nsists of a meta l box stru cture whi ch is perm a nentl y a ttached to th e hull a nd fill ed with ex pa nded polyure th a ne whi ch forms a screen against hollow-cha rge proj ectil es a nd eve n if hit by a n in cendia ry bullet will not catch fire. Wh en in the

This has now re placed th e A ML with H 90 turret in p rodu ctio n a nd has th e sa m e a rma m ent as th e H 90 turret bu t ca n be fitt ed with pass ive ni gh t vision equipm en t, lase r ra ngefi nd er a nd powe red trave rse.

AML with HE 60-7 Turret Thi s mod el is fi tted with a n H 60 turre t a rm ed with tw in 7. 62 mm machin e g uns on th e left a nd a sing le 60 mm mort a r on th e ri gh t. T he machin e g un s ca n be eleva ted fr om - 15 to + 60 d egrees a nd th e mor ta r from - 15 to + 80 d egrees . T he H otchkiss Bra nd t M od el HB 60 ca n be used in th e direct role up to a ra nge of300 met res or in the indirect role up to a ra nge Pan hard AML with Lynx 90 turret and Thomson-CSF pass ive night vision equipment ove r main armame nt

Pan hard AM L with H 90 turret armed with 90 m~ gun

of2600 metres. In th e basic model 53 morta r bombs a nd 3800 rounds of 7. 62 mm mac hin e gun a mmunition a re ca rri ed ; if additi ona l radios a re insta ll ed for th e comm a nd role a mmunition is redu ced to 32 morta r bombs a nd 3200 rounds of machin e g un a mmunition. T ypes of morta r bo mb include H E, ca ni ster, smoke a nd illumina ting. The turret is prov ided with a la rge two-piece ha tch cove r th a t opens to th e front a nd rea r of th e vehicle, seven periscopes 0nodel L794B) a nd a n M11 2/ M 11 3 periscope with a magni fica tio n of X5 fo r a iming. This model was orig ina ll y offered with four ENTAC ATGWs mounted a t th e rea r of th e turret, whi ch slid out on ra ils, two either side of th e turret, before being la unched.

AML with HE 60-12 Turret T his is a lmos t identi cal to th e H E 60- 7 turret but is a rm ed with a 12. 7 mm (0.50 ) machine g un a nd a 60 mm HB 60 Bra nd t mo rta r. The machin e g un ca n be eleva ted from - 15 to + 60 degrees a nd th e mortar from -1 5 to + 80 degrees. Fo rty-three morta r bombs a nd 1300 rOllnds of 12.7 mm machine g un a mmunitio n a re ca rri ed. If additi ona l radios are car ried a mmuni tion load is redu ced to 3 1 rounds of 60 mm a nd 900 round s of 12.7 mm machin e g un a mmuniti on.

Panhard AML with HE 60-7 turret armed with 60 mm mortar and two 7.62 mm MGs (ECP Armees)

AML with HE 60-20 Turret This is a lmost identi cal to the H E 60-7 tu rre t but is a rm ed with a 20 mm cannon a nd a 60 mm DTAT M odel CS or a n HB 60 Bra ndt morta r. The cann on can be eleva ted from - 8 to + 50 degrees a nd th e morta r from -1 5 to +80 degrees. Panhard AML with HE 60-7 turret armed with 60 mm mortar and two 7.62 mm machine guns

Pan hard AML with HE 60-12 turret arm ed with 60 mm mortar and 12.7 mm MG (ECP Armees)

Pan hard AML with Lynx 90 turret

When fitt ed with th e DTAT morta r 53 morta r bombs a nd 500 ro und s of 20 mm a mmunition a re ca rri ed, and if th e Bra ndt morta r is insta lled 43 morta r bombs a re ca rried a nd 20 mm a mmunition sup ply re mains th e same. If additi ona l radios a re insta lled for co mm a nd vehi cle use th e DT AT morta r is provided with 32 morta r bombs a nd th e Bra ndt with 3 1, a nd in both cases 500 ro und s of 20 mm a mmunition a re carri ed . If required a 7.62 mm machin e g un can be mounted on th e roof of th e turret for a nti- a ircraft defence (This a pplies to a ll H E 60 turrets). This turret is no longer in produ ction. Loaded we ight of a n A ML with th e HE 60-20 turret is 4800 kg.

AML with HE 60-20 Serval Turret This is one of the la tes t ve rsions of the AML a nd is fitt ed with a n HE 60- 20 Serva l turret des igned a nd ma nufactured by Hispa no-Suiza a nd is a rm ed with a 60 mm breech-l oaded m orta r which ca n be eleva ted from - 8 to + 80 degrees, a nd a 20 mm cann on mounted on th e right s id e of th e tu rret whi ch can be eleva ted from - 8 to + 50 degrees . The 60 mm mortar ca n be either a 60 mm HB 60 H otchkiss Bra ndt (max imum 52

range 2600 metres with M72 bomb ) or a 60 mm HB 60 LP Hotchkiss Bra ndt long morta r (max imum range with LP bomb being 5000 metres). The 20 mm cannon can be either a French M693 du al-feed cannon with 300 ro unds of HE and 37 rounds of AP ammun ition for read y use or a n HS-820 Oerlikon KAD-B 16 single-feed cannon with 300 rounds of ready-to-us e a mmunition. If required a 7.62 mm machine gun can be mounted coaxially to th e right of th e 20 mm cannon . Visio n equipment includes a sightin g periscope, nine observation periscopes with th e option offitting a night periscope.

AML with S 530 Turret This was developed specifi call y for export a nd is a basi c AML fitt ed with a turret manufactured by SAMM (Societe d'A pplications des Machines Motrices) , armed with twin M621 cannon with a n eleva ti on of + 75 degrees, depression of -10 degrees, a nd turret traverse of 360 degrees. Elevation a nd traverse are both powered , max imum elevation speed being 40 degrees a second and maximum traverse speed Panhard AML with HE 60-20 turret armed with 60 mm mortar and 20 mm cannon

AML with SAMM S 530 turret armed with twin 20 mm cannon

being 80 degrees a second. The all-welded steel turre t's front is 15 mm thi ck a nd th e sides and rea r are 7 mm thi ck. A total of 600 rounds of 20 mm ammunitio n are carri ed and th e g unn er can select either single s hots, bursts o r full a utomatic. Cyclic rate of fir e is 740 rounds per minute per barrel. The foll owing types of 20 mm ammun ition ca n be fired: HE-T with a muzzle velocit y of 900 metres a second, HE with a muzzle velocity of 1026 metres a second , HE-I with a mu zzle velocity of 1026 metres a second a nd AP with a muzzle ve locity of 1000 metres a second . The AP projectile will penetra te 23 mm of a rmo ur a t a ra nge of 1000 me tres. Automotive cha racteristi cs a re similar to th e bas ic AML 90 but th e overall leng th of th e vehicle with turret trave rsed forwa rd is 3.95 metres, length of hull is 3.79 metres and height to top of turret is 2.24 metres. The onl y know n user of this version is Venez uela.

AML with TG 120 Turret This is fitt ed with th e TG 120 turret designed and manufactured by SAMM a nd is armed with a 20 mm cann on with a 7.62 mm machine g un mo unted coaxiall y to th e left of th e main a rm a ment. Of 240 rounds of ready-u se a mmunition carried 140 are HE and 80 a re AP rounds. Four smoke discha rgers a re mounted a t th e rea r of th e turre t. Both th e comma nder a nd th e gunner are provided with a single-piece hatch cover that opens to th e rear. This model of th e AML has ye t to enter produ cti on . In 1983 th e TG 120 turret was renam ed th e TTB 120. Pan hard AML with HE 60-20 Serval turret

EPR Scout Car The EPR (4 x 4) sco ut ca r is th e standard AML with th e turret removed a nd repl aced by a ring-mounted 12. 7 mm M2 HB machin e gun a nd two lateral 7.62 mm machine gu ns. This vehicle is also availa bl e with th e s ta nda rd Pa nhard petrol engine replaced by th e Peugeo t XD 3T diesel engin e. It has a three-man crew and weighs between 3700 a nd 4200 kg d epending on th e a rmam en t installatio n. The following versio ns of th e EPR a re being offered: ERA a rm ed raid vehicl e: a rmed with one 12 .7 mm a nd two 7.62 mm machine g uns or one 20 mm cannon a nd two la teral 7.62 mm machin e gu ns, or one Euromissile MILAN ,fi rin g post (a nd six missiles) a nd two lateral machine g uns. EPF bord er pro tection veh icle: armed with one 12.7 mm machine g un a nd a search light or two 7.62 mm machine g uns equipped with a searchlight and 50 ha nd g renades. EPA a irfi eld protection ve hicl e: a rm ed with three 7.62 mm machine guns with a searchlight a nd 50 hand g renades. 53

AML Jungle This mod el was a nnoun ced inJ un e 1983 a nd is a lso ca lled th e AM L sco ut ca r type BTM a nd is fitt ed with a SAMM oneman ma nu a l turret a rm ed with o ne 12.7 mm a nd one 7.62 mm machin e g un which have a n elevation of + 45 d egrees a nd a d epression of -8 d egrees, with turret trave rse being a full 360 d egrees . A to ta l of 1000 rounds of 12.7 mm a nd 2300 round s of 7.62 mm a mmunition a re ca rri ed in th e vehicl e. Mo unted on th e rig ht side of th e turret is a white light sea rchlight th at moves in elevation with th e ma in a rm ament. On th e forwa rd part of th e turret a re smoke discharge rs/ fragmenta ti on g rena d e la un chers firing forw a rd s. The AML Jung le is powe red by th e Peugeo t XD 3T di esel developing 95 hp at 2500 rpm co upl ed to th e sta nd ard Pa n ha rd transmission. Load ed weight is 4400 kg a nd empty we ig ht IS 4 100 kg. This model has ye t to enter productio n. Prototyp e of Pan hard EPR (4 x 4) sco ut car armed with 12.7 mm M2 HB mac hin e gun

Panhard AML Jungle scout car s howi ng forward-firing smoke/fragmentation launchers (Christopher F Foss)

Command model AML 20 (4 x 4) sco ut ca r with TL 20 SO turret, 7.62 mm MG fixed on left mudguard and two radio antennas

AML 20 Scout Car Thi s is th e AML chass is fitted with a TL 20 SO (Tourellaea u Lege r 20 mm Semi Ouvert ) turret wh ich is armed with a 20 mm M693 F2 ca nnon with a n eleva ti on of +50 d eg rees a nd a de pressio n of -8 d egrees. A tota l of 1000 rounds of 20 mm am munition are carri ed of whi ch 100 a re ar mo urpiercing. Two ve rsio ns of th e AML 20 are ava il a ble ; co mm a nd a nd rank whi ch both have th e sa me turret. They eac h have a 7.62 mm machin e g un mounted on th e forw a rd left wing, fix ed , a nd fired elec tri call y by the driver. The co mm a nd model has a simil ar wea pon mo unted on th e upp er part of th e turre t roof which has a n eleva tio n of +45 d egrees a nd a d ep ressio n of - 15 degrees. The com ma nd version has two ra dios whil e th e rank version has one. Optica l equipm ent fitt ed includ es three L 794 peri scopes for th e driver (plus spa re), one day telescope Zeiss H ensold with a magnifi ca ti on of x4, one nig ht telescope Zeiss Oria n 11 0 wit h a mag nifi ca tion of x4, one pa ir of nig ht dri ving binoc ulars OB4 1 with a mag nifi ca ti on of x I a nd one pa ir of ni g ht observation binoc ul ars model OB42 with a mag nifi ca ti on of x 4. Automotive characteri sti cs are simil a r to th e basic AM L but this mod el has a weig ht of 5 100 kg a nd a n overa ll heig ht of 2 metres. 54

Pan hard AML 20 scout ca r with turret traversed to right and fitted with high-powered binoculars

AML scout car This model was a nnou nced in] un e 1983 a nd is a lso kn own as th e AML 20 scout car or Eda irge a nd is fitt ed with a new Pan ha rd-d esig ned two-man turret wit h a n open roo r. Armament co nsists of a 20 mm G IAT M693 ca nn on with a 7.62 mm machine g un mounted coaxiall y to th e left with both weapons hav ing an elevatio n of +45 degrees a nd depression of -8 degrees; turret traverse is a fu ll 360 deg rees. A tota l of 1050 ro und s of20 mm a nd 2000 round s of7.62 mm a mmunition are carri ed . Mo unted either sid e of th e forward pa rt of th e turret is a bank of two electri call y operated smoke dischargers. Optiona l eq uipment includes hig h power binoc ulars on a pintle mountin g and Euromiss ile M ILAN ATGW system. This model is a lso powered by th e Peugeo t XD 3T diesel engine a nd has a loaded weig ht of 5400 kg a nd a n empty weight of 4600 kg. It has yet to enter production. Panhard AML 20 scout car fitted wi th high-powered binoculars and MILAN ATGW installation (Chri stopher F Foss)

SPECIFICATIONS (AML wilh H 90 turret)

CREW CONFIGURATION COMBAT WE IGHT POWEI;l-TO-WEIGHT RATIO LENGTH GUN FORWARDS LENGTH HULL WIDTH HEIGHT (overall) (to hull top) GROUND CLEARANCE TRA CK WHEELBASE MAX ROAD SPEED (61h gear. high range) (51h gear. high range) (41h gear. high range) (3rd gear. high range) (3rd gear. low range) (2nd gear. low range) (lsi gear. low range) (reverse) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE (road)

4 x 4 5500 kg 16.36 hpltonne 5. 11 m 3.79 m 1.97 m 2.07 m 1.385 m 0.33 m 1.62 m 2.5 m

FORDING (wi lh kil) GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE TRENCH (with 1 channel) (with 4 channels) TURNING RADIUS ENGINE

0.8 m 3.1 m 6m Panhard Model 4 HD4-cylinder air-cooled petrol

developing 90 hp at 4700 rpm TRANSMISSION

manual with 6 forward

CLUTCH

and 1 reverse gears centrif ugal wilh electro-magne ti c

SUSPENS ION 90 kml h 61 kml h 35 kmlh 18.8 kml h 18.8 kml h 9.3 kml h 4.5 kml h 5.5 km/h 156 litres 600 km

1.1m amphibious

60% 30% 0.3 m

automatic con trol independent. coil

spring and hydropneumatic shock

absorbers acting on sus-

ELECTRICAL SYS TEM BATIERIES ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) SMOKE-LAYIN G EOUIPMENT

24 V 2 x 12 V 1 x 90 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 2 x 2 smoke dischargers

AMMUNITION (main) 20 (coaxial) 2000 (smoke grenades) 12 FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control

manual

Max rate of traverse

360· in 20 s

Gun elevation/ depression Gun stabiliser

+ 15·1- 8·

(vertical) (horizonlal) ARMO UR

no no 8 - 12 mm

pension trailing arms of whee l mechan ism

TYRES BRAKES (main) (parking)

11 .00 x 16 hydraulic, dual circuit

handbrake operating on gearbox output

-The AML 90wilh Ihe Hispano-Suiza Lynx turrel and olher members of Ihe AML lami ly are now being offered wilh Ihe Peugeol XD 3T 95 hp diesel in place 01 the standard Panhard petrol engine which gives an operational range of 1000 km compared to 600 km of the original version .

shaft

Status: In production . In service with Algeria (AM L 60/7), Angola (AML 90), Argentin a (AM L 90) , Ba hra in (AM L 90), Burundi (AM L 90 Lynx, AML 60) , C had (AML 90 a nd AML 60) , Ecuador (AM L 90, AM L 60/7) , EI Salvador (AML 90), France (Ar my and Gendarmerie, AML 90 a nd AML 60/7) , Gabon (AM L 90, AML 60/7) , Iraq (AM L 90 a nd AM L 60/7), I re la nd (AML 90 and AM L 60/7), Ivory Coast (AM L 90 a nd AML 60/7) , ]ibuti (AML 60/7 a nd AM L 90), Kenya (AM L 90, AM L 6017) , Ma lays ia (AM L 60, AML 90) , (Ma uritani a (AM L 90 a nd AML 60/7) , Morocco (AML 90and AML6017), Niger (AM L 60/7 , AML 90, Serval 60/20) , Nigeria (AM L 90, AML 60/7), Polisairo guerillas, Portu ga l (AML 60/7), Rwa nd a (AM L 60/7) , Saudi Arab ia (A ML 90 a nd AML 60), Senegal (AML 60/7 , AM L 90), Somalia (AM L 60/7 , AML 90), South Africa (see entry und er South Africa), Spain (Army AML 60/7 and AML 90, Marin es AM L 60/7), Togo (AM L 60/7 , AM L 90) ,

Tunisi a (AM L 90) , United Arab Emirates (A ML 90), Upper Vo lta (AM L 90), Venezuela (twin 20 mm se lf-propelled a nti-a ircraft gu n, AML 60 , AM L 90), Zaire (AM L 90, AM L 60/7) and Zimbabwe (from South Afri ca). As far as it is kn ow n it is no longer used by Cambod ia, Et hi opia, Israel, Lebanon or Pakistan.

Manufacturer: Socie te de Constr uctio ns Meca niques Pa nhard et Levassor, 18 avenue d ' I vry, 7562 1 Par is, France.

Vehicule Blinde Leger (VBl)

lOHR RPX 6000 Scout Car

Th e French Army has a req uirement for a scout car in th e three-ton ne class whi ch has been called th e Vehicu le Blinde Leger. T o mee t this requirement Renau lt a nd Pa nhard have each built proto types which were deli vered to th e French Army in 1983. Th e Renaul t ve hicl e has its eng ine at th e rea r wh ile th e Pa n ha rd model has its a t th e front. The tota l require';n ent is for 600 veh icl es with a final selec tion expected so me tim e in 1984. The Pa n hard mod el is ca ll ed th e Mil , has a three-ma n crew a nd weighs 3300 kg. It is powered by a Pe ugeo t diesel engin e coup led to a n automatic transmission whi ch gives a power-to-w eig ht ratio of 28 hp/ tonne. The hull is of a ll we lded steel construction that provides protection for 7.62 mm ro unds a t a ll ra nges a nd agai nst 12.7 mm rounds a t 400 metres . Sta nd a rd equipm ent includes ZF powered stee ring a nd a n NBC sys tem . I t is fully amp hibi ous, being propelled in th e wate r by its wheels. A ra nge of a rm a ment in sta ll at ions ca n be fi tted includ ing 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm machine g uns, 20 mm ca nn on or a Euromissile MILAN ATGW sys tem . In additi o n to building three prototypes for th e French Army Panhard has built an additi ona l three vehicles for export des ignated th e XM II and is d evelop ing a n a rm oured person nel carr ier based on th e sa me a uto motive compon ents.

Development The RPX 6000 (4 x 4) Vehi cul e Blinde Leger a Ro ues has been developed as a private venture by th e LOHR co mpa ny a nd was shown for th e first tim e at th e 198 1Sa tory Exhibition of Military Equipment.

Status: French Army tri a ls. Production decisio n du e in 1984 with an in se rvice date o n 1986.

Description The vehicl e has an all-welded steel hull with th e three-man crew compa rtm ent a t th e front a nd th e engi ne compartment a t th e rea r. The driver is seated at th e front of th e hull a nd has a bu ll et-proof windscreen to his front a nd sides wh ich in action a re covered by hinged Raps raised by th e driver from insid e th e ve hicle. There is a si ng le- piece ha tch cove r over the driver's position. rn either side of th e hull is a two-part entry hatch, th e upper part fo lding to th e rear a nd th e lowe r part folding downwards to form a step. There is a circul a r roof hatch in th e centre of th e hull roof on whi ch a variety of a rmament insta lla tions a re mounted including a Eurom iss ile MILAN MCT turret with two MILA ATGWs ready to la un ch, Euromissile HOT H CT turret with two or four HOT ATGW in read y to launch position with 7.62 mm ma chin e g un mounted over centre of turret, SAMM BTM 208 one-man turret (form er designa ti on S 365- 1) a rm ed with a '12.7 mm and a 7.62 mm mach ine gun , H elio turret with 12.7 mm machin e g un a nd ex ternal grenad e la un chers, turret mounted 20 mm cann on, 60 mm breech loaded morta r a nd other lig ht turrets not exceedi ng a di a meter of 1.28 m.

LOHR RPX 6000 scout ca r fitted with Euromissile HOT HCTturret with four HOT ATGWs in ready to launc h position and 7.62 mm MG above turret ce ntre

LOHR RPX 6000 scout car fitted with British Helio turret armed with 12.7 mm MG and grenade launchers

Variants Va ri a nts of th e RPX 6000 s ugges ted by th e ma nufacturer includ e a co min a nd vehicle, personn el carri er, ra d a r ve hicl e, co mm a ndlradio veh icle a nd a recovery vehicle.

SPECIFICATIONS CREW . CONFtGURATI ON COMBAT WEIGHT LEN GTH WIDTH HEIGHT (without armament) GROUND CLEARAN CE TRACK WHEELBASE

3 (or 2 to 4)

4 x4 5200 kg to 6300 kg 4.585 m 2.t64 m 1.65 m 0.4 m 1.828 m 2.7 m

LOH R RPX 6000 scout car with SAMM turret armed with 12.7 mm mac hin e gun and 60 mm grenade launcher which have an elevation of + 70° and depress ion of -yo

MAX ROAD SPEED RANGE FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTACLE ENGI NE

110 km/h 600 km or 10 hours 0.95 m 60% 30% 0.4 m BMW 6·cylinder petrol developing 180 hp

TRAN SMI SS tON TRAN SFER CASE

automatic

FRONT SUSPENSION

REAR SUSPENSION

TYRES BRAK ES

Iransveral paral lelogram. co il spring . hydraulic shock absorb er and stabili sati on bar Irailing arm type, coil spring , hydraulic shock absorber and stab il isation device t2.5 x 20 XS hydraulic drums on a ll wheels

2·speed manual wi th differen ti al locks

Status: Prototype.

Manufacturer: LOHR, 67980 H a nge nbi eten, Fra nce.

LOHR VPX 5000 Light Armoured Tracked Vehicle

Euromissi le MILAN MCT co mpact turret with two MILAN ATGWs in read y to la un ch position, one either side of turret. Eurom issil e HOT HCT turret with two or four HOT ATGWs in ready to la un ch positio n with 7.62 mm machin e gun mounted over th e ce ntre of th e turret. GIAT M asco t 7.62 mm remote controll ed machin e gun mount with infa ntry MILAN over seco nd hatch a t rear of hull.

Development Shown for th e first tim e a t the 198 1 Satory Ex hibitio n of Milita ry Equ ipment was th e LOHR VPX 5000 light armou red tracked vehicl e, whi ch ca n und erta ke a wide range of roles including a nti-ta nk a nd reconn a issan ce. This series was preced ed by the VPX 110 fa mily of light tracked vehicl es whi ch is no longe r offered by th e co mp any.

LOHR VPX 5000 light tracked armoured vehi c le with GIAT Mascot 7.62 mm remote mount forwards and MILAN ATGW mount at rear

Description The VPX 5000's hull is ma d e of a ll-welded steel with th e engin e a t th e rig ht front , dri ve r to th e left of th e eng ine and th e crew co mpa rtment a t th e rear. There a re two openings in th e roof on whic h va ri o us armament sys tems ca n be mo unted and a d oo r in th e rea r of th e hull on th e left side. The suspension consists of six road wheels with th e id ler a t th e front, drive sprocket at th e rear a nd two track return roll ers. The track consists of an end less rubber ba nd internally reinforced. Variants The LOHR VPX 5000 can be fitt ed with a wide range of armament insta lla ti ons including th e followi ng: 57

LOHR VPX 5000 light tracked armou red vehicle fitted with SAM BTM 208 turret with 7.62 mm and 12.7 mm MGs

SAMM BTM 208 turret (former d es igna ti on S 365-1 ) a rm ed with 12.7 mm a nd 7.62 mm machin e g uns. Other turrets a rm ed with 20 mm ca nn on a nd va ri o us co mbina ti ons of7 .62 mm a nd 12.7 mm machin e g uns with a turret di a meter of no more th a n 1. 18 m. In addition to being fitt ed with th e va ri ous a rmam ent installa ti o ns described previo usly th e m a nufacturer has sug-

SPECIFICATIONS CREW WE IGHT LENGTH WIDTH HEI GHT (without arm amenl)

2 to 4 4600-5800 kg 4.2 m 2m 1.6m

GROUND CLEARAN CE MAX ROAD SPEED RANGE GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTAC LE

ges ted th e followin g roles that the vehicl e co uld a lso undertake: amb ul a nce, logistic support, radio/co mmand and recove ry. At the 1983 Sa tory Exhibition of Military Equipment one proto type was shown fitt ed with th e RAS IT battlefi eld surveillance rada r on a hydrauli c a rm th a t could be ra ised a bove th e chass is.

0.35 m 80 km/h 350 km 60% 30% 0.5 m

FORD IN G ENG INE

0.95 m BMW 6-cylinder petrol developing 180 hp at 5500 rpm

TRANSMI SS lo'N TRANSFER CAS E

au tomatic 2-speed

Status: Pro tot ype.

Manufacturer: LOHR, 67980 H a nge nbi eten, France.

LOHR VPX 5000 light tra cked armoured vehicle fitted with Euromi ss il e HOT HCT turret with four HOT ATG Ws in ready to launch position and 7.62 mm machine gun mounted over centre of turret

LOHR VPX 5000 light tra cked vehi cle with Euromi ss ile MILAN MCT turret

GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC APE Amphibious Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle Development In th e earl y I 960s EWK (E isenwerke Ka isersla utern Giippner GmbH) developed a cross-co untry tria ls ve hicle know n as the P3 Erprobungs wage n. This ve hicle featured la rge Michelin low-p ress ure tyres (2 100 x 25XL) with a di a meter of 1.744 metres a nd a tread of 0. 569 metre a nd a centra l tyre press ure sys tem th a t a ll owed th e drive r to adjust th e gro und press ure to suit th e type of ground being crossed . T he P3 had a wheelbase of 3.3 metres a nd a low centre of gravit y ow ing to its overall heig ht of onl y 2.05 metres, a nd was fu ll y a mphibious being propell ed in th e water a t a speed of 12 km/ h by o ne propeller. Extensive trials showed th a t the P3 had excell ent cross-country a nd a mphib ious ca pa bilities a nd co uld climb a nd descend steep river banks with ease. [n th e ea rly 1970s EWK , with Da im ler-B enz as th e maj or sub- contracto r, sta rted development wo rk on th e APE (Amphibisches Pionier- Erkundungs fahrze ug) , or Amphibious Enginee r Reconna issance Vehicle, to meet th e requirements of th e Federal Germ a n Arm y. EW K also call th e vehicl e th e AM F (A mphibische Mehrzweck-Fa hrze uge) or Amphibio us Reco nn a issance Vehicl e. The first prototype of th e APE was completed in 1977. The vehicle is bas ica ll y a slightl y la rge r ve rsio n of th e Transportpa nze r 2 (4 x 4) vehicl e incorpora ting ma ny of the co nce pts alread y proved in th e ea rlier P3 prototype. Th e T ransportpanzer I (6 x 6) vehicle is currentl y in produ cti on fo r th e Federa l Germ a n Army by Thyssen H enschel a nd th e first of 996 ve hi cl es were ha nd ed over la te in 1979. Abo ut 90 per cent of th e a uto moti ve components of th e APE a re identical to th ose of th e Transportpa nze r I but its suspensio n is quite different and for this reason it has superior a mphibio us a nd cross-co untry ca pa bilities to th e Tra nsportpa nze r I . EWK

built fo ur prototypes of th e APE for th e Wes t Ge rm a n Army a nd one of th ese was subsequ entl y bought back by th e compa ny for furth er d evelopment work. This was s ubseq uent ly rena med th e Alliga tor. The ma in fea tures of th e APE a re low-press ure ba lloo n tyres, tyre press ure reg ula tion sys tem, good a ngles of a pproach a nd depa rture, hydrau lic retrac tion of th e a xles when th e vehicle is swimming, redu cing drag to a n a bsolute minimum , ab ility of th e two propellers to sw ive l throu gh 360 degrees for in creased ma noe uvrab ility, ca pa bil it y of th e wheels a nd propell ers to be dri ven simulta neo usly to ass ist in climbing o ut of th e wa ter, a nd excell ent forwa rd visibility.

Description The all- welded steel hull of th e APE provides th e crew with protectio n fr om small a rms fire a nd shell splinters. The hull has a rh omboid cross secti on a nd inco rpo ra tes spaced a rm our in certa in a reas. The dri ve r is seated at th e front of th e hu ll o n th e left with th e vehicl e comma nder to his ri g ht. A bull et- proof windscreen in front of th e m can be covered by a n a rm o ured shutter. The d river is provided with a circul a r roof ha tch th a t opens forwa rd s a nd th e co mm a nder has a simila r rea ropening ha tch. Periscopes a re fi tted in th e roof of th e vehicle, in front of th e driver's a nd comma nder's ha tches, for use when th e windscree n is covered by th e a rm o ured shutter. Both th e dri ve r a nd comm a nder a re provided with a n entra nce doo r in th e side of th e vehicle with a n integra l bu lletproof window which is a lso covered by a n a rm o ured shutter in combat a reas . The co mplete powerpack is behind th e dri ve r a nd comma nd er a nd access is by a ha tch in th e roof. There is a s mall passage between th e fr ont of th e ve hicl e a nd th e passe nge r/ cargo a rea a t th e rear on th e right side of th e hull. The vehicle is powered by the same engine as th e Tra nsportp a nzer I

APE amphibious engineer reconnaissance vehi c le armed with 20 mm cannon

APE amphibious engineer reconnaissance vehicle ar.med with 20 mm cannon

which can be replaced by a Da imler-B enz diesel which develops 265 hp giving th e vehicle a power- to-weight ratio of 18.27 hp/ tonne, a maximum road speed of 70 km/ h and a wa ter-speed of II km/ h. The load area is at th e rear of th e hull a nd is 3. 15 metres long and 1.25 metres high with a small vision port protected by an a rmoured shutter in each side. There a re three roof ha tches over th e load a rea. The first circula r ha tch is normall y used to mount th e main arm a ment installa tion and th e second a nd much smaller circular ha tch is to th e right a nd rear of th e first one. The third ha tch is sq uare and is a t th e left rear and opens forwa rd . Norm al means of ent ry is by two la rge doors a t the rear of th e hull. The right door has a vision port covered by an armoured shutter when not required . The APE has a cent ral tyre press ure reg ula tion system which allows th e dri ver to adj ust th e tyre press ure to suit th e type of ground being crossed , which is of pa rti cular use when cl imbing steep banks and crossing d eep mud . The vehicle is full y a mphibious, being propelled in th e wa ter by two Schottel four-bl aded propellers beneath th e fl oor level of th e vehicle a t the rear of th e hull which rema in in th e wa ter as long as possible when th e vehicle is leaving th e

SPECIFICATIONS CREW CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATI O LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (to hull top) GROUND CLEARANCE (axles) (hull) TRACK (fron t/rear) WHEELBA SE ANGLE APPROACHI DEPARTURE MAX SPEED (roa d forward s) (water) MAX RANGE (cross-country)

12 ( 10 in troop compartm ent) 4 x 4 14 500 kg 22 hpltonne (approx) 6.93 m 3.08 m 2.4 m

Variants EW K has sugges ted tha t th e vehicle could be used fo r a va ri ety of other roles incl uding a rm oured personnel carri er, anti-ta nk (with turret-m ounted gun or AT G Ws) ; artillery fire-control ve hicle, a mbulance, command vehicle, communicati ons vehicle, interna l security vehicle, mortar carrier, NBC reconnaissance vehi cle, reconna issance ve hicle, repair vehicl e or a suppl y carrier. The compa ny is also developing, as a priva te ventu re, an a rmoured car in th e 5000 to 7000 kg range which will incorporate features of th e APE and will be arm ed with a turretmounted 35 mm cannon and a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun .

GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE TURNIN G RADI US ENGINE

TRANSMI SS ION

7.5% 30% 8.5 m Mercedes-Benz OM 402A V-8 liq uid-cooled diesel developing 320 hp at 2500 rpm ZF 4 HP 500- 1 6-speed a utomatic with in-line

torque conve rter 0.485 m 0.555 m 2.54 m/2.56 3.5 m

83 km/h 12 km/h

STEERING TYRES BRAKES (main) (parking ) ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMENT (main) SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPMENT

hydraulic , reci rculating

20.50 x 25 XL hydraulic, a ir-assisted

(dual c irc uit) mechanical 28 V de 4 x 12V, 200Ah 1 x 20 mm 6 smoke di scha rgers

800 km

Status: Develo pment complete. Ready for produ ction.

water. When afl oat th e axles and wheels a re retracted to redu ce drag. Before entering th e water a trim vane is erected a t th e front of th e vehicle and standa rd equipment includes three bilge pumps with a capacity of 180 litres a minute each. The AP E is fitted with an NBC sys tem. The bas ic vehicl e is a rm ed with a Rheinmetall 20 mm cannon mounted on a K eller and Kn appich E-6 mount, and six smoke dis cha rgers mounted on th e left side of th e hull.

Manufacturer: Eisen we rk e K a i se rs l ~ ut e rn Goppn er GmbH, Ba rbarossa 30, D-6750 Kaisersla utern , Federal Republic of Germ any.

Spahpanzer Luchs Armoured Amphibious Reconnaissance Vehicle Development In 1964 th e Wes t Germany Ministry of Defence examined its requirements for a n,ew generation of mi litary vehicles for th e 1970s. This generatio n was to have included a n 8 x 8 armoured a mphibio us reconnaissance vehicle, 4 x 4 a nd 6 x 6 a rm ou red a mphibio us load carri ers a nd a complete ra nge of 4 x 4, 6 x 6 a nd 8 x 8 tactical cargo tru cks, some of whi ch were to be amp hibious. All were to share man y common components which would , where poss ible, be from commercia l sources. In 1965 a J oint Proj ect Office was form ed to und erta ke development of th e compl ete ra nge of vehicles. Companies in th e J oint Proj ect Office were Bi.iss ing, K liickner-HumboltDeutz, Friedri ch K rupp, MAN a nd Rheinsta hl-Henschel. Daimler-Benz did not join th e J oint Proj ect Office but went a head on its ow n to develop a simila r range of vehicles. TheJPO a nd Daimler-Benz each built nine prototypes of th e 8 x 8 a rm oured amp hibious reconn aissance vehicle. The J PO delive red its prototypes to the Trier testing ground in April 1968 a nd Da iml er-Benz deli vered its in December th e same year. Each differed in some detail as both manufact urers tes ted va rio us engines a nd tra nsmissions to find th e right combination for th e vehicle. Ex~ensive tria ls were carri ed out over th e following two yea rs and in J a nu ary 197 1 it was decided th at work on th e JPO vehicl e would stop a nd that the Da iml er-B enz model wo uld enter produ ctio n. In December 1973 Rhei nstahl

Wehrtechnik was awa rd ed a contract wo rth DM300 millio n for 408 ve hicles. First producti on ve hicl es were completed in May 1975 a nd the first vehicle was offi ciall y ha nded over to th e Federal German Army in September 1975 a nd produ ction continued until ea rly 1978. The West G erma n Army calls th e vehicle th e Spahpa nzer Luchs a nd it replaced th e American-supplied M4 1 light ta nks a nd the Ho tchkiss SPz 11-2 reconnaissance ve hicles. The Lu chs has es tab lished a reputa tio n for its excellent cross-co untry mobility a nd quietness, both of which a re essential to a reconnaissance ve hicle. The 4 x 4 a rm oured amp hibio us load carri er became the Transportpanzer 2 a nd th e 6 x 6 a rmo ured a mphibious load carri er became th e Transportpanzer I. The Transportpanzer 2 was not placed in production but further develop ment was underta ken by EWK a nd th e eventual result was the APE Amphibio us Engineer Reconn a issance Vehicle for which th ere is a se parate entry. The 6 x 6 a rmoured a mphibio us load carri er was placed in production as th e Transportpanzer I with Rh ei nsta hl Wehrtechnik, now Thyssen H enschel.

Description The all-weld ed steel hull of th e Luchs provid es th e crew with protection from small a rms fire a nd shell splinters. The hull a nd turret a re immune over th eir frontal a rea to penetra ti on from 20 mm projectiles. The driver is seated a t th e fron t of th e hull on th e left side a nd is provided with a single-piece ha tch cover th at opens to his right. There a re three periscopes in front of the driver's

Spahpanzer Luchs armoured reconnaissance vehicle crossing bri dge laid by M48 AVLB. This particular vehic le is not fitted with 7.62 mm MG3 MG at commande r's station (C R Zwart)

Spahpanzer Lu chs armoured amphibious reconnaissance vehicle ha tch cover, th e ce ntre one of which ca n be repl aced by a passive peris cope for night operations . The Rh einmeta ll TS-7 turre t is located in the ce ntre of the hull and has spaced a rm our for improved protection. The comm a nd er is sea ted on th e left a nd the gunn er on th e ri g ht, both with a single-piece hatch cove r th a t opens to th e rea r. Both th e co mm a nd er a nd g unn er are provid ed with a PERI Z-I I A- I periscope for aiming th e 20 mm cannon, and a tota l of 12 peris copes. M ounted to the left of the turret is a searchlight which moves in eleva tion with th e ma in a rm a ment and can be used in both infra-red a nd passive mod es. Turret trave rs e and weapon eleva tion/ depression is elect ro-

hydraulic a nd ca n be operated by the co mmand er or gunner. The fire -co ntrol system includes a n az imuth indica tor. An entry door is provid ed in th e left side of th e hull. The fourth crew member, th e radio operator/ rea r dri ve r, is seated to th e rea r of th e turret on th e left sid e fa cing th e rear a nd is provided with a single-piece hatch cover that opens to th e right. There are three periscopes in front of th e cove r, the centre one of whi ch ca n be replaced by a passive periscope for nig ht operations. The engin e is behind th e turret on th e ri ght side a nd access is by a la rge oblong ha tch that opens to th e right. The engin e co mpa rtm ent, cooling and ex ha ust systems are separated from th e fighting compartment by gas tig ht welded bulkheads. The engin e compartment is fitt ed with an a utomatic fire-exting uishing system. The complete powerpack, consist-

Spahpanzer Luc hs armoured amphibious reconnaissance ve hi c le from rear showing smoke dischargers on right side of turret and propellers under hull rear

Rheinmetall TS-7 two-man turret armed with 20 mm cannon and 7.62 mm MG3 anti-aircraft machin e gun as fitted to th e Luc hs (8 x 8) reconnaissance vehi c le

Luchs with trim vane fold ed onto glacis plate (Federal German Army)

Luchs showing amphibious capabilities , with trim vane erected

ing of th e engine, tra nsmi ss ion, air filter, oil cooler a nd pa rking bra ke, can be removed as a complete unit a nd run outside th e vehicle. The cooling system is at th e back of th e hull a nd th e exha ust o utl et is a t th e very rea r of the hull. Power is tra nsmitted from th e engine to a four-speed hydrauli c torqu e converter a nd th en via a distributor gea r with differential locks to th e wheels. The Luchs has th e same speed in both directions. The suspension co nsists of four Daimler-Benz rigid axl es with differential locks whi ch a re supported by longitudin al ba rs, with bogies for th e first a nd second a nd third a nd fourth axles. Each wheel sta tio n has a vertical coil spring and a hydra ulic shock abso rb er. All eight wheels a re steered but for road use th e front four wheels onl y a re norm all y used . The Luchs is full y a mphibious, being propelled in th e wa ter by two Schottel steera ble propellers a t th e rear of th e hull, one on each side. These a re powered by a PTO on th e main transmiss ion via a bevel-type distributor gea r. Before entering th e wa ter a trim va ne is hydra ulicall y erected a t th e front of th e hull and th e bilge pumps, two in th e fi ghting compa rtm ent a nd one in th e engine compa rtment, a re switched on. In 1982 it was announced tha t a total of 423 sets of th erm al night vision equipment wo uld be purchased for th e Luchs, 63 sets in 1984 a nd 120 a yea r in 1985, 1986 a nd 1987. Sta ndard eq uipment incl ud es a pre-h eater for th e cooling liquid , engine oil a nd tra nsmissio n oil a nd pre-heater for th e batteries. The NBC sys tem can a lso be used for ventila tin g th e vehicle when all the ha tches a re closed .

The Luchs is a rm ed with a 20 mm Rh einmetall Mk 20 Rh 202 cann on which is a lso installed in th e Ma rd er M IC V. This cannon has du al feed a nd th e empty cartridge cases a nd beltlinks a re ej ected ex tern a ll y to th e right of the turret. A Rheinmetall 7.62 mm MG3 machin e g un mou nted on a ska te mo unt over th e comm a nder's ha tch can be used for both ground a nd a nti-a ircra ft defence. Fo ur smoke dischargers a re mounted either sid e of th e turret.

Variants

Luchs with Oerlikon 35 mm Turret Model GDD-BOE O erlikon has proposed th a t th e Luchs could be fitt ed with its Model GDD-BO E tu rret which is a rm ed with a 35 mm KD E cann on.

Luchs with Roland 2 SAMs It has been proposed th at th e chass is of the Luchs wi th a red esigned hull to include th e front of the T ra nsportpa nze r I co uld be used to mount th e Euromissile Rola nd 2 SA M system . Two missiles wo uld be carried ready to la un ch a nd a furth er suppl y of missiles wo uld be ca,rri ed inside th e hull. To redu ce the overall heig ht or th e vehicle th e two radar scann ers would fold down to th e front a nd rear of th e turret res pectively. The W es t Germa n Army alread y has the Roland 2 system in service mounted on th e M a rd er chass is but this 8 X 8 system offers higher stra tegic mobility a nd co uld meet th e requirements of the Wes t German Air Force a nd Navy. But this la tter requirement will not be met in th e near futu re owing to budge ta ry considera tions. 63

SPECIFICATIONS CREW CONFIGURATI ON COMBAT WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (to top of machine gun...lrail) (to top of hull top) FIRING HE IGHT GROUND CLEARANCE (hu ll ) (axles) TRACK WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE MAX SPEED (road forwards) (reverse) (water) ACCELERATION FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE FORDIN G

8 x 8 19500kg 20 hp/tonne 7.743 m 2.98 m

GRAD fENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TRENCH TURNING RADIUS (8 wheels) (4 wheels) ENGINE

2,905 m 2,125 m 2,342 m 0.44 m 0,58 m 2.54 m l.4m + 2,365m + l.4m

66'/53' 90 km/h 90 km/h 9 km/h 0- 80 km/h: 65 s 500litres 800 km amphibious

TRANSMISSION

SUSPENSION

60% 30% 0.6 m 1.9m 11 .5 m 19,4 m Daimler-Benz OM 403 A lO-cylinder 90' V-4 stroke multi-fu el wi th 2 exhaust driven turbocha rg ers developing 390 hp at 2500 rpm (diesel luel) or 320 hp at 2500 rpm (petrol) ZF 4 PW 95 HI 4-speed with torque converter coil sprin gs and

hydraulic shock absorbers STEERING

re-circulating ba ll

BRAKES (main) (parking) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMENT (main) (anti-ai rcraft) SMOKE-LAYING EQU IPMENT

hydrau li c, dual ci rcu it mechanical operating on transmission 24 V 6 x 12V, 100 Ah 1 x 20 mm 1 x 7,62 mm MG 2 x 4 smoke dischargers

AMMUNITI ON (in turret) (main) (an ti -aircraft) TURRET POWER CONTROL GUN ELEVATIONI DEPRESSION GUN STABILISER (vertical) (horizontal)

375 100 round box electro-hydrauli cl manual

+69'1- 15' no no

power-assisted TURNING RADIUS (all wheel steering) (front wheel steeri ng) TYRES

5,75 m 9.7 m 14,00 x 20

Status: Prod uction comple te, In service with the Federa l German Arm y.

Manufacturer: Thyssen H enschel, Pos tfach 102969, D 3500 Kasse l, Federal Republic of Germany ,

Wiesel Airportable Vehicle

poned. It is believed th at th e Federal German Army still has a requirement for between 400 a nd 500 ve hicl es of this type. Early in 1982 West Germany loaned th e United States fou r Wiesel a irportab le vehicles for tria ls a t the Ya kim a firin g centre/proving gro und between Apri l a nd May 1982. The Wiesel can be carri ed slung und ern ea th helicopters such as th e Puma a nd is airporta ble in th e C-160 (four) , C-1 30 (three) a nd CH-53 (two). Under a recent agreement Krupp Ma k will be res ponsib le

Development/Description Porsche has developed to th e prototype stage a n airportable veh icle to meet th e requirements of West German a irborne units , call ed th e Wiesel, or Waffe ntrage r II-LL. Its development has been cancell ed fo llow ing a d ecision to buy the American AWACS ai rcraft, which mea nt th at a number of Wes t German defence projects had to be caricell ed or post-

Wiesel armed with Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh 202 can non in KUKA gun mount E6-11

rou nds eith er side) . The weapon ca n be eleva ted from - 10 degrees to +60 degrees a nd trave rsed 50 degrees left and rig ht. Elevatio n and trave rse is ma nua l a nd th e g unner a im s the weapon vi a a Zeiss PERI Z-II periscopic sight, passive ni ght s ig ht is a lso ava il ab le.

Wiesel with TOW This was bu ilt to meet the requirements of th e W es t German Arm y a nd is fitted wit h a Hug hes TOW ATGW la un cher on a n eleva ting pedes tal with a traverse of 45 degrees left and right a nd a n eleva tion a nd depress ion of 15 deg rees. A tota l of eig ht missiles a re ca rri ed of whi ch two a re for ready use. This model has a three-ma n crew, driver, g unn er and load er.

Wiesel comman d and control vehi c le Wiesel arm ed with Hughes TOW ATGW system

for a ny se ri es produ cti o n of th e Wiesel while Porsc he a re responsib le for logistic support a nd the development of special ised vers ions. Description The hull of th e W iesel is of a ll-welded steel constru ction whi ch provid es the crew with protection from 7.62 mm sma ll a rms fire a nd shell splin ters. The d ri ver is seated at the front of th e v.ehicle on the rig ht a nd has three periscopes for observation to th e front a nd sides; th e centre one ca n be replaced by a pass ive peris cope for dri ving at nig ht. The engine, whi ch is a s tanda rd produ ction model, is to the left of th e driver with a n access ha tch being provided in th e glac is pla te. The fiv e-speed Porsc he tra nsm ission , a modifi ed vers ion of a standard production model, drives via a torq ue converter a nd clutch. T he co mpl ete powerpack ca n be removed a nd rep laced in 10 minutes . Starting and gea r shifting do not req uire clutch pedal opera ti on. T he Wiesel is fitted with a C letrac reve rse transmi ssion. The steering gear is opera ted by th e driver via a stee ring wh eel a nd a ll ows a n infinitely va ria ble turning radius from infinite to 2.3 metres . Pivoting on one track is possible by th e engage ment of th e parking bra ke on one s ide. The engin e exhaust sys tem is loca ted in th e cooling a ir ex ha ust flow on th e left side of th e vehicl e. The ex ha ust gases are passed to th e rea r, being cooled in th e process. The open-topped crew co mpartm ent is a t th e rea r of th e hull a nd entry to this is by climbing over th e sides of th e ve hicle. The fl ex ible self-s ealing rubber fu el ta nk has a n explosion polyureth a ne liner a nd is mou nted externa ll y on th e rear of the hull. Suspensio n either side co nsists of three dual road wheels, drive sp rocket a t th e front, idl er a t th e rear on one track return roller. A Bellevill e spring asse mbly a utomatically provides track tension wh en the ve hicle is travelling. The track consis ts of a n endl ess rubber band with wire reinforcements. An amp hibi ous ki t is availa bl e for th e W iesel.

This proposed vehicl e wou ld have a full y encl osed hull , a three-man crew a nd be fitted with ex tensive communicatio ns equipm ent. A 7.62 mm MG3 mac hin e gu n with 100 round s of ready use a mmunitio n a nd a noth er 400 in rese rve wo uld be fitted.

Wiesel battlefield surveillance vehicle This proposed vehicle wo uld have a two-ma n crew, radar operator a nd driver, a nd be fitt ed with a hydrau lic mas t on top of whi ch is a RASIT battlefi eld surve illa nce radar. A 7.62 mm MG3 machin e g un e with 100 rounds of read y use amm unition a nd a noth er 400 in rese rve wou ld be fi tted.

Wiesel ammunition resupply vehicle This wou ld ac t as th e res uppl y veh icle for th e Wiesel fitted with the TOW ATG W system, wo uld have a two-ma n crew, ca rry 14 mi ss iles a nd be a rm ed with a 7.62 mm MG 3 machin e g un with 100 round s of ready us e a mmunitio n and a further 400 rounds in reserve.

Wiesel recovery vehicle This proposed vehicle wou ld have a two-man crew a nd be fi tted with a slewing cra ne with a telescopic boom th a t ca n a lso be used as winch , sta bi lise rs a t the hull rea r, electri c screwdri ve r, electri c weld ing se t, tow cable, tow ba rs, block a nd tack le, hydra ulic j ack, bolt cutters, tool kit , a nd a radio.

Wiesel SAM vehicle This propsed vehicl e wo uld have a longer hull with a n add itio nal road wheel either side a nd be fitted with th e Bofors RBS- 70 SA M system with a total of 10 miss iles being ca rri ed. A 7.62 mm MG3 machin e g un with 100 rounds of ready use ammun ition a nd a furt he r 400 rounds in rese rve is fitted.

Wiesel reconnaissance vehicle Th is proposed vehicle wou ld have a longe r hull with a n additi onal road wheel either side a nd be fitted with th e Rh einmeta ll ' turret TF 20. 15 a rm ed with a Rh einmetall 20 mm cannon with a n eleva tion of +60 degrees, depressio n of -7 degrees, a nd a travers e of 360 degrees. A tota l of 420 rounds of ammu nition wou ld be ca rried of whi ch 220 wo uld be for ready use.

Variants

Wiesel ambulance Wiesel with 20 mm cannon This was built to mee t th e requirements of th e W es t German Arm y a nd is fitted with a one-ma n K eller a nd Kn app ich T ype E6-II mount ar med with a 20 mm Rh einmeta ll dua l feed cannon with 250 rounds of ready use a mmunitio n ( 125

This proposed vehicl e would have a longe r hull with an additi onal road whee l either side a nd have a two-man crew a nd be capable of ca rrying two stretcher a nd one seated patients or four seated pa ti ents. When being used in the cargo role a maximum of 600 kg ca n be ca rried. 65

Wiesel armoured personnel carrier This proposed vehicle would have a longer hull with a n additional road wheel ei th er side a nd carry a ha lf-squad of infa ntry (6 men) in additional to its two-man crew. The roof wou ld be full y enclosed and fitt ed with a comma nder's cupola with a n externally-m ounted 7.62 mm MG3 machine g un with 100 rounds of ready use a mmunition a nd a furth er 400 roy nds in reserve. The infantry wou ld enter and leave via a door in the hull rear.

Status: Trials . Not yet in prod uctio n. In 1982 th e vehicle was evalu ated in th e USA. Manufacturer: Dr.h .c. F. Pors che Aktiengesellscha ft, 7000 Stuttgart 40, Federal Republic of Germany.

SPECIFICATIONS Model CREW COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATI O GROUND PRESSURE LENGTH GUN FORWARDS LENGTH HULL WIDTH HEIGHT HEIGHT HULL TOP FIRING HEIGHT GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK TRACK WIDTH LENGTH OF TRACK ON GROUND MAX ROAD SPEED FUEL CAPACI TY MAX RANGE (road) (c ross country) GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTA CLE TREN CH TURNING RADIUS (Cletrac) (pivot) ENG IN E TRANSMISSION ARMAMENT AMM UNITION

TOW 3 2600 kg 2011 kg

20mm 2 2635 kg 20 11 kg

37.9 hp/lonne 0.32 kg/cm'

37.4 hp/tonne 0.32 kg/cm '

n/app 3.2 63 m 1.82 m 1.84 to 2.15 m 1.252 m 1.462 m 0.302 m 1.62 m 200 mm

3.51 m 3.263 m 1.82 m 1.97 m 1.252 m 1.585 m 0.302 m 1.62 m 200 mm

1.825 m 85 km/h 80l itres

1.825 m 85 km/h 80 litres

300 km 200 km 60% 30% 0.4 m 1.5m

300 km 200 km 60% 30% 0.4 m 1.5 m

7.19 m 4.67 m VW-Audi petrol developi ng 5 speed 1 x TOW launcher

7.19 m 4.67 m 98 hp 5 speed

8 missiles

1 x 20 mm cannon 400 rounds of 20 mm

HUNGARY FUG (or OT-65) Amphibious Scout Car Development The FUG (Felderitii Usa Gepkosci) fulfil s a similar role in th e Hungarian Army to th e Soviet BRDM-I amphibious scout car but has its engine a t th e rear rather th a n th e fr ont a nd two instead of one water j ets for a mphibious operations. The vehicle entered servi ce with th e Hunga ria n Army in 1964 a nd with the Polish a nd Czechoslovak a rmi es in 1966. The Czechoslovaks call th e ve hicl e th e OT-65. Description The hull of the FUG is a ll-welded steel with th e driver seated at th e front on the left a nd th e vehicle comma nd er on th e right. Both a re provided with a ha tch cover to th eir front that is hinged a t th e top a nd opens upw ards, a nd a windscreen with a wiper. The ha tch is equipped with a n integral vision block for when the hatch is closed . The crew compa rtm ent is behind th e driver a nd th e only means of entry is by th e ha tch in th e roof th a t opens either · side of th e vehicle. The roof ha tches can be locked ve rti cal to give a meas ure of protection when th e mac hine g un is being used . A ventilator is mounted in the roof of th e vehicle over th e commander's position. Six circul a r firing ports a re provided, two in each side and two in th e rear. A vision slit is provided to th e left of th e driver a nd th e right of th e commander. The engine compartment ·is at th e rea r of th e hull with th e air- inlet immediately behind th e crew compartment, th e air-outlets in either side and th e exha ust pipe on th e right side. 66

On either side of th e vehicle, between th e front a nd rear wheels, are two belly wheels, which a re lowered by the drive r a nd dri ve n from a PTO and give th e FUG improved crosscountry abi lity a nd allow it to cross trenches. When th e bell y wheels a re lowered th e vehicl e is driven in first gea r. The FU G is full y a mphibio us, being propelled in the water by two wa ter j ets at th e rear of th e hull. Before entering th e water a trim board is erected a t th e front of the vehicle which is stowed und er th e nose when not in use, and th e bilge pumps a re switched on. Sta nd ard equipment includes infrared drivini!: lights a nd some models a re also fitted with a n infra-red searchlight, a nd a centra l tyre-pressure system th a t a llows th e driver to adjust th e tyre press ure to suit th e type of ground being cross ed. I t has no NBC system. M ain a rmam ent comprises a pintle- mounted 7.62 mm SGMB machine gun with limited traverse, which is a imed

FUG amphibious scout car with roof hatches open

FUG amphibious scout car clearly showing belly wheels lowered with BRDM-1 with Snapper ATGWs in background

a nd fired by one of th e crew members with th e two ha tches open .

The T-2l fires a HEAT proj ectile weighing 2. 13 kg with a muzzle velocity of250 metres a second which will penetra te 230 mm of a rmour. M aximum range is 2500 metres, effecti ve

Variants

Ambulance The FUG is known to be used as a n a mbula nce although it is clearly unsuited to this role.

Radiological-Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle This performs a simila r role to the Soviet BRDM-l rkh vehicle and is us ed to ma rk lanes th rough conta minated a reas. Mounted on either side of th e hull rear is a rack th a t carries la ne ma rking poles. When required th e racks a re swung verti cally through 90 degrees so tha t they a re over th e rear ofth e hull a nd lane ma rking poles can th en be dispensed into the ground from inside the vehicl e.

FUG (or OT-65) amphibious scout car without fitted armament FUG radiological-chemical reconnaissance vehicle with lane marking equipment on top of hull at rear

OT-6SA This is a Czechoslova k modifi cation a nd is th e basic vehicle with th e turret of th e OT-62B tracked a rmoured personnel carrier mounted on th e roof. The turret is a rm ed with a 7.62 mm M59T machine gun with a n elevatio n of +20 degrees a nd a depression of - 10 degrees. The turret can be travers ed ma nually through 360 degrees. M ounted extern ally on th e right side of the turret is an 82 mm T-2l Tarasnice recoilless gun which can be aimed a nd fired from inside th e turret but can be reloaded only from th e outside. 67

range 450 metres a nd a bout 300 metres agains t moving ta rge ts. The crew of th e OT-65A enters a nd leaves th e vehicl e by a s ma ll roof ha tch th a t opens either side of th e roof immedia tely behind the turret.

SPECIFICAnONS CREW CONFI GURATION COMBAT WE IGHT POWER·TO-WE IGHT RATI O LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (to hull top) (wi th tu rret OT-65A) GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK WHEELBASE MAX SPEEO (road) (water)

2 + 4 4 x 4 7000 kg 15.87 hp/tonne 5.79 m 2.5 m 1. 91 m 2.25 m 0.34 m 1.9 m 3.3 m 87 km/h 9 km/h

PSZH-IV APC This was origina ll y call ed the FUG-66 and late r th e FUG-70 until it was es tab lished th a t it was a n a rmoured personnel carri er a nd not a n a mphi bious sco ut car.

FUEL CAPAC ITY MAX CRUISIN G RANGE (road ) FUEL CONSUMPTI ON FORD ING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TREN CH ENGINE

200 litres BOO km 0.28 litre/km a mphi bious 60%

30% 0.4 m 1.2 m Csepel 0.414.44

TYRES SUSPENSION (front) (rea r)

12.00 x 18 helica l sprin gs semi·elliptica l spri ngs

AR MAMENT (main) AM MUNITION (main) ARMOUR (max)

1 x 7.B2 mm MG 1250 13 mm

4-cy li nder in-line

water-cooled

TRANSMISS ION

Status: Produ cti on co mp lete. In se rvice with Czechoslova ki a, Hunga ry a nd Pola nd (limited use) .

d iesel developing 100 hp at 2300 rpm manual with 5 forwa rd and 1 reverse gears

Manufacturer: Hunga ria n sta te arse nals.

ISRAEL RAM Family of Light AFVs Development The RA M fa mily oflig ht a rm oured fi ghting vehicles has been developed by RAMTA Stru ct ures a nd Sys tems, a subsid ia ry of Israel Aircra ft Industries, as a successor to th e company's

earlier RBY M k I light a rm oured reconn a issa nce vehicle (fu ll y described in th e foll owing entry) a nd was a nnounced a t th e Pa ris Air Show in Ju ne 1979. T he RA M fa mi ly has now bee n expa nd ed into two basic gro ups, RA M V -I a nd RAM V -2. T he form er a re open to pped a nd a re produ ced in two wheelbases, V-I short

RAM V-1 (short) lig ht armoured reconnaissance vehic le with 40 mm grenade lau ncher and two 7.62 mm machine guns

anti-ta nk rockets, fr agmentation g renades, night vision equipment a nd a multi-cha nn el tra nsceiver.

TCM-20 AA This is th e bas ic vehicle fitt ed with th e RAMTA Stru ctures and Sys tems' T C M-20 twin 20 mm LAAG system. A to tal of 720 ro unds of 20 mm a mmunition a re carri ed fo r th e cannons, in additio n one 7.62 mm machine gun , nig ht vision equipment a nd a multi-cha nnel tra ns ceiver a re fitted. The model, whi ch is onl y avail a ble based on th e chassis of th e RAM V-I L, has a four-ma n crew consisting of dri ve r/loader, comma nder, g unn er a nd loader. When in th e firin g pos itio n four hydra uli c j acks a re lowered to th e ground to provide a more sta ble firin g pla tform, although it is poss ible to fire against both ground ta rge ts a nd ae ri al ta rge ts while th e vehicle is travelling. The current T C M-20 can be replaced by th e new T C M Mk 3 system. RAM V-1 (short) fitted with TCM-20 twin 20 mm anti-aircraft gun system

Close range anti-tank This carri es a 106 mm M40 seri es recoilless rifl e built in Israel by I MI which can be traversed through a full 360 degrees. Eighteen rounds of ammunitio n a re carri ed in th e vehicl e as well as night vision equipment a nd a multi-cha nn el tra nsceiver.

Long range anti-tank This carries a Hughes TOW la uncher on a telescopic pedes ta l, 16 TOW ATGWs, two 7.62 mm machine g uns a nd 2500 rounds of a mmunition , night vision equi p ment a nd a multi-cha nn el tra nsceiver. RAM V-1 (sh ort) light armoured reconnai ssance vehicle with 7.62 mm machine guns

(3 .4-metre wheelbase) a nd V-I L (3.8-metre wheelbase) . The V-2 series has a n enclosed troop compa rtm ent a nd comprises the V- 2 short (3.4-m etre wheelbase) a nd V-2L long (3 .8-metre wheelbase).

Description (RAM V-1) The layout of th e RAM V-I is almost identical to th e ea rli er RBY Mk I light a rmoured reconnaissance vehicle a nd th e short mod el has th e same wheelbase. The mos t significa nt improve ments a re th e increased ground clea ran ce achieved by th e fi tting of la rge r tyres, in creased radius of acti o n as th e original petrol engine has been replaced by a diesel engin e, a nd th e replace ment of th e ma nu al gea rbox by a n a utoma ti c one to redu ce dri ve r fa tigue. C rew comfort has also been improved . Mounted at th e front of th e vehicle is a Koenig EC- 100 winch with a ca pacity of 3629 kg.

RAM V-2 AFV This has a fully enclosed troop compartment th a t carri es a crew of eig ht to ten men a nd th eir pers onal eq uipmen t. It has a uniqu e system offolding a rmour plate ha tches which can be full y or pa rti a ll y opened so providing all round observa tio n while affording protecti on against AP sma ll a rms fir e a nd shell fragments. The perso nnel , seated or sta nding, can fir e in all directions. Various types of a rma ment can be fitted according to mission requirements including: one 12.7 mm machine g un or 40 mm grenade la un cher, 1500 ro unds of 12. 7 mm ammunitio n or six a mmunition boxes for grenade la uncher, three 7.62 mm machine guns plus 5000 ro unds of a mmunition, one rocket la uncher plus six rounds, 24 fragmenta ti on grenades, nine smoke grenades and two smoke fl a res. In addition th e vehicle carri es night vision equipment a nd a multi-cha nn el tra ns ceive r. RAM V-2L (long) AFV with 12.7 mm and 7.62 mm machine guns

Variants

Infantry fighting vehicle This model is equipped with three 7.62 mm machine guns, 5000 ro unds of a mmunition, one a nti-tank la uncher, six rockets, frag menta ti on g renades, night vision equipment and a multi-cha nn el tra nsceiver.

Infantry combat vehicle This model ca rri es up to three 7.62 mm machin e guns, 5000 roundsofa mmunition, 52 mm morta r, 36 morta r bombs, two 69

RAM V-2 L (long) APC with 12.7 mm a nd 7. 62 mm MGs

SPECIFICATIONS

v-, (short)

Model

RAM

CREW (max) CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT PAYLOAD LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (overal l) GROUND CLEARANCE (hull) (axles) TRACK WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE MAX SPEED (road) FUEL CAPACITY RANGE (road) FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTACLE ENG INE TRANSMISS ION TRANSFER CASE STEER ING TURNING RAD I ~S SUSPENSION TYRES BRAKES (main) (parking) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMOUR

2 +6 4 x 4 5400 kg 3900 kg 1300 kg 5.02 m 2.03 m 1.72 m

RAM V-' (long) 2 +8 4 x 4 5600 kg 4300 kg 1300 kg 5.42 m 2.03 m 1.72 m

RAM V-2 (short) 2 +6 4 x 4 5700 kg 4200 kg 1300 kg 5.02 m 2.03 m 2.2 m

RAM V-2 (long) 2 +8 4 x 4 6000 kg 4700 kg 1300 kg 5.42 m 2.03 m 2.2 m

0.575 m 0.31 m 1.726 m 3.4 m

0.575 m 0.31 m 1.726 m 3.8 m

0.575 m 0.31 m 1.726 m 3.4 m

0.575 m 0.3 1 m 1.726 m 3.8 m

60"/43" 96 km/h 120litres 800 km 1m 70%

60"/43" 96 km/h 160lilres 1000 km 1m

60"/43" 96 km/h 120litres 750 km 1m 65% 35% 0.8 m

60"/43" 96 km/h 160litres 950 km 1m

7.2 m

7.5 m

60%

35% 35% 0.8 m 0.8 m Deulz air-cooled, 6-cylinder diesel developing 132 bhp Al lison AT-540 automalic with 4 forward and 1 reverse gears Harwaythorn 2-speed power~assisted

7.2 m

0.8 m

ZF 7.5 m

semi-elliptical springs alld hyd raulic shock absorbers

9.00 x 20

hydraulic

mechanical

24 V 2 x 12 V 8mm

hydraulic mechanical 24 V 2 x 12 V 8mm

hydraulic mechanical 24 V 2 x t2 V 8mm

Status: Development complete. Ready for production. I t is reported that Morocco has taken del ivery of a quantity of thes e vehicles.

60% 35%

Manufacturer: RAMT A Structures and Systems, Israel Aircraft Indust ries POB 323 , Beer Sheba, 84 102 Israel.

RBV Mk 1 Light Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle Development The RBY Mk I light armoured reconnaissance vehicle was developed by RAMTA Structures and Systems, a subsidiary of Israel Aircraft I~dustri es, a nd was first announced at th e Paris Air Show in May 1975. The design of th e vehicle is based on a n analysis by RAMTA of ex perience obta ined during two decades of field operations in th e Middle East. This showed that a reconnaissance vehicle req uired a very low profi le, good all-round visibility for all crew members, to be airportable, be able to carry difIerent a rma ment insta lla tio ns and provide th e crew with th e maximum protection aga inst mines. The RBY Mk I is suitab le for a wide range of roles including reconnaissance, long-ra nge pa trols and commando type operations, internal security opera ti ons a nd th e evac uation of wo und ed in forward battlefield areas . Its low weight enab les it to be carri ed by light ai rcra ft a nd helicopters such as th e CH-53s used by th e Israeli Air Force. Description The all- welded hull of th e RBY Mk I has 8 mm a rm oured steel (MIL-A- 46 100) sides inclined a t a n a ngle, a nd a floor of 10 mm thi ck plain carbon steel (SAE-I 020). The shape of th e hull ~as been designed to give th e crew max imum possible protection from mine explosio ns. The axles and wheels are a t th e extreme ends of th e vehicle a nd th e effect of a mine ex pl os ion when tou ched off by one of th e wheels is th at the res pecti ve ax le is damaged or cut, th e fibreglass bumpers disintegrate, but th e hull stays intact. The s urvivab ility of th e vehicle to mine explosio ns was proved in a tes t progra mme using different types of mine.

Basic RBY Mk 1 I ight armoured reconnaissance vehi cle without armament installed

The driver is seated a t the front of th e vehicle o n the left with th e comma nder to his right. The front part of th e crew compartment can be folded dow n into th e horizonta l for increased visibility a nd is provided with two integra l observation hatches th a t a re hinged a t th e top and open outwards. To the left of th e dri ver a nd th e rig ht of th e commander is a nother observation ha tch, also hinged at th e top and opening outwa rds. The six passengers are seated three each side, fa cing outwards, back-to-back for a ll- round o bservati on. There are no doors in th e hull as this would weaken th e structure and th e crew enter a nd leave th e vehicle by climbing over th e sides. The engine is a t the rear of th e hull and has a fibreglass cover and side doors for ease of access. The automotive components of th e RBY Mk I a re of a s ta nda rd comm ercia l design th a t meet current milita ry req uirements. Two spare wheels a re ca rried, o ne a t th e front of th e vehicle and one a t th e rear. Infra- red dri ving lights a nd a front-m o unted winch with a ca pacity of272 2 kg can be fitted ifrequired . Up to five 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm machine g uns can be pintle-mo unted around th e top of the hull to provide suppressive fire. RBY Mk 1 light armoured reconnaissance vehicle fitted with 7.62 mm MGs and front-mounted winch

RBY Mk 1 fitted with Hughes TOW ATGW syste m a nd front-mounted winch

RBY Mk 1 fitted with 106 mm M40 series recoilless rifle

Variants

with 5000 rounds a nd a nti-ta nk missiles. A long range antitank model is also offered .

manufactured in Israel by IMI

Anti-tank armed with 106 mm M40 rifl e This model has th e 106 mm M 40 recoilless rifl e ma n ufactured by Israel Milita ry Industri es, with 16 a nti-tan k rou nds. Second a ry arm a ment co nsists of two 7. 62 mm machin e g uns

SPECIFICATIONS CREW CONFIGURATI ON UNLOADED WEI GHT LENGTH WIDTH HE IGHT (empty without arma ment)

2 + 6 4 x 4 3600 kg 5.023 m 2.03 m

1.66 m

(loa ded wi thout 1.54 m a'mament) GROUND CLEARANCE 0.48 m (hu tt ) 0.27 m (axle) 0.375 m (transler case) 1.665 m TRACK 3.4 m WHEELBASE ANG LE OF APPROACHI 60·/50· DEPARTURE

Communication s The RBV Mk I ca n be fitt ed with a va ri ety of communications eq uipm ent.

STEERING

MAX SPEED (road) (cross·country) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE (road) (cross-country) FORDING GRADIEN T SIDE SLOPE ENGIN E

100 km/h 50 km/h 140litres

CLUTCH SUSPENSION

worm and sec tor, power assisted single dry plate se mi·elli pt ical springs

and hydraulic shock 550 km 400 km 0.75 m 60% 30% Chrysler 225-2 6-cylinder water-

cooled petrol developing 120 hp Model 435 manual with 4 lorward and 1 reverse gears 2·speed

TRANSMISSION

TRANSFER CASE

Status: Producti o n as required. I n se rvice with Israel a nd Gua temal a a nd two other co untri es.

absorbers

BRAKES (main) (parking) ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIERI ES ARM OUR

hydraul ic mec ha ni ca l mounted on dri ve shaft

24 V 2 x 12 V 8mm

Manufacturer: RAMT A Structures a nd Systems, Israel Aircra ft Industri es POB 323, Bee r Sheba, 84 102 Israel.

ITALY FIAT-OTO Melara Type 6616 Armoured Car Development The T ype 661 6 a rmoured ca r is a j oint development betwee n FI AT a nd OTO M ela ra, with th e form er res pons ible fo r th e hull a nd a uto moti ve components a nd th e la tter fo r th e turre t a nd a rm a ment insta ll a ti on. Fina l asse mbl y a nd tes ting is ca rri ed o ut by FIAT a t its Bol za no facto ry. The vehicl e sha res many co mmon components with th e Type 661 4 arm oured personnel carrier whi ch is currentl y being bui lt und er licence in South Korea for th e Korea n Arm y. The first proto type of th e T ype 66 16 was co mpl eted in 1972 a nd a ft er tri a ls a productio n order was placed by th e Ita lia n G ove rnm ent for 50 vehicl es for th e C a ra binieri . Produ cti on 72

vehicl es differ from th e pro to ty pes in th a t th e turret front has been red es igned . The smoke discharger on th e commander's ha tch has been removed a nd th e engine compa rtm ent grill es a re now on either side of th e hu ll , toward s th e rear, ra th er th a n on th e top of th e hull. The T ype 6616 a rm oured car has recentl y been evalu a ted by th e Ita lia n Air Force in th e a irfie ld securit y role as th e repl acement for th e old Staghound a rm oured ca rs da ting back to th e Second World Wa r.

Description The all- welded steel a rm our hull has a hull esca pe ha tch in either side. The dri ver is sea ted a t th e front of th e ve hi cle on th e right side a nd is provided with a single-piece hatch cove r that

opens to th e right with an opening in the roof for a passive night driving periscope. T o the front a nd side of th e driver a re five vision blocks which cover a n a rc of 200 deg rees, th e centre three with a wiper bl ade. The all- we lded turret is in th e centre of th e hull with the commander on th e left a nd th e gunner on th e right. Their seats, which can be 'adjusted for height, are mounted on the turret basket. The comma nd er has nine periscopes for allround observa tion a nd a single-piece hatch cover tha t opens to th e rear. The g unn er has a single-piece hatch cover that opens to th e rear and a periscope sight mounted in th e turret roof forward of th e ha tch cover. The Aeritalia P204 gunner's periscope has a magnifi ca ti on of x I for gene ra l observation a nd X8 for aiming purposes in daylight {with a nine degree fi eld of view}. It can be replaced by a PI94 image intensifi er with a magnifi cati on of x 8 and a 7. 9 degree field of view for engaging ta rge ts a t night. The periscopic head has an eleva tion of +60 degrees a nd a depression of -10 degrees. The radio is mounted in th e turret bustle. The engine compa rtm ent a t th e rea r of th e hull is se para ted from th e fi ghting compa rtm ent by a fir eproof bulkhead. The engin e is a t th e very rea r of th e hull a nd is coupled to a manu al fiv e-speed tra nsmission from which power is tra nsmitted to th e two-speed tra nsfer case a nd then to th e front and rear ax les by propell er shafts. Both front a nd rea r difTerentials a re mecha ni call y lockabl e. The planeta ry fina l drives, front a nd rea r, co nsist of epicyclic gea r trains in th e wheel hubs . . The suspension, fr ont a nd rea r, is of the independ ent strut and link type with a helica l spring a nd coaxial rubber bump stop. Each wheel station is provided with hydra ulic shock a bsorbers a nd a nti-roll bars are fitt ed as sta nd a rd. The tyres a re of th e run-fl at type, a nd th e steering is powe r- ass isted. Optional equipment includes a n NBC system, airconditioning system, fire-exting uishing system a nd a frontmounted winch powered by a PTO with a max imum

FIAT-OTO Melara Type 6616 armoured car

FIAT-OTO Melara Type 6616 armoured car showing coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun over 20 mm cannon

ca pacity of 4500 kg and provided with 40 metres of 12 mm di a meter cable. The Type 66 16 a rmoured car is full y a mphibious, being propelled in the wa ter by its wheels. Four bilge pumps , each with a ca pacity ofl80 litres a minute are fitted a nd it is possible to press urise th e submerged mecha nical components. The main ar mament consists ofa Rh einmeta ll20 mm MM 20 Rh 202 cannon. The empty ca rtridge cases a re a utoma ticall y ej ected outside th e veh icle. A total of 250 rounds of ready use 20 mm a mmunition are carri ed with a furth er 150 rounds in reserve. Mounted coaxiall y over th e main a rm ament is a 7.62 mm machine gun with 300 rounds of ready-use am munition, a nd furth er 700 rounds carri ed in reserve. Mounted on either side of th e turret are three smoke dis chargers which a re electricall y fired from within th e vehicl e. If req uired a 106 mm M40 type recoilless rifl e can be mounted forw a rd of the commander's position on th e turret roof.

FIAT-OTO Melara Type 6616 armoured ca r

FIAT-OTO Melara Type 6616 arm oured car fitted with two-man tu rret armed wi th 90 mm Cockerill Mk II I gun

Left to rig ht: FI AT 661 4 APC, Type 6616 armou red car with 20 mm cannon and Type 66 16 armoured car with 90 mm Cockerill Mk II I gun

Variants For trials purposes th e Type 66 16 a rmoured car has been fitt ed with th e OTO M elara OTO T 90 CKL turret which is a rmed with a 90 mm Cockerill Mk III gun. The vehicl e can be fitt ed with various other turrets and cupolas as requ ired by the us er.

Status: In production. I n service with Italia n Cara binieri, Peru, Somalia (30 ord ered in 1977 a nd del ive rcd in 1978179) a nd other und isclosed co untri es. Manufacturer: Invecto Defence Vehicl e Division, Corso Lombardia, 20 1099 S. Mauro T orin ese, (20) Italy. FI AT-OTO Me lara Type 66 16 arm oured car from rear

SPECIFICATIONS

(those in square brackets relate to the 90 mm version where thi s differs from the stand ard 20 mm version)

CREW CONFI GURATION COMBAT WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIG!-IT RATIO LENGTH GUN FORWARDS LENGTH HULL WIDTH HE IGHT (to turret roof) FIRING HEIGHT GROUND CLEARANCE (hull front) (hull centre) (hull rear) (axle) TRA CK WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE MAX SPEED (road) (water) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE (road at 70 km/h) (water at 5 km/h) FORDING

3 4 x 4 8000 kg (8200 kg)

GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TURN ING RADIUS (land) (water) ENGINE

20.20 hp/tonn e (19.51 hp/tonne) nl app (6.64 m) 5.37 m 2.5 m 2035 m (2.06 m) 1.76 m (1.785 m)

60% 30% 0.45 m 7m 7.5 m Model 8062.24 superc harged liquid-cooled

Turret power control

electri c/manual

Maximum eleva ti on speed Maximum elevation

10'ls

acceleration speed

46°/s2

TRANSFER CASE STEERING CLUTCH

and 1 reverse gears 2-speed assisted single dry p late. hydraulic operated

45' /45'

(parking )

independent

14.50 x 20 drum , air over

hydraulic (dual c ircui t) drum . hand-operated. on tran sfer front

100 km/h 5 km/h 150 litres 700 km 20 km amphibious

ELECTR ICA L SYSTEM BATIER IES ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial)

sid e of turret

in-line diesel

manual with 5 forward

SUSPENSION TYRE S BRAKES (main)

3 smoke dischargers ei th er

AMMUNITION 400 (16 + 20) (main ) 1000 (1000 + 1250) (coaxial) 39 (6 + t o) (smoke grenades) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM

deve loping 160 hp at 3200 rpm TRANSMISS ION

0.485 m 0.44 m 0.506 m 0.37 m 1.96m 2.75 m

SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPMENT

output shaft 24 V 4 x 12V. l00Ah 1 x 20 mm cannon (1 x 90mm) 1 x 7.62 mm MG

Maximum turret 10'ls (30'/s) traverse speed Maximum turret traverse acceleration speed 46'/s' (45'/s') Tra verse speed (commander controlled) 30'/s Gun elevation! +35'1- 5' depression ( +27'/- 9' ) Gun stabi liser no (verti ca l) no (horizontal) ARMOUR 6mm-8 mm Hull and turret

OTO Melara OTO R3 Capraia Reconnaissance Vehicle Development The OTO R3 reco nn a issa nce vehicle has been developed as a pri va te ventu re b)l O TO M ela ra a nd th e proto type was show n for th e fi rst tim e a t the 1982 Ita lia n ava l Exhibitio n held in Genoa. The lower pa rt of th e bod y, eng ine a nd mecha ni cal g ro ups are th e same as on th e specia l tas k vehicle G orgo na . Two versions have so fa r been developed ; a sco ut/ reconn a issa nce vehicle whi ch has a four-m a n crew a nd a n a rmo ured personnel ca rri er whi ch has a five-ma n crew incl uding th e co mma nder a nd dri ve r. Description The hull of th e OTO R3 is of a ll-welded a luminium a rm our constru cti on with a ma ximum thi ckness of 32 mm whi ch provides th e crew with co mplete protectio n from sma ll arms fire (7 .62 mm NATO) a nd shell splinters. The dri ve r is seated a t th e front of th e vehi cle with a single-piece ha tch cove r a bove his position th a t opens to th e left. T o his immedia te front a re fiv e visio n blocks each with a wiper whi ch g ive excellent obse rva tion to his front a nd sides . Th e co mm a nd er is seated to th e rea r of th e dri ve r, offse t to the right a nd has a sing le-piece ha tch cover th a t opens to th e rea r a nd six periscopes for a ll-round obse rva ti on. The a rm a ment is mounted to th e rear of th e co m mand er's pos ition a nd th e following insta ll a tio ns are currentl y being offered by O T O Mela ra :

Driver's positio n in OTO R3 reconnaissan ce vehicle looking forward

T 12.7 FA This consists of a n extern a ll y-mounted 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun provided with 100 rounds of read y use a mmu-

OTO R3 reconna issance vehicle with T 20 FA- HS turret

Prototype of OTO R3 reconnaissance vehi c le being tested . Prototype has d iffere nt vis ion bl ocks to that anticipated in production vehicles

nition. The turret, which consists of th e carriage, machine g un , sighting system, power drives a nd a mmunition weighs 120 kg. Turret traverse is a fu ll 360 degrees a t a speed of 60 degrees a second, with elevation being from -10 degrees to + 50 d egrees a t a speed of 40 degrees a second. The g unner has a sight with a magnifi cation of X 1.5 a nd X5.

T 7.62

This co nsi s'ts of a n ex ternall y-moun ted 7.62 mm machin e g un provided with 80 rounds of ready use a mmunition. The turret, which co nsists of th e carriage, machine g un , sighting sys tem, power drives a nd ready use a mmunitio n weighs 180 kg. Turret trave rse is a fu ll 360 degrees at a speed of 60 degrees a second , w ith elevation being from - 10 d<::grees to +25 degrees a t a speed of 40 degrees a second. The g unn er has a sig ht with a magnifi cati on of X I.

T 20 FA - HS This turret is fitted with a n ex ternall y-mounted Oerlikon KAD-B 1720 mm canno n which is provided with 120 rounds of ready use a mmunition . The turret, which co nsists of th e carri age, ar ma ment, sig hting sys tem, power driv es a nd read y use amm uniti on, weighs abo ut 450 kg. Turret tra ve rse is a full 360 degrees at a speed of 45 d egrees a second , with elevati on being from - 10 to +60 degrees a t a speed of 30 degrees a second. The g unn er has a sight with a mag nifi catio n of x 1. 5 a nd X5.

Folgore x 2 FA T his turret is armed with two Bred a Folgore a nti-ta nk la unchers with a 7.62 mm machine g un being mounted slightl y above a nd between th e weapons. Each la un cher has one missile in the ready-to-Iaun ch position with th e machine g un having 80 rounds of ready use ammun ition. The turret, which co nsists of th e weapons, ready use a mmunition, carriage, sighting system a nd power dri ves, weighs 150 kg. The turret can be trave rsed through a full 360 d egrees a t a speed of 30 degrees a second a nd th e weapons can be elevated from -7 to + 10 degrees a t a speed of 5 d egrees a second . The gunn er has a sig ht with a magnifi cation of x 1.5 a nd X5.

OTO R3 reconnaissance vehicle fitted with T 20 FA-HS turret armed with 20 mm cannon

OTO R3 re co nnaissance vehicle from rear fitted with T 20 FA-HS turret armed with 20 mm cannon

T 106 x 2 FA Th is turret is a rm ed with two ex tern a ll y-mounted 106 mm M40 type recoilless riR es a nd consists of th e carri age, armament, sighting sys tem, power drives a nd two rounds of read y us c a mmunitio n, weighing a tota l of550 kg. T he turret can be travers ed through a full 360 degrees a t a speed of 30 degrees a second a nd elevated from -7 to + 10 degrees a t a speed of 5 degrees a second . The g unn er has a sight with a magnifi catio n of x 1.5 and X5.

TOW turret T his has an extern all y-mounted la un cher for a Hughes TOW ATGW system whi ch can be traversed through a full 360 degrees a nd elevated from - 7 to + 10 degrees . The turret, which co nsists of th e carri age, la uncher, sighting system a nd a mmunition , weighs 150 kg. In the roof of th e R3, to th e rea r a nd either side of th e ar ma ment installation are two periscopes that give o bservati on to th e front of th e vehicle; a furth er two periscopes are mounted in th e ve ry rea r to give rearward o bserva tion . There is an entry door in each side of th e hull with two vis ion blocks being provided in th e left a nd one in the right side of th e hull. Under th e forward vision block, which is to th e left of th e vehicle comma nder, is a circular fir ing port. The power pla nt is installed in th e rear of th e vehicle a nd includes th e engine, a uto matic tra nsmiss ion a nd tra nsfer case. The a utomatic tra nsmiss ion is co upled to th e two-speed transfer case which perman entl y drives th e front a nd rear wheels through a controlled differential. The cooling system consists of two rad ia to rs installed in th e rear of th e vehicle cooled by two fan -air conveyor units dri ven by th e engine through V-belts a nd th ermosta ti c devices . Engine oil is cooled by a heat excha nge r. The electri c sys tem is powered a t 24 V by a 1200 W generator through two 90 Ah batteries. The vehi cle is fu ll y amphibious being propelled in th e water by two wa ter j ets mounted at th e hull rear. Standa rd equipment includes run-Ra t ty,res, air conditioning, servo-assisted steering with th e steering wheel being adjustable in height, heating and venti la tion system and a front-mo unted electri ca ll y operated winch with a ca pacity of 2000 kg.

Optiona l equipment includes air pressurisation with filtering system a nd infra-red or passive night vision equipment.

SPECIFICATIONS CREW

CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEIGHT MAXIMUM PERMITIED WE IGHT POWER-TO-WE IGHT RATIO LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (to hull top) GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK (front) (rear) WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE

4 or 5 (depending on role) 4 x 4 3200 kg 3500 kg 29.68 bhpilonne (a t weight of 3200 kg) 4.86 m 1.78 m 1. 55 m 0.35 m

MAX ROAD SPEED (forward s) MAX WATER SPEED RANGE FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE TURN ING RADIUS ENGINE

TRANSM ISS ION 1.418 m 1.45 m 2.5 m 40·,40·

TRAN SFER CASE STEERING

Variants There a re no variants apa rt from th e different a rm a ment install a ti ons mentioned previously.

SUSPENSION TYPE 120 kml h 6 kml h 500 km amphibious 75% 40% 5.5 m FIAT model 8144.81 .200 4-cylinder wate r-cooled supercharged diesel developing 95 hp at 4200 rpm OTR 6 automatic , 4 forward and 1 reverse gears (orS5118 manual wi th 5 forwa rd and 1

TYRES BRAKES

independent, McPhearson type with longitudinal torsion bars 7.50 x t6

servo-as sisted dual hydraulic circuit, acting on

front di sc brakes and on rea r drum brakes. Parking brake ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIERIES

acts on rear brakes 24 V 2 x 12V. 90Ah

reverse gears) 2-speed servo·assisted

Status: Prototype.

Manufacturer: OTO Mela ra, via Va ldilocchi 15, 19 100 La Spezia , Ita ly.

OTO Melara OTO R 2.5 Gorgona Reconnaissance Vehicle

Standard equipment includ es run-flat tyres, air conditioning, heating a nd venti lat ion sys tem, power- assisted stee ring a nd a n adjustab le steering wheel. Optional equ ipment includes air press urisation a nd fi lteringsys te m, infra-red night dri ving equipment a nd a water-jet propulsion system. The following a rma ment installations can be fi tted on th e roof of th e vehicle: TPT shield for gunner on right side of roof T 12.7 FA turret with 12.7 mm MG, elevation +50°, depression - 10°, traverse 360° T 7.62 FA turret with 7.62 mm MG , elevation +25°, depression - 10°, trave rse 360°

Development The OTO R 2.5 Gorgona vehicle has been developed as a private venture by OTO Melara and was a nnoun ced in 1982. Two versions a re currently being offered; a n una rm ed police model a nd a co mba t model which can be fitt ed with var io us types of arma ment. Many of th e automotive components a re also used in the OTO R3 reco nnaissa nce vehicl e which is fu ll y desc ribed in th e preceding entry.

Description The bod y of th e Gorgona is of welded aluminium armour 15 mm thi ck with th e bu ll et-proof glass being 32 mm thick Variants . which gives th e same degree of protecti on to th e crew as th e None apart for those mentioned in th e tex t. aluminium a rm our. This provides complete protectio n from 7.62 mm (NATO) small arms fire. There is a stowage area at th e front, co mmander , driver Side-view of OTO Melara OTO R 2.5 Gorgona (4 x 4) and two men in th e centre, and th e engine a nd transmission reconnaissance vehic le showing side doors and engine at the rea r. Each crew member enters and leaves th e vehicl e co mpartment at rear via an individual side door which has a n electrica ll y-operated window in its upper part. Mounted in th e forw a rd part of the vehicle is an electri cally-operated winch with a ca pacity of 2000 kg. The power pla nt is installed in th e rear of th e vehicle a nd includes th e eng ine, a utomatic transmission a nd th e transfer case. The engine oil is cooled by a heat exchange r that tra nsfers heat to the water of th e main circuit. The automatic transm ission is coupled to th e two-speed transfer case which perm a nently drives the front a nd rea r wheels through a controlled differential. The cooling system co nsists of two rad ia tors insta ll ed in th e rea r of the vehicle cooled by two fan- air conveyor units driven through V-belts a nd thermostatic devices. Electric power is supplied a t 24 V by a 1200 W generator to two 90 Ah batteri es. The vehicle is fu ll y amphibious, being propelled in th e water by its wheels with steering being acco mplished in a similar manner to th a t of land operations.

OTO Me la ra OTO R 2.5 Gorgona (4 x 4) reconnai ssance vehi c le without a rm a me nt insta ll ed

SPECIFICATIONS CRE W CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEIGHT MAXI MUM PERMI SSIBLE WEIGHT POWER-TO-WE IGHT RATI O LENGTH' WIDTH HEIGHT GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK (front) (rea r) WHEELBASE AN GLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE MAX SPEED (road) (water)

4 4 x 4 2850 kg 3150 kg

RANGE FOROIN G GRAOIEN T SIDE SLOPE TURNIN G RADI US STEERING ENGINE

33.33 bhp/tonne 4.5 m

1. 7 m 1.62 m 0.35 m

TRANSM ISS ION

1.4 18 m 1.45 m 2. 5 m

40·/40·

TRANSFER CASE SUSPENSION

120 km/h 5 km/h

OTO Me la ra OTO R 2.5 Gorgona (4 x 4) reconna issan ce vehic le fitted with re mote-co ntroll ed 7.62 mm mac hine g un

500 km amphibious 75% 40% 5.5 m servo ass isted FIAT model 8144.81.200

TYRES BRAKES

4-cy lind e r water-coo led

ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIERIE S

supercharg ed di esel developing 95 bhp at 4200 rpm OTR 6. automatic . 4 forward and 1 reverse gears, hyd raulic torque converter wi th lock up c lutch (or S5/18 manual with 5 forward and 1 reverse gears) 2-speed independent. McPhearson type with longi tudi nal torsion bars

Status: Developm ent co mp lete. Read y for produ ction.

7.50 x 16 servi ce brakes are assisted by a vacu um pump through a dual hydrauliC ci rcu it, acting on front discs and rear brake drums. Parking brake acts on rear brakes 24 V 2 x 12 V, 90 Ah

Manufacturer: OTO Mela ra, via Valdil occhi 15, 19 100 La Spezia, I ta ly.

Lizard F333E Light Armoured Vehicle Development The Liza rd F333 E light a rm o ured vehi cle has been developed as a private venture by Ferrari Engineering SRL. T he first of th ree prototypes was completed in 1980 a nd ea rl y in 1983 a ba tch of 15 pre-produ ction ve hicl es was being buil t. Description The hu ll of th e Lizard is of all- weld ed steel th at provides th e crew with protectio n fro m small a rms fire a nd shell splin te rs. The fl oo r is of doubl e-skinned constru ctio n for increased protection against mines. Provision is mad e to prevent magneti c mines being a ttac hed to the hull. Its small size a nd 'low profi le also increase its surviva bility. The dri ver is seated a t th e front of the hu ll with bullet-proof windows to his front a nd sides. A 5.56 mm machine g un can be mounted to the right of th e dri ve r firi ng to the front of th e vehicle. T he comma nder a nd g unn er a re sea ted in th e centre

Cutaway draw ing of Lizard fi tted with two ant i-tank missiles in ready to lau nc h pos ition and Folgore anti-ta nk lau ncher on comman de r's hatc h

of th e vehicle with a forward opening door being provided in each side of the hull. In th e forward part of th e roof is a single-piece circular hatch tha t opens forwa rd where the light arma ment, for example, th e 5.56 mm or 7.62 mm machine gun, is mounted . In th e roof to th e rear of th e circular ha tch is a two-part roof hatch tha t opens either side; a retracta ble missile la un cher system can bO e installed a t this position. The engine compartment is in th e lower part .of th e hull rear with th e radiator at th e ve ry rear. The Lizard has perm a nent 4 X 4 drive and front, central a nd rea r selflocking differentials are fi tted as stand ard . Variants The manufac turer has sugges ted th e following basic va ri ants of th e F333 E: Lizard F333E light armoured vehicle with all roof hatches open

Scout This wo uld have a two-man crew and be arm ed with a bow-mounted 5.56 mm machine gun and a roof-mounted 12 .7 mm machine gun. The form er would have a n elevation of + 25 d egrees, depression of - 10 degrees and a to tal trave rse of 50 degrees. A tota l of2000 rounds of a mmunition are carried for this wea pon in boxes of 200 ro unds. T he roof-m ounted 12.7 mm M 2 HB machine gun has an elevation of + 50 degrees, depression of - 15 degrees and a total traverse of 360 degrees, with 500 rounds of a mmunition being carried in boxes of 100 rounds.

Anti-tank This would have a two-m an crew and have th e same bowmounted 5.56 mm machine gun as th e scout model. AntiClose-up of commander's hatch fitted with Folgore anti-tank launcher

Li zard F333E showing low profile compared to M47 tank in background

Lizard F333E light armoured ve hic le with rear roof hatches open

Close-up of bow machine gun installation in Lizard F333E light armoured vehic le ta nk arma ment consists of a Folgore weapon with an elevation of +20 d egrees, depression of -6 degrees a nd a total trave rse of360 degrees; 8 projectiles a re carri ed. As an a lternative to the Folgore a Euromissi le MILAN ATGW launcher a nd four missiles can be ca rri ed .

-15 degrees a nd a tota l traverse of 360 degrees, with 2000 ro unds of a mmunitio n being carried. In either side door is a fi ring port through which a weapon can be safely used with a n elevation of +45 degrees, depression of +20 degrees a nd a total trave rse of90 degrees. As an a ltern ative a flame thrower can be fitted in place of th e bow-mounted 5.56 mm m~chine gun.

Anti-riot/Basic f ighter This wou ld have a two- or three-man crew a nd have th e same bow-mounted 5.56 mm machine g un as th e anti-tank a nd scout models. In addition , mo unted on th e roof is a 7.62 mm machine g un with a n eleva ti on of + 45 degrees, depress ion of

SPECIFICATIONS

CREW CONFIGURATI ON COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO GROUND PRESSURE TOWED LOAD LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (hull top) GROUND CLEARANCE

2 or 3 4 x 4 2600 kg 2100 kg 44.23 hp/tonne 1 kg/cm' 1000 kg 3.3 m 1.7 m 1.42 m 0.3 m

Status: Prototy pes.

TR ACK (front) (rear) WHEELBASE ANG LE OF APPROACH/ DEPARTURE MAX ROAD SPEED FUEL CAPACITY RANGE AT 60 km/h FORDING GRADIENT ENGINE

TRANSMISSI ON

Commando Three-ma n crew and fitted onl y with the bow-mounted 5.56 mm machine gun with a max imum payload of 200 kg being carri ed , including ex plosives, small arms and supplies.

1.385 m 1.424 m 1.8 m 45' /47' 120 km/h 2 x 50 litres 800 km 0.6 m 60% FIAT 4·cylinder petrol developing 115 hp at 5600 rpm manua l. 5 forward and 1 reverse gears

TRANSFER CASE STEERING SUSPENSION

1. 5. 3. reduction power assisted, rack and pinion independent. telescopic struts wit h double acting hydraulic shock absorbers (twin on rear wheels) . four long itudinal torsion bars

TYRES BRAKES

11.00 x 15 bullet·proof power-assisted, dual-circuit,

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERY

mechanical parking brake operate s on rear wheels 12 V 1 x 12 V. 63 Ah

Manufacturer: Ferrari Engineering SRL, 10 via San Quintino, 101 21 Turin , Ita ly.

JAPAN New Japanese Wheeled Reconnaissance Vehicles Development In 1974 two-wheeled reconnaissance vehicl es were designed to meet th e requ irements of th e Japanese Ground SelfDefence Forces . The 4 x 4 vehicl e was designed a nd built by Komats u Seisaku-J yo while th e 6 x 6 vehicle was designed a nd bui lt by Mitsubishi H eavy I ndustries. After trials it was decided to concentrate on th e 6 x 6 model. Two models of the 6 x 6 vehicle a re now being developed, a reco nn aissance patrol veh icle and a command a nd communica tions veh icle. The reconnaissallce patrol vehicle is being built by Mitsubishi H eavy Industries and 342 mi ll ion yen was allocated in th e 1978 budge t for the construction of two prototype vehi cles . If th e tria ls are satisfactory 50 will be procured from 1985 a t a unit cost of 110 million yen. The vehicle wi ll be armed with a Swiss O erlikon-Biihrle 25 mm KBA cannon wh ich will be manufactured und er licence by

Type 82 command and communications vehic le fitted with one 7.62 mm and one 12.7 mm mach ine gun

One of the fi rst prod uction Ty pe 82 command and commun icati ons ve hi c le fitted wi th 7.62 mm and 12.7 mm roof-mounted machine g uns (K Nogi)

Prototype of Ty pe 82 6 x 6 command a nd communicatio ns vehicle showing mount for 12.7 mm machine gun (Kensuke Ebata) Nippon SeikoJyo (.Japan Steel Works) a nd six 60 mm smoke grenade la unchers. The comma nd a nd communi cat ions ve hicl e is being developed by Koma tsu Seisaku-J yo with th e ass istance of Mitsubishi. A total of 456 millio n yen was allocated in th e 1978 budge t for the constru ction of four prototypes . The fi rst prototypes were co mpleted in 1980. A total of 250 vehicles wi ll be produ ced a t a unit cos t of 58 mi ll ion yen. Eighty per cent of its co mponents will be identi cal to th ose used in th e 6 x 6 reco nn a issa nce patrol vehicle. First funding was for 13 vehicles in the fiscal yea r 1982 defence budget. This was s ubsequ ently standardised as th e Type 82 comma nd and communicatio ns veh icl e with 18 being requ es ted in th e 1982 defence budget, but only ten being approved. A furth er 10 were ordered in the 1983 defence budget a nd a noth er 19 in th e 1984 defence budget. A to tal of 127 vehicles are ex pected to be procured und er th e FY 198 1 mid-term defence plan which started in FY83. By th e end of 1988 137 vehicles a re ex pected to be in service.

Description (Type 82) The hull of th e Type 82 comma nd a nd communications vehicle is of all-welded constru ction with th e driver being seated at th e front of th e hu ll on the right side. Above his position is a single-piece hatch cover with an integral periscope that can be traversed left and right. A second crew member is seated to th e left of the driver a nd over his positio n is a single-piece hatch cover with a rotatable periscope, forward of this is a pintle-mounted 7.62 mm machine gun. The windscreens to th e front a nd either side of this position are covered in comba t areas by armoured shutters hinged a t the top, th e forward shutter beil')g provided with two vision slits. The engine compartment is in the forward part of th e hull o n th e left side, to th e rear of th e front two crew members, with the air inlet and air outlet louvres in th e roof. There)s a gangway in the right side of th e hu ll which co nnects th e front a nd rear crew compartm ents. The rear crew com partm ent, which also ho uses most of th e communicati ons eq uipment, is raised a bove th e roof of the veh icle and has two circul a r hatch covers, the left one being provid ed with six observation periscopes a nd on the right 81

Clos ~ up of the 12.7 mm (0.50) M2 HB machine gun with shi e ld as installed on the Type 82 command and communications vehicle (K Nogi)

radio opera tor is to th e left of th e dri ver a nd has a single piece ha tch cover which opens upwa rd s a nd a single forw a rd facing periscope. The two-m a n power operated turret is in th e centre of the hull slightly forwa rd of th e second axl e. The g unn er is seated on th e left with a single pi ece ha tch cove r and two periscopes whil e th e co mm a nd er is seated on th e right with a single piece hatch cover a nd six periscopes. The prototypes were fitt ed with a Wes t G erman Rheinmetall 20 mm ca nnon but produ cti on ve hicles will be a rmed with th e Swiss O erlikon-Biihrl e 25 mm KBA ca nnon with a 7.62 mm T ype 74 machin e g un coaxially to the right. Mounted either side of th e turret a re three Type 7460 mm electri cally opera ted smoke discha rge rs . The engin e co mp artm ent is a t th e rear of th e hull of the right side with an aisle for th e obse rve r on th e left side. In the hull roof to th e rea r of th e turret is a single rearward-facing periscope for th e observer. The either side of th e hull betw een th e first and second a xles is a n observa tion block a nd in th e left side of the hull betwee n th e second a nd third ax les is a crew entry door with a n integral window and obse rva t; on fl a p th a t opens towards th e front.

with a n externa ll y pintle-mounted 12.7 mm machine g un with a shield. In th e hull rear is a la rge door opening to th e ri ght in which is a single firing/o bservati on port th a t opens upwa rd s. In th e left side of th e hull , between th e seco nd a nd third ax le, is a single forwa rd opening d oo r aga in with a single firin g/ obse rva ti on ha tch opening upwa rds. T o th e rea r of this door is a noth er single firing/o bserva ti on port opening upwa rd s. In th e rig ht side of th e hull , between th e first and second ax le, is a forward opening door with a n integra l firin g/o bservatio n port th a t opens upwa rds a nd to th e rear of this are a furth er two firin g/o bserva tion ports. SPECIFICATIONS (provi sional) CREW 8 CONFIGURATION 6 x 6 COMBAT WEIGHT 13 600 kg LENGTH 5. 72 m WIDTH 2.48 m HEIGHT 2.38 m GROUND CLEARAN CE 0.45 m WHEELBA SE 1. 5 m + 1.5 m MAX ROAD SPEED 100 km/h FORDING 1m GRADIENT 60% VERTI CAL OBSTAC LE 0.6 m EN GINE Isuzu 10PBI water-coo led di esel devel oping 305 hp at 2600 rpm TRAN SMISS ION 6 forward and 1 reverse gears 8.4 m (with 1st and 3rd axles) TURNING RADIU S TRENCH 1.5 m 14.00 x 20 TYRES

Description (Type 87 reconnaissance and patrol vehicle) This vehicle us es th e same a uto motive components as th e Type 82 comma nd a nd communi catio ns ve hicle but has a redesigned a ll steel hull. The fiv e-ma n crew consists of th e driver, assista nt dri ve r/ radio opera tor, co mm a nd er, gunner a nd observer. The driver is seated a t th e left front of th e vehicle on th e right a nd has a single piece hatch cover with a n integral peris cope and three fix ed forward-facing perisco pes . The 82

Type 87 reconnaissance and patrol vehicle which shares many common components with th e Type 82 command and communications vehicle (Kensuke Ebata) The Type 87 reco nn aissa nce and pa trol ve hicle is not fitt ed with a NBC system a nd has no a mphibious capability. Specifi cations a re simil a r to th e Type 82 comma nd and co mmunications vehicle with th e exce ption of th e foll owing:

CREW COMBAT WEIGHT LENGTH

5 13 500 kg 5.37 m

Status: Type 82 is in produ cti on for th e J a pa nese Ground Self-Defence Forces. Manufacturers: K o matsu Seisaku-J y'o, 2- 3-6, Akasaka, Mina to-ku , J a pa n. Mitsu bishi H eavy Industries, 5-1 , M a runouchi 2- chome, C hi yod a-ku , T okyo, J a pan.

MEXICO Mexico has recentl y completed 17 ND-3 Ca ballo 4 x 4 reconn aissance vehicles. Some of th ese we re fitt ed with a French SAMM S 365 series of one-ma n turret (recentl y redesigna ted th e BTM seri es) whil e o thers has a cupola a rm ed wi th a 7.62 mm machine gun simila r to th a t fitted to th e MOWAG Roland (4 x 4) a rm o ured personn el carri er

NORWAY Modernised M24 Light Tank Development T o meet th e requirements of th e No rwegia n Arm y th e O slobased compa ny of Thune-Eureka A/S developed a modernised version of th e M2 4 C haffee light ta nk . The first prototype was comple ted in]a nu a ry 1973 a nd after ex tensive trials the Norwegia n Arm y decided to refi t its fl eet of M24s to this new sta nda rd for a nti-ta nk use. Fifty-four of th ese ta nks, designa ted th e N M- 11 6, we re delive red to th e No rwegia n Arm y betwee n] a nu a ry 1975 a nd October 1976. Acco rding to Thune-E ureka th e modifi cati on cos t can be kept dow n to one-third of th e cost of a compa ra bl e new ta nk. NAPC O Industries Incorpora ted of th e USA has obta ined a licence to market this ve hicle world- wide.

Description The modernisatio n of th e tank has bee n ex tensive a nd includes th e insta ll a ti on of a new power pack, new tra nsmission, new g un a nd numero us other improvements. The ori ginal twin Cadillac petrol engines have been replaced by a single super-cha rged Detroit Diesel model 6V-53T whi ch d evelops 250 hp a t 2800 rpm. Thi s is co up led to a n Allison pre-selecto r gearbox model MT 650 wi th a torqu e converter giving fi ve fo rward speeds a nd one in reve rse . In additi on to th e main tra nsmission a nother gearbox provides th e correct speed to th e differenti al a t th e front of th e ta nk. There a re two radi a tors with hydra ulicall y-d riven a nd th erm os ta ti call y-gove rned fa ns a nd four heat excha ngers for cooling th e oil. The two heat excha nge rs for th e tra nsmiss io n

M24 light tank with new French 90 mm gun , laser rang efi nder over main armament and bow machine gun re moved as used by Norwegian Army (N orwegian Army)

Engine compartment of modernised M24 from rear with new engine

a nd differential are on th e engine, one excha nger for th e additio nal gearbox is in th e a ir fl ow of one of th e radi a to rs a nd one for th e oil of th e hydra ulic system is built into pipes for th e wa ter cooling of th e engine. The a ir from, th e radi a tors blows th rough th e engine compartment a nd is ej ected with th e ex ha ust. The fi ghting compa rtm ent is equipped with a ma nua l fir e ex tinguisher a nd th e engine co mpa rtment is fitted with a Freo n fir e-exting uishing system, consisting of two bottles of Freo n 130 I with a tripping device ha nd-opera ted from th e dri ver's seat a nd a single bottle of Freon 130 I which is

a utoma ti call y released when the tem pera tu re in th e engine compa rtm ent reaches a predetermin ed level. Each bottl e has suffi cient capacity to exting uish a ny possibl e fire in th e engine compa rtm ent. T o increase th e comfort of th e crew and improve th e g unner's and load er's a bility to opera te th e 90 mm gun th e modifi ed turret is fitted with a bas ket which both elimina tes the need for th e loader to work kn eeling a nd ena bles a number of read y ro und s to be carri ed in th e bas ket. The bow machine g unn er's pos itio n in the fr ont right side:. of the hull has been el imina ted a nd th e associa ted ball mounting has been welded shut. The space saved is used to stow 20 ro unds of 90 mm a mmunition. T o suit the Norwegia n environment a new heating sys tem has been installed a nd th e ba tteries have been moved to th e fl oor of th e fi ghtin g compa rtm ent a nd have hot air piped to them to increase th eir ca pacity in winter. The original 75 mm gun has been replaced by a French D/ 925 90 mm low press ure g un. The modifi cations include the replace ment of th e ba rrel, removal of th e gy rosta biliser, modifying th e breech assembl y (breech ring, breech block a nd ex tractor), replace ment of th e telescope reticle and th e adjustment of th e a mmunitio n racks. The recoil mechanism has not bee n modifi ed . The gun fi res th e following types of a mmunition : Type

Canister

HE-FS

HEAT-FS·

Smoke FS

WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT OF PROJECTILE MUZZLE VELOCITY

8.9 kg 5.28 kg 640 m/s

B.9 kg 5.27 kg 635 m/s

7.1 kg 3.65 kg

9. 1 kg 5.4 kg 750 m/s

Modernised M24 light tank with West German smoke dischargers on turret side

640 m/s

·has tracer w i II penetrate 340 mm of arm our at an incidence of 00 or 120 mm of armour at an incidence of 65°

Variants

The 7.62 mm (0 .30) coaxial machine g un has been replaced by a 12.7 mm (0.50) Brow ning M2 HB machine gun and a simila r a nti-aircraft weapon is mounted on th e roof of th e turret. Four Germ a n type smoke d ischarge rs are mounted on either side of th e turret. Forty-one rounds of 90 mm a nd 500 ro unds of 12.7 mm a mmunition are carri ed . Vehicles used by 'th e Norwegian Army have a Simrad LV3 laser ra ngefind er mounted over th e main a rm a ment and other optional eq uipment includes two different types of tracks (Wes t Germ a n Diehl or Swed ish H agg lund) , new shock a bsorbers, new co mmunicati ons equipment and either infra- red or passive night vision equipment for th e driver, comma nder a nd g unn er. Dimensions of th e modernised M24 a re almos t identi cal to those of th e stand a rd M24 C haffee but th e modernised version has th e foll owing perform a nce figur es:

Status: In service with Norway. The modernisatio n programme is still ava ila bl e from NA PCO Incorporated a nd has been sold to a n Asia n cou ntry, probably Taiwan.

SPECIFICATiONS MAX ROAD SPEED AVERAGE ROAD SPEED AVERAGE CROSS· COUNTRY SPEED ROAD RAN GE

Manufacturer: Original manufact urer for th e modernised M24 was Thune- Eureka A/S, Dra mmensveien 130, Oslo 2, Norway. Licence is now held by NAPCO Industries Inco rporated , 1600 Second Street South , H opkins, Minnesota 55343, USA.

57 kml h 45 kml h 26 - 30 kml h 400 km

BK 710 recovery veh ic le This has bee n designed to meet the requirements of th e Norwegian Arm y by A/S Moelven Brug a nd is esse ntia ll y a n M24 Chaffee lig ht ta nk with its turret removed a nd replaced by a hydra uli c cra ne with a maximum winch ing ca pacity of 19 tonnes, maximum lifting capacity of II tonnes a t 1.8 metres reach and a maximum outreach of 5 metres with 5 tonnes . When travelling th e cran e is norma ll y traversed to th e rear.

SOUTH AFRICA Eland Light Armoured Car In th e ea rly 1960s South Africa obta ined a licence from Panhard of France to undertake production of th e Panhard AML a rm ou red car in its 60 mm a nd 90 mm versions . Following th e supply ofa batch of vehicles from France produc-

tion commenced in the mid-1 960s. The fi rst models were armed with a 60 mm mortar a nd twin 7.62 mm machine guns, a nd were designated the Eland Mk I . The Mk I was fo llowed by the Mk 2 which en tered produ ction in 1967 and had a number of improvements includ-

Eland lig ht armoured car family, left to ri ght, 60 mm mortar, 90 mm gun and .20 mm cannon El and light armoured car with 20 mm turret

Eland light armoured car with 60 mm mortar turret

Sandock-Austral built Eland light armoured car armed with 90 mm gun and 7.62 mm coaxial machin e gun plus 7.62 mm machine gun on commander's cupola

Eland light armoured car armed with 90 mm gun and 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun . The 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine gun is not fitted to the mount on the commander's cupola (Christopher F Foss)

Eland I ight armoured car fitted with breech-loaded 60 mm mortar and coaxial 7.62 mm ma chin e gun (Chri stopher F Foss)

ing a new eng ine. The Mk 3 and Mk 4 were not produ ced in la rge numbers. The Mk 5 a nd Mk 6 were ea rli er versio ns rebuilt to th e la test production sta nd a rd. By ea rly 1983 so me 1300 vehicles had been co m pleted wi th th e current produ ction m od el being th e Mk 7. This has ma ny improve ments a s a result of co mba t ex peri ence including a new petrol engin e that can be cha nged in 40 minutes, new tra nsmissio n, improved suspensi o n, new turret a nd improved a rmour protection. C urrent production m odels a re a rm ed with a 90 mm gun/ 7.62 mm coaxia l and 7.62 mm a nti-aircra ft MGs or a 60 mm morta r/ twin 7.62 mm mac hin e g un s. A mod el with a twoma n turret a rmed with a 20 mm cannon a nd a coaxia l

7.62 mm MG has been bu ilt but this has not ye t entered produ cti on. Sa ndock- A us tral can ma ke up to 35 vehicles a month if required , whil e still produ cing th e Ra tel (6 x 6) infantry fi g hting vehicles . N inety-fi ve per ce nt of th e El a nd a re now pr()du ced in South Afri ca.

Statu.s: In produ ctio n. In se rvice with So uth Afri ca a nd Zimba bwe. Manufacturer: Sa ndock- Austra l Beperk Limited , Wes t Stree t Industri a l Sites, Boks burg, Tra nsvaal, South Afri ca.

SPAIN VEC Cavalry Scout Vehicle Development The VEC (Vehfculo d e Exploraci6n de Caballeria), or cavalry scout vehicle, has been developed by ENSA to meet the requirements of the Spanish Army and -shares many common components with the BMR-600 infantry fighting vehicle. The VEC is also known as the Pegaso VEC 3562. The first of five prototypes was completed in 1977-78 with the total Spa nish Army req uirement being for 235 vehicles.

Description The hull of the VEC is of a ll-welded a luminium construction providing protection . over it s frontal arc against 7.62 mm x 5 1 armour-piercing ammunition, and standard 7.62 mm x 51 rounds over th e remainder of the vehicle. Some areas of the VEC have spaced a rmour protection. The driver is seated at the front of the vehicle on th e left side and has a single-piece hatch cover that opens to the right, in front of which are three periscopes for forward observation.

VEC Cavalry Scout Vehicle fitted with FIAT-OTO Melara turret

VEC Cavalry Scout Vehicle with all hatches open. This veh icle is fitted with FIAT-OTO Melara turret armed with 20 mm cannon, 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun and elect rically-operated smoke dischargers.

VEC Cava lry Scout Vehi cle fi tted wi th Oerlikon- BOhrl e one-man turret armed with 25 mm cannon and 7.62 mm MG

The centre periscope can be repl aced by a n infra-red or image intensification periscope for ni ght dri ving. The tu rret is in th e centre of th e ve hicle, between th e first a nd second ax les. A va ri ety of turret install a tions can be fitt ed incl uding th e same turret as fitt ed to th e Italia n FIAT-OTO Mela ra type 6616 (4 x 4) a rmo ured car which is fully described previous ly, or a n O erl ikon-Biihrle model GBDe OA (25 mm ) or GAD-BOA (20 mm) . The GBD-eOA is a one-ma n ma nually operated turret a rmed with a 25 mm O erlikon cannon type KB A-B with 120 rounds of HE and 80 rounds of APDS-T a mmunition a nd a 7.62 mm machine g un. The weapons have an elevation of + 52 d egrees a nd a depress ion of - 12 degrees wi th turret traverse a full 360 degrees.

SPECIFICA nONS

CREW CONFIGURATI ON COMBAT WE IGHT WEIGHT ON FRONT AXLE (loa ded) WEIGHT ON CENTRE AXLE (loaded ) WEIGHT ON REAR AXLE (loaded) POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (hull top ) GROUND CLEARAN CE TRACK WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTUR E

5 6 x 6 13 750 kg 5000 kg 4450 kg 4300 kg 22.25 hpltonne 6.25 m 2.5 m 2m 0.4 m 2.08 m 1.65m + 1.65m

MAX ROAD SPEED (1st gear position, 1 gear) (2nd gear position , 1, 2, 3, 4 gear) (3rd gear position, 1,2,3, 4,5 gear) (4th gear pos ition, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 gear) (reverse) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE ROAD GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE TURNIN G RADIUS ENGINE

TRAN SMISSION 50'145'

Status: Prod ucti on. In service with th e Spa ni sh Army,

The GAD-BOA is ofa similar d es ign to th e GBD-eOA but is a rmed with a 20 mm KAA cannon with 250 rounds of ready use a mmunition a nd a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun wit h 300 rounds of read y use a mmunition. The engine compartment is to the rear of th e vehicle on the left side with air inlet a nd outl et lo uvres in th e roof, silencer on the left side of the hull and a door in th e rear of th e hull on th e left side. I n the hu ll to th e rea r of th e turret o n the right side is a seat for th e fo urth crew member a nd above this is a single-piece hatch cover ope ning to th e right with a periscope in the hull roof. The fifth crew member is seated at th e ve ry rear on th e right side an d has a single- piece ha tch cover that opens to the rear and three periscopes for observation. T here is also door in the hull rear on the right side.

56 kml h

TORQUE CONVE RTER AND HYDRAULIC RETARDER TYRE S STEERIN G

69 kml h

SUSPENSION

100 kml h 12 kml h 300 li tres 800 km

BRAKES (ma in)

17 kml h

60%

(parking)

30% 7.5 m Pegaso model 915718 6- cy linder in-line turbo-cha rged diesel developing 306 hp at 2200 rpm ZF 6 HP 500, fully automatic , 6 forward and 1 reverse gears

ZF 13.00 x 20

hydraulic , power assisted on first and third axles independent each wheel , MacPhearson type, hydro-pneumati c disc. hydraulic. dual circuit, air assisted on all wheels disc. operating on propeller

transmission (emergency)

hydraul ic , air operated MGM

chambers ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES

24 V 2 x 12V, 150Ah

Manufacturer: ENSA , Military Di vision, Av Aragon, 402 Madrid 22, Spain

All three axles a re of Pegaso design and manufac ture and a re of th e double redu ction type with selflocking differentials. Suspension is of th e hydro-pneumati c type that allows th e dri ve r to alter th e ground clearance to suit th e type of ground being crossed . It has four positions: cross country, high, road a nd minimum. The suspension can be adjusted longitudinall y and 'transversely and individual road wheels can be ra ised off th e ground if required . Steering is power assisted on th e front and rear axles. Standard equipmen t includes tool set, 4500 kg winch, semi-a utoma ti c fi re-extinguishing sys tem protecting th e

engine and transmission and two 5 kg porta ble fire extinguishers. Optional equipment includes an NBC system , wa ter-j et propulsion system (one un it eith er side of th e hu ll at th e rear and a trim vane that folds back onto th e glacis pla te), 14.00 X 20 tyres, run-fl a t tyres and a n a irconditioning sys tem. Variants The VEC can a lso be used in th e a nti-aircraft role (g uns or m issiles) and the anti-ta nk role with ATGWs.

SWITZERLAND MOWAG Shark Weapons Carrier Development The Shar k has been developed by the MOW AG compa ny as a priva te ve nture specifica ll y for th e ex port ma rket. It was first shown in public a t th e 198 1 Paris Air Show fitted with th e O erlikon-Blihrle T ype GDD-BOE two-man turret arm ed with a 35 mm cannon and a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun. A furth er two prototypes were completed in mid-1 983. In 1982 th e Shark was successfull y tes ted in Switze rl and

fitted with a French Fives-C ail Ba bcock FL- 12 turret armed with a 105 mm gun and fitted with a SOPTAC fire-control system. In West Germ any it was successfull y tes ted with an experimenta l Rheinmetall turret arm ed with the Rh einmeta ll l05 mm Rh 105-11 super low recoil gun which fires all stand a rd NATO t a nk a mmuniti on , including th e APFSDS-T. The chassis has been designed to be easily ad a pted for a wide range of roles including anti-aircraft (eg fitted with th e same turret as th e Wildcat twin 30 mm SPAAG or th e new

MOWAG (8 x 8) Shark weapons ca rr ier fitted w ith Fives-Cai I Bab cock FL-12 turret arm ed wi th 105 mm g un, with turret traversed to rear

40%

,.. .

MOWAG (8 x 8) Shark weapons carrier fitted with Fives-Cail Babcock FL-12 turret armed with 105 mm gun , with empty cartridge case being ej ected out of trap door in turret bustle

Swiss AD ATS missile system), anti-tank (including missile), fir e support, reco nnaissa nce a nd rocket launcher. La te in 1983 one of the three Sha rk prototypes was fi tted with the one-ma n turret of th e Wildcat twin 30 mm SPAAG system a nd this was tes ted in Canad a earl y in 1984. Whereve r possible proven assemblies, such as engine and tra nsmission, have been us ed in th e design of th e vehicle to simplify both training a nd logistics.

Description The hull of th e MOWAG Sha rk is of all-welded steel constructi on which provides complete protection up to a nd incl uding th e Soviet 14.5 mm KPV a rmour piercing round. A 155 m m H E proj ectile la nding ten metres a way from the vehicle will cause no da mage according to th e ma nufacturer. The dri ver is seated a t th e front of the hull on the left side a nd has a single-piece ha tch cover tha t opens to th e left. Forward of this are three periscopes, the centre one of which can be replaced by a n image intensifi cation periscope for dri ving at night. A second crew member can be seated to the rig ht of th e driver or this space can be used for special equipment wch as a n NBC pack or for additional a mmunition stowage. The fi ghting compa rtment is in th e centre of the vehicle a nd a wide ra nge of a rm a ment installations ca n be fi tted up to a nd including a n FL-12 turre t with a 105 mm gun . Full deta ils of th e FL-12 turret a re given in the entry for th e 90

MOWAG (8 x 8) Shark weapons carrier fitted with Fives-Cail Babcock FL-12 turret armed with 105 mm gun, coaxial 7.62 mm MG and electrically operated smoke dischargers

MOWAG (8 x 8) Shark wea pon s carri er fitted with tri als turret armed with Rheinmetall Rh 105-11 super low reco il gun fitted with muzz le brake

Austrian Steyr-Daimler-Puch J agdpa nzer SK 105 light tank/ tank detroyer. The engine, transm ission and fuel tanks are at th e rear of the hull and engine access panels are provided in th e top of the engine compartment. The ai r inlet louvres are in th e top of the hull , one eith er side, while th e air outlets at th e hull rear.

SPECIFICATIONS CREW CONFIGURATION WEIGHT (loaded) (empty) POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATI O LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (hull) AXIS OF FIRE ( 105 mm gun) GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK WHEELBASE

ANGLE OF APPROA CH/ DEPARTURE

Status: Trials.

MAX ROAD SPEED FUEL CAPAC ITY RANGE (roa d) FORDIN G GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE TRENCH TURN ING CIRCLE ENG IN E

3 or 4 8 x 8 21 000 kg' 16000 kg' 25.2 hp/tonne 7.52 m 3m 1.9 m 2. 16 0.46 2.62 1.5 1 1.49

m m m m m

TRANSMI SSION

l .4m

+ TYRES

40'/45'

Steering is power ass isted on th e front and rear axles and vertical suspension travel is 420 mm. A wide range of optional equipment can be fitted to th e Shark including various types of NBC system, passive night vision eq uipment and fire-ext inguishing systems.

100 km/h 400 litres 500 km 1.3 m 60% 35% 0.46 m 2.3 m 12.5 m Detroit Di esel 8V-7 1T turbo-cha rged diesel · developing 530 hp at 2500 rpm Allison HT 750 ORO automatic with 5 forward and 1 reverse gears 13.00 x 20 run-flat (insert)

SUSPENSION (1st and 4th axles)

coi l spring s with wishbone (2nd and 3rd axles) torsion bars (all wheels have hydraulic shock absorbers) BRAKES dual circuit, hyd raulic, (main) air assisted spring loaded (parking) brake cy linder Jacobs brake (engine) system ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 24 V • depends on armament installati on

Manufacturer: MOWAG Motorwagenfabrik AG , 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.

The engine compa rtment is to th e right of th e driver with th e a ir~ inl e t and air-outlets in th e roof and th e exha ust pipe a longside th e right side of th e hull. A va ri ety of armament installa ti ons can be mounted at the rear of th e hull including th e MOW AG T ype V 041 and T ype V 042 turrets. The form er. is arm ed with a remote-controlled 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun with an elevation of +45 degrees, depression of-8 degrees and turret travers e of360 d ~grees . Turret traverse a nd wea pon elevation is manual, wIth 100 rounds of read y use a mmunition being proviqed . The gunn er aims th e machine gun with a roof-mounted PERI ZI2 sight with a magnifi cation of x I and either side of this is a perisco pe for lateral observa tion.

MOWAG SPY Reconnaissance Vehicle Development T he SPY reco nna issance vehicle was developed as a priva te venture by th e MOWAG compa ny specifi call y for the ex port market; th e fi rst prototypes we re completed in 1980. Drive tra in components, press ure, hydra ulic and electrical components of.cl1e SPY are also used in the MOWAG Piranha range of 4 x 4, 6 x 6 and 8 x 8 a rm oured vehicl es. In 1982 it was announ ced th a t a n undisclosed Far Eastern co untry had pl aced an ord er for between 20 and 50 SPYs fitt ed with a MOWAG designed one-man turret armed with a 12.7 mm and a 7.62 mm mac hine gun . Description T he hull of the Spy is made of a ll-welded steel and gives complete protecti on aga inst small a rms fire up to 7.62 mm AP calib re over th e front, sides and rear, against antipersonnel mines ex ploding und er the hull and against shell splinters above th e hull. The dri ver is seated a t th e fro nt of th e hull on th e left with th e commander immedia tely behind him. The driver has a single-piece ha tch cover a nd three perisco pes for forward observati on, th e centre one of which can be replaced by an infra-red or image intensifica ti on periscope for night dri ving. The commander has a cupola mounted on a plinth above th e roof to give observa tion over th e dri ve r. The cupola has a s in g l e~ pi ece ha tch cover and a periscope. In the side of th e hull behind th e comma nder is a small door th a t opens forwa rds.

MOWAG Spy reconnaissance vehicle fitted with Type V 041 one-man turret armed with 12·7 mm and 7·62 mm MGs

MOWAG Spy re connaissance vehicle fitted with MOWAG designed Type V 042 turret with remote controlled 12.7 mm machine gun and three smoke discharg ers either side

The T ype V 042 turret is arm ed with a 12. 7 mm and a 7.62 mm machine gun with an elevati on of + 50 degrees, depression of - 10 degrees and turret trave rse of360 degrees. Turret traverse a nd wea pon elevation is ma nual with 200 rounds of 12. 7 mm a nd 500 rounds oD .62 mm a mmunition being carri ed for ready use. The gunn er aims th e wea pons via a PERI Z II sight with a magnifi cation of X 2 a nd X 6 and a lso

SPECIFICATIONS CREW CONFIGURATI ON COMBAT WEI GHT UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATI O LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (hul l) GROUND CLEARANCE (hul l) (axles) TRACK (Iront) (rear) WHEELBASE AN GLE OF APPR OACH/ DEPARTURE MAX ROAD SPEED FUEL CAPACITY

4 x 4 7S00 kg S900 kg 27 hp/tonne 4.S2 m 2.S m t .66 m

RANGE (road) FORDIN G GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TURN ING RADIUS ENG INE

TRANSMISSION O.S m 0.39 m 2.18 m 2.20S m 2.S m

TRANSFER CASE SUSPENSION (fro nt)

has seven perisco pes for all-round visibilit y. All four wheels have independen t suspension a nd th e front axle can be d isengaged for road driving. Auto ma ti c locking different ials a nd run-fl a t core tyres a re fi tted as standa rd . Optional eq ui pment includes va rious radio installa tion s and an air-conditioning system.

700 km 1.3 m 60 % 3S % O.Sm 6.3 m Detroit Diesel V-8 developing 40S hp at 3000 rp m All ison AT-S40 automatico 4 forward and 1 reverse gears 2-spee d

TYRES BRAKES ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM ARMA MENT (main) (coaxial) (smoke dischargers) AM MUN ITION ( 12.7 mm) (7. 62 mm) (smoke g renades) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret trave rse

coil spring and

wishbone torsion bars

(rear)

a ll wheels have hydrauli c shock absorbers

SO'/70' 110 km/h 200 litres

Status: Produ ction. In service with an und isclosed co untry.

Gun elevationl depression GUN STABILI SER (vert ical) (horizontal)

11.00 x 16 dual circuit. hyd raulic ,

air ass isted 24 V 1 x 12.7 mm MG 1 x 7.62 mm MG 2 x 3 3000 2000 20 360'/manual +SO'/- 10' no no

Manufacturer: M OWAG Mo torwage nfa brik AG , 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switze rl a nd .

TAIWAN Type 64 Light Tank Development/Description In th e earl y 1970s T aiwan began design work on a vehicle based on the American M 4 1 light ta nk. The firstprototype was a copy of the M4 1 but with furth er modifi cations it was standa rdised in 1975 as th e Type 64 Light T a nk. Recent inform ation has indicated th a t it was not produ ced on a la rge scale and tha t many T ype 64s were in fac t conve rsions of the original American M4 1. The Type 64 is simila r to th e M4 1A2/ M4 1A3 in automoti ve and mechanical details and has th e same dimensions, chassis, engi ne and tra nsmission but an improved electrical system. T he hull is of a ll-welded construction as in the M4 1 but incorpora tes advanced welding techniqu es in its manufacture and uses a new high-hardness alloy steel. T he allcast turret has the same layou t as the original M4 l although slight alterations have been made to suit the medium sta ture of the C hinese tank crews. An additional layer of laminated high-hardness alloy steel a rm our pla te is bolted/welded onto the hu ll and turret sides to p rovide grea ter protection against HEAT and APDS proj ecti les. T he T ype 64 is a rm ed with a 76 mm gu n as in th e M4 1 but made in T aiwan and claimed to have a perform ance superior to the M32 gun. A 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted coaxially wih the main armament a nd a 12. 7 mm MG is mounted at th e commander's station for use in the anti-

aircraft role. Both of th ese weapons are made in Taiwan a nd the coaxia l weapon proba bly resem bles a mod ifi ed version of th e American M60. C hines'e sources sta te tha t the Type 64 has an im proved fi re-control system. Ammunition stowage is probably ident ical to th a t of the M4 IA2/ M4 IA3. Later T ype 64 tanks may incorporate laser rangefi nders, ballistic computers and passive night vision eq uip men t. All of these have been d eveloped by th e Sun Vat-sen Scientific Research Institute of T a iwan. It is reported th a t some considera tion is being given to replacing the 76 mm gun . The T ype 64 has th e same mobili ty, agility a nd range characteristi cs as the M4 1 but in view of its additional a rm our is pro ba bly heavier. Like th e M4 l it can be fitted for d eep fording, but it is not a mphi bious and has no NBC system. It is fit ted wi th IR driving lights and im proved T aiwan- built communications eq ui p men t. Status: In service with T aiwa n.' Possibly still in produ cti on. Improve ment and modernisation programmes may be continuing. Manufacturer: Fighting Vehicl es Command, ROC Army, T a ichung, T aiwan. Developmen t by Fighting Vehicles Development Center, ROC Army, Taichung, Taiwa n 400.

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS PT-76 Light Amphibious Tank Development T he PT -76 light amphibious ta nk, designed by th e Zh Ya Kotin design tea m of heavy ta nk fa me was introdu ced into service in 1952 . In many Soviet units it has been replaced by MBTs such as th e T-54, T -55, T -62 or T- 72, or BMPs. T he tank has been used in com bat in Africa, the Midd le Eas t, d uri ng th e Indo-Pa kistan conflict and widel y used in Viet- Na m by both th e North Vietnamese Arm y and th e V iet Congo .The main d raw backs of the PT-76 a re its large size necesSIta ted by th e requirement to be amphi bious, lack of NBC or night fi ghting equipment and very th in arm our th a t can be penetra ted even by heavy mac hine gun fir e. It does

have an excell ent amphi bious capab ility and is also used by th e Soviet M arin es . The chass is of th e PT -76 has been used as th e bas is for a complete fa mi ly of a rm oured and una rm oured vehicles including th e ASU-85 sel f-p ropelled a nti-tank gun, BTR-50 and OT-62 (Czechoslovak) arm oured personnel carriers, FROG-2, F ROG-3, FROG-4 and FROG-5 surface-tosurface miss ile systems, GT-T and MT-L tracked over-snow ve hicles, GSP heavy a mphi bious ferry, Pinguin (o n BTR-50 chass is) over-snow ve hicle, PVA a mphibious cra wler tractor, SAM-6 surface- to-air m issile la un cher and its associa ted ra dar vehicle, ZSU-23-4 self- propelled anti-aircra ft gun system and the 122 mm self-propelled M 1974 howitze r.

PT-76 light amphib ious ta nk Model 2 with inset Model 1 barrel Mug

PT-76 light amphibious ta nk Model 2 at Fort Irw in, Ca liforn ia, showi ng modified turret rear and waterj et outl ets with covers c lose d (Dona ld C Spau lding)

Egyptian PT-76 Model 2 captured by Israel in th e 1973 Middle East campaign (Israeli Ministry of Defence)

Description The hull of th e PT -76 is welded steel a nd is di vided into three compa rtm ents with th e driver a t th e front, fi ghting compa rtm ent in th e centre a nd th e engine a t th e rear. The dri ve r is seated in th e centre of th e hull a nd is provided with a single-piece ha tch cover th a t swings to the right. Three periscopes a re mo unted forwa rd of his ha tch cover; th e centre one can be ra ised to enab le the drive r to see over th e fro nt of th e vehicle when th e trim vane is erected . The turret is all- welded steel, with th e comma nder, who also acts as th e g unner, being seated on th e left and th e loader on the right. The turret has a n oval-sha ped hatch cover th a t

hinges forw a rds a nd can be locked verti cal. Mo unted in th e left side of th e ha tch cover is a circ ul ar cupola for th e command er which ho uses three integ ral periscopes a nd can be traversed through 360 degrees by ha nd . The comm a nder is provided with a n optical TSh-66 sight mounted to th e left of th e main a rma ment a nd th e loader has a periscope mo unted in th e turret roof, forwa rd of th e ha tch cover. The engine compa rtment is a t th e rea r a nd th e Model V-6 engine us ed in th e PT-76 is one ba nk of th a t fi tted to th e T -54 MBT. As the ta nk operates in a very cold clima te a n engine pre-heater is fitt ed as sta nd a rd . The ma nu al gearbox has fiv e forwa rd a nd one reverse gea rs a nd steering is of th e clutch a nd bra ke type. The to rsion ba r suspensio n consists of six road wheels with th e idler a t the fro nt a nd the dri ve sprocket a t th e rear. T he first a nd sixth road wheel sta ti ons have hydra uli c shock a bsorbers a nd th e steel tracks each have 96 links when new. Tracks a re steel with single dry pin . The PT-76 is full y a mphibious, being propell ed in th e wa ter by two wa ter j ets mounted a t th e rear of th e hull. The onl y prepa ra tion required before entering th e wa ter is to erect th e trim va ne a t th e front of th e hull a nd switch on th e two electri c bilge pumps. A ma nu al bilge pump is provided for emergency use. Stee ring is accomplished by opening a nd closing the two ha tches over the rea r wa ter j ets: to go left th e left wa ter j et is covered up a nd to turn left throug h 180 d egrees th e left wa ter j et sucks in wa ter while th e rig ht wa ter j et pushes it out. The PT-76 is not fitt ed with a n N BC system althoug h th ere is a ventila tor mounted in 'the turret rea r a nd ma ny ve hicles

PT-76 Model 2 fitted with snorkel to rear of turret coming ashore

PT-76 Model 2 without trim vane erected swimming across a river during training (TASS)

PT-76 Model2s show their amphibious capabilities. Note snorkel attached to turret rear (TASS)

used by marines have been fitted with a snorkel ex tensi on piece to this ven tilator which often sucked exhaust gases into th e fighting compartment. To increase the PT-76's operational range additional fuel tanks can be fitted; these can be of th e drum type or fl a t type as fitted to one side of the T-54/T-55 MBT. A white light searchlight is mounted on the right side of the turret (some models have a n infra-red searchlight on the turret) a nd one of the driving lights may be infra-red. When being used by th e Soviet Marines the vehicle is often fitted with a complete set of navigation lights. The mai n arma ment of th e PT-76 is the D-56T gun which is a development of the gun used in the T-34/76 and KV-l tanks during the Second World War. The gun has a semiautomatic vertical sliding wedge breech-block, hydraulic buffer and a hydro-pneumatic recuperator. The gun is 42 calibres long a nd has an overall length of 3.455 metres and weighs 1150 kg. The 'gun has a maximum rate of fire of between six and eight rounds per minute, maximum range in th e indirect fire role of between 12000 and 13290 metres, a nd can fire the following types of fixed ammuntion:

Other types of proj ectiles a re also ava ilable, some with cartridges with redu ced propellant charges, for HE-FRAG a nd AP- T projectiles. A 7.62 mm SGMT machine gun is mounted coaxially to the right of the main armament. Many PT-76s have been fitted with 12 .7 mm DShKM anti-aircraft machine guns.

AMMUNITION TYPE PROJECTILE DESIGNATION FUZE MODEL WEIGHT OF PROJECTILE WEIGHT OF BURSTING CHARGE TYPE OF BURSTING CHARGE MUZZLE VELOCITY ARMOUR PENETRATION AT 0°

Model I with th e D-56T gun with a multi-slotted muzzle brake and no bore evac uator. This model has not been observed for some years. Model 2 with D-56T gun with double-baffie muzzle bra ke and a bore evacuator towards the muzzl e. Model 3 is similar to Model 2 but has no bore evacuator. It was probably the Model 2 with th e bore evacuator removed. Model 4 with th e fully-stabilised g un designated the D-56TM is known as th e PT-76B. I t is believed that all current PT-76 Model 2s used by the Warsaw Pact have been fitt ed with a stabi lisation system.

AP-T BR-350' MD-5 6.5 kg

API-T BZR-350B MD-5 6.48 kg

HE-FRAG OF-350t KTM-1 6.2 kg

HEAT* BP-350M BM 3.94 kg

HVAP-T BR-354P nla pp 2.98 kg

0.15 kg

0.11 kg

0.712 kg

0.51 kg

nlapp

TNT

RDxrrNT

nlapp

655 m/s

680 m/s

325 mis,

950 m/s

61 mm/1000 m 69 mm/500 m

61 mm/1000 m

nlapp

120 mm/a1 any range

58 mm/1000 m 92 mm/5 00 m

• later types are BR-350A and BR-350B t later type is OF-350A :j: Second World War. Possibly replaced by improved model

Variants

SPECIFICATIONS

CREW COMBAT WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO GROUND PRESSURE LENGTH GUN FORWARD S LENGTH HULL WIDTH HEIGHT OVERALL (l ate model) (early model) FIRING HEIGHT GROUND CLEARANCE TRA CK TRACK WIDTH LENGTH OF TRAC K ON GROUND MAX SPEED (road) (water) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RAN GE (road) (water)

3 14000 kg 17.1 hpltonne 0. ~79 kg/em'

FUEL CONSUMPTION FORDIN G GRADIENT VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TRENCH TURNING RADIUS ENGINE

0.96 litre/km

FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM

amphibi ous

Turret power con tro l By co mm ander Max ra le of power

70% 1.1 m 2.S m skid turns

Model V-6 6-cylinder in- line water-coo led

7. 625 m 6.9 1 m 3.14 m 2.255 m 2. 195 m I .S2 m 0.37 m 2.74 m 360 mm 4.08 m 44 km/h 10 km/h 250l itres 260 km 65 km

AUXILIARY ENGINE TRANSMISSION STEERING SUSPENSION ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIE S

di esel developin g 240 hp at 1800 rpm none manua l with 4 forward and 1 reve rse gears

clutch and brake torsion bar 24 V 2 x 12 V. 100 Ah each

ARMAMEN T (main) (coaxial) SMOKE-LAYING EOU IPMENT AMMUNITION (main) (MG)

1 x 76.2 mm gun 1 x 7.62 mm MG

traverse Gun elevation/ depression Gun stabiliser

(verti ca l) (hori zontal) ARMOUR Hull front upper Hull front lower Hull side upper Hull side lower Hull rea r upper Hull rea r lowe r

Hull top Hu ll belly fron t Hull belly rea r Turret front Turret sides

diesel fuel iniected

Turret rea r

into exhaust system

Turret top

man ual or electric yes 360'/21 s + 30'/ -4' only on PT -76B only on PT-76B t t mm at SO' 14 mm at 45' 14 mm at 0 ° 14 mm al 0° 7 mm at 0°

7 mm at 45' 7 mm 5mm 5mm 17 mm at 35' 16 mm at 35' 11 mm at 35° 8 mm

40 1000

Status: Produ cti on co mplete. In se rvice with Afgha nista n, Angola, C hin a, Congo, C uba, Egy pt, Equ a tori a l G uin ea, Finla nd , East G erm a ny, Guinea, G uin ea-Bi ssa u, Hungar y, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, M adagasca r, Moza m bique, North Korea, Laos, Pa kista n, Pola nd , USS R (A rm y a nd Ma rin es) , Vi et- Na m a nd Yu goslav ia . C hin a ma nu fac tures a

s imi la r vehicle ca lled th e T ype 63 lig ht ta nk with a si m ila r hu ll but fitt ed with a new turret a rm ed with a n 85 mm g un. There is a se pa ra te ent ry fo r this ta nk.

BRDM-2 Amphibious Scout Car

Each Soviet mo to rised riR e di vision has a tota l of 28 BRDM-2s, 12 in th e reco nn a issa nce bat ta lion a nd fou r each in th e ta nk regiment, B M P-equipped motorised riRe regiment a nd in each of th e two BTR-60/ BT R-70-eq uipped motorised riR e regiments. Each ta nk di vision has a to ta l of 28 BRDM-2s, 12 in the reco nna issance bat ta lio n, four in the motorised riR e regiment a nd four in each of th e three ta nk regiments.

Development The BRDM-2 was developed in th e earl y 1960s as th e successor·to th e earli er BRDM-I a nd was first see n in public during 1966. M a in improve ments over th e ea rlier vehicl es a re its fully-encl osed a rma ment insta llation, more powerful rearmounted engine whi ch gives it a higher road a nd crosscountry perform a nce a nd better wa ter pe rform a nce.

Manufacturer: Soviet sta te a rse nals.

BRDM-2 in travelling configuration with driver'S and command er's hatches locked in open position . Note th e turret has no roof hatch

BRDM-2 amphibious scout car

0====

BRDM-2U command vehi c le with roof mounted generator

Description The all-welded steel ar mour hull of the BRDM-2 provides th e crew with protecti on from sma ll anTIS fire and shell splinters. The dri ver is seated a t th e front of th e hull on the left with th e vehicle commander to his right. Both are provided with a bullet-proof windscreen to th eir front which is covered by an a rmoured shutter, hinged at th e top, when th e vehicle is in comba t areas. When th e shutters are in position th e driver and commander observe th e terrain through periscopes aro und th e front and sides of th eir position, mounted level with th e roof of th e vehicle. The onl y means of entry to th e BRDM-2 is by two circul a r roof ha tches immedia tely behind th e commander and driver, hinged towards th e centre of th e vehicle and opening only as far as th e ve rti cal. The turret is mounted in th e centre of th e vehicle and is th e same as th at mounted on th e Soviet BTR-60PB and Czechoslovak OT-64 Model 2A armoured personnel carriers. There is a single firing port in each side of the hull and immediately behind it a re three vision blocks which protrude from th e outside of th e hull to give a degree of vision to the front and rea r of th e veh icle. BRDM-2 with Sagger ATGWs with missiles raised in ready to launch position

The engine compartment is at th e rear of the hull and there are two air-in let lou vres in the forwa rd part of th e engine compartment roof and four smaller air-inlet louvres to the rear. The exhaust pipes are on either side of th e hull. On each side of th e vehicle, between th e front and rear wheels are two chain driven bell y wheels, which are lowered by th e driver and give th e BRDM-2 improved cross-country performance and a lso allow it to cross ditches. A central tyre pressure regulation system allows th e driver to adjust the tyre press ure to sui t th e type of ground being crossed. The BRDM-2 is fully a mphibious being propelled in th e water by a single water j et at th e rear of th e hull. Before entering the water a trim vane which is stowed under th e nose of th e hull when travelling is erected a t th e front of th e hull. When not in use the water j et outlet is covered by a triangul ar plate pivoted at the top. The vehicle is fitted with an NBC system and its ai r inlet is on th e top of th e hull to th e left rear of th e turret. Standard equipment includes infra-red driving lights, an infra-red searchlight mounted over th e commander's position which can be operated from within th e ve hicle, a winch mounted internally a t th e front of th e hull , a radio and a land navigation system. Armament consists ofa 14.5 mm KPVTm achinegun with a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun mounted coaxiall y to the right. A telescopic sight is mounted to th e left of th e main armament. The turret has manual traverse and is provided with an adjustable seat for th e gunner. The KPVT machine gu n fires an API projectile th at weighs 64.4 grams which will penetra te 32 mm of armour a t a ra nge of 500 metres. Variants

BRDM-2-RKh (Rad iolog ical-Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle) This is easily distinguishab le from th e basic vehicle by two recta ngular racks which contain lane-ma rking poles with pennants on either side of the hull a t th e rear. The racks are

BRDM-2 with Sagger ATGWs T his was first used in comba t by th e Egyptian and Syri a n for ces during the 1973 M iddl e East campa ig ns. It is a BRDM-2 with its turret removed a nd fitt ed with a n a rm on top of which are mounted six Sagger AT-3 ATGWs . When travelling th ey are within th e hull but in acti on th e a rm is raised above th e top of th e hull complete with ove rh ead armour protectio n. The missiles can be lau nched from within th e vehicle or up to 80 metres away with th e aid of a separaBRDM-2 with launcher for Sagger ATGWs raised but not fitted with missiles . Note be lly whee ls in lowered positi on and trim va ne und er nose of ve hi c le (US Army) BRDM-2 with launching system for Sagger ATGWs raised and commander's and gunner's roof hatches open (Israe li Army)

norm a ll y cove red with a ca nvas cove r and when required a re swung th ro ugh 90 deg rees so th a t th ey a re verti cal over th e rea r of th e veh icle. The poles a re used to m a rk la nes through co nta minated a reas. Some of th ese versions lack the 14.5 mm KPV mac hine gun in th e turret.

BRDM-2U Command Vehicle This has its turret rem oved and replaced by a hatch that opens forwa rds. Mo unted to th e rear of this hatch is a ge ner<1tor used to power th e addition a l communicati ons equipm ent ca rri ed inside the veh icl e. Two radio a nten nas are mounted one each side of th e hull. Hung arian Army BRDM-2 Saggers with launcher and mi ss il es in ready to fire position

ve hicle. In 1977 it was reported th a t th e Sagger was being converted from its normal wire command g uid a nce system to a semi-a utomatic infra-red wire g uid a nce system, which would increase th e effectiveness of the missile a t its maximum range of 3000 metres. Each Soviet Motorised Rifl e Division has 36 BRDM-2 vehicles armed with ATGWs, nine in the a nti-ta nk ba ttalion, nine in th e BMP-equipped motorised rifl e regiment and nine in each of the two motorised rifl e regiments equipped with th e BTR-60/ BTR-70 seri es APes. Each Soviet tank division has nine BRDM-2s armed with ATGWs in the BMP-equipped motorised rifl e regiments .

BRDM-2 with Swatter-B ATGWs BRDM-2 on static display without armament but showing belly whee ls lowered, commander's and driver's hatches open , armoured shutters over windscreens open and winch cove r under nose open. This veh icl e was captured by the South African Defence Force during Operation Protea in August 1981 (Terry J Gander)

ti on sig ht. When la un ched from within th e ve hicle they a re g uid ed by the missile operator/vehicle comma nd er who is sea ted a t the front of th e vehicle on th e right side a nd is prov ided with a sight in th e forward part of th e hull. A tota l of eight missiles is carri ed in reserve a nd the radio a ntenn a is a t th e rear on the right side ra th er th a n a t th e fro nt. Full detai ls of th e missile are given in th e following entry on th e BRDM-I

This was first seen in 1973 and is simil a r in a ppea ra nce to the BRDM-2 with the Sagger ATGW but has a qu adrupl e la uncher for the AT-2 ATGW co nverted from its original rad io comma nd-to-line-of-sight g uid a nce to semi-active infra-red/command guidance. This missile we ighs 29.48 kg a nd has a ra nge of 3500 metres compared with the 3000 metres of th e original Swatter. A tota l of eight Swa tters is ca rri ed including th e three in th e ready to la unch position. As far as is known th e improved Swatter has not been fitt ed to th e original BRDM-I insta llation.

BRDM-2 with Spandrel ATGWs Shown for th e first time a t th e milita ry pa rade held in Moscow in November 1977 was a BRDM-2 fitted with a turret on top of which were mo unted five new read y to la unch miss iles

BRDM-2 wi th AT-5 Spandrel ATGWs in travelling co nfiguration showing tracking sight forward and below laun cher in roof of vehicle

100

SA-9 Gaskin SAM system based on BRDM-2 vehicle (TASS)

wh ich have been given th e NATO code name of Spandrel, or AT-5. This vehicle is so metim es referred to as the BRDM-3. To th e rea r of the turret in th e top of the hull is a hatch which ena bles th e la un cher to be reloaded without th e crew leaving th e vehicle. It is es tim a ted th a t in addition to th e fiv e visible missiles a furth er 10 a re carri ed inside the hull. It is believed th at it is th e second-generation type (semi- a utom atic, command-to-line-of-sight) a nd th a t a ll th e operator has to d o is to keep th e cross-hairs of his sig ht on the targe t to ensure a hit. The sight is in th e roof of th e vehicle on th e right side and can be traversed through 180 degrees. The HE AT warhead weighs abo ut 7 kg a nd will penetra te between 500 mm a nd 600 mm of armour a t a n incidence of 0 degrees. The lau nch tube has a blow-out cap a t th e front a nd is fl ared a t th e rear. It is th ought th a t a bowed ha tch in th e roof of th e veh icle to th e rea r of the la un cher is probably used to allow th e mo unt to be fold ed into th e hull for reloading ·purposes. Bas ic specifi cations of th e AT-5 Spandrel ATGW a re as follows: LEN GTH OIAMETER MAX RANGE MIN RANGE MAX FLIGHT TIME

SA-9 (Gaskin) System This entered se rvice with th e Soviet Army in 1972 and is iss ued on th e scale offo ur per Soviet Motorised Rine Division a nd a simila r number in each tank division, or a to tal of 16 per division. BRDM-2 with AT-5 Spandrel ATGWs from above showing hatch behind launcher which is probably for reloading purposes

1.3 m

155 mm 4000 m 100 m about 20 seconds

In East Germany it has been o bserved th a t o n th e BRDM-2/ AT-5 Spandrel vehicles, th e outer la un ch position has been fitted with the AT-4 Spigot ATGW. This arrangement a llows the ca rri age of a n increased missile load, beli eved to be six AT-5 Spandrels plu s eight AT-4 Spigo ts rather th a n two AT-5s . 101

SA-9 Gaskin SAM system based on BRDM-2 chassis , with launching arms and missiles in travelling position

T he sys tem co nsists of a BRDM-2 with the turret removed a nd repl aced by a new turret with four read y-to-laun ch missil es whi ch a re norm a ll y lowe red to th e horizo nta l a longside th e turret when travelling to redu ce th e ove rall height of th e ve hi cle. T he missile itself is 1.829 metres long, can be fi tted with a n infra-red seeker a nd is believed to ha ve a n effecti ve sla nt ra nge of a bout 8000 metres a nd a max imum engagement a ltitude of 4000 metres. The sys tem is ca pable of cl ear wea th er ope ra tions onl y. It is possible th a t a furth er two miss il es in th eir la un cher boxes a re ca rri ed on th e light steel gratings either side of th e hull. T hese a re loaded ma nua ll y onto th e la un cher. More recentl y so me vehi cles have bee n obse rved fitted with a G un Dish radar in front of th e turret to g ive th e sys tem a ll-wea th er ca pa bil ity. This rad a r is a lread y insta lled on th e ZSU-23-4 sel f-p ropelled a nti- a ircra ft g un a nd is a lso known as th e B- 76. It has both ta rge t acquisition ca pa bilities a nd can pick ta rge ts up a t a max imum ra nge 6f20 km. It opera tes in th e J -band a nd is equipped with a n MTI facility and a co mputer. Some SA-9 Gas kin SA M sys tems have bee n observed fitt ed

with th e H a t Box a ntenna pack either side of th e turret and either side of th e vehicle a bove th e fro nt road wheel. It is believed th a t this is a rada r d a ta link betwee n th e B-76 Gun Dish rad ar on th e ZSU-23-4 self-propelled a nti- a ircraft gun sys tem or with other divisio nal a ir defence rad a rs.

SA-9 Gaskin SAM system on BRDM-2 vehic le with only two missiles in ready to launch position . Note the Hat Box antenna pack above front road wheel and on left side of missile launcher

BRDM-2 with turret removed as used by Israeli Army (Israeli Army)

10 2

SPECIFICATIONS Model CREW CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEI GHT RATI O LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT OVERALL FIRING HEIGHT GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK WHEELBASE MAX SPEED (road) (waler) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE (road) FUEL CONSUMPTI ON (roa d) FORDING GRADIENT VERTICAL OBSTA CLE TREN CH ENG INE

BRDM-2 4 4 x 4 7000 kg

BRDM-2 (Sagger) 2-3 4 x 4 7000 kg

20 hp/lonne 5.75 m 2.35 m 2.31 m 2. 13 m 0.43 m 1.84 m 3.1 m

20 hp/lonne 5.75 m 2.35 m 2.0 1 m n/app 0.43 m 1.84 m 3. 1 m

100 km/h 10 km/h 290lilres 750 km 0.35 - 0.45 lilre/km

Model TYRES ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) AMMUNITION (main) (coaxial) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Tu rret power con trol Gun elevation/depression

ARMOUR (max) Hull fronl upper

100 km/h 10 km/h 290litres 750 km 0.35 - 0.45 litre/km am phibiou s amphibious 60% 60 % 0.4 m 0.4 m 1.25 m 1.25 m GAZ-4 1 V-8 water-cooled pelrol developing 140 hp at 3400 rpm

Hu ll lop Belly fronl Belly rear TU fret front Turret sides

TRAN SMI SSION

both have manu a l with 4 forwa rd a nd 1 reverse

Turret rear

gears semi-elliplical springs wilh hydrauli c shock absorbers

Turrellop

SUSPENSION

Hull fron t lowe r

Hull nose plate Hull sides upper Hull sid es lowe r

Hull rear upper Hull rea r lower

BRDM-2 13.00 x 18 24 V

BRDM-2 (Sagger) 13.00 x 18 24 V

1 x 14.5 mm MG 1 x 7.62 mm MG

6 Sagger ATGWs n/app

500 2000

14 Saggers (Iolal) n/app

manual +30"1 -5"

n/app n/app

5 mm a180" 7 mm a145"

5 mm at 80 0

14 mm at 14°

7 mm 7 mm 7 mm 7 mm 7 mm 2mm 3 mm

al 18" at 0° al 0" al 0° al 0"

7 mm at 43°

7 mm al 36" 7 mm at 36" 7 mm

7 mm at 45° 14 mm at 14°

7 mm a118" 7 mm at 0°

7 mm al 0" 7 mm at 0° 7 mm at 0° 2 mm 3mm n/app n/app n/app nl app

Status: Proba bly sti ll in production. In serv ice wit h Algeria (including Sagge r a nd SA-g), Angola (including SA-g), Benin, Bu lgaria, Cape- Verd e Islands, Central African Repub lic, Chad, Congo, East Germany (including Spandrel), Egypt (includ ing Sagge r) , Equa tori a l Guinea, Ethiopia, Gu inea, Guinea-Bissa u, Hungary (Sagger and SA-9 on ly), Iraq (including Sagger a nd SA-g) , Israel,Jibuti, Libya (including Sagge r a nd SA-g) , Madagascar, Malawi,

Mali, Moza mbiq ue, Peru , Pola nd (including Sagger a nd SA-g) , Romani a (including Sagger), Sao-Tome Principe, Seyche lles, Somalia, Sudan, Syria (including Sagge r a nd SA-g) , T a nza nia, USSR (includi ng a ll va ri a nts), Viet-N a m (including SA-g), Yemen, Peop le's Democratic Repub lic (South ) (includ ing SA-g) , Yugoslav ia (Sagger a nd SA-g), Za mbia a nd Zimbabwe.

BRDM-1 Amphibious Scout Car

th e commander to his right. Both are provided with a hatc h to their front that is hinged a t the top and opens forw a rds, and a windscreen with a wiper blade. The ha tch cover has a vision block for when th e ha tch is closed . A vision slit protected by a vision block is provided to the left of th e driver a nd rig ht of the commander. There are two firing ports in each side of the hu ll and two large ha tches in th e forw a rd pa rt of th e roof tha t open to th e rear. The rear of th e crew compa rtment slopes a t an angle ofabout 30 degrees a nd is fi tted with a two-pi ece hatch th a t opens either sid e of th e supers tru cture. T here is a fir ing port in each ha tch. On either side of th e vehicle, between th e front and rear wheels, a re two bell y wheels, which a re lowered by th e dri ve r and give th e BRDM-l improved cross-co untry perform a nce and also allow it to cross ditches. The BRDM-l is fu ll y

Development The BRDM-l a mph ibious scout car first appeared in the spring of 1959 and was subsequen tl y issued to most members of the Wa rsaw Pact. Czechoslovakia and Poland also use the H ungaria n-designed FUG which is designed to ful fi l a similar role to th e BRDM- l but has its engine at the rear rather than th e front as in the case of th e BRDM- l . In most Soviet front- line un its th e BRDM-l has now been replaced by th e BRDM-2 which has a higher road speed a nd is fitted with a turret a rmed with a 14.5 mm and a 7.62 mm machi ne gun rat her tha n weapons on unprotected mounts as fitted to th e BRDM-!. Description The hull of th e BRDM-l is made of a ll- weld ed steel with the engine at th e front and the crew compartment at the rear. T he driver is seated a t th e front of the vehicle on the lert with

Basic BRD M- 1 amphib ious scout car armed with 12.7 mm DShKM mach ine gun

10 3

Two BRDM-1s fording armed with 7.62 mm mach ine gun and show ing trim vane erected at front of hull

a mphibio us being propelled in th e water by a sing le wa ter j et at th e rea r of th e hull. Before entering th e water a trim boa rd , whish is stowed folded und er th e nose of th e vehicle wh en not in use, is erec ted a t th e front of th e hull. Standard equipm ent includes a sys tem that a llows th e dri ver to adjust th e tyre press ures to suit th e type of gro und being crossed . The vehicle is not fitted with an NBC sys tem a nd when introduced was not fitt ed with a n y nig ht vision eq uipm ent. A white lig ht searchli ght mou nted on th e left side of th e hull is opera ted by th e driver. A communications reel a nd wire is mounted on th e left side of th e s uperstructure towa rd s th e rea r. The vehicl e is no rm a ll y a rm ed with a 7.62 mm SGMB mac hine g un pintl e-mounted on th e fo rward part of th e roof, whi ch has a limited traverse of 45 degrees left a nd right a nd can be eleva ted from -6 to + 23.5 deg rees . Some vehicles a re fitted with a 12.7 mm DShKM heavy ma chine gu n mou nted a t th e forward part of th e roof with a 7.62 mm SGMB machin e g un being mounted a t th e rea r.

Variants

Command Vehicle (BRDM-U) T hi s can be di sting uished fr om th e bas ic vehicl e as it has a radi o a ntenn a on each sid e of th e hu ll a nd two rad io a ntennas a t th e rear whereas th e bas ic ve hicl e has onl y a single radio antenna on th e right sid e of th e hull.

Radiological-Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle (BRDM-RKh) This is easil y disting uisha ble from the bas ic vehicle as on either side of th e hull a t th e rea r of the vehicle a re two rec ta ng ul a r racks whi ch co nta in la ne marking poles with penn a nts. The racks a re nor ma ll y cove red with a canvas BRDM-1 command veh ic le wi th antenna erected 10 4

BRDM-1 with Snapper ATGWs raised ready to launch

cove r a nd when req uired a re sw ung throug h 90 d egrees so th at th ey are ve rti ca l over th e rea r o f th e veh icl e. Th e po les are used to m a rk la nes thro ug h co nta min a ted a reas .

BRDM-1 with Snapper ATGWs T hi s sys te m is basi ca ll y a BRDM- I vehicle with its s uperstruc ture ex te nd ed to th e rear of"t he hu ll a nd carry ing a trip le launc he r for th e Sna ppe r AT-I ATGW . The So viet designatio n for th e Sn a pper is th e 3 M6 or Shme!. The miss il es a rc mo unt ed und e r th e la un c he r a rm s a nd befo re the la un c he r can be ra ised into th e ope n th e fo ur ha tc h cove rs o ve r th e missil e compa rtm e nt are swu ng clear, two to eith e r sid e of th e hull. Th e mi ss iles ca n be la un c hed from within th e ve hicl e or away fro m it with th e a id ofa sepa ra tio n sig ht. Spare mi ss il es carried wit hin th e ve hi c le ha ' ·e to be loa d ed from ou ts id e. As far as it is known thi s m od el is no lo nge r in front-lin e serv ice

AT-2a Swatter ATGWas ca rr ied inthe BRDM-1 (Snapper) ATGW vehicle (US Department of Defense)

BRDM- 1 with Swatter ATGWs in rai se d position ready for launching (US Department of Defense)

105

Close-up of Swatter ATGW launcher on BRDM-1 ve hi c le (US Department of Defense) Basic man-portab le version of the Saggerwith sig ht and joystick co ntroll er on left and missi Ie on rig ht (US Departm en t of Defense)

100

--- -

/ / .........A // V

70 60 50

40 10

/ I

20 10

Range-hundreds of metres First-round hit probab il ity of Snapper (A) and Sagger (B) ATGWs from stat ionary vehic le at stati onary target

BRDM-1 armed with six ready to launch Sagger ATGWs

BRDM- 1 with Sagger ATGWs raised ready to launch (US Departm ent of Defense)

106

with the Soviet Union. Details of the missile are given in the specifications table.

BRDM-1 with Swatter ATGWs This model is similar to the previous model but has a quadruple rath er than a triple launcher with the missiles being mounted above tne long launcher rails. In addition to the hatch covers th at open either side of the vehicle there is also a cover th at opens to the rear of the launcher. This model has been seen in service only with Soviet units. D etai ls of the missile are given in the specifications table.

SPECIFICATIONS Model CREW CONFIGURATION UNLOADED WEIGHT 'LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHTGROUND CLEARANCE TRACK WHEELBASE MAX SPEED (road) (water) FUEL CAPACITY MAX CRUISING RANGE (road) FUEL CONSUMPTION FORD)NG GRADIENT VERTICAL OBSTACLE TRENCH ENGINE TRANSMISSION TRANSFER CASE CLUTCH SUSPENSION

BROM-1

4 x 4 5600 kg 5.7 m 2.25 m 1.9m 0.315 m 1.6m 2.8 m

BROM -1 (Snapper) 2-3 4 x 4 5600 kg 5.7 m 2.25 m 1.9 m 0.315 m 1.6m 2.8 m

80 km/h 9 km/h 150 litres

80 km/h 9 km/h 150litres

BROM-1 (Swatter) 2-3

BROM-1 (Sagger) 2-3

4 x 4

5600 kg 5.7 m 2.25 m 2m 0.315 m 1.6m 2.8 m

5600 kg 5.7 m 2.25 m 2m 0.315 m 1.6 m 2.8 m

80 km/h

80 km/h 9 km/h 150litres

BRDM-1 with Sagger ATGWs This model was first seen during a parade held in Moscow in May 1965 and differs from the other models in that the sextuple la uncher is raised into the launch position complete with the overhead cover. The missiles can be launched from inside the veh icle or up to 80 metres away from it with the aid of a separation sight. Details of the missile are given in the specifications tab le. The Soviet designation for the Sagger is the 9M 14M or Malyutka. The basic vehicle is called the 2P27 by th e Soviets.

Model TYRE S ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ARMAMENT (main) AMMUNITION READY TO LAUNCH MISSILES ARMOUR (max)

BROM-1

BROM -1 (Snapper) 12.00 x 18 12.00 x 18 24 V 24 V 1 x 7.62 mm Snapper MG ATGW 1250 n/app

BROM-1 (Swatter) 12.00 x 18 24 V Swatter ATGW n/app

BROM-1 (Sagger) 12.00 x 18 24 V Sagger ATGW n/app

n/app 10 mm

4 10 mm

3 10 mm

10mm

- Without armament (BRDM-1). with missi les retracted (BRDM·l ATGW)

9 km/h 150 litres

500 km 500 km 500 km 500 km 0.3 litre/km 0.3 litre/km 0.3 litre/km 0.3 litre/km amphibious amphibious amphibious amphibious 60% 60% 60% 60% 0.4 m 0.4 m 0.4 m 0.4 m 1.22 m 1.22 m 1.22 m 1.22 m GAZ-40P 6-cylinder in-line petrol . water-cooled developing 90 hp at 3400 rpm manual with 4 forward and 1 reverse gears 2-speed 2-speed . 2-speed 2-speed single dry plate for alf models semi-elliptical springs and hydraulic shock absorbers

Status: Production complete. In service with Alban ia, Algeria, Angola, Bu lgaria, Congo, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, East Germany, Guinea, Moza mbique, Poland, Roman ia, USSR, Yugoslavia and Zambia.

NATO name NATO deSignation WEIGHT LENGTH DIAMETER RANGE (minimum) (maximum) GUIDANCE FLIGHT TIME TO MAX RANGE AVERAGE VELOCITY WARHEAD ARMOUR PENETRATION 0'

Snapper AT-1 24.26 kg 1.148 m 134 mm

Swatter AT-2a 29.48 kg 1.163 m 132 mm

Sagger AT-3 11.29 kg 0.863 m 119mm

500 m 2500 m wire

500 m 3000 m radio

500 m 3000 m wire

19 s HEAT

23 s 150 m/s HEAT

27 s 120 m/s HEAT

380 mm

510 mm

410 mm

105 m/s

Manufacturer: Soviet state arsenals.

UNITED KINGDOM Alvis Saladin Armoured Car Development In January 1946 the British Army issued a req uirement for a new armoured car as a replacement for the Daimler Mk II and AEC Mk III armoured cars which were developed during the Second World War. Design work on this new vehicle, called the FV60 I (A), began in the same year at the Fighting Vehicles Design Department (later to become the FVRDE and now the MVEE) . In many respects the vehicle is very similar to th e American M38 (T38) Chevrolet Wolfhound (6 X 6) armoured car which was built only in very small numbers and did not enter service with the United States Army. As originall y conceived the FV60 I (A) was to have had a crew offour and be armed with a 2-pounder gun fitted with a

Littlejohn Adaptor to increase the muzzle velocity. But in February 1948 it was decided that the 2-pounder was not powerful enough so a new weapon, th e 76 mm gun L5 , was designed . by the Armament Design Establishment at Fort Halstead (now RARDE) , but was not ready until 1953 . In 1947 a contract was award ed to Alvis Limited of Coventry to build two prototypes of the FV601 which were completed in 1953. The first mock-up, fitted with a 2-pounder gun, was completed in 1948. At th e same time as Alvis was building th e prototypes of the FV60 I it was a lso bu ilding the FV603 armoure personnel carrier which eventua lly became known as the Saracen. As th e Saracen was urgently required for operations in Malaya it was decided to let Alvis concentrate on this vehicle and that the six pre-production vehicles, the FV60 I (B), wou ld be built by Crossley Motors at Stockport in Cheshire. 107

Alvis Saladin armoured car with commander's and gunner's hatches open (Christopher F Foss) The six pre-production vehicles were completed in 1955 and had a slightly different shaped turret from those of prototype vehicles as well as different vision equipment a nd differe nt hatches for the commander and gunner. Productio n was authorised in 1956 and the vehicle entered production at Coventry in 1958 with first veh icl es being delivered to th e Army the following year. Production continued until 1972 by which time 1177 vehicles had been built. The ve hicle was succeeded by th e Al vis Scorpion CVR(T) whi ch is a rm ed with a new and lighter version of th e 76 mm gun of the Saladin called th e L23. The Saladin is officiall y known as th e FV60 I (C) Armoured Car 76 mm Gun (Alvis Saladin Mk 2 6 x 6). The Saladin has been replaced in a ll front-lin e British units by th e Alvis Sco rpion CVR(T). A small number a r'e, howeve r, used in Cyprus and some are still us ed for tra ining drivers. ' Nar reserve stocks of th e Saladin are also mainta ined by th e United Kingdom.

Alvis Saladin armoured car 108

Description The all-welded steel hull of the Saladin is divid ed into three compartments: driver's a t th e front, fighting in the centre and engine at th e rear. The driver is seated at the front of the vehicle and is provided with a single-piece hatch cover that folds forwards onto the glacis pl a te for improved visibility. The driver has three No 17 periscopes , one in th e hatch cover and one on either side of his position. The all-welded turret is in the centre of the hull with the gunner seated on the left and th e commander, who also acts as th e load er, on th e right, both with a single-piece hatch cover th a t opens to th e rear. The commander has four No 17 periscopes arranged around th e forward pa rt of his hatch a nd a single swivelling periscope to th e rear. The gunner has a

Alvis Saladin armoured car from rear showing external stowage (Christopher F Foss)

periscope forwa rd of his ha tch cover, th e lower pa rt with a magnifi cation of X6 for fire-control a nd th e upper part with a X I magnifi ca ti on for observa ti on. On th e left sid e of th e turret, just to th e rear of th e ma ntiet, is an ex trac tor fa n. A small recta ngula r observa tion ha tch is provided in th e rear of th e fi ghting compartment, just below the turret ring. Either side of the tur re t below the turret ring is a crew esca pe hatc h. The engine compa rtment at the rear of th e hull is se pa ra ted from th e crew compartment by a fireproof bulkhead a nd is fitted with a fire wa rning system and a fire-exting uishing system , th e latter being operated by th e dri ve r. Air for th e engine compartment is drawn in via six louvred engine covers by tw o fans and th en passes th ro ugh th e radi a tor and is ex pelled through grilles a t th e very rear of the hull. The engine is co upled to a Daiml er fluid coupling which in turn is co upled to a Daimler epicyclic pre-selective gear box which transmi ts power to th e transfer box consisting of a bevel and helical gear, incorpora ting reverse and a dilTerentia l a nd enabling th e fi ve gears to be used in both directi ons. This transfers th e drive direct to each centre bevel box a nd th ence via transmission shafts to th e front a nd rear ax les . Each wheel houses epicyclic redu cti on gea rs and is connected to the bevel box by a transmission shaft and two uni versal j oints. The suspension a t each wheel sta tion consists of an upper and lower link, with th e upper a ttached to a longitudinal torsion bar which is splined to a tube which in turn is secu red to the hull. Steering is hydra ulically power- ass isted on the front and centre road wheels. ..,. The Sa ladin has no a mphibious capa bility although a ki t is avail able which enables the vehicle to ford to a depth of 2.1 3 Alvis Saladin armoured car with driver's hatch open (Christoph er F Foss) 109

metres . For trials purposes a Saladin was fi tted with a collapsible flotation screen simi lar to that fitted to th e CVR(T) Scorpion, but this was never adopted by th e British Army. The Saladin does not have an NBC system or night vis ion equ ipment. M ain armament of th e Saladin consists ofa 76 mm L5A I gun with a vertical sliding breech-block and a hydro-spring

recoil mecha nism. A 7.62 mm (0.30) machine gun model MI919A4(L3A3/L3A4) is mounted coaxia ll y to the left of the main armament a nd a similar anti-aircraft wea pon is mounted on the right of th e commander's ha tch. Six smoke discha rgers fitted on either side of th e turret a re electrically fired from within th e vehide. The 76 mm gun fires the fo llowing types of ammunitio n:

:t. Type DES IGNATI ON WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUND WE IGHT OF PROJECTILE

Canister L33A3

HESH L29A3/L29A5

HE L24A4

HEiPRAC L25A4

SHIP L40Al

SMKI BE L32A5

ILL L42Al

7.76 kg n/app

7.4 1 kg 5.39 kg

7.17 kg 5.35 kg

7.38 kg 5.24 kg

7.41 kg 5.39 kg

10.04 kg 8.0 kg

11 .5 kg 8.0 kg

The 42 rounds of a mmunition are stowed ve rtically: I I between th e commander a nd th e gunner, 12 on th e left and II on the right behind th e dri ve r and eight a t th e left rea r of th e hul l.

Variants The only variant of the Saladin in service is designated th e FV60 I (D). It was built for the Federa l German Bord er Police (Bundesgrenzschutz) , who call it the Geschiitzer Sonderwagen I1 I(SW I II)(Kfz 93) , has no coaxial machine gun and is fitted with Wes t Ger man smoke discha rgers and driving lights. It is reported that 97 Salad ins originall y delivered to th e Federal Germ a n Border Police were subsequen tl y supplied to" Sud a n in the ea rly 1960s. The British Aircraft Corporation Guided Weapon Division (now British Aerosp ace Dyna mics Group) fitt ed a Saladin with a Swingfire ATGW either side of th e turret but th is was not adopted for service. There was also a proj ect to fi t th e turret of th e Fox a rmoured car to th e Saladin but this did not reach eve n th e mock- up stage. Salad ins were also used by the Australian Army a nd when th ey were withdrawn from service th eir turrets were re moved and fi tted to M 11 3A I APCs, which were th en called M I 13A I Fire Support Vehicles. 76 mm fixed ammunition for L5 gu n of Sa lad in and L23 gun of Scorp ion. Top to bottom; Hig h Expl os ive , Hi gh Exp los ive Sq uas h Head and Smoke (Sase Ej ection) (Roya l Ordnance Factori es)

SPECIFICATIONS CREW 3 CONFIGURA TI ON 6 x 6 COMBAT WE IGHT 11 590 kg UNLOADED WEIGHT 10500 kg POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO 14.66 hp/tonne GROUND PRESSURE 1.21 kg/cm' LENGTH GUN FORWARD 5.284 m LENGTH HULL 4.93 m WIDTH 2.54 m HEIGHT (to top of gunner's periscope) 2.93 m (to turret roof) 2.19 m FI RING HEIGHT 1.854 m GROUND CLEARANCE 0.426 m TRACK 2.038 m WHEELBASE 1.524 m + 1.524 m ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE 60'/50' MAX SPEED FORWA RDS (road) 72 km/h FUEL CAPAC ITY 24 1 litres MAX RANGE 400 km FORDING 1.07 m (with kit) 2. 13 m GRADIENT 46%

li D

VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TREN CH TURN ING RADIU S ENG INE

TRANSM ISS ION STEERING CLUTCH SUSPENSION

0.46 m 1.52 m 7.31 m Rol ls-Royce B80 Mk 6A 8-cy linder petrol developing 170 bhp at 3750 rpm pre-s elector 5-speed recirc ulating ball, hydraulic assisted fluid coupling independent, double wishbone and torsion bar, hydraulic shock

absorbers TYRES BRAKES (main) (parking) ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMEN T (main) (coaxial) (anti-aircraft) SMOKE-LAYING EQUI PMENT

12.00 x 20 hydrau lic di sc all whee ls mechanical all wheels 24 V 2 x 12 V, 60 Ah 1 x 76 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 1 x 7.62 mm MG ·

2 x 6 smoke dischargers

AMMUNITI ON (main) (machine gun) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power contro l By com mander By gunner Gun elevationl

depression Gun stabi liser (vertical) (horizonta l) Range setting device Traverse indicator ARMOU R Hull g lacis Hull nose Hull sides Hull top Hull floor Hull rear Turret front Hull si des Hull rear Hull top

42 2750

electri c/manual yes yes

+20'1- 10' no no yes yes 12 mm at 45' 14 mm at 42' 16 mm at 20' 10-12 mm B-12 mm 16 mm 32 mm at 15' f 6 mm 16mm 10 mm

Status: Produ ctio n complete. I n servi ce with Ba hra in , Federa l Germ a n Border Poli ce, Ghan a, I nd onesia, J o rdan , Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oma n, Nige ri a, Portuga l, Sierra Leone, Sri La nk a, Sudan , Tunisia, United Arab Emira tes, United Kingdom, Yemen Ara b Republic (North ), Peo ple's Democra ti c Republic of Yemen (So uth ). They were also used by Uga nd a but th ese a re now non-opera tio nal.

Manufacturer: Alvis Limited , H olyhead Road , Coventry, Wes t Midla nds CV5 8JH , Eng la nd . (A me mber of th e Un ited Scientifi c Group) .

Alvis Sagitar

a rm ed with a Royal Ordnance Fac to ri es low pressure gun. For the MPGS requirement th e 105 mm low press ure g un a nd the Wes t Germ a n Rh einmeta ll Rh 105- 11 super low recoil g un have been proposed.

Alvis Limited has submitted three studies to the United Sta tes Arm y T a nk Automotive Comm a nd for th e Mo bile Protected Wea pon Sys tem (MPWS) a nd one for the Mo bile Protected Gun System (MPGS ). For th e MPWS th e compa ny has put forwards th e Sagita r chassis which is a furth er development of th e Sto rm er APC of which 25 have been delivered to Ma lays ia, with a two-ma n turret a rm ed with a Roya l Ordna nce Factori es 76 mm L23A I g un (as installed in th e Sco rpi on) a nd a twin TOW ATGW la uncher, anoth er armed with a 75 mm ARES g un a nd a conce ptua l design

Status: Proj ect. Manufacturer: Alvis Limited , Holyhead Road , coventry, Wes t Midl a nds CV5 8JH , Engla nd . (A member of th e United Scientifi c Gro up.)

Artist's impression of Alvis hybrid vehicle based on Stormer chassis but fitted with two-man turret armed with ARES 75 mm automatic gun

Model of Alvis hyb ri d vehic le based on Stormer chass is butfitted with two-man turret armed with Cockerill 90 mm Mk III gun (Christopher F Foss)

Model of Alvis hybrid veh ic le based on Storm er chassis but fitted with two-man turret armed with 76 mm L23A 1 gun and twin launcher for Hughes TOW ATGW (Christopher F Foss)

II I

Alvis Scorpion Reconnaissance Vehicle Development In the late 1950s th e British Army issued a requirement for an Arm oured Vehicl e Reconn aissance (AVR) to und erta ke th e roles of reconnaissance, fire support and anti-tank. After studying a variety of proposals th e Fighting Vehicles Research a nd Development Establishment (now the Military Vehi ci"es and Engineering Establishment) came to th e co nclusion that two ve hicles wou ld be required to carry out th ese roles. These became th e Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) Scorpion range a nd the Combat Vehicle ReconCombat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) Scorpion (FV1 01)

11 2

naissance (Wheeled) Fox vehicle, both of wh ich us e th e same Jagua r engine. The Scorpion was preceded by a test rig known as th e TV 15000, which was made of aluminium a rm Ollr, powered by a Rolls-Royce B60 pe trol engine which developed 130 hp (replaced in 1966 by th e more powerful J aguar XK petrol engine), a nd had a hydro-pneum a ti c sllspension. The TV 15000 was followed in 1966 by two tes t rigs, one of which was . sta ti c and was used to test th e cooling system and other components a nd th e second, called th e Mobile T est Rig, tes ted a utomoti ve features . The la tter did not have the hydro-pneumatic suspension as fitted to the TV 15000 but

Alvis Scorpion CVR(T) of British Army with flotation screen removed (Christopher F Foss)

had a new TN 15 transmission which is essentiall y a scaleddown ve rsion of th a t installed in the C hiefta in MBT. In September 1967 Alvis Limited of Coventry, which was at that time building the FV600 ra nge of 6 X 6 arm oured vehicles, was award ed a contract to build 17 prototypes . The first prototype was completed in J a nua ry 1969 a nd th e fi rst offi cial announcement of the vehicle was made in September th e same yea r. All 17 prototypes were completed by th e middle of 1970 and in M ay 1970 the Scorpion was acce pted for service with the British Army. In O ctober 1970 the Belgian Arm y placed an order for 70 I Scorpions and vari ants, which were asse mbled a t a British Leyland facility at Ma lines in Belgium. Some of the components of th e British and Belgian vehicles were made in Belgium . It is believed that Egy pt is considering manufacturing th e CVR(T ) Scorpion family of vehicl es und er licence. The first production Scorpions were deli vered to th e British Army in J anuary 1972 with first deliveries being made to the Belgian Army in February 1973. In July 1977 it was sta ted tha t produ ction for both th e Belgian and British Armies would be completed by 1980 when th e number of vehicl es deployed would be over 2000 (including variants). At th e same time it was said tha t ex port sales had reached 400 vehicles . Since then furth er export orders for th e Scorpion ,series have been won and it is estimated tha t at least 3300 vehicles have now been ordered (including those delivered ). It was announced early in 1979 tha t the Royal Air Force Regiment had ordered 150 members of th e Scorpion family (including Scorpion, Spa rtan, Sultan and Samson) for th e

defence of Royal Air Force a irfi elds in Wes t Germ any. In November 198 1 the Royal Air Force Regiment a t Catteri ck forma ll y took del ivery of its first Alvis C VR(T ) Scorpions for airfield defence. Each RAF Regiment Squadron will be equipped with six Scorpions, 15 Spartan APCs, one Sultan command vehicle and one Samson ARV. N um ber I Squadron, Royal Air Force Regiment is deployed in Wes t Germany to defend th e H arri er Force, while th e oth er three squadrons a re based in th e United Kingdom but will deploy to West G erma ny in time of war to defend Laa rbruch, Briigge n a nd Wildenra th . Scorpion has been designed to operate in temperatures from - 30° to + 50°C and a Lockheed C-1 30 H ercules transport can carry two of th em. In th e British Army of th e Rhin e Scorpion is centralised in the di vision reconnaissance regiments for medium reconna issance. Each arm oured reconnaissance regiment has 32 Scorpions, 40 Scimita rs, 12 Spartans (fi ve with ZB 298 rada rs), 7 Sulta ns, 4 Sa msons, and 3 Sa m a~ itan s . During th e 1982 Falkl ands campaign, th e British Arm y deployed two Scorpions, four Scimitars and one Sa mson armoured recovery ve hicle. The offi cial British gove rnment report on th e Fa lklands had this to say a bout th e Scorpi on: " Mobility. The ground forces were h eavil y dependent on helicopters a nd tracked vehicles for mobility. The tr;cked reconnaissance vehicl es, Scorpion a nd Scimita r, performed very well in boggy conditions, covering an average of 350 miles each. One vehicle withstood a shell which landed Ilh metres away; another ran over a mine which severely da maged th e vehicl e but left th e crew unha rm ed ." 11 3

Belgian Army Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) with flotation screen erected (C R Zwart)

Description The hull of the Scorpion is made of a ll- welded a luminium armour and provides the crew with protection against a ttack over its frontal area from 14.5 mm projectiles a nd against 7.62 mm armour-piercing rounds over the remainder of the vehicle. The hull is divided into three compart ments: dri ver's Cutaway drawing of CVR(T) Scorpion

11 4

at the front on the left, engine at the front on the right and the fighting compartment at the rear. The driver has a single- piece hatch cover that swings to the left, in front of which is a single wide-angl e periscope which can be replaced by a Pilkington passive periscope for night driving. The Scorpion is powered by a de-rated (from 265 to 190 bhp) and milita ris ed J aguar 4.2-litre engine with a Solex carburetter and a compression ratio redu ced from 9: I to 7.75: I , which permits the use of military fuels . The transmission, which is at the front of the vehicle, has been developed on the same principles as that used for the Chieftain MBT. It is a hot-shift, foot-operated, seven-speed gearbox with a controlled differential steering system. For engine cooling a single mixed flow fan draws in air through the radiator over the gearbox, over the engine and out through the louvres. The other two crew members are seated in the all-welded alumini um armour turret with the commander on the left and the gunner on the right, both with a single-piece hatch cover that opens to the rear. The commander has seven periscopes and a roof-mounted sight in front of his hatch cover with a magnification of X I and X 10. The roof-mounted sight is capable oflimited rotation allowing ap proximately an 85-degree horizontal fi eld of view. The gunner has two periscopes and a roof-mounted sight with a magnifi cation of X I and X 10. Mounted to the right of the main armament is a Rank Precision Industries passive night sight with a

The Scorpio n can ford to a d epth of 1.067 metres without prepara tio n. A fl ota ti on screen carri ed coll apsed aro und th e top of the hull ca n be erected by th e crew in five minu tes a nd th e vehi cle is then propelled a nd stee red across the s tream or river by its tracks a t a speed of6.44 km/ h. A propeller kit has also been developed a nd when fitted with it th e Scorpio n has a max imum wa ter speed of 9.65 km/ h . The Scorpion is a rm ed with a 76 mm L23 g un which is a lighter version of the L5 used in th e Saladin a rm oured car. T his weapo n has a ve rti cal sliding breech a nd is loaded with fi xed a mm unit io n. It has a recoil of a pproximate ly 2S0 mm a nd is ret urn ed to th e fir ing pos ition by a hyd ro-p neuma ti c recupera tor. D uring run ou t th e b reech is opened by a semia utomatic cam, the empty cartridge case is ejected a nd th e breec h then rema ins open read y for reloading. T he g un has an elevation of + 35 degrees a nd a d epression of - 10 degrees, turre t traverse being 360 degrees. Elevation a nd traverse a re both ma n ua l but ifreq uired the vehicle can be delivered with powered traverse. T he following types of a mm uni tion can be fired :

Be lg ian Army Alvis CVR(T) Scorpion with special cab used for driver training (C R Zwart) Type DESIGNATION WEIGHT OF COM PLETE ROUND WE IGHT OF PROJECTILE MAX RANGE DIRECT MAX RANGE INDIRECT MUZZLE VELOCITY

Canister L33A3

HESH L29A3/L29A5

L24A4

HE/PRAC L25A4

SHI P L4 0A l

SMK/BE L32A5

ILL L42A l

7.76 kg nlapp 150 m 290 m 290 m/s

7.41 kg 5.39 kg 2200 m 5000 m 533 m/s

7.17 kg 5.35 kg 2200 m 5000 m 514 m/s

7.38 kg 5.24 kg 2200 m 5000 m 514 m/s

7.4 1 kg 5.39 kg 2200 m 5000 m 533 m/s

10.04 kg 8.0 kg nl app 3700 m nlapp

11.5 kg 8.0 kg nlapp nl app nl app

magnifica tion of X 5.S (S-degree fie ld of view) a nd a low magnifica tion of X 1.6 (2S-degree fi eld of view). T here can be no confusion between th e two as when th e high mag nifi catio n is being used a shutter isola tes th e low magnificat ion o bjective. The image intensifi er dia phragm isolates th e high magnifi cati on o bjecti ve. The image intensifi er tube is protected fro m th e effect of g un muzzle fl as h by a fl as h shutter th a t is operated electricall y from the g un firing circ uit. W hen high magnifi catio n is selected a n illumina ted ba llisti c gra ticule with brig htness control is a utoma tically inj ected into the opti cal system. The exposed obj ecti ve window is cleaned by a wiper a nd was her and the sight is protected by a n a rmoured cover with a door which is kept closed when th e sight is not in use. The sight will detect infra-red devices. The radios a re in th e turret bustl e a nd a light metal stowage box is mounted exte rnall y a t th e rear of th e hull . British Army Scorpi ons now have a stowage box on the left side of th e hull. The torsion ba r suspension consists of five rub ber-tyred aluminium road wheels with the dri ve sprocket a t th e front a nd th e idler a t the rear. There a re no track re turn rollers. Type DESIGNATION WEIGHT (complete round) (projectil e) (propellant) (primed ca rtridge case) EFFECTIVE RANGE COMBAT RANGE WITH MAX TRAJECTORY HEIGHT OF 2.3 m MUZZLE VELOCITY

H yd ra ulic lever type shock a bsorbers a re provided for th e fi rst a nd las t road wheel sta tions eith er side. T he tracks a re of lig ht steel with ru bber bushes and pads, a nd have a li fe of over 5000 km of mixed road a nd cross-country running. British Arm y Scorpio ns have a n NBC system a t th e rea r of the hu ll , but ifit is no t installed a n additiona l fi ve rou nds of 76 mm a mmunition can be carri ed. Optional eq ui pment incl ud es a n NBC detector kit, vehicle naviga tio n system a nd a Norm alair-Garrett air-cond iti oning sys tem which has alread y been fi tted on th e vehicles supplied to th e U nited Arab Emira tes. A 7.62 mm machine g un mounted coaxiall y to th e left of th e main arma ment can be used as a ra nging machine gun. M ounted each side of th e turre t is a fo ur-barrelled electricall y-operated smoke discha rger.

Scorpion 90 For the ex port ma rket Alvis has fitt ed a Scorpi on with a 90 mm Mk III Cockeri ll gun. The wea pon fi res th e following types of fi xed a mmunition which has bee n designed a nd produ ced by PRB :

Canister NR 125

HE-T NR 501

HEAT-T NR 478

HEAT-TP-T NR 479

HEAT-T-HVY NR 220

HESH-T NR 503

Smok.WP-T NR 502

HE-APERS-FRAG NR 2 19

6.2 kg nlapp 0.4 kg 2.3 kg 200 m

8.3 kg 5.1 kg 0.9 kg 2.3 kg 2000 m

7.3 kg 4.1 kg 1 kg 2.2 kg 1500 m

7.5 kg 4.1 kg 1.2 kg 2.2 kg 1500 m

8.2 kg 5.1 kg 0.9 kg 2.2 kg 1500 m

7.7 kg 4.3 kg 1 kg 2.3 kg 1200 m

8.6 kg 5.4 kg 0.9 kg 2.3 kg 2000 m

11 kg 8.5 kg 0.3 kg 2.2 kg 1000 m

800 m 800 m/s

800 m

nlapp

695 m/s

320 m/s

nl app

800 m

1000 m

800 m

200 m/s

700 m/s

890 m/s

900 m/s

700 m/s

Notes Canister projectile contains 1400ballswith a total wei ght of2.42 kg . which at 50 m range have a 4 m spread , at 100 m 8 m spread, at 150 m 12 m spread. at 200 m 16 m spread and at 250 m 20 m spread HEAT-T projectil e wi ll penetrate 300 mm of armour at 0 degrees incid ence at 1000 m range HEAT-T-HY projecti le will penetrate 330 mm 01 armour at 0 deg rees inci dence

115

Scorpion 90 with Cockerill Mk III 90 mm gun

The turret of th e Scorpion 90 is desig na ted the AC 90 a nd is almost identical to that fitted to th e basic vehicle. The 90 mm g un has a n elevatio n of + 30 degrees a nd a depression of -8 degrees which is almost th e same as that of th e bas ic Scorpion. The first production orders a re fitt ed with th e American Cadillac Gage power traverse a nd eleva ti on sys te m. The basic Scorpion carri es 40 rounds of 76 mm am munition a nd th e Scorpion 90 carries 35 rounds. When fi tted with the 90 mm Cockerill gun th e ve hicl e can deal with all types of target a nd can inflict severe da mage on MBTs. La te in 198 1 Mal ays ia ordered 26 Scorpion 90s fitted with the Perkins diesel engine. Produ ctio n commenced in 1982 with first deliveries du e in 1983. Alvis supplied one Scorpion 90 with a Perkins diesel model T6-3544 engine, developing 200 bhp a t 2700 rpm, to th e USA for evalu a tion in th e USMC Light Armored Vehicle proj ect. The Malaysian vehicles also have West Germ a n Wegma nn 76 mm smoke/fragm enta ti on grenade disch a rgers fitted to give 360 degree coverage. In early 1983 it was co nfirmed that 33 Nigeri a n Scorpions were to be fitt ed with th e Belgia n OIP-5 fir e control system and have the original 76 mm gun replaced by a Cockerill 90 mm Mk III weapon.

for insta lla tion in th e Scorpion and is suitable for installa tion in other AFVs such as th e Vickers MBT. Rank Pullin Controls has developed th e SS 125/ 126 Argus day/ night sight which can be installed at either th e command er's or gunner' s position an d can be fitted with a lase r ra ngefi nd er as can th e Av imo NV L53 day/ night sight, if required. The Omani Scorpions have th e Vickers Instrum ents L20 sight which has a Ferra nti laser rangefi nd er fi tted . Some of the Scorpions used by th e U ni ted Ara b Emirates have bee n fitted with a Ba rr and Stroud Tank Laser Sight similar to the one fitted to th e C hiefta in MBT but with a neod ymium- Y AG laser in place of th e o ri gin al ruby laser and a graticule for a 76 mm instead of 120 mm g un . Marconi Rada r has also developed a vers ion of its SFCS 600 tank fire-control system for th e Scorpion as well as a powered traverse system. A system with both powered elevation a nd traverse has been developed by Marconi . In add ition to th e Avimo (LVI 0) a nd Ba rr a nd Stroud laser rangefind ers th e Scorpion can be fitted with the Belgia n OIP LRS-5 laser sight a nd th e Vickers Instrum ents L20 sight laser ra ngefind er which is intercha ngea ble with th e existing Vickers No. 54 Mark I gunner's sight used in th e Scorpion.

Scorpion with Swingfire ATGWs Scorpion with diesel engine In 1980 Alvis announced th a t a Scorpion with itsJ ag uar XK petrol engine replaced by a Perkins turbo-charged sixcylinder diesel model T6-3544 would be offered for ex port. This model entered producti on for Malaysia in 1982 with first d eliveries due in 1983. T he engine, for this application, d evelops 200 bhp at 2700 rpm a nd is already in production. Perform a nce comparison between th e diesel engine and th e basic petrol engined versions is given below:

Model

Diesel

Petrol

WEIGHT GROUNO PRESSURE ROAD RANGE ACCELERATION TO 48.3 km/h

8260 kg 0.384 kg/c m' over 840 km

8073 kg 0.376 kg/cm' over 640 km

18.5 s

16 s

British Aerospace Dyna mics Group has proposed that a Swingfi re ATGW co uld be mounted either side of the' turret to give th e vehicle a long-range an ti-ta nk ca pab ility.

Scorpion with Laser Rangefinder At leas t three British companies, Avimo, Barr and Stroud, a nd Ra nk Pullin Controls, ha ve already developed laser rangefind ers for the Scorpion. The Avimo model is called th e LV 10 a nd is an integrated laser ra ngefind er/gunner's sight which can be fitted into th e Scorpion without modifica tion to the vehicle. Barr and Stro ud has developed th e LFII laser rangefi nder which has already been adopted by two countries 116

Alvis CVR(T) Scorpion fitted with Belgian Cockerill 90 mm Mk III gun

Belgian Army Striker with launcher for five British Aerospace Swingfire ATGWs in elevated position (C R Zwart)

Striker Anti-tank Guided Weapon Vehicle (FV102) The first production Striker was delivered to the British Army inJune 1975 and it entered service with th e BAOR in 1976. First deliveries to th e Belgian Army were made in June 1976. The Striker is based on the hull of th e Spartan APC with th e driver a t th e front on th e left , commander to the rear of the driver and th e missile controller to th e right of th e commander. The commander has a No. 26 cupola which has eight

periscopes, monocular sight with a magnifi cation of X I or X 10 with the line of sight elevating with th e machine gun. The X I mirror assembly can be replaced by a X 1.8 image intensifi er. Mounted on th e right side of th e cupola is a 7.62 mm machine gun which can be aimed a nd fired from within th e vehicle and the cupola has a single-piece hatch cover that opens to the left. The missile controller has a split-view monocular sight with magnifi cation of X I and X 10 which can be traversed through 55 degrees left and right, and a single- piece hatch cover that opens to th e right is provided to th e rear of his sight. On the roof at th e rear of th e vehicle is a launcher box with five British Aerospace Swingfire ATGWs . A furth er fiv e missiles carried inside th e vehicle are loaded manually and one of the crew has to leave th e vehicle to accomplish this. The launcher box is pivoted at th e rear and is elevated to an angle of about 40 degrees before th e missiles are launched . The Swingfire missile weighs 28 kg and has a HEAT warhead. Minimum range is between 150 and 300 metres d epending on th e distance of the vehicle and th e controller when being us ed in the separated mode. Maximum range of th e Swingfire is 4000 metres. An adva ntage of the Swingfire ATG W system over other systems is that the missiles can be la un ched from beh ind a crest or cover so that th e launcher position cannot be seen by th e enemy. The missiles can be la unched by th e controller in th e vehicle, or with the controller at a vantage point (up to 100 metres from the launcher)

.,..

Cutaway drawing of Striker showing elevated launcher box

117

\ '.

British Army Striker launching a British Aerospace Dynamics Swingfire ATGW (Simon Dunstan)

se pa ra ted from th e la un cher giving him protecti on fro m co unter fir e. M ounted a t the fr ont of the vehicl e a re two four-ba rrel smoke di scha rge rs whi ch a re operated from within th e vehicl e.

Spartan Armoured Personnel Carrier (FV1 03) This entered se rvi ce with the BAOR in 1978 a nd is used for a va riety of roles such as carrying Royal Artillery Blowpipe SAM tea ms, missile res upply ca rri er for th e Striker a nd for ca rrying Roya l Enginee r assault tea ms. It is not th e replacement for th e FV432 APC. The Spa rta n has a simila r hull to tha t of th e Striker a nd can ca rry four infantrymen in additi on to th e driver, ve hicle co mm a nd er/gunner a nd sectio n co mma nd er/ radi o opera tor. The driver is seated a t th e front of the hull on th e left a nd has a single- piece hatch cove r th a t opens forwa rds . H e is provided with a single wide-a ngle periscope whi ch can be repl aced with a passive periscope for night driving. The vehicle comm a nd er/g unner is seated behind th e driver a nd has a No. 16 cupol a with eight peris co pes, monocul a r sight with a magnifi cation of X I or X 10 with th e line of sig ht eleva ting with the machin e gun. The X I mirror asse mbl y can be re placed by a X 1.8 image intensifi er. M ounted on the right side of th e cupola is a 7.62 mm machine gun which can be a imed a nd fired from inside th e vehicle. The cupola has a single-piece ha tch cove r tha t .opens to th e left. T o th e right of th e co mma nd er/g unner is th e section co mm a nder/radio opera tor who is provided with three obse rva tion periscopes a nd a single-piece ha tc h cover tha t opens to th e right. Entry to th e perso nn el co mpa rtm ent a t th e rear of th e vehicle is by a single d oor in the rea r of th e hull hinged on th e right side, whi ch has a n integra l vision block. O ve r th e top of 11 8

th e troop co mpa rtm ent a re two roof ha tches th a t open either side of th e ve hiCle. Two peri scopes a re provided in the left side a nd one in th e rig ht side of the troop compa rtm ent but th ere is no provision for th e crew to fire th eir wea pons from inside th e vehicle. Three infantrymen a re seated on th e left side of the vehicle a nd a fourth to the rea r of the vehicle commander/gunner a nd section comm a nd er/ radio opera tor, facing th e rea r. A ZB 298 ground surveillance rada r can be mounted on the roof of th e vehicle if required .

Spartan Anti-aircraft Vehicle It. has been proposed that the Spa rtan co uld be fitt ed with th e French ESD T A 20 turret a rm ed with twin 20 mm cannon, which has a depression of - 5 degrees and a n elevation of + 85 degrees, turret traverse being 360 degrees . Eleva tion a nd Spartan APC with all hatches open (Simon Dunstan)

Spartan with Euromissile HOT ATGW System For tri als pu rposes a Sparta n APC has been fitted with a E uromissile H O T HCT turret with fo ur H O T 4000 metre ATGWs in th e read y to la unch posi tion . This was fitt ed on a plinth a bove th e troo p compa rtm ent a t the rea r of the vehicl e.

Spartan with Euromissile MILAN ATGW System Show n for th e fi rst time in 1980 was a n Alvis Spa rta n APC fitted with a E uromissile MILAN M CT compac t turret over th e roof with two missiles in th e read y to la un ch pos ition. This turret can be insta lled on the Sparta n du ring ma nufac ture or re tros pecti ve ly fitted to existing ve hicles without maj or modifi cation . Maximum ra nge of th e MILAN ATGW Alvis Spartan APC fitted with Euromissile HOT HCT turret with four HOT long range ATGWs in ready to launch position Cutaway drawing of Spartan APC showing crew positions and fitted with ZB 298 ground surveillan ce radar

trave rse a re both electro/hydra ulic. Mounted on th e rea r of th e turre t is a pulse-Doppler rad a r with a max imum detectio n ra nge of 8 km , which carries out surveilla nce of the surrounding air space, allocates ta rge ts to the wea pons a nd supplies selected targe t traj ectory cha rac teristi cs to the firecontrol computer.

Spartan with Hughes TOW ATGW System In 1973 Alvis proposed th a t th e Spa rta n could be fi tted with a Hughes TOW la un cher on the roof a nd carry nine missiles in the rear of th e vehicle. A tripod would also be carri ed ena bling the missile to be used in th e gro und role. Spartan APCwith Euromissile MILAN MCT turret with two ready-to-Iaunch missiles

119

installa tion on APCs such as th e Spartan and M 11 3. This will carry four Blow pipe SAM s which will be ra ised from th eir travelling position prior to launch.

Samaritan Armoured Ambulance (FV104) This model entered produ ction early in 1978 and has the same hull as the Sultan command vehicle and has a crew of two: commander/medical ord erly and driver. It is unarmed and can carry fou r stretcher cases, or fi ve si tting cases, or two stretcher and three sitting cases. There is a large door at th e rear of the hull ,· hinged on th e right, with an integral vision block. The commander has fi ve periscopes for all-round observa tion , plus a single wide-angle periscope with a forward-sloping window with an intercha ngeabl e passive night sight. The single-piece ha tch cover opens to th e left. M edi cal supplies can be carri ed on th e top of th e hull and at th e rear of th e vehicl e. Samaritan armoured ambulance in travelling order (Ministry of Defence)

is 2000 metres. In addition to the two ready-to-la unch missil es a minimum of eight missiles would be carried internally. This model has been evalua ted by the British Arm y.

Spartan with Blowpipe SAMs Shorts is d es igning a new turret whi ch will be suitable for Cutaway drawing of Samaritan armoured ambulance

120

Sultan Armoured Command Vehicle (FV1 05) First produ ction Sultans were delivered to th e British Army in April 1977 and have replaced the Saracen vehicles as command vehicles (eg FV604 and FV6 l0). The vehicle has a similar hull to th e Sa maritan and has a crew of fiv e or six: commander/radio opera tor, radio operator, driver plus two or three additional crew members. The command area is at th e rear of th e vehicle and to increase th e a mount of wo rking

space a tent can be qui ckly erected a t th e rear of th e vehicle. The vehicle is norma ll y equipped with at least two radios (one forwards and one rearwards), a nd mapboards. A radio a ntenna can be erected a t th e front of th e vehicl e when it is being used in the static role. The commander has a Number 27 cupola with five periscopes for all-round observation, plus a single wide-angle perisco pe with a forward-sloping window with an interchangea ble passive night sight. The single-piece ha tch cover opens to th e left. Armament consists of a pintlemounted 7.62 mm machine gun and four smoke dischargers mounted on either side of the vehicle towards the front.

Samson Armoured Recovery Vehicle (FV106)

Cutaway drawing of Sultan command vehicle with tent and radio antenna erected

Belgian Army Alvi s Sultan command vehicle in travelling config uration (C R Zwart)

This entered service with th e British Army in 1978 and has a hull similar to that of th e Spartan APe. The driver is seated at th e front of th e vehicle on th e left and has a single-piece ha tch cover tha t opens forwards and a single wide-angle periscope which can be replaced by a pass ive night periscope. The com mander's No. 27 cupola has a single wide-angle periscope which can be replaced with a passive night periscope, fiv e periscopes for all-round observation plus a single-piece hatch cover that opens to th e left. The heavy-duty winch fitted inside th e hull is driven from th e main engine and has a variable speed of up to 122 metres a minute on th e 229 metres of wire rope. Maximum pull, with a 4: I snatch block, is 12 000 kg. The winch leads to the rear of th e vehicle and when being used for recovery operations two spades a re lowered manually at th e rear of th e vehicle. An A-frame can be erected a t th e rear of the hull. Tools, a bench, tow bars and tow cables are fitted as sta ndard . Armament comprises a pintle-mounted 7.62 mm machine gun and four smoke dis chargers mounted on either side of th e vehicle towards th e front. Samson ca rrying out recovery operation with spade lowered at rear

121

Alvis Scimitar armed with 30 mm Rarden cannon (Simon Dunstan)

Cutaway drawing of Scimitar armed with 30 mm Rard en cannon

Belgian Army Alvis Sci mitar with 30 mm Rard en cannon at maximum elevation (C R Zwart)

Scimitar Reconnaissance Vehicle (FV107) The first prototype of th e Scimitar was completed in Jul y 1971 and accepted for service in June 1973. First deliveries were made to th e British Army in March 1974 with first deliveri es being made to the Belgia n Arm y in Ap ril 1974. In the British Army, Scimitar is centralised in division a rmoured reconnaissance regiments but de ploys to battalions in th e division as th eir close reconnaissance force. It 122

has th e same hull a nd turret as the Scorpion but is a rm ed with a 30 .m m Ra rden cannon instead of th e 76 mm gun. The 30 mm cannon was des ig ned by the Royal Armament Research and Develo pment Establishment at Fort H alstead and th e Royal Small Arms Factory a t Enfield. I t fires all types of30 mm Oerl ikon a mmunition as well as a number of British ro unds. In addition th e 30 mm Rarden cann on fires a new

APDS-T round developed jointly by the Roya l Ordna nce Factories and PATEC of the United Sta tes. This will penetrate 40 mm of a rmour at an a ngle of 45 degrees at ranges in excess of 1500 metres with approximately half the dispers ion

of current HE-T ammunition. The projectile has a muzzle velocity of 1175 metres a second and weighs 300 grams with th e complete round weighing 822 grams . The tracer burns to ranges in excess 2000 metres.

Ammunition type

British APSE-T

HE-T

PRAC-T

Swiss HE

PRAC

DESIGNATION WEIGHT OF PROJECTILE WEIGHT OF FILLING WEIGHT OF CARTRIDGE CASE WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUND MUZZLE VELOCITY

L5A2 357 9 29 9 365 9 904 9 1070 m/s

L8A2 357 9 25.6 9 365 9 904 9 1070 m/s

L7A4 357 9 26.5 9 365 9 904 9 1070 m/s

UIAT 360 9 25 9 350 9 870 9 1080 m/s

RINT 360 9 n/app 350 9 870 9 1080 m/s

ET 360 9 n/a pp 350 9 870 9 1080 mls

The g un is fired in ra pid single shots but bursts of up to six rounds can be fired ifrequired . The empty cartridge cases a re a utom a ti cally ejected outside th e turret. A 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted coaxiall y to th e left of th e main arm amen t a nd four smoke dischargers are mounted either side of the front of th e turret. The main arma ment, coaxial machine gun a nd smoke dis cha rge rs a re electricall y operated , with th e main a rm a ment a nd coaxial machine gun having manual overriding control.

Streaker HMLC

30 mm ammunitio n manufactured for the RARDEN cannon by the Britis h Manufacture and Research Company of Grantham, Lincolnshire

Prototype of Alvis Streaker high mobil ity load carrier wi th driver's and engine co mpartm ents under full armou red protection

Status: In produ ction. In service, or ordered by Belgium, Brunei ( 16 Scorpion, 2 Sulta n a nd I Sa mson ), Honduras, Iran , Irela nd (14 Scorpion and 2 Sulta n) , Kuwait, Malaysia (in la te 1981 26 Scor pion 90s with th e Perkins di esel engine were ordered for delivery from 1983), New Zealand (in August 1980 26 Sco rpions were ordered a t a cos t of £8.2 mi llion, to replace M41 light tanks ), Nigeri a, Oman , T a n-

zania, Thailand, Philippines, United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom (Army a nd Air Force) .

Late in 1982 Alvis completed th e prototype of th e private venture Streaker high mobi lity load carrier which is based on the chassis of th e Spa rtan APC. · This is powered by th e standard 4.2 litre petrol engine which co uld however be replaced by the Perkins T6/3544 200 bhp turbocha rged diesel coupled to an a utomatic transmission . M ax imum road speed is 72 km/ h, road ra nge 483 km , th e unloaded weight is 5465 kg and it has a payload of 3000 kg. The baseline vehicle has two possible rea r co nfigurations; one a flat bed , the other with a recessed d eck. I t also offers two front configurations, one with a lightweight cab structure which is unarmoured, th e other with the driver and engine compartment having full armour protection .

Manufacturer: Alvis Limited , Holyhead Road, Coventry , Wes t Midla nds CV5 8JH, England. (A me mber of th e United Scientifi c Group.)

12 3

SPECIFICATIONS Model DESIGNATION CREW COMBAT WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO GROUNO PRESSURE LENGTH GUN FORWARDS LENGTH HULL (inc slowage boxes where !'pplicable) WIDTH (over Iracks) HEIGHT (overa ll) GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK TRACK WIDTH NUMBER OF LINKS (per Irack) MAX SPEED (road) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE (road) FORDING

FREEBOARD (forward with screen erected) (aft with screen erected) GRADIENT VERTICAL OBSTACLE TRENCH TURN ING RADIUS (in 1st gear) (in 7th gear) ENGINE TRANSMISSION STEERING SUSPENSION ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIERIES MAIN ARMAMENT MACHINE GUN SMOKE DISCHARGERS AMMUNITION (main) (MG) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Gun elevationldepression

Scorpion FV101 3 8073 kg 23.54 bhpllonne 0.36 kgl cm' nlapp

Scorpion 90 nlapp 3 8573 kg 22.16 bhpl lonne 0.39 kgl cm' 5.283 m

Striker FV102 3 8346 kg 22.77 bhpl lonne 0.345 kgl cm' nlapp

Spartan FV103 3 + 4 8172 kg 23.25 bhpllonne 0.338 kg lcm' nl app

Samaritan FV104 2 8664 kg 21 .93 bhpllonne 0.358 kglcm' nlapp

Sultan FV105 5-6 8664 kg 21 .93 bhpllonne 0.358 kg lcm' nl app

Samson FV106 3 8738 kg 21 .74 bhpllonne 0.358 kglcm' nlapp

Scimitar FV107 3 7756 kg 24.50 bhpllonne 0.338 kgl cm' 4.985 m

4.794 m 2.235 m 2.134 m 2.102 m 0.356 m 1.708 m 432 mm

4.826 m 2.28 m 2.134 m 2.28 m 0.356 m 1.708 m 432 mm

5.125 m 2.257 m 2.134 m 2.28 m 0.356 m 1.708 m 432 mm

5.067 m 2.242 m 2.134 m 2.416 m 0.356 m 1.708 m 432 mm

4.8 m 2.254 m 2.134 m 2.559 m 0.356 m 1.708 m 432 mm

4.788 m 2.43 m 2.134 m 2.254 m 0.356 m 1.708 m 432 mm

4.794 m 2.235 m 2.134 m 2.102 m 0.356 m 1.708 m 432 mm

84 72.5 kml h 395 1ilres 483 km 1.067 m

82184 72.5 kml h 3951ilres 483 km 1.067 m

84 72.5 kml h 404 lilres 483 km 1.067 m

79 80.5 kml h 4231ilres 644 km 1.067 m

0.965 m 0.815 m 60% 0.5 m 2.057 m

0.965 m 0.711 m 60% 0.5 m 2.057 m

1.84 m 35.97 m

1.71 m 33.22 m

28.5 V 4 nlapp

28.5 V 4 30mm

7.62 mm 2 x 4 nlapp 2000 nl app nlapp

7.62 mm 2 x 4 165 3000 manual +35°1-10°

79 79 82184 84 80.5 kml h 80.5 kml h 72.5 kml h 80.5 kml h 423 lilres 423 lilres 350 lilres 386 lilres 483 km 483 km 644 km 644 km 1.067 m 1.067 m 1.067 m 1.067 m all members of Scorpion family are amphibious wilh preparation

0.883 m 0.98 m 0.89 m 0.914 m 0.832 m 0.965 m 0.559 m 0.457 m 0.711 m 0.72 m 0.813 m 1.168 m 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m 2.057 m 2.057 m 2.057 m 2.057 m 2.057 m 2.057 m all members can pivot turn in neutra l 1.84 m 1.84 m 1.84 m 1.84 m 1.71 m 1.71 m 35.97 m 35.97 m 33.22 m 35.9 m 35.97 m 33.22 m Jaguar J60 No 1 Mk 100B 4.2-litre 6-cylinder petrol developing 190 hp at 4750 rpm TN15 crossdrive. semi-automatic hot-shift type. providing 7 speeds in each di rection and pivot turns Merritt system incorporated in transmission torsion bar on all members of Scorpion family 28.5 V 28.5 V 28.5 V 28.5 V 28.5 V 28.5 V 4 4 8 4 4 4 none nl app 76mm 90mm Swingfi re nlapp ATGWs none 7.62 mm 7.62 mm 7.62 mm 7.62 mm 7.62 mm 2 x 4 2 x 4 2 x 4 2 x 4 2 x 4 2 x 4 none 40 10 nl app 35 " ' app none 2000 3000 3000 3000 3000 none nlapp manual powered nl app nl app nl app +35°1-10° +30°1-8° nlapp nlapp none

Fox light Armoured Car Development I n the 1960s the Fighting Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (now the Military Vehicles and Engineering Establish ment) designed two reconnaissance vehicles, the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) Scorpion (FVIO I) and the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Wheeled) Fox (FV721), both of which use the same Jaguar engine. Development of the Fox began in 1965 and the fo llowing year the Daimler company of Coventry, which was building the Ferret scout car a t the time, was awarded a contract to bui ld 15 prototype vehicles. The first was completed in

Fox light arm ou red car 124

November 1967 and the last in April 1969. User trials began in 1968 and the first official announcement concerning the Fox was made in October 1969. The following year the Fox was accepted for service with the British Army and a production order was placed with the Roya l Ordnance Factory at Leeds. Production began in 1972 and the first vehicle was completed in May 1973. Daimler completed production of the Ferret in 1971 and then closed down its armoured vehicle production faci lity. The Fox is used by both regu lar and reserve (TA) units of the British Army, but has not replaced the Ferret which was to have been replaced by a development or'the Fox known as the Vixen (FV722). This was however cancelled in 1974 owing to a shortage of funds.

CVR(W) Fox with driver's hatch open . This model is not fitted with flotation screen (Ministry of Defence)

Description The Fox is a furth er development of th e la te prod uction Ferret light scout car and has an all- welded a luminium armour hull and tu rret which gives protection aga inst medium and heavy machine gun fi re and fi eld artillery splinters. The driver' is seated at the front of the vehicle and is provided with a ha tch cover tha t lifts and opens to th e right with an integral wide-angle periscope tha t can be qui ckly replaced by a pass ive night periscope. The turret is in th e centre of th e vehicle with the commander/loader on th e left and the gunn er on the right, both with a single-piece ha tch cover th at opens to th e rear. The commander has a periscopic binocular surveillance instrument in a rota ting mount with a magnifi cation of X I and X 10 and seven observation periscopes. T he gunner has a peris copic binocular day lig ht sight linked to th e main armament, with a magnifi cation of X I and X 10, and two observation periscopes. M ounted to th e right of th e main arma ment is a Rank Precision Industr ies SPAY L2A I pass ive night sight with a high magnifi cation of X 5.S (S-degree fi eld of view) and a low magnifi cation of X 1.6 (2S-degree fi eld of view), the first for gunnery and the second for surveillance. T here can be no confusion between th e two as when the high magnifi cation is being used a shutter isola tes the low magnifica tion, and when the oth er is being used an iris dia phragm isolates th e high magnifi cati on obj ective. The image intensifi er tube is protected from th e effect of gun mu zzle fl as h by a fl ash shutter tha t is opera ted electricall y from the gun firing circuit. When high magnifi cation is selected an illumina ted ballistic gra ti cule with brightness control is a utoma ti cally inj ected into th e optical sys tem. The ex posed obj ective window is

cleared by a wiper a nd wa sher and the sight is protected by an armoured cowl with a door which is kept closed when th e sight is not in use. The L2AI night sight will a lso d etect infra-red devices. T he radios a re in the rear of th e turret and the ba tteries a re mounted externally on th e left side. The engine compa rtment is at th e rear of the hull a nd th e engine and its auxiliaries including the main and transfer gear boxes are mounted as a powerpack which can be removed through th e rear of th e hull. The engine is a militarCVR(W) Fox fitted with flotation screen around top of hull (Ministry of Defence)

125

CVR(W) Fox from rear showing external stowage (T J Gander)

ised 4.2-litre J agua r XK with a redu ced compression ra tio (7 .75 to I) in order to use military petrol. The valve gea r is lead-proofed and a single two-choke Solex carburetter is fitted , as is a Ki-gas cold starting system. The cooling system has twin radia tors horizontally disposed across th e top a nd to th e rear of th e engine, a nd, sealed to th e radi a tor, a pa ir ofdu cted centrifugal fans. An oil/wa ter heat exchange r unit serves both th e engine and th e transmisSIOn .

Power is transmitted from th e engine to th e wheels through a fluid coupling, a fiv e-speed pre-selecting epicyclic gearbox, and a transfer box providing reversal of all fiv e speeds. The independent suspension comprises in each case a n upper and lower wishbone, coil spring and a hydraulic telescopic d amper. The upper and lowe r wishbone linkages incorpora te lubrication reservoirs a nd th e da mpers are enclosed in th e recoil springs. The independent suspension allows wheel movements of 0.279 metre and th e tyres are of th e run-fl at type. The Fox can ford to a depth of one metre without prepara tion. A fl ota tion screen carri ed collapsed around th e top of th e hull can be erected by th e crew in two minutes and the vehicle is th en propelled and steered across th e rive r or stream by its wheels. The front of th e fl otation screen conROF Leeds Panga armoured reconnaissance vehicle with Hel io . FVT 800 one-man turret armed with 12.7 mm (0.50) M2 HB machine gun and 8 electrically operated smoke dischargers either side (Royal Ordnance Factories) 126

tains transpa rent FJanels for viewing and a bilge pump with a capacity of 205 litres a minute is fitted as standard on all vehicles. The Fox can travel down or up river banks with a gradi ent of up to 46 per cent. British Arm y C VR (W) Foxes have had th eir fl ota tion screens removed as have th e CVR(T ) Scorpi ons. Fox has been designed to operate in tempera tures from - 25 to + 50° C and is air transportable. A Lockh eed C-J 30 Hercules can carry three Fox vehicles or two for parachute dropping. Standa rd equipm ent on British Arm y ve hicles includ es infra-red filters for the white light headl amps, spotlight for th e commander, extern al stowage boxes either side of th e hull

coaxial machine gun and smoke dischargers are electricall y operated with the main armament and coaxial machine gun having manual overriding control.

Variants

Panga Armoured Reconnaissan ce Vehicle

ROF Leeds Panga armoured reconnaissance vehic le from front showi ng trench cross ing channels at front of hu ll (Roya l Ordnance Factories)

between the wheels, drinking water tank containing 13.6 litres and a hu ll electric distribution box with a cooking vessel socket, inspection socket, inter-vehicle starting socket and a master switch. Optional equipment includes navigation aids, powered traverse, nuclear and chemical detection equipment and a ZB 298 survei ll ance radar mounted on th e left side of the turret. Main armament of th e Fox is a 30 mm Rarden cannon designed by the Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment at Fort Halstead and the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield. This fires all types of 30 mm Oer!ikon ammunition. In addition the 30 mm Rarden cannon fires a new APDS-T round developed jointly by the Roya l Ordnance Factories and PA TEC of the United States. This will penetrate 40 mm of armour at an ang le of 45 degrees a t ranges in excess of 1500 metres with approximately half the dispersion of current HE-T ammunition. The projectile has a muzz le velocity of 1175 metres a second and weighs 300 grams with the complete round weighing 822 grams. The tracer burns to ranges in excess of 2000 metres.

The Panga armoured reconnaissance vehicle has been developed specifically for the export market by the Roya l Ordnance Factory Leeds and is basicall y a modified Fox hu ll with a new one-man turret armed with a 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun. The first prototype was completed in January 1980 and was subsequently shipped to Malaysia for tria ls. This vehicle was fitted with a Peak Engineering one-man turret armed with a 12.7 mm (0.50) M2 HB machine gun. The current mode l of th e Panga has a redesigned hu ll with a spare wheel and tyre being carried on the right side of the hu ll, escape hatch in both sides of the hu ll, addit ional ex terna l stowage, additional periscope either side of th e driver's hatch cover, va pour-cycle air-cooling system with manual and automatic control, hub winching equipment for selfrecovery, electronic ignition and engine speed governor, automatic locking differential, improved vehicle lighting, engine fire -extingu ishing system, dual circuit brakes, electrically operated tyre pump, trench crossing channels at the front of the hu ll , flash ing lights, public address system and a Helio FVT 800 one-man turret which in this application has a 12.7 mm (0.50) M2 HB and a L37A2 machine gun. Mounted either side of the turret are eight electrically operated smoke dischargers . Automotive characteristics of the Panga are identical to the Fox except for th e following: CREW COMBAT WEIGHT LENGTH WIDTH HE IGHT (sight) (turret roof) AMMUN ITION (machine gun) (smoke grenades) FIRE·CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control Gun elevationl depression

2 5840 kg 4.22 m 2.13 m 2.34 m 2.13 m 1200 16 manual

+40·1- 10·

Fox/25 mm Hughes Chain Gun British Type DESIGNATION WEIGHT projectile (g) fill ing (g) cartridge case (g) complete round (g) MUZZLE VELOCITY (m/s)

Swiss

APSE-T HE-T L5A2 L8A2

PRAC-T HE L7A4 UIAT

AP RINT

PraCtice ET

357 29 365 904

357 26.5 365 904 1070

360 nl app 350 870 1080

360 nlapp 350 870 1080

1070

357 25.6 365 904 1070

360 25 350 870 1080

T he gun is fired in rapid single shots but bursts of up to six rounds can be fired . The empty cartridge cases are automatically ejected outside the turret. A 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted coaxially to th e left of the main armament and four smoke dischargers are mounted either side of the front of the turret. The main armament,

The prototype of the Fox/25 mm Hughes Chain Gun was shown at the 1982 British Army Equipment Exhibition. This is the basic Fox fitted with the FMC one-man electric driven turret which is armed with a Hughes Helicopters 25 mm M242 Chain Gun with a 7.62 mm machine gun (for example a G PMG or a Chain Gun) being mounted coaxially to the left of the main armament. Turret traverse is a full 360 degrees with the weapons having a maximum elevation of + 50 degrees. A minimum of 250 rounds of 25 mm and 1500 rounds of7.62 mm ammunition are carried. As an option an electric stabilisa tion system can be fi tted · to give a fire-onthe-move capability. Optional equipment includes escape hatches, limited slip differential, air cooling for the crew and increased fuel capacity for increased operational range. 127

Basic specifications are identical to the Fox except for:

CREW CDMBA T WEIGHT LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (10 lurrellop)

2 6297 kg 4.22 m 2.13 m 2.23 m

Fox/MILAN The prototype of th e Fox/MILAN was shown at the 1982 British Army Equipment Exhibition and early in 1983 went on a sales tour of the Middle East. T his is the basic Fox fitted with a new one-ma n all- welded steel turret d esigned by Royal Ord nance Factory Leeds . M ounted in th e forwa rd part of th e turret is a 7.62 mm Hughes C hain Gun or a GPMG for which a tota l of 2600 rounds of a mmunition are carri ed. Mounted on th e roof of th e turret on th e left side is a twin la uncher for the Euromissile MILAN 2000-metre ATGW with a minimum of four missiles being carried in reserve. The MILAN launcher a nd its integral sight can be elevated and traversed ind ependently of th e turret. Mounted either side of th e fo rward part of the turret is a bank of four electricall yoperated smoke dischargers. The commander/gunner has one periscopic sight for aiming the machine gun and four vision blocks. Fox/25 mm Hughes Chain Gun (Royal Ordnance Factory Leeds)

128

Optional eq uipment includes escape hatches , limited slip different ia l, air cooling for th e crew, 16 grenade launcher co nfi g urati o n a nd increased fu el capaci ty. Bas ic specifications are identical to the Fox exce pt: Fox/Scout fitted with one-man turret armed with one 7.62 mm Hughes Heli copters Chain Gun (Royal Ordnance Factories)

CREW COMBAT WEIGHT LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (top of miss ile tubes)

2 6136 kg 4.22 m 2,13 m 2.40 m

Fox/Scout This is esse ntially the Fox/ MILAN with th e MILAN insta llation removed a nd th e hole blanked out. Main arma ment co nsists of a Hughes H elicopters 7.62 mm Chain Gun with 4500 rounds of a mmunition being carri ed, Fo ur smoke dischargers are mounted either side of the turret firin g forwards. Vision equipm ent for the comma nd er consists of one sight periscope with x 1 magnification a nd four vis io n blocks .

Fox/MILAN with 7,62 mm GPMG (Royal Ordnance Factory Leeds)

SPECIFICATIONS CREW CONFIGURATI ON COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER·TO·WEIGHT RATI O LENGTH GUN FORWARD S LENGTH GUN REAR WIDTH HEIGHT (to turret top) (overall) GROUND CLEARAN CE TRACK WHEELBASE MAX SPEED (road) (water) ACC ELERATION (0-48 km/h) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RAN GE (roa d) FORDING (amphi b ious preparation)

3 4 x 4 6120 kg 5733 kg

GRADIENT VERTICAL OBSTAC LE TREN CH (wi th channels) TURN ING RADIU S ENGINE

6-cylinder petrol

developing 190 bhp at 4500 rpm

30.04 bhp/tonne 5. 08 m 4.242 m 2.134 m

58% 0.5 m 1.22 m 6.1 m Jaguar XK 4.2·litre

TR ANSMI SS ION

Daimler pre-selective

TR ANSFER CASE

5-speed unit Dai mler spiral b6vel directional control

gears and double helica l drop down gear to

1.981 m 2.2 m 0.3 m 1.753 m 2.464 m

differential provid e, in combination w ith gear

box, 5 forward and 5

104 km/h 5.23 km/h

STEERING CLUTCH SUSPENSION TYRES

9s 145.47litres 434 km with 1m

reverse speeds power-assisted fluid flywheel independent . 11 .00 x 20, run flat

BRAKES (main) (parking)

hydrauli C disc a ll wheels

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMEN T (main) (coaxia l) SMOKE·LA YING EQUIPMENT

24 V 2 x 6TN , 100 Ah 1 x 30 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 2 x 4 smoke discha rgers

AMMUNITION (ma in) 99 (coaxial ) 2600 16 (smoke grenades) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM manual, 2-speed Turret powe r control By co mmander yes By gunner yes G un e levati on/

depression

+40°1- 14°

Gun stab ili se r

(verti ca l) (hori zonta l)

no no

con tracting band on front bevel box input

Status: Production as required . In service with Ira n , Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia a nd the United Kingd om.

Manufacturer: Royal Ordnance Factory, Leeds, Engla nd. Enquiries to Ministry of Defence, Royal Ordnance Facto ries, Sales a nd Marketing Division, St C hristop her H o use, Southwark Street, Lond on SE 1 ~TD.

Alvis Ferret 80. Scout Car

7.62 mm ball a t point bla nk range a nd all a ngles of a ttack is gIVen . The driver is seated a t the front of th e vehicle with th e command er/gunner in the cen tre a nd the engine at the rea r. The driver has three splinter-proof windscreens to his fro nt a nd sides'. Armoured visors are provided with integral observa tion peris copes . A separate driver's access hatch is fitted. The Ferret 80 can be fitted with a wide range of armament installations including the following: ,.. H elio FVT 900 turret with Oerlikon 20 mm cannon and coaxial 7.62 mm MG H elio FVT 800 turret with Browning 12.7 mm a nd 7.62 mm MG H elio FVT 700 turret with twin 7.62 mm MG

Development At th e 1982 British Army Equipment Exhibition Alvis a nnounced th a t it had designed a new version of the Ferret (of which 4409 were produ ced by the Daimler company between 1952 a nd 197 1) und er the na me of Ferret 80. It uses basic Ferret components but incorporates up-to-date refinements improved protection, performa nce, stability a nd capability. Description The hull of th e Ferret 80 is of all-welded aluminium a rm our and well sloped to give maximum possible protection within the weight limits of th e vehicl e. Complete protection against

129

Ferret 80 two-man baseline reconnaissance vehicle fitted with No 16 cupola armed with externally mounted 7.62 mm GPMG

Euromissile MILAN MCT turret with two MILAN ATGWs in ready-to-launch position The Ferret 80 is powered hy a Perkins T6/3544 sixcylinder turbo-charged di esel developing 155 bhp which has already been proved in th e Alvis Scorpion and Stormer vehicles while rated a t 250 bhp. Power is transmitted through a three-speed automatic gearbox and transfer box connected to each wheel hub by propeller shafts and bevel boxes. A reduction gear is located in each wheel hub. The two-speed tra nsfer box provides for a road range a nd a cross-country range. The cooling system is an adaptation of the standard system already proven in th e Scorpion series. Steering is dual circuit, power-assisted , eliminating the awkward wheel location a nd size in th e original Ferret. Independent suspension, wheels and braking system are identical to those of the big-wheeled Ferret Mk 4. H ydraulic disc bra kes are fi tted to all wheels and a parking brake operates on the transmission. Flat divided disc road wheels with run-fiat cross-co untry tyres a re fi tted as standard . The electri c system is 24 V wit h th e 2 x 12 V batteries being contained in the baseline hull. Variants In add ition to the basic two-man Ferret 80 , Alvis has proposed a three-man model. This has a slightly different hull top with th e driver being provided with bullet-proof windscreens to his front and sides and a single hatch cover 130

over his position. The commander and rad io operator are seated in the centre and are each provided with a single-piece hatch cover, with th e commander having a cupola with fix ed periscopes that can be traversed through a full 360 degrees. A 7.62 mm machine gun can be externally-mounted on this position. Vision blocks mounted in th e upper part of the hull give all round observation.

Status: Prototype. Manufacturer: Alvis Limited , Holyhead Road, Coventry CV58JH, England. (A member of the United Scientifi c Group.)

Ferret 80 fitted with Hel io FVT 900 turret armed with 20 mm Oerlikon cannon and 7.62 mm coaxial MG (not to 1I76th scale)

Daimler Ferret Scout Car Development In 1947 th e British Arm y issued a requirement for a scout car to replace th e Daimler Dingo scout car used during th e Second World War. Late in 1948 Da imler was awarded a co ntract to design a nd build prototypes of a new scout car und er th e designation FV70 I. The first pro totype was completed in 1949 a nd delivered to th e Army for trials th e follow ing year. After tri als it was adop ted for servi ce with th e British Arm y and was na med the Ferret. The first production Ferret, the Mk 2, was comp leted in mid-1 952 a nd th e first produ ction Mk I was completed late Daimler Ferret Mk 1 scout car

th e same yea r. Throughout its produ ction life th e basic hu ll of th e Ferret remained un cha nged although slig htl y more powe rfu l engin es were install ed as well as different turrets fitt ed to mee t different requirements. Produ ction of th e Ferret was fin a ll y completed in 1971 by which time 4409 vehicles of all types had been bui lt. I n 1966 th e Da im ler compa ny was awa rd ed a co ntra ct to bui ld 15 prototypes ofa new vehicle called the FV72 1 (o r Fox as it later became known) , which were completed between 1967 a nd 1969. The Fox was acce pted for servi ce with th e British Arm y in 1970 but th e producti on order was placed with th e Royal Ordnan ce Factory a t Leeds ra th er th a n Da imler a t Coventry. When production of th e Ferre t was comp leted Daimler closed down its productio n line for wheeled a rm o ured ve hicl es althoug h it still supp lies some automoti ve components for th e Fox light a rmo ured car. The Fox is based on ex peri ence obtained with th e rebuilt Ferret Mk 4 a nd Mk 5. The Ferret was to have been repl aced in th e British Arm y by a development of th e Fox called th e FV722 Vixe n, but this was cancell ed in 1974 as a defence economy a nd Ferrets wi ll th erefore rema in in service until th e 1990s . It is pro bab le th a t some form of NBC syste m wi ll be fitted to British Army Ferrets in th e futur e as well as night dri ving equipment a nd a new turret in th e case of th e Mk 2. Alvis is now th e design a uth ority for th e Ferret a nd supplies th e spa re pa rts for it.

Ferret Mk 1/2 without armament installed (Ministry of Defence)

131

Description (Mk 2) The all- we lded steel hull of th e Ferret is di vided into three compa rtm ents: driver's a t th e front, fighting in th e centre and the engine at th e rear. The driver has three hatches, one to his front a nd one to each side, each of which contains a n integral No 17 observation periscope. The front ha tch can be fold ed dow n onto the glJcis pl a te for increased visibi lity a nd can th en be fitted with a spl inter-proof windscreen with wiper blade a nd electri c motor. The two side ha tches can be opened upwards on th e outside for increased visibility when not in a comba t a rea. The manuall y-operated turret in th e centre of th e hull has a single-piece ha tc h cover in th e rear part of th e roof which can be locked in three different positions, and th e rea r part of the turret folds down to the horizonta l to enab le It to be used as a seat. Mo unted in th e forward part of th e turret roof is a sight periscope AFV No 3 Mk I which is used for aiming th e turret-mo unted machine g un. Mo unted in either side of th e hull below the turret ring is a vision slit protected by a glass block. At th e rear of th e fightin g compa rtm ent are two hatches which can be opened for increased observation. On each side of th e hull , betwee n th e front a nd rea r road wheels, is a hull escape ha tch. The left one is covered by th e spare wheel and th e rig ht by a stowage box. The engine is at the rear of th e hull a nd is full y waterproofed a nd wi ll operate when completely s ubm erged witho ut a ny preparation oth er than venting th e cra nkcase breath er pipe. Drive is tra nsmitted to a ll four road wheels throu gh a Ruid co upling, five-speed pre-selecting epicycl ic gearbox a nd a tra nsfer box, incorporating a forward a nd

reve rse mecha nism a nd a differential unit to give fiv e speeds in each directi on. The suspens ion a t each wheel station co nsists of a single coil spring which encl oses a do ubl e-acting shock absorber and is mounted on a sta biliser bracket a t th e bottom and carri ed in a bracket a t th e top a ttached to th e hull plates. The tyres a re of th e run-R a t type. The Mk 2 is a rm ed with a turret-mounted 7.62 mm (0 .30) Browning machine gun whi ch can be elevated manually from -15 to +45 degrees, turret traverse being a full 360 degrees. A total of 2500 rounds of machine g un a mmunition are carri ed. Mounted either side of th e hull a t th e front of th e vehicle are three smoke d ischa rgers which a re electricall y fir ed fro m within th e ve hicl e. The bas ic Ferret has no NBC system, no night vision equipment and no amp hibio us ca pability. A dee p fording kit ava ila ble co nsists of a colla psible bellows type collar fitted a round the top of the commander's ha tch a nd a nother fi tted a t the ve ry rear of th e hull . Ferrets Mk 3 and 4 are fitted with a collapsible screen around th e top of th eir hulls which, when erected, ena bles th em to propel th emselves ac ross la kes and rivers with their wheels. T o enable th e vehicle to cross trenches Ferrets Mks I, 2 a nd 3 have provision for carrying steel cha nnels on th e front of th eir hulls. Ea rl y produ ction vehicl es had BSF threads, different gea r ra tios a nd were powered by a Rolls-Royce B60 MkIIIA six-cylinder petrol engine developing 120 bhp at 3750 rpm. Later prod uction vehicles had UNF threads a nd th e B60 MkVIA six-cylinder engine which d evelops 129 bhp at 3750 rpm.

Ferret Mk 2/3 from rear showing external stowage' (Ministry of Defence)

132

Ferret Mk 2/6 (FV703) T he full designa tion of this mod el is th e Scout Car Reconna issance/Guided Wea pon Mk 2/ 6. It is bas icall y a Mk 2/3 with a single British Aircraft Corpora tion (G uided Wea pons Division) (now British Ae ros pace Dyna mics) Vigilant ATGW in its la un cher box mounted on either sid eofth e turre t. A furth er two missiles a re carried in th eir la un cher boxes on th e left sid e of the hull in place of th e spare wheel. The two ready-to-Ia un ch missiles have a common elevating mechanism and can be la un ched from inside the vehicle or away from it with th e aid of a combined sight/co ntroller and sepa rati on cable. The 7.62 mm (0.30) machine gun is retai ned. The Vigilant ATGW is wire guided and has a minimum range of 200 metres and a maximum range of 1375 metres, weighs 14 kg a nd has a H EAT warhead. The Ferret Mk 2/6 is used onl y by Libya and th e U nited Ara b Emira tes . British Army Ferret Mk 1 with all driver's hatches open and without machine gun (Ministry of Defence)

Ferret Mk 2/7 This is a Ferret Mk 2/6 with the missile system removed a nd is therefore bas icall y a Ferret Mk 2/3.

Variants

Ferret Mk 3 Ferret Mk 1 This is called Car Scout 4 x 4 Liaison (Ferret Mk I) FV70 I (C) and has an open top which can be covered by a canvas cover. It is arm ed with a 7.62 mm Bren LMG or a 7.62 mm (0.30) Browning machine gun, with 450 rounds of machine gun ammunition being carri ed . La ter produ cti on models are known as th e Ferret Mk III, FV701(J ). Some Mk II Is have been fi tted with a flota tion screen similar to tha t fitted to th e Ferret Mk 4.

T his is th e Ferret Mk 1/ 1 brought up to the same sta nda rds as th e Mk 4 but with th e machine gun turret. British Army Ferret Mk 2/3 scout car (Christopher F Foss)

Ferret Mk 1/2 (FV704) This is identi cal to th e Mk I but has a crew of th ree a nd is used by infantry units as a light reconnaissance vehicle in forward a reas. Its offi cial designa tion is C ar Scout Liaison (Ferret) Mk 1/ 2. It has an armoured roof with a ha tch and is arm ed with a 7.62 mm pintle-mounted Bren LMG . The single-piece ha tch cover opens to th e rear and periscopes and vision blocks are provided for observation by the commander.

Ferret Mk 2 This is bas icall y a Mk I fi tted with a turret and is offi ciall y known as th e Car Sco ut 4 x 4, Reconna issance (Ferret) Mk 2 FV701 (E).

Ferret Mk 2/2 This was a local modifi cation carried out in the Far East and is basically th e Ferret Mk 2 with an ex tension collar fitted between the top of th e hull and the machine gun turret and ena bles th e command er/g unner to have a better fi eld offire.

Ferret Mk 2/3 This is a later produ ction mod el of th e basic Mk 2 and is offi cially known as the Scout Car Reconnaissance Mk 2/3 (Daimler Ferre t 4 x 4) FV701 (H ). The description in this entry relates to this model.

Ferret Mk 2/4 This is a Ferret Mk 2/3 with additiona l armour.

Ferret Mk 2/5 This is a Ferret Mk 2 brought up to Ferret Mk 2/4 standard. 133

Ferret Mk 2/6 with Vigilant ATGWs either sid e of turret

Ferret Mk 5 (FV712) This model is no longer in service a nd was used only by the British Arm y. It was essentiall y a Mk 4 with turret mounting four British Aerospace Swingfir e ATGWs fi tted . Ferret Mk 4 in Belize (Ministry of Defence)

Daimler Ferret Mk 4 sc out car

Ferret Mk 4 (FV711) This model , like th e Mk 5, is used onl y by th e British Army a nd is bas icall y an earl y Ferret rebuilt with stronge r susp ension units, original 330 mm dia meter drum bra kes replaced by vac uum- assisted 381 mm dia meter disc bra kes, a nd la rge wheels a nd tyres . A Rota tion scree n is carried coll a psed a round the to p of the hull a nd when erected th e vehicle can propel itself across la kes a nd ri vers by its wheels. There a re wa tertight stowage containers either side of th e hull , a nd the number of servicing points has bee n redu ced . 134

SPECIFICATIONS Model

CREW CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER-TO-WE IGHT RATIO LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT OVERALL GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK WHEELBASE MAX SPEED (road) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE (road) (cross country) FUEL CONSUMPTION (road) (cross coun try) FORDING (wi th preparation) GRADIENT VERTICAL OBSTACLE TRENCH (with channels) TURNING RADIUS ENGINE TRANSMI SS ION STEER ING CLUTCH SUSPENSION TYRES BRAKES (main) (parking ) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BAITERIES ARMAMENT (MG) (missi le) (ready use missiles) (reserve mi ssiles) SMOKE-LAYING EQUI PMENT ARMOUR Hu ll front Hull sides Hull floor Hull rear Turret front Turret sides Turret rear Turret top

Mk 1/1

Mk 1/2

Mk 2/3

Mk 2/6

Mk 4

2-3 4 x 4 42 10 kg 3510 kg

3 4 x 4 4370 kg 3660 kg

2 4 x 4 4400 kg 3640 kg

2 4 x 4 4560 kg 3680 kg

2 4 x 4 5400 kg 4725 kg

30.64 bhp/tonne 3.835 m 1.905 m 1.448 m 0.33 m 1.539 m 2.286 m 93 km/h 961itres

29.51 bhp/tonne 3.835 m 1.905 m 1.651 m 0.33 m 1.539 m 2.286 m 93 km/h 961itres

29.35 bhp/tonne 3.835 m 1.905 m 1.879 m 0.33 m 1.539 m 2.286 m 93 km/h 96 litres

2828 bhp/tonne 3.835 m 1.905 m 1.879 m 0.33 m 1.539 m 2.286 m 93 km/h 961itres

23.88 bhp/tonne 3.96 m 2.134 m 2.03 m 0.432 m 1.75 m 2.286 m 80 km/h 961itres

306 km 160 km

0.3 1 litre/km 0.31 litre/km 0.31 litre/km 0.31 litre/km 0.6litre/km 0.6 litre/km 0.6 litre/km 0.6 litre/km 0.914 m 0.914 m 0.914 m 0.914 m 1. 524 m 1.524 m 1.524 m 1. 524 m 46% 46% 46% 46% 0.406 m 0.406 m 0.406 m 0.406 m 1.22 m 1.22 m 1.22 m 1. 22 m 5.795 m 5.795 m 5.795 m 5.795 m Rolls-Royce B60 Mk 6A 6-cyli nder in-line water-cooled petrol developing 129 bhp at 3750 rpm Daimler pre-selective epicyclic, 5-speed re-circ ulating ball (not power-assisted) Daimler fluid coupling independent. coil spring and double-acti ng shock absorber at each wheel station 9.00 x 16 9.00 x 16 9.00 x 16 9.00 x 16

0.3 1 litre/km 0.6 litre/km 0.914 m amphibious

46% 0.406 m 1.22 m 5.795 m

11 .00 x 20

hydraulic on all wheels hand-operated. mechanical on transmission

24 V 2 x 12 V, 60 Ah 1 x 7. 62 mm n/app n/app n/app al l Ferret models have 2 12 mm 12 mm 10 mm 12 mm n/app n/app n/app n/app

24 V 2 x 12 V, 60 Ah 1 x 7.62 mm n/app n/app n/app x 3 smoke disc hargers

at 50· and 16 mm at 35· all mode ls at 10·, 15·, 40·; 16 mm at 20· all models driver's position, 6 mm remai nder of ve hicle and 6 mm at 45· all models 16 mm 16 mm 16mm 8 mm

24 V 2 x 12 V, 60 Ah

1 x 7.62 mm n/app n/app n/app

1 x 7.62 mm Vigilant 2 2

l x 7.62mm nl app n/app n/app

16 mm at 15· 16 mm at 15· 16 mm at 15· 8mm

16 mm at 15· 16 mm at 15· 16 mm at 15· 8 mm

all models 16 mm at 15· 16 mm at 15· 16 mm at 15· 8 mm

Status: Prod uction complete. In service with Bahrain, Burma, Cameroo n, Central African Repu blic, Ga mbia, Ghana, Indonesia, J ord an, Kuwa it, Libya, Madagasca r, Malays ia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Africa, Sri La nka, Sudan, UAE, Uni ted Kingdom, Upper Volta, Yemen Arab Republic (North), People's Democra ti c Rep ublic of Yemen (Sou th) and Zimbabwe.

Manufacturer: Daimler Company Limited, Coventry. Spare parts a nd post-design work is now the respo nsibility of Alvis Limited , H olyhead Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV8 8JH, England. (A member of th e U nited Scientific Group.)

Shorland Armoured Patrol Car

ta ken over by the military a uthorities and are now used by the U lster Defence Regiment and th e British Army in Northern Ireland . Production of the Shorland is now undertaken a t the company's main plimt in Belfas t. T he first prod uction models, the Mk I s, were powered by a four-cylinder Rover petrol engine which developed '67 hp at 4000 rpm and their hu ll a rm ou r was 7.25 mm th ick. The M k 2 was based on the Series 2 Land-Rover chass is and was powered by a four-cylinder petrol engine whi ch developed 77 bhp a t 4000 rpm. Hull armour on this model was increased to 8.25 mm thickness. The Mk 3 was introduced in

Development The Shorland armoured patrol car was originally designed in 1965 specifi call y to meet the requirements of the Royal U lster Constabulary for use in Northern Ireland . First production vehicles were completed a t Short Broth ers and H arland's facili ty at Newtownards in 1965. By 1971 almost 200 veh icles had been bui lt, by 1978 the fi gure had reached over 500 and by th e end of 1982 was over 1000 vehicles. The vehicles used by the Royal Ulster Constabulary have su bseq uently been

135

Cutaway drawing of Shorland Mk 4 armoured patrol car fitted with turret-mounted 7.62 mm GPMG and smoke dischargers

1972 a nd was fitt ed with a 2.6-litre six-cylinder engine which developed 9 1 bhp a t 4500 rpm . The la tes t version, th e Mk 4, employing the new V-8 engin e a nd increased a rmour protecti on, went into producti on in 1980, this being th e replacement for th e Mk 3. The Shorl a nd pa trol car is widely used for both in te rn al sec uri ty opera ti ons a nd bord er pa trol work. In additio n Shorts has developed a n APC , th e la tes t ve rsion of which is call ed th e SB 40 I, a lso based on th e chassis of th e long wheelbase La nd-Rover, a nd built in la rge numbers.

Description T he Shorl a nd Mk 4 is based on th e we ll-esta blished 2.768-metre ( 109 inch) long wheelbase La nd-Rover chassis strength ened to ta ke th e all- welded a rm our bod y. Tri als ca rri ed o ut by th e Briti sh Arm y have show n th a t th e a rm our cann ot be penetra ted by fire from a 7.62 mm F N rifl e or a 7. 62 mm GPMG down to 23 metres firin g a t right a ngles to th e pla te. Servicing a nd 85 per cent of the spares a re identical to th e La nd-Rover's. M aj or a utomoti ve differences a re th e stronger ax les a nd different fin a l dri ves, consta nt four-wh eel dri ve a nd hydra uli ca lly opera ted locking differenti als co ntrolled by a vacuum sw itch. The V-8 engine a t th e front of th e vehicle is protected by a rmo ur pl a te o n the front , sides, rea r a nd top, a nd th e bonnet is opened fro m insid e th e ve hicl e. The engine is fi tted with a n ex tra ca pacity radi a tor for th e tropi cs . The driver is sea ted on th e left side of th e vehicle with th e comma nd er to his right (a right-ha nd dri ve model is a lso ava il a ble with th e pos iti ons reversed ). The windscree ns a re Tri plex safety glass a nd can qui ckl y be covered by 136

Shorland Mk 4 armoured patrol car

SB401 APC (left) and Shorland armoured patrol car (right) which are both based on a LWB Land Rover chassis (Simon Dunstan)

in te rnall y-cont rolled drop-down a rmoured visors con ta ining la mina ted glass observation windows. Both th e dri ver a nd comma nd er a re provided with a side doo r with a drop-dow n vision port in th e upper pa rt. All doo rs a nd openings a re locked intern all y. All openings a re sea med a nd cha nn elled to preven t metal splas h entering th e interior. The gunn er is seated in th e ma nu all y-opera ted tu rret which can be traversed through 360 degrees by th e g unn er's fee t. T he turret is provided with a n adju sta ble seat for th e g unner a nd a mecha ni cal lock preve nts rota tion while th e turret is not in use. T he rear pa rt of th e turret roof fo lds forwards a nd the turret rea r folds dow nwards on the o utside to provide a seat for th e g unner. T he turret is norm all y a rmed with a 7.62 mm G PMG linked to a n optical periscope sight fitted in th e roof of th e turret, but oth er ty pes of a rma ment can be fi tted a nd a tea r- gas discha rger, loaded from in side the turre t, can be fitted in place of a machine g un. Four electri call y-o pera ted smoke/CS dischargers can be moun ted either side of th e turret a nd a fl ood light mount ed to th e left of th e turret is bo re-sighted with th e ma in a rm a ment . G un mounts can be provided as a n option to facilita te ground support a nd a ntiaircraft defence. T he g unner is provided with alte rn a ti ve seating behind th e command er a nd there is a mpl e space for oth er eq uipment such as radios. An emergency exit in th e rear of th e hull co ntains th e air ex tracto r fa n which is opera ted electri call y by a das·hboard switch.

The rea r compa rtment is isola ted from th e crew compa rtment a nd is fitted with a rea r a rm oured port for access to th e spa re tyre a nd wheel a nd a lso conta in s th e fu el ta nk, which is fill ed by a n a rmo ured opening locked from th e crew compa rtm ent. The heavy duty front axle has hypoid spiral bevel differenti al for all-wheel dri ve a nd the rear ax le is a simila r type but with fl oating sha fts (Salisbury 8H A). Sta nd a rd equipm ent includes seat belts. The vehicle is intern all y insul a ted with washable plastic polyureth a ne foam an d th e fl oor is made of reinforced glass fibre which provides protection aga inst blas t, nail a nd pipe bombs. O ptiona l equipment includes a ir-conditio ning, vario us radi o insta llations a nd a loud ha iler which is norma ll y mounted a t the fro nt of th e ve hicle. Variants

Shorland S8 403 Anti-Hijack Vehicle T his has been d eveloped specifi call y fo r a nti-hij ac k pa trols a t a irports a nd o th er hi gh-risk a reas. The dri ver's a nd comma nder's windscree ns a nd side windows a re made of a rm oured glass ra th er tha n th e Triplex glass covered by ar mo ured viso rs of th e bas ic ve hicl e. The speciall y-des igned turre t has a visio n block a nd ball mount which permits a n HK33 sniper's rifl e to be sighted discreetl y on a targe t while both the rifl e a nd the ma rksma n remain co ncealed .

Shorland Mk 4 armoured patrol car fitted with turret arm ed with 7.62 mm GPMG and eight electri call y operated smoke di schargers . Wind sc reen and door flap s in open pos ition

137

Shorland Mk 4 armoured patrol car fro m rear with turret and emerg ency hatch cover in hul l rear open

SPECIFICATIONS (Mk 4) CREW CONFIGURATI ON COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER-TO-WE IGHT RATI O LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK WHEELBAS E MAX SPEED (road) FUEL CA PACITY MAX RANGE (roa d) VERTI CAL OBSTAC LE

3 4 x 4 33 60 kg 2931 kg 28.75 bh pltonne 4.597 m 1.778 m 2.286 m 0.324 m 1.358 m 2.768 m 104.6 km/h 1281itres 514 km 0.23 m

TURN ING RADIUS ENGINE

Anti-hijack version of Shorland armoured patrol car

TRANSFER CASE STEERING

8.84 m Rover 4-stroke V-8, 3528 cc petrol developing 91 bhp at 3500 rpm manual w il h 4 forwa rd and 1 reverse gears 2-speed rec irculatin g ball ,

SUSPENSION

worm and nut semi-elliptical leaf

TRANSMISSION

AR MAMENT (main) AMMUNITION (mai n) SMOKE-LAYING EOUIPMENT

ARMOUR Hull fro nt Hull sides Hull top

spring s and hydraulic

Hull rear

shock absorbers, anti-roll bars fitted

Turret front Turret sides Turret rear Turret top

front and rear

TYRES ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIERIES

Status: In produ cti on. In service with 38 co untries incl uding Arge ntina, Botswana, Brunei, Burundi, Gu ya na, K enya, Libya, M alaysia, Portugal, Seychelles, Tha iland , United Arab Emira tes and U nited Kingdom (North ern Ireland onl y).

9.00 x 16 12 V (24 V opti onal) 1 x 12 V, 57 Ah

1 x 7.62 mm MG 1500 4 smoke di schargers ei ther side of turret (optional) 7.7 mm 7.7 mm 5 mm 7.7 mm 9 mm 7.7 mm 7.7 mm 5 mm

Manufacturer: Short Broth ers Limited, Montgo mery Road, Belfas t BT6 9H N, North ern Ireland .

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA M41 Light Tank Development The standard Am eri can light ta nk a t the end of the Second World War was the M 24 C ha ffee. Shortl y a fter the end of the wa r design work began on a new light ta nk called th e T 37 Pha se 1. This was a rmed with a 76 mm gun with a 12.7 mm (0.50) machine gun mounted coaxia ll y with the main arm ament, a similar a nti-aircra ft wea pon pintle-mounted on top of th e tu rret and remote-controlled 7.62 mm (0.30) machine gun mounted on either side of th e turret. The hull and turret we re of all-welded armour and the suspension was of the torsion bar type with a total offi ve road wheels, idler a t th e front, dri ve sprocket a t th e rear, three track return rollers and a tensioning wheel between th e drive sprocket and th e fifth 138

road wheel. The T37 Phase I was powered by a 500 hp engine and weighed 2 1 800 kg. This was followed by th e T 37 Phase II which was almos t identical but had a redesigned turret mad e of both cas t a nd weld ed a rmour with a new mantlet, redesigned a mmunition stowage a nd a new fi re-control system which consisted of super-imposed coincidence rangefind er integra ted with a Vickers sta bilisa tion system (in both the horizo nta l and verti cal planes) and an a utoma ti c lead computer. The fin a l d evelopment was th e T 37 Phase III which had a 76 mm a utoma ti c gun an d an IBM stabiliser. The T 37 Phase II was la ter designa ted the T 4 l light tank and three furth er prototypes were built und er th e designa tion T41. With modifi cations th e T4 l became the T4 lEl which was standa rdised in mid- 1950 as th e M4 l ta nk, or Little

Bulldog, subseq uently Walker Bulldog in honour ofCeneral W W Walker who was killed in Korea in 195 1. Production of the M41 was undertaken by the Cadillac Motor Car Division ofCeneral Motors Corporation at Cleveland T ank Arsenal. First production M41s were completed in mid-1951 and 1802 were built before production was switched to the later M41Al , which was follow ed by th e M41A2 a nd finally th e M41A3 which differ onl y in minor details . Total production of th e vehicle amo unted to about 55QO units. Its full United States Army designa tion is Tank, Comba t, Full-Tracked: 76 mm Cun, M41. It has been replaced in the United Sta tes Army by th e M551 Sheridan but is still used by many armies. The M41 was a member of a trio of armoured vehicles

developed for th e United Sta tes Army after the end of the war, the others being th e M47 (T42) medium tank and th e MI03 (T43) heavy ta nk. Many of th e components of the M41 are also used in th e M42 twin 40 mm self-propelled a ntiaircraft gun system (also built a t C leveland), M44 155 mm and M52 105 mm self-propelled howitzers.

Description The a ll-welded steel hull of th e M41 is divided into three with th e driver's compartment at th e front , fighting compartment in th e centre and the engine a t th e rear. The driver is seated a t th e front of the vehicle on th e left side and is provided with a single-piece hatch cover th a t opens to the right. Three M 17 periscopes a re mounted for-

M41 light tank, also known as Walker Bulldog

M41 I ight tank of Japanese Ground Self-Defence Force (Kensuke Ebata)

139

Danish Army M41 with mount for infra-red searchlight to left of main armament (8 Tunbridge)

wa rd of his position a nd a single one to his left. A hull escape ha tch is provided beneath the q river's seat. The turret, which is provided with a basket, is of cast and welded construction with th e commander and gunner seated on th e right a nd th e loader on th e left. The commander's cupola has a single-piece ha tch cover tha t opens forwa rds and fi ve vision blocks, and an M20A I periscope th at can be tra ve rsed through 360 degrees. The gunner has a n M 97A I telescopic sight for a iming th e 76 mm gun and a n M 20A I periscope tha t can be trave rsed throu gh 360 degrees. The loader is provided with a single-piece ha tch 'cover tha t opens forwa rds a nd a single MI 3 periscope. M ounted a t th e rear of th e turret is a light sheet meta l stowage box and th ere is a dome-sha ped ventil a tor in th e turret roof towards th e rear. The ventila tor blower is operated from th e dri ve r's position. The engine compartment is a t th e rear of th e hull a nd is se parated from th e fi ghting compa rtment by a fireproof bulkhead . It is equipped with a fire extinguisher th a t is opera ted by th e drive r. The eng ine is mounted ~wa rd s th e fron t of th e engine com pa rtmen t wi th th e transmission a t th e rea r. The torsion bar suspension consists of five du al road wheels each side with th e drive sprocket a t the rear, idler a t th e front and three trac k return rollers. The first, second and fifth road wheel sta tions a re provided with a hydra ulic shock absorber. The steel tracks, which have 75 or 76 links when new, have detachable rubber pads. Standard equipment on a ll ta nks includes a heater, dee p fording equipment a nd electri c bilge pumps. It is not fitted with an NBC system. The bas ic model was not fitted with 140

night vision equipment although the fin al produ ction model did have provision for an infra-red searchlight over th e main arma ment. A number of countries have fitted th e vehicle with infra-red night fighting equipment, for example the Danish M 4 1s have a n AEG B30 infra- red searchlight mounted to th e left of th e ma in arma ment and a n Electro B8Y infra-red sight. M ain arm a ment of th e M4 1 consists of a 76 mm gun M32 (T 9 IE3) in a mount M76 (TI 38 EI ), th e M4 1A I has the M 32A I gun in mount M76A I. The gun has a verti cal sliding breech-block, spring actu a tor and an inerti a percussion firin g mechanism. The main components of th e gun, which has a life of 350 rounds, are th e ba rrel, mu zzle bra ke, bore evacua tor cha mber a nd th e breech mechanism assembly. The recoil system is of th e concentric hydro-spring type. The gun mount M76 or combina tion mount M76AI consists of a shield assembl y and a recoil cylinder assembly. The mount supports th e barrel and provides a ttachment for the breech-opera ting mechanism, firing plunger asse mbly, manual firing and safety mechanism asse m bly (M76AI ), hand firing control assembl y (M76), machine gun mounting bracket, recoil guard , replenisher assembl y, elevating cylind er assembl y (M76) and the elevating gea r box asse mbly (M76AI ). A 7.62 mm (0.30) Browning MI 9 19A4EI machine gun is mounted coaxiall y to th e right of th e main arm ament and an a nti-aircraft 12.7 mm (0.50) Browning M 2 HB machine gun is mounted at the commander's position. This has a trave rse of 360 degrees, eleva tion limits being from -10 to +65 degrees.

The 76 mm gun fi res th e following types of fix ed a mmunition: AP-T (M339) , with compl ete ro und weighing 12.39 kg, a muzzle velocity of 975.36 metres per second , a ra nge of 4572 metres a t an elevation of 2 degrees 16 minutes and a t max imum elevation a range of 14 703 metres Blank (M355) used for imul ated fire and training Canister (M363), with complete round weighing 12.33 kg, mu zzle velocity of 73 1.5 metres per second , with an effective range of 155 metres . HE Comp B (M352), with complete round weighing 11. 716 kg, a mu zzle velocit y of 73 1.52 metres per second a nd a range of 1433 7 metres a t maximum elevation HE AT-T ( M496), with compl ete round weighing 9.253 kg, mu zzle velocity of 1082 metres per second a nd maximum effecti ve ra nge of 2000 metres HVAP-DS-T (M33 IA I), with complete ro und weighing 9.389 kg, a m uzzle velocity of 125 7. 3 metres per second , a range of 4572 metres a t a n eleva tion of 2 degrees 28 minutes and at max imum eleva ti on a ra nge of 2 1 607 metres HVAP-T ( M 3 19), with compl ete round weighing 8.768 kg, a mu zzle velocity of 1260 metres per second , a range of4572 metres a t a n elevation of I degree 8 minutes and a t maximum eleva ti on a range of 9884 metres HVTP-T (M320), used fo r ta rge t practi ce, with complete ro und weighing 8. 723 kg, a muzzle velocity of 1260 metres per second , a max imum range of4572 metres at a n elevation of I degree 8 minutes and a t maximum elevation a range of 9884 metres TP-T (M 340 and M340A I), simil ar to M339 but without an arm our-piercing core, complete round weighing 12.39 kg, a mu zzle velocity of 975.36 metres per second a nd a maximum range of 14 703 metres WP Smoke (M36 1), with complete round weighing 11 .71 kg, a mu zzle velocity of73 1.5 metres per second and a max imum range of 14 694 metres. In 1982 it was revealed tha t AA I Corpora tion had developed a new 76 mm APFSDS round for th e M 32 cannon tha t wo uld defeat Main Ba ttle T ank frontal a rmour. The M4 1A2 is almos t identica l to th e M4 1A I except tha t it has a simplifi ed turret and gun control system developed by . Cadill ac. This consists of manua l and hydra ulic power traverse for th e gunner with direct mechanicall y linked control of oil gea r pump in lieu of the electrical control in the M41 , du al power traverse by commander, and manual mechanical, rack and pinion type, elevation for th e gunner, with slewing elevation control for th e gun . This more compac t system ena bled th e tank to carry 65 rounds of 76 mm ammunition compa red with 57 of th e earlier model. These modifi cations were also incorpora ted in th e M 41 A2 and th e M41A3 both of which also have the fu el inj ection engine fitted .

reduced system weight and volume, simplifi ed sys tem operation and ma intena nce, simplifi ed overall logisti cal support, readily ava ila ble spa re pa rts, increased reliability a nd high system grow th potentia l. Variants

QM41 This is a remote cont rolled tank used by th e United Sta tes Navy for tes ting a ir-to-ground missiles. The ta nk has a lso been used for a vari ety of oth er trials purposes including much of th e development work with th e turret of the M55 1 Sherid an light tank/ assa ult ve hicl e.

Spanish M41 programme The Spanish Arm y has 180 M4 1 light tanks half of which it wa nts to reta in in th e original gun ve rsion, th e remainder being converted to th e anti-tank role. For tria ls purposes one M4 1 has had its turret replaced by a Euromissile HC T turre t with HOT AT G Ws, but it is believed tha t th e prefe rred choice is now th e Emerson lTV sys tern as fi tted to th e M90 I Improved TOW Vehicl e. The M41 fitted with th e Emerson Improved TOW Vehicle turret is known as th e Cazad or, with conve rsion work being und erta ken by T a lbot of Spain. The ori ginal petrol eng ine has been replaced by a G MC Detroit Diesel model 8V- 7 lT developing 450 hp a t 2500 rpm which is coupled to th e origin al GMC Allison Division C D-500-3 tra nsmission. The insta ll a ti on of th e di esel engine has increased th e opera ting range of th e tank from 16 1 km to 560 km . This vehicle has a four-m an crew and a maximum comba t weight of 23 tonnes. In addition to the two TOW missiles in th e ready to launch position a furth er ten missiles are carri ed inside. A 7.62 mm machine gun with 200 rounds of a mmunition is provided for local pro tection.

Brazilian M41 programme The Bern a rdini compa ny of Sao Pa ul o is converting 300 Brazilian Arm y M4 1 light tanks into th e M4 1B confi guration. The original M 32 gun has been replaced by one ma nufactured by' Bern ardini which fires th e same R 8500 range of M41 rebui"lt by Talbot of Spain and fitted with Emerson Improved TOW launcher with two TOW missiles in launch position. In this photograph launcher is traversed to rear

Cadillac Gage TMS The C adillac G age Company, which supplied th e wea pon control sys tems for th e M48, M60 A I, M60A2, M60A3, Leopard I, Leopard 2, MI , Mard er, LVTP-7 , V-1 50 and V-200 Commando, M 109, AIFV a nd specia l versions of the Centurion, has now developed a Turret Modernisation System for the M41. This can be fitt ed by the user and gives the following advantages over the existing system: improved low speed tracking and target acquisition, high precision gun positioning ca pa bility, improved first round hit capability, 141

ammUnitIOn as the Cockerill Mark III gun. T he original 500 hp Continental or Lycoming petrol engine has been replaced by a Saab-Scania DS-14 diesel which develops 400 hp coupled to the original CD-500-3 transmission. The M41B has an operational range of600 km compared to the origina l model's 161 km ..The M41B repower package has been evaluated by a number of other countries including Spain and Thailand . Recently the company has developed the M41C which has a more powerful engine, improved armour with side skirts, the same 90 mm gun and a new fire-control system. It is thought that at a later date Brazilian Army M4lBs will be brought up to the M41C standard .

M41 with New Powerpacks

Brazilian M41 C showing side skirting for additional armour protection

Brazilian Army M41B fitted with new 90 mm gun and Saab-Scania diesel engine with conversion work carried out by Bernardini

In addition to the Spanish and Brazilian repowered M41s previously mentioned there are at least three other repower packages being offered. NAPCa of the United States has designed a powerpack for the M 41 that uses the Detroi t Diesel 8V-71 T engine developing 450 hp at 2500 rpm coupled to the original transmission, so giving an operating range of over 450 km. This vehicle is known to have been tested in Denmark, Spain and Thailand . Levy Au toparts Company of Canada have designed a powerpack for the M41 that uses the Cummins VTA-903T engine as installed in the FMC Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle cou pled to th e original transmiss ion . This vehicle has

a maximum operating range of563 km and is known to have been tested in Denmark and Thailand. FFG of West German have designed a powerpack for the M41 that uses the British Rolls-Royce Military Engine Division Condor CV-8 diesel engine that powers the MCV-80, recently ordered into production by th e British Army. This also retains the original transmission and is known to have been tested by Denmark and Thailand.

M41 with Cockerill 90 mm Gun The Belgia n company of Cockerill has replaced the 76 mm gun of the M 41 with their new 90 mm gu n Mk IV which fires the following types of amm unition: HEAT-T , HESH-T, HE-T, Smoke-WP-T an d Canister. This· model has already been adop ted by Uruguay. M41 light tank fitted with NAPCO powerpack from rear with loader's hatch open

142

M41 fitted with Belg ian Cockeri ll 90 mm gun Mk IV M41 I ight tank fitted with NAPCO powerpack from front with driver's hatch open SPECIFICATIONS CREW COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATI O GROUND PRESSURE LENGTH GUN FORWARDS LENGTH HULL WIDTH HEIGHT (to oupola) (inc luding MG) GROUND CLEARANCE TRAC K TRACK WI DTH LENGTH OF TRACK ON GROUND MAX SPEED (roa d) FUEL CAPAC ITY MAX RANGE FUEL CONSUMPTION FORDIN G (with preparati on) GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE TRENCH TURNIN G RADIUS ENGINE

4 23 495 kg 18457 kg 21.26 bhpltonne 0.72 kg/c m' 8.212 m 5.819 m 3.198 m 2.726 m 3.075 m 0.45 m 2.602 m 533 mm 3.25 1 m 72 km/h 530 litres 161 km 3.29 litres/km 1.016 m 2.44 m 60% 30% 0.71 1 m 1.828 m skid turns

M41 and M41 Al , Continental or Lycoming AOS- 895-3, 6-cy linder air-cooled super-

AUXILIARY ENGINE TRANSMISSION

charged petrot developing 500 bhp at 2800 rpm . M41 A2 and M41A3 Continental or Lycoming AOS I-895-5 with fue l injecti on also devel oping 500 bhp at 2800 rpm GMC mod el A41 - 1 GMC Alli son Di vis ion cross-drive model CD-500-3 with 1 forward and 1 reverse ranges

FIN AL REDU CTI ON RATI O SUSPENSION ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) (anti-aircraft ) AMMUNITION (main )

4.25 : 1 torsion bar 24 V 4 x 6TN , 100 Ah 1 x 76 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 1 x 12.7 mm MG 57 rounds M41 , 65 rounds M41 Al , M4 1A2 and M41 A3 5000 2175

(coaxial) (anti-a ircraft) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power contro l hydrauli c/electri c with manual control s By commander yes (only on M41 Al and later mod els) By gunner yes

Max rate power traverse . Gun elevati on/ depression Gun stabili ser (verti ca l) (hori zontal ) Rangelinder Elevation quadrant Gunner's sig ht

360' in 10 s + 19' 45 min/ -9' 45 min

none none none Type M9 M97 telescope with x 8 magnificati on and

24 mi n fi eld of view

Both commander and gunner have M20A 1 peri scope with 2 optical systems: x 1 system for observati on and x 6 for ranging on targets. Illumination of reti cle patt ern s provided for by Light, Instrument M36 ARMOUR Hull front glacis 25.4 mm at 30' 31.75 mm at 45' Hu ll front nose 12/ 15 mm Hull top 9.25/31.75 mm Hull fl oor 19 mm Hull rear Turret mantl el 38mm 25.4 mm Turret front 25 mm Turret sides Turret rear 25 mm Turret roof 12.7 mm

Status: Produ cti on complete. In service with Argentina (few), Braz il , C hi le, Denm ark, Ethi opia, Greece, J apan, Philippines, Portugal, Spain, T aiwa n, Tha iland , Tunisia, Turkey, Sudan (53 from Sa udi Ara bia in 198 1), U ruguay and Viet- Na m.

Manufacturer: Cadillac M otor Car Division of Ge neral Motors Corpora tion, Cleveland T ank Arsenal, Ohio, USA.

M551 Light Tank/Reconnaissance Vehicle

military cha racteristi cs, The maj or agreements were th e establishment of a net weight of 9072 kg, a maximum permissible width of 2,794 metres and th e selection of th e Shillelagh weapon sys tem as the onl y ~eapon system acce ptable. In August 1959 th e proj ect for this vehicle, offi ciall y called th e Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assa ul t Vehicle (AR/ AA V) was approved with th e recording of th e milita ry cha racteristics and a pp roval for building six prototypes . After evaluating a number of different proposals, in May 1960 th e Genera l M otors concept was selected and th e com-

Development T t:chnical feasibility and prelimina ry concept studies for a new vehicle to replace both th e M4 1 light ta nk and th e M56 self-propelled anti-tank gun began in J anua ry 1959 . These conce pts were subsequ entl y revised in March 1959 when the draft military characteristi cs were received . InJ une 1959 the vehicle feasibility studies and th e associated technical investiga ti ons rela ti ve to th e design requirement we re reviewed and agreements were reached on app roaches to satisfy the

143

M551 Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle

pa ny was awarded a d evelopment co ntract for the vehicle und er the designation XM55 1. The fina lised AR/ AA V d esign was a pproved at th e final mock-up review meeting held in December 196 1. The first a utomotive tes t bed vehicle ra n for th e first time in the same month . By this time trials of th e XM8 1E7 gun/launcher for th e Shillelagh missil e were under way at th e Erie Army Depot. The original intention was to build six prototypes but in fact twelve were built and subjected to ex tensive trials includ-

ing fl ota tion , dura bility, hot room, cold room, vibration, fir ing, swimming, a ir drop and turret performance. The prototypes differed cons iderably from production models as th ey had a box type hull , no flota tion screen, and their road wheels were provided with bulbous covers. rn N ovem ber 1965 approva l was given for the type classifi ca tion of the XM551 as Limited Production a nd a four-y ea r production co ntract was awarded to th e Allison Motor Car Division of General Motors Corporation. Also

M551 Sheridan with infra-red searchlight mounted to left of main armament (US Army)

144

M551 modified to resemble Soviet T-72 MBT (US Army National Training Center)

included in the contract was an order for th e 155 mm MlO9 self-propelled howitzer. In May 1966 the Sheridan was cl assifi ed as Standard A and by this time production was we ll under way with th e first production vehicle being completed in] une 1966. Production continued until 1970 by when 1700 M55 1s (o r G eneral Sheridans) had been built, of which 1570 were still in service with the US Army in 1978. The M551 was tested by a number of armed forces including Australia and th e United Kingdom but no oth er Army adopted the veh icl e. In 1968-69 64 M551 s were deployed to Viet-Nam where numerous defi ciencies qui ckl y became apparent es pecially with the engine, transmission, suspension and th e conventional round with its combustible cartridge case. Late in 1978 it was announced th a t th e M551 would be phased out of service and replaced by the M60A I MBT, apart from thos e vehicl es a llocated to th e 82nd Airborne Division (57) and Arkansas National Guard ( 12). 330 have been assigned to the National Training Cen ter at Fort Irwin, California. These are essenti ally bas ic M55 1s but with visual modifications to the outside to disguise them as "agressor force" vehicles such as ZSU-23-4 SPAAG, T-72 MBT, BMP MICV and th e 122 mm M-1974 self-propelled howitzer.

Description The a ll- welded aluminium a rmour hull of th e M55 1 is divided into three compartments with th e driver's a t th e front, fi ghting compa rtment in the centre a nd th e engine a t th e rear. T he d ri ver is seated a t th e front of the veh icle a nd is provided with a single- piece ha tch cover which, when he is driving with his head out, is swung inside th e vehicl e to his rear. The hatch cover has three integral M47 perisco pes for day driving, each with a was her and wiper, while th e centre periscope can be rep laced by an M48 infra- red periscope for night drivin g. The turret is of a ll weld ed steel a rmour with th e comm ander a nd gunn er sea ted on th e right a nd th e loader on the left. The commander's cupola is provided with a split ha tch cover th a t opens left a nd right a nd ten vision blocks for a ll-round vision . The' commander is also provided with a portable night-vision device with a magnifi cation of X4. The gunner is seated to the front and below th e comma nder and has a n M 129 telescope linked to th e main ar ma ment with a magnifi cation of X8 and an 8-degree fi eld of view. For engaging targets a t night the gunn er has an infra- red roofmounted sight M44 with a X9 magnifi cation and a 6-degree fi eld of view through one eye piece and x I day light viewing window. The loader has a single-piece ha tch cover tha t opens to the left with an M37 periscope which can be traversed throu gh 360 degrees, mounted in th e roof forward of his ha tch cover. 145

A large wire stowage basket is provided at th e rear of the turret and some machine gun ammunition is stowed in a mmunition boxes strapped to th e sides of th e turret, nine boxes on th e left a nd six on th e right. The engine and transmission are at th e rear of the vehicle with the a luminium cross-fl ow radiator mounted in th e forward part of th e engine compartment from the fighting comp'l,rtment. T he aluminium an d mag nesium TG-250 (formerly th e XTG-250-1 A) transmission consists of a hydra ulic torqu e converter with lock-up clutch. Planetary range gearing is combined with steering an d ou tput planeta ry sets to give four forward and two reverse gears. Pivot turns are possible in first and reverse gears and the brakes are integral with the transmission. The engin e com partment is eq uipped with a fi~e suppression system which can be operated by th e driver, or from outside the vehicle. No fire warning system is fitted . The torsion bar suspension consists of five dual road wheels with the idler at the front and the dri ve sprocket at the rear. There are no track return rollers. The first and las t road wheel sta ti ons are fi tted with a hydraulic shock absorber. Tracks a re cast steel with rubber bushes and steel pins. Each track has 102 links when new. I t was originall y in tended tha t th e Sheridan wou ld be full y amphibious without preparation but in th e end a flotation screen was designed a nd fitted around th e top of th e hull. This ta kes abo ut five minutes to erect and th e vehicle is th en propelled in the water by its tracks. Night vision eq uipment is provided for th e commander, gun ner and driver and most vehicles now have an infra- red searchlight fitted to th e left of th e mai n armament. Standard equipment includes a heater , extraction fan in th e turret roof, diesel cooker and an NBC system th a t pipes fresh air to th e crew's face masks from a central unit.

146

M551 modified to resemble Soviet 122 mm M-1974 self-propelled howitzer (US Army National Training Center)

M ain arma ment on th e M 55 1 is th e M81 (formerly th e XM8 IE I2) gun/la uncher wh ich can fire the Shillelagh missile or a number of conventional rounds with a combustible cartridge. Its recoil system is of th e concentric hydro-spring type. The Shillelagh missile is designated the MGM-5 IA and was designed by the Uni ted States Army Missile Command and th e Philco-Ford Corporation from 1959, with prod uction beginning in 1964. The missile was also launched from th e M551 modified to resemble Soviet ZSU -23-4 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun system (US Army National Training Center)

M60A2 MBT a nd was to have bee n the ma in a rm a ment of th e MBT-70 which was ca ncelled in 1970. The missi le itselfis 1. 155 metres long, weighs 26 .76 kg a nd has a max imum ve locity of 689 metres per second. Its solid propella nt motor burns for 1.1 8 second s, its max imum effective range aga inst moving ta rge ts is 2500 metres and against stationary ta rgets 3000 met res. The Shillelagh warhead is of th e H EAT type. The missile is g uid ed to its target by th e gunner who has to keep the cross-hairs of th e sight o n th e targe t unti l th e missile impacts. The missile tracker m eas ures th e deviation of th e missile's Aightpa th from th e line of sight, th e signals a re co nverted into comm ands th a t a re tra nsmitted by th e infrared tra nsmitter mounted in th e small box ove r the ma in a rm a ment to th e receiver in the missile itself. A well-trained gunner ca n lau nch two missil es a minute. The 152 mm gun/ launcher can a lso fire a number of conve nti ona l rounds which have a combustib le ca rtridge case consist ing of two pa rts, a base and a bod y, whi ch are made of felted nitro-cellulose. The body is a ttached to th e proj ec ti le base with epoxy resin a nd a n a luminium locking ring. The following types of conventiona l type ammunition ca n be fired: Type DESIGNATION WEIGHT OF COM PLETE ROUND MUZZLE VELOCITY MAX RANG E

HEAT-T-MP M409

WP M410

TP-T M411

22 kg 683 m/s 9000 m

n/av n/av

683 m/s

n/av

9000 m

22. 124 kg

A we ll- tra ined crew ca n fire a max imum of four rounds of conventi o nal am munition a minute. The proportion of Shillelagh missil es an d co nventi ona l a mmunitio n depends on th e mission requirement; norm a ll y eight Shi ll elagh a nd 20 rounds of co nventi onal a mmunitio n a re ca rri ed. Mounted coaxia ll y to th e main armament is a 7.62 mm M73 machine gun a nd mo unted on th e forward pa rt of th e commander's cupola is a 12.7 mm (0.50) Browning M2 HB machin e g un for a nti- aircraft us e with an elevation of + 70 degrees and a dep ression of -15 deg rees. M a ny M551 shave bee n provided with a shield to give the co mm a nder so me protection when he is using th e a nti- a ircraft arm a ment.

M551A 1 In 197 1 Frankford Arse nal award ed the Hug hes Aircraft Corpora tion a contract worth $8.3 million for initial produ ction of th e AN/ VVG-I lase r rangefi nd er for insta ll a ti on in th e forward pa rt of th e comm a nder' s cupo la of th e M551. The rangefinder co nsists of a ruby lase r, optics a nd associated panels and electroni cs, a nd en a bles the co mmander to have accura te range inform a ti on on th e target within seconds. When fitt ed with th e AN/VVG- l th e vehicle is known as th e M 55 1A1.

Canister M625A1 21 .772 kg 683 m/s 400 m

M551 modified to resemble Soviet BMP MICV showing Sagger ATGW over si mulated 73 mm gun (US Army National Training Center)

147

Provisional drawing of M551 Elevated Kinetic-Energy Weapon Test Bed on M551 chass is with mount in raised position (not to 1/76th scale)

M551 for ARMVAL T en modified M551s were used for the joint US Army/ Marine Corps Advanced Anti-ar mor Vehicle Evaluation between September 1978 and December 1980. The programme was sponsored by th e Under Secretary of D efense for Research and Engineering with the Marine Corps being the Executive Service as it has a more immedia te req uirement for a lightweight helicopter transportable vehicle. For ARM VAL Tank Automotive Research and Development Command rebuilt ten M551s at Warren, Michigan. Each vehicle was reduced to about II 340 kg by the removal of some armour and th e armament. The original 6V-53T engine was replaced by the more powerful8V-53T as used in the Marine Corps L VTP7s and uprated to give a higher power-to-weight ratio. A new cooling system was installed and the suspension modifi ed to improve cross-country mobility. The vehicle has a max imum road speed (governed) of 72 km/h and can accelerate from 0 to 48 km/ h in ten seconds. The gunner has a fully stabilised West German Pietzsch Staget sighting system which consists of a daylight tv with zoom optics and an integral laser gun simulator fitted to represent the 75 mm cannon. The commander's backup sight is a modified M36E2 optical sight, also fitted with a laser gun simulator. The commander can also operate the Staget system and has a tv display; his backup is an M20A3 daylight optical sight.

M551 with 75 mm ARES cannon Under contract to the US Army Tank Automotive Reseach and Development Command, th e Pacific Car and Foundry Company has built an Elevated Kin etic-Energy Wea pon T est Bed. It consists of an M551 Sheridan with its turret removed 148

and replaced by a new turret with an elevated mount fitted with a 75 mm ARES automatic cannon fed by a powered a mmunition feed system that will convey am munition up through an elevator tube to the chamber from the storage carousel in th e turret. The cannon will be stabilised in elevation with the turret bcing stabilised in azimuth. Components from th e M551 and M60 series will be used in th e turret drives and stabilisation systems. A modified M36 sight will be mounted on the turret roof and this will follow the cannon at a ny can non trunnion elevation. It can be used only when th e target is in line of sight with the turret roof, for exam ple when the elevated mounting is in the lowered position. When the mount is elevated, surveill ance and ' target acquisition will be carried ou t by a sight using current Improved TOW Vehicle components.

M551 with 105 mm gun For trials purposes the Vought Corporation is to fit the chassis of the M551 with th e West German Rheinmetall Rh 105-11 super low recoil gun as already fi tted to the MOWAG Shark (8 X 8) vehicle. The gun would be on an external pedestal mount fitted with an automatic loader designed by Rheinmetall. Variants The Sheridan was proj ected to have been th e bas is for a whole family of vehicles which would have included an antiaircraft missile vehicle with th e General Dynamics Mauler missile, anti-aircraft gun vehicle, amp hibious assault vehicle, cargo carrier, crane, bridgelayer (developed to the prototype stage but cancelled owing to a lack of a military requirement) , engineer vehicle, flamethrower, MICV, 107 mm mortar carrier and a 155 mm self-propell~d gun. Early in the development of the Sheridan a number of different weapons were installed in prototype vehicles in case of any major problems with the Shillelagh system. These included a 76 mm gun and a 105 mm gun .

SPECIFICAT IONS

CREW COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER-TO-WE IGHT RATIO GROUND PRESS URE LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (to turret top) (overall) GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK TRACK WIDTH LENGTH OF TRACK ON GROUND MAX SPEED (road) (water) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE (road) FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE

4 15830 kg 13589 kg

TRENCH ENGINE

18.95 bhp/tonn e

0.49 kg /c m' . 6.299 m 2.819 m 2.272 m 2.946 m 0.48 m 2.348 m 444 mm 3.66 m 70 km/h 5.8 km/h 598 1itres 600 km amphibious 60% 40%

AUXILIARY ENGINE TRANSMISSION

2.54 m Detroit Diesel Model 6V-53T 6-cylinder water-cooled turbocha rged diesel developing 300 bhp at 2800 rpm none TG-250 cross-drive with 4 forward and 2 reverse speeds

FINAL REDUCTION RATIO SUSPENSION ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMENT (main)

0.838 m

(coaxial) (anti-aircraft) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control By commander By gunner

traverse

24 V

Gun elevationl Gun stabiliser

1 x 7.62 mm MG 1 x 12.7 mm MG

3080

tOOO electric/ manual

yes yes

Max rate power

2 x 6TN (or 4 in cold Climate) 1 x 152 mm gunl

10 missiles and 20 conventional rounds

2.22 : 1 torsion bar

launcher

(coaxial) (anti-aircraft) SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPMENT

AMMUNITION (main)

depression (vertical) (horizontal) Elevation quadrant Traverse indicator

(non stabi lised) 360' in 10 seconds (stabilised) 360' in 7.5 seconds

+ 19.5'1-8' yes yes M13A 1C M31 MOD

4 smoke dischargers either side of turret

Status: Production complete. In service in limited numbers onl y with th e US Army.

Manufacturer: Allison Division of General Motors Corporation, C leveland Tank-Automotive Plant, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

High Survivability Test Vehicle (Lightweight)

Technology at the US Army Tank-Automotive Command, Warren, Michigan. Following the fie ld tes ting, the HSTV(L) is being used for experiments in fire-control and stabilisation. Stabilisation processing has been converted from analogue to digital. Various stabilization control algorithms are being tried along with different combinations of transducers to determine effects on gun pointing performance and th e possibility of eliminating some of the expensive sensors such as gyros. The TACOM Motion Base Simulator, a huge shaker tabl e, is being used to provide terrain input. These tests began in September 1982 and are to continue for a year or more _

Development The High Survivability Test Vehicle - Lightweight (HSTV-L) was developed under th e direction of the TACOM project manager for Armored Combat Vehicle

Description The high survivability of this vehicle is d erived from the low silhouette, high horsepower per ton, duplica tion of sights, improved night vision capabilities, and th e lack of specific driver and gunner controls. Any crewman can shoot and both hull crewmen can drive. Although a test vehicle, th e HSTV(L) is not a variable parameter test bed but an exercise in system realism for the three-man crew, hunter/killer fire control conce pt and low silhouette. Armament for th e HSTV(L) consists ofa 7.62 mm M240 machine gun for both commander and coaxial position and a 75 mm smooth bore cannon. The cannon employs a revolving breech and telescoping ammunition which enables th e automatic loader to load one round per I V2 seconds. The in battery-firing recoi l mechanism has a fixed piston that allows the greater mass of recoil cylinder and breech mechanism parts to recoi l during firing. The 75 mm gun and" automatic ammunition feeder are designed and made by ARES Inc, Port Clinton, Ohio. Texas Instruments supplies th e fire-control system which uses the hunter/killer concept. The commander uses a stabil-

149

i~~' . ~~ .~~ initial FOV

target Idenlilied in FOV

operator slews looking IOf target

I HSTV(L) undergoing stabilisation/fire-control testing on Motion Base Simulator, TACOM , Warren , Michigan (US Army) operator Initiates auto-track mode

ised hunter sight that revolves independ ently of the turret. Once a ta rget is selected on this sight, the turre t a nd kill er sight can be a ligned with it. The gunner can th en des troy th e selected targe t while th e comm a nder returns to sea rch with his hunter sight. Bo th direct vision a nd FUR (Fo rwa rd Looking Infra-red ) optics a re avail a bl e fo r either sig ht. The comma nd er can use either a biocul a r direct view optic eyepiece for improved cl a rity a nd redu ced power dra in , or a HSTV(L) with all hatches closed and armou red track skirts fitted

150

aulo tracking brings larget to boreslghl largel velocities computed lor ballistic lead

track box contains larget

operator pulls trigger to first detent

Above: Typi cal target engagement by HSTV(L)

Hunter sight (commander) 2·axis stabilised head direct view thermal Imaging direct view visual optics tv imaging thermal imaging primary (gunner) sight laser range linder 2·axls stabilised head thermal Imaging rv lmage •

Cutaway drawing of HSTV(L) showing position of main components of Texas Instruments fire-control system

video screen. In the hull , a video screen visible to both gunner and driver receives transmissions from hunter and killer sights. T he electronic fi re control processor uses inputs from th e sights, crosswind sensor, muzzle reference, verticle reference system, and an eye-safe C02 laser rangefind er to compute proper gun pointing . The laser rangefinder is supplied by Ray theon. Automati c tracking and rate aid tracking can also be accomplished by the fire control processor.

Both elevation and azimuth stabilisati on is provided for the 75 mm gun wi th a slaved killer sight a nd an independ ently stabilised h unter sight. Fire-on-the-move ca pab ilities a re improved by decoupling th e yaw motion of th e hull fro m th e turret. Cadillac G age supplies the gun control a nd sta bilisati on system for HSTV (L). Propulsion for th e HSTV(L) comes from a gas turbine engine mounted beside th e transmission with a cross-dri ve gea rbox connecting the two. Avco Lycoming supplies the nonregenera tive 650 horsepower modified helicopter gas turbine. The tra nsmission is an X-300 Detroit Diesel Allison a utoma ti c four-speed with lock-up torque converter. Auxiliary power is provided by two 250 a mp genera tors a nd a 60 gpm hydra ulic pump. The hydra ulic pump supplies power for the engine compa rtment mounted oil cooler fan and through a hydra ulic slip ring; it also supplies power to the gun control system a nd a utoma ti c a mmunition load er in th e turret. T eledyne suppl y the fi xed height hydro-pneuma tic suspension sys tem. A 355.6 mm jounce a nd 127 mm rebound travel is poss ible due to the sma ll 558.8 mm dia meter road wheels. The track is ari improved ve rsion of the type found on th e M 55 1 Sherid an. The man-machine interface for th e HSTV (L ) is of prime importance. The use of th e hunter/killer concept a llows both th e gunner and th e comma nder to contribute as much informa tion as possible towards th e neutralisation of th e enemy. The use of press ure sensitive isometric ra te controller thumb switches allows for more precise gun control while firin g on th e· move. The drive r a nd gunner seating positions a re semireclined for maximum comfort in a minimum space. The tv screens considerably improve fi re-on-the-move sighting clarity.

Three-view drawing of HSTV(L) gunner's hatch

driver's hatch

centre of gravity

primary sight (gunner's)

commander's hatch

with applique armour without applique armour

15 1

SPECIFICATIONS CREW TE ST VEHICLE WEI GHT (with in strume ntati on

TRANSMISSION

and

POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATI O GROUND PRE SSURE LENGTbI ·GUN FORWARDS LENGTH HULL WIDTH HEIGHT (overall ) (to turret top) (to hul l top) GROUND CLEARANCE TRACK TRACK WIDTH MAX SPEED (roa d) ACC ELERATION (0 to 48 km/h) FUEL CAPACITY MAX CRUI SING RANGE FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE TURN ING RADIUS ENGIN E

20450 kg 3 1.78 hp/tonne 0.7 kg /cm' 8.528 m 5.9 18 m 2.794 m 2.414 m 1.994 m 1.422 m 0.508 m 2.349 m 44 5 mm 83. 68 km/h 11.8 sec 409 1itres 160 km 1.0 m 60% 30% pi vot to infini ty

Avco-Lyco min g 650 tu rbos haft developing 650 hp

a utomati c lock up

STEERING

TURN ING RADIUS BRAKES

SUSPEN SION ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIER IES ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) (anti-aircraft ) AMMUN ITION (main) (MG) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM

By comma nd er By gunner Gun elevati on! depress ion

Status: U ndergoing sta bil isa tion/ fire control tes ting on the Moti on Base Simu la tor, T a nk Auto motive Comma nd , Wa rren, M ichi ga n .

Rapid Deployment Force Light Tank (RDF/LT) Development T he Ra pid Deployment Force Light T a nk (RDF / L T ) has been desig ned as a pri va te venture by AA I Corpora tion which has already built the prototype of the H ig h Survivabil ity T est Vehicl e (Lightweight) und er contract to th e United Sta tes Army T a nk-Automotive Comma nd_ The pro to type was shown for th e first time in O ctober 1980 when it was said by the compa ny th a t it co uld be in servi ce by 1984, if a decision on produ ction was ta ken in th e imm edi a te fut ure_

152

+ 45°/ -6° rear + 45·/ -30· side elevation/depression 1.0 rad/sec

X-300-4 A with 4 lorward and 1 reverse gears, sing le.-stage, multiple-ph ase torqu e converter with

parti al appli que a rm our)

GM C Delroit Diesel Allison

Di vision cross drive model

hydrostatical ly controlled differential. pi vot steer in neutral pi vot to infinity

multiple wet pl ate, servi ce and parking , hydrostati cal ly app lied w ith mechan ical backup hydro-pn eumati c 24 V 6 x 12 V, 300 Ah

1 x 75 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 1 x 7.62 mm MG

Max rate (power) Max rate (manual) M in rate (power) (power) Max traverse rate (manual) Min traverse rate (power) Peri scopes

1.0 rad/sec 10 mil s/crank

0.2 mi ls/sec driver 3 ( x 1) gunner 3 ( x 1) co mmander 8 ( x 1) Pri mary engagement sight (turret) stabi lised head, FLiR CO, laser rangelinder, tv, 2 FOV linked to all three crew

members Hunter sight (tu rret)

powered/manual

Gunner's sigh: (hull )

+ 4 5°/ - 1]0 front

10 mil s/crank elevation/depress ion 0.2 mi ls/sec

Max traverse rate

26 3200 yes yes

elevation/depression

stabil ised head , rotates independently 01 turret; FLlR; d irect view optics, tv, 2 FOV li nked to all three crew

members slaved to weapon , direct view optics, 2 FOV gunner's use onl y

Manufacturer: AAI Corpora ti on, Box 6767 , Baltimore, M a ryland 21204, USA _

The vehicle is airporta ble: the Lockheed C-5B transport aircraft can carry eight RDF/ LTs, the C-1 30 a nd C- 141 co~ld each carry two a nd the Navy/ Ma rine Corps C H-53E helicopter can carry one slung und er its fuselage_ This vehicl e, with some cha nges a nd improve ments in a rmour protection , is AAI's entry in th e MPGS competition_

Description The hu ll of the RDF/ LT is made of all-welded alu miniu m a rm our with the driver sitting at the front of th e hull on the left a nd the comma nder/g unn er to his right. Both crew memPowerpack of AA I RDF/LT sl ides out for ease of ma intenance and fi eld replacement

Prototype of AAI Rapid Deployment Force Light Tank

, UNITED INCUS,TRIAL ~

CORPORA 10

Rapid Deployment Force Light Tank fitted with Universal One-Man turret armed with 75 mm ARES gun

153

bers have a single-piece ha tch cover tha t opens outwa rds a nd has th ree integrated periscopes. Between th e dri ver and commander/gunner, in th e upper part of the glacis pla te, is th e hull-mounted a uxilia ry sight. T he main a rmament consists of a 75 mm ARES canno n mo unted in th e centre of th e hull behind th e crew. T he 75 mm AR ES cannon is fed from an a utoma ti c magazine h o ldi ~ 60 rounds of APFSDS and multi- purpose a mmuni tion and when used for indirect fi re has a maximum ra nge of 12 000 metres. T o th e right of the main a rm a ment th ere is a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun . Moimted above and behind th e main ar ma ment is the sta bilised rota ry head which is th e prima ry sight. The main a rm a ment is full y sta bili sed and th e fire-control system incl ud es a d igital com puter. T he fi re-control sys tem is similar to tha t of the H ST V( L) and is full y descri bed in th a t entry. The engine a nd transmission are mounted a t th e rea r of the hull and th e complete powerpack is on ex tensible rails to faci lita te ma intenance in the field . T he torsion bar suspension consists of five dual ru bbertyred road wheels with a drive sprocket a t th e rear, idler a t the front and one return roller. Appliq ue steel armo ur can be fitted to the RD F/LT for increased pro tection. As an altern ative to the 75 mm ARES cannon which is mounted in an unmanned turret and fi tted to th e pro totype vehicle, a n AA I Uni versal O ne-Man T urre t which is also armed with a 75 mm ARES cann on, fed from a n a utoma ti c load er, can be fitted .

Variants In 1982 AA I announ ced a new version of thi s vehicle fi tted with a new one-man turret also armed with the ARES 75 mm a utoma ti c cannon. This has a single-piece ha tch cover opening to the rea r, six periscopes for all ro und observa tion and forward a nd to the right of th e hatch is a sta bilised sight for targe t acq uisition/ fi ring.

AAI Rapid Depl oyment Force LightTank prototype fitted with new one-man all -cast turret armed with 75 mm ARES automatic gun undergoing trials in 1982

SPECIFICATIONS

ENGINE

(RDF/LT with three man crew and turret menti one d above) CREW 3 WEIGHT (combat) t 3 426 kg (unloaded) 12247kg POWER TO WEI GHT RATIO 26.07 hp/tonne GROUND PRESSURE 0.49 kg /cm' LENGTH GUN FORWARDS 8.235 m LENGTH HULL 5.569 m WIDTH 2.54 m HEIGHT (top 01 Sight) 2.286 m AXIS OF FIRE 1. 562 m GROUND CLEARANCE 0.50m MAX ROAD SPEED 64 km/h FUEL CAPACITY 378 litres MAX CRUI SING RANGE 500 km FORDIN G 1m GRADIENT 60%

TRANSMISSION

Status: Prototype. This vehicl e has been designed to meet th e US requirement for a Mobile Protected Gu n Sys tem.

154

75 mm ARES automatic gun as fitted to the HSTV-L, RDF Light Tank and the High Mobility Agi lity Test Vehicle (HIMAG)

SUSPENS ION ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIE S ARMAMENT (main) (coaxi al) AMMU NITION (main) (coaxial) FIRE-CONTROL tu rret power control

by com mander by gunner

General Motors 6V53T. turbo-charg ed. 6-cy linder diesel developing 350 hp General Motors. All ison Di vision. X-200 cross dri ve, automatic torsion bar 24 V 6 x 12 V. 190 Ah 1 x 75 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG 60 2600 hyd raul ic/manual yes yes

Gun elevati onl

depression Turret traverse Turret slew rate Gun elevation rate

+ 40' / - 15' 360' 60'/s 60'/s

Manufacturer: AA I Corporati on, PO Box 676 7, Baltimore, Maryland , 21 204, USA.

13.2 Tonne Rapid Deployment Force Light Tank (RDF/LT) Development The origin al AA I Ra pid Deploy ment Force Light T a nk (RDF/ T ), descri ped in th e preceding entry, cannot be ex ported a t present as th e ARES 75 mm a utoma tic cannon has not ye t completed its U S Arm y fund ed d evelopment. In 1982 AA I a nn ounced th a t they had built the prototype of a 13.2 tonne RDF/ LT fitted with a new two-ma n tu rret a rmed with th e sa me 76 mm M32 g un as the M 4 1 light ta nk's . This was phased out of US Army service some years ago, although it remains in service with ma ny other co untries . The prototype uses th e chass is of the o riginal RDF/ L T bu t produ cti on vehicles wo uld have a slightl y differe nt hull a nd the description below rela tes to this. A Lockheed C-1 30H aircraft can carry two 13.2 tonne RDF/ L Ts.

T he all-welded turret is in th e ce ntre of the vehicle with th e co mma nd er seated on th e left a nd th e g unner on th e right. Both have a single-piece ha tch cover, six pe riscopes for all ro und observa ti on a nd a n M 32 periscope for a iming th e arma ment. The g unn er's M 32 periscope inco rpora tes a lase r ra ngefind er. AAI 13.2 tonne Rapid Deployment Force Light Tank prototype showing new turret armed with 76 mm M32 gun which can fire a new APFSDS-T projectile developed by AAI

Description The hull of th e RDF/ LT is of all-welded a luminium co nstruction. T he d river is sea ted a t the fro nt of th e hull on the left with 30 ro unds of 76 mm a mmunition stowed ho ri zontall y to his right. T he dri ve r has a single-piece ha tch cover th a t opens to th e left, in th e forward par t of this a re three periscopes th e cen tre one of which can be re placed by a passive periscope for ni ght d ri ving. proiotype of AAI 13.2 tonn e Rapid Deployment Force Light Tank undergoing initial cross-country trials in 1982

155

Cutaway drawing of 13.2 tonne Rapid Deployment Force Light Tank showing crew positions and ammunition stowage

Main ar ma ment consists of a 76 mm high velocity M32 gun which is installed in the M41 tank. In addition to the range of am munition origina ll y developed for this weapon, a nd fully descri bed in the entry for the M4 1 light tank, AAI have developed a new round of APFSDS-T am munition based on their ex perience in developing a mmunition for the ARES 75 mm au toma tic. This has already been tested in Denmark during trials with an M41 light tank. According to AAI, this proj ectile has three times the probability of killing a T-62 tank a t a norm al combat range of 1500 metres tha n the 105 mm M456 HEAT-T round and only slightly less kill probability a t a similar range to the 105 mm M735 APFSDS-T ro und . A 7.62 mm M 240 machine gun is mounted coaxially with the mai n arma ment.

SPECIFICAn ONS CR EW 3 WEIGHT (combat) 13200 kg 11800kg (unloaded) POWER TO WEIGHT RATIO 26.5 hp/ton ne GROUND PRESSURE 0.48 kg/c m' LENGTH GUN 7.34 m FORWARD S LENGTH HULL 5.569m WIDTH . 2.54m HEIGHT (overall. M32 Sig ht) 2.235 m (hul l top) 1.562 m GROUND CLEARAN CE 0.50 m MAX ROAD SPEED 64 km/h

Status: Prototype.

156

FUEL CAPACITY MAX CRUISING RANGE FORDING GRADIENT ENGINE

TRAN SMISSION

A Cadillac Gage stabilisation and weapons control system is fitted as standard ena bling the vehicle to fire on the move with a high probability of a first round hit. Optional firecontrol systems include an M32 sight with an AN/VSG-2 Tank Therm al Sight or a digital tank fire-control system with the AN/ VSG-2 T ank Therma l Sight, AN/GVS-5 laser rangefind er and a digital ballistic computer. The engine and transmission are mounted a t the rear of the hull and the complete powerpack is on extensible rails to facilitate maintenance in the field. The torsion bar suspension consists of five dual rubber tyred road wheels with the drive sprocket at the rear, idler at the front and one return roller which is positioned above the second a nd third road wheel sta tions. Track is the M 11 3.

3781itres 500 km 1m 60% General Motors 6V-53T. turbo-charged. 6-cylinder diesel deve loping 350 hp General Motors. Allison Di vision, X-200 crossdri ve , automatic

SUSPENSION ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAM ENT (main) (coax ial)

AM MUNITION (main) (coaxial) FIRE-CONTROL turret power control by commander by gunner GUN ELEVATION/ DEPRESSION TURRET TRAVERSE

50 2600 hydraulic/manual yes yes +22·/ -10· 360·

torsion bar 24 V 6 x 12 V. 190 Ah 1 x 76 mm 1 x 7. 62 mm MG

Manufacturer: AA I Corpora tion, Box 6767, Baltimore, Maryland 2 1204, USA.

Mobile Protected Gun System (MPGS) The United States Marine Corps has a requirement for a highly mobile armoured vehicle which is at present called th e Mobile Protected Weapons System (M PWS). It will be an additional anti-armour, anti-material, anti-personnel system complementing, at times replacing (with fewer capabilities) the MBT in combat operations during an amphibious assa ult and subsequent operations as hore at all levels of combat intensity. As an integrated part of task organised units, the MPWS will operate with combined arms of infantry, artillery, a ir and MBTs, and be capable of operating over all types of terrain. It shou ld be able to deal with a wide variety of battlefield targe ts including tanks, ATG W carri ers and ATG W ground mounts, light armoured vehicles, short-range ar tillery, motorised and dismounted troops, helicopters, anti-aircraft sys tems and fixed positions. MPWS must be airportable in current transport aircraft such as the C-5A, C- 130 and C-14I, be able to ford rivers, be compatible with current amphibious craft and be fitted with an NBC system . Main armament could be the ARES 75 mm automatic cannon (or a 90 mm version), or th e 105 mm Rheinmetall Rh 105-11 super low recoil gun already installed in the Swiss MOWAG Shark (8 x 8) vehicle or a lightweight 105 mm under development by Benet Laboratory. I n Decem ber 1981, th e Marine Corps agreed to merge its

MPWS Program with the Army's Mobile Protected Gun System Program . The Army's requirement is similar to that of the Marine Corps but did not require lift via the CH-53E helicopter. A draft Joint Service Operational Req uirement has been developed and is being staffed at this time. Thejoint system wou ld retain the Marine Corps helicopter lift requirement while incorporating many of the Army's ta nklike characteristi cs. Although fielding is projected for th e early 1990's, it is being reviewed in th e context of various armor-antiarmor studies and considerations by the Army to restru cture its light forces.

M3 Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicle The M3 Bradley Cavalry Figh ting Vehicle is almos t iden ti cal to the M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle but has a five man crew (instead of ten) , no firing ports in th e rear troop compartment and increased ammunition carrying capab ility. Main armament comprises a Hughes Helicopters 25 mm Chain Gun, 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun a nd a twin Hughes TOW ATGW launcher on th e left side of the turret. A total of 1500 rounds of25 mm and 4540 rounds of7.62 mm ammunition are carried plus 12 TOW ATGW's of which two are in the launcher for ready use.

M3 Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicle

157

Cadillac Gage Commando V-300 Armoured Vehicle Range Development The Commando V-300 (6 x 6) ra nge of a rm oured vehicl es has been developed as a priva te venture by th e Cadill ac Gage Company which has already designed and built th e highl y successful C ommand o V- 150 (4 x 4) range of vehicles which are now in service with more than 20 countries. The first two prototypes of the V-300 were completed in 1979 and th e vehicl e entered produ ction in 1983. La te in 1982 Pana ma placed a n ord er worth over $6 mi llion for 12 V -300 Comma ndo ve hicles in four different confi gura tions including fir e support vehi cle with 90 mm Cockerill Mk III gun; APC with twin 7.62 mm machine guns and recovery. All of th ese were

schedul ed for d el ivery by the end of 1983 . The company also supplied a number of vehicles for th e Light Arm ored Vehicle competiti on including models fitted with th e two-man Cockerill 90 mm turret, two-man 25 mm C hain Gun turret and two- man 25 mm C ha in Gun turret fitted with a sta bilisati on sys tem.

Description The hu ll of th e V-300 Commando is of a ll-welded unitised constru ction of special high ha rdn ess steel ball istic plate that p rovides th e crew with protection from small a rms fire and shell splinters. The dri ver is seated a t th e front of th e hu ll on th e left side and has a single-piece squ are ha tch cover th at opens to the rea r. T o his front are three periscopes for forwa rd observa tion

Cad iliac Gage V-300 Commando with two-man tu rret armed with 90 mm Cockeri ll Mark II I gu n

Cadi ll ac Gage V-300 Commando fitted with one-man turret armed with 12.7 mm and 7.62 mm machine guns

158

Cadillac Gage V-300 Commando fitted with two-man turret armed with 20 mm Oerlikon cannon, 7.62 mm coaxial MG , 7.62 mm anti-aircraft MG and smoke dischargers

Cadillac Gage one-man turret with 20 mm Oerlikon cann on (described in V-150 entry) . Cadillac Gage one-man I-metre MG turret (described in V-I SO entry ). Cadill ac Gage one-man MG turret (d escribed in V-ISO entry). Ring mount with 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm MG. The troop compartment is a t th e rear of th e V-300 and in each side of the hull a re three bullet-proof vision blocks each

and one of these can be replaced by a pass ive periscope for driving at night. In th e side of th e hull to th e left of th e driver is a bullet-proof vision block with a firing port und erneath . To the rear of this is a small half-door th at opens to th e rear, this has a bullet-proof vision block und ern eath of which is a firing port. The engine compartment is to th e right of the dri ver with Cadillac Gage V-300 Commando fitted with turret armed with the air inlet and air outlet in the roof and the ex ha ust pipe in 20 mm cannon, 7.62 mm coaxial mac hine gun and 7.62 mm the right side of th e hull. Power from th e engine is transmitted anti-aircraft machine gun to th e final drives via an Allison MT-643 four-spe ed a utomatic gearbox. The transfer box contains a two-speed system with a spline engage ment clutch for th e axle drive. On th e glacis pl ate is a rece ptacle for a shovel and pick axe and under th e nose is an internally mounted hydra ulic winch which has a maximum capacity of9072 kg, this is provided with 45 metres of 12 .7 mm dia meter steel core cable. The V-300 can be fitted with a number of armament installations, th ese are mounted in th e centre of the hull over the second axle and include: Cadill ac Gage two-man turret with 90 mm Cockerill Mk III gun (descrihed in V-150 entry). Cadillac Gage two-man turret with 76 mm Royal Ordnance Factories L23AI gun (described in V-150 entry) . Turret armed with 25 mm M242 Hughes Chain Gun, 7.62 mm coaxial MG, 7.62 mm anti-aircraft MG and smoke dischargers. . Cadillac Gage two-man turret with 20 mm Oerlikon cannon (described in V-1 50 entry) .

159

Cadillac Gage V-300 Command o fitted with Cadillac Gage one-metre turret armed with 20 mm Oerlikon cannon and 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun

with a firin g port und erneath . Over th e top of th e troop compartment a re two rectangul ar roof ha tches hinged on th e outside. The infantry enter and leave the vehicl e th rough two doors in the rear of the hull , each of th ese being provided with a bullet-proof vision block und ern eath of which is a firin g port. As an a ltern ative to th e two part ha tch cover a circul ar ha tch cover with p rovision for mounting a 7.62 mm pintlemounted GPMG can be fitted . The front suspension is a swing-mounted solid ax le with rear suspension being independent with coil springs a t each wheel sta tion. The front solid axle is res trained longitudinally by trailing arms a nd la terall y by sta bilising rods attached to the axle and hull. The two rear ax les consist of short dri ve shafts extending from th e hull-mounted differentia ls to th e independently-sprung trailing-a rms mounted wheel sta tions. The road wheels have a combined wheel travel of 30 cm , a jounce of 17.5 cm and a rebound of 12. 5 cm. All th e swing mounted axles are of th e double-reduction top-mounted type. T he front and rear ax les have positive No-Spin differentials to maintain traction in off road opera tions. The central axles contain the inter-axle differentia l. All wheels have hydra ulic bra kes with steering being power- ass isted on th e front wheels. All wheels have run-fl at tubeless tyres. The V- 300 is full y a mphibious without prepa ra tion being propelled in th e wa ter by its wheels a t a speed of 4.8 km/ h. A wide range of optiona l equipment is available including night vision devices, heater kit, air-conditioning sys tem, NBC system, wiper kit for th e driver and a slave cable. Ambulance model of V-300 Commando showing raised roof for greater headroom and ramp instead of twin doors in hull rear to facilitate loading of stretchers

160

Variants

TOW Anti-tank This would be fitt ed with th e same mount as used in the M901 Imp roved TOW Vehicle based on the MI1 3 chassis with two missiles in th e ready to laun ch position and additional missiles being carried in reserve in th e hull:

TOW Anti-tank Fitted with a n ex ternal top-mounted swing-up launcher with an elevation of + 30 degrees, depression of - 10 degrees and

Cadi ll ac Gage V-300 Commando fitted with turret arm ed with Hughes Helicopters 25 mm Chain Gun, coax ial 7.62 mm machi ne gun and smoke dischargers. The 7.62 mm anti-ai rcraft machi ne gun is not install ed

traverse of360 degrees. T en TOW ATGW missiles are carried plus 7.62 mm machine gun and 2000 rounds of ammunition.

Ambulance

81 mm Mortar

Oth ers

Fitted with turntable-mounted 81 mm mortar with elevation from + 42 to +85 degrees, total traverse of360 degrees, range of 150 to 4400 metres with a total of60 mortar bombs carried. Also fitted with 7.62 mm machine gun for which 2000 rounds of ammunition are carried .

These co uld include cargo carrier, command vehicle, recovery vehicle and anti-aircraft with a missile system such as ADATS, or a gun system such as th e General Electric 20 mm Vulcan as installed on a number of V-I 50 Commando 4 x 4 vehicles which have been suppl ied to Saudi Arabia.

SPECIFICATIONS

CR EW CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEI GHT POWER-TO-WEI GHT RATI O LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (MG turret) (20 mm turret) (lTV) (hul l top) GROUND CLEARANCE (hull ) (axle) TRACK (front) (rear)

3 + 9 (max) 6 x 6 13137 kg 17.88 bhp/tonne 6.40 m 2.54 m 2.59 m 2.692 m 2.756 m 1.981 m 0.533 m 0.355 m

WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE MAX SPEED (road) (waler) ACCELERATION (0 to 32 km/h) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE TURNING RADIUS ENGINE TRANSMISSION

2.167 m 2.198 m

This model would be un armed and be fitted with a raised roof and ramp in place of twin doors at th e rear to faci lita te th e loading of stretchers and walking wounded.

2.209 m + 1.524 m

TRANSfER CASE

45°178° 92 km/h 5 km/h

STEERING SUSPENSION

8 seconds

2651itres 700 km amphibious

60% 30% 0.609 m 10m VT-504 V-8 tu rbo-charged diesel. 235 hp at 3000 rpm Allison MT-643 automatic. 4 speeds forwards and 1

TYRES BRAKES (main) (parking) ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BATIERIES

2-speed with spline engagement clutch for axle drive vario rati o power ~o l id front axle. midd le and rear independenl with co il springs . direct acting telescopic shock absorber acting at each wheel station 14.5 x 21

hydrau lic (all whee ls) power booster with electric back up drum and shoe hand operated 24 V 2 x 12 v . 100 Ah

reverse

16 1

Status: In production. In service with Pa na ma.

Manufacturer: Cadillac Gage Company, PO Box 1027, Warren, Michigan 48090, USA.

Dragoon 300 Armoured Vehicle Family

Although this requ es t subseq uently la psed th e Verne Corpora tion of D etroit went a head a nd built two prototypes which made th eir first public ap pea ra nce in 1978. Following successful trials, both in the United States a nd overseas, a pre-produ ction batch of 17 vehicl es was built by th e Dominion Manufacturing Compa ny, nea r Was hington DC.

Development The Dragoo n 300 a rmoured ve hicl e fami ly was origin ally designed to mee t a requirement issued in 1976 by th e United Sta tes Army Military Police for a vehicle which wou ld be a irportabl e in a Lockh eed C- 130 H ercul es trans port a ircraft a nd be suitable for convoy a nd a ir base protecti on. Dragoon 300 fitted with two-man Arrowpointe turret armed with 90 mm Cockerill Mk III gun and coaxial 7.62 mm ma c hine gun

Drag oon 300 in armoured personnel carri er configu ration with cupola-mounted 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun

162

Dragoon 300 with Arrowpointe designed two-man tu rret armed with Hughes Helicopters 25 mm M242 Chain Gun , 7.62 mm machine gun coaxia l wi th main armament and two banks of four smoke dischargers

World-wide marketing of the Dragoon 300 armoured vehicle family is und ertaken by the Arrowpointe Corporation. The Dragoon 300 armoured vehicle fami ly has already been evaluated by a number of countries in South America and first production vehicles were completed for the United States Army and Navy in 1982 (see separate entry und er Variants). From the early concept stage, logistics and life-cycle cos ts were the main criteria in the development of th e Dragoon . Some 70 per cent of the components of th e vehicle are common to the M 11 3A2 full tracked armou red personnel carrier and th e M809 (5 x 5) 5-ton tru ck. Components of the former include th e engine, starter, alternator, cold start, periscopes, bilge pumps, interior and exterior lighting, gauges, switches, electrical and hydrau lic system components. M809 components include ax les, suspension, brakes, steering, electrical and hydrau li c system components. Description The all-welded hull of th e Dragoon is ofXAR-30 high hardness steel ballistic plate which meets the requirements of MIL-A- 12560 and is ofmonocoque construction with welded seams. XAR-30 is a pproximately 30 per cent superior to US

Specification MIL-A-1 2560 homogeneous steel a rmour against small calibre ball and armou r piercing a mmunition , in addition XA R- 30 has threshold penetra tion velocities in excess of that specified by US Mil.Spec.46I OOB . The driver is seated at the front of the vehicl e on th e left with th e vehicle commander/co-driver to his right. The driver has three vision blocks to his front which provide him with a 180-deg ree field of view, while the commander has one with each being provided with a single-piece hatch cover that opens to th e outside and a vision block in th e side of th e hull. A firing port is provided below the commander's vision block. Both also have a seat which is adjustable front/ rear and up/ down with th e back folding forwa rd for access. . In each side of th e hull, between th e front and rear axles, is a side door, the lower part fo lds down to form a step while the upper part, which contains a vision block with a firing port und erneath, swings backwards through 180 degrees and can be locked open. Forward of the side door is a vision block undern eath which is a firing port. All vision blocks are fitt ed with spall shields and crash pads and the firing ports have covers that can be secured from within th e vehicle and have qu ick cam levers for opening and closing. 'r

163

Dragoon 300 command, control and com muni cation s countermeasures vehi c le with 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun

When being used as a n APe, a max imum of eleven full yequipped men, plus a two-ma n crew, can be carried , each of th e la tter being provided with a n individua l seat with a back res t. The engine compa rtm ent is at th e rear of th e Dragoon o n th e right side. Thermal a nd acousti c insula tion a re provided between the engine compa rtment a nd the perso nnel a rea on intercha ngeable close-o ut pa nels. Quick access is provided to th e engine compa rtment from th e interior a nd ex terior of the vehicle, the pa nels do not have to be in place for correct engine running.The a ir inta ke louvres a re in top of the hull and the a ir outlet louvres a nd exhaust outlet a re in th e right side of th e hull a nd have been d esigned to preve nt th e entry of flaming liquids such as petrol bombs. A co unter-balanced tilt hood gives access to the engine compa rtment and fluid level checks . Access doors a re provided for servicing th e filters. Power is tra nsmitted from the engine a nd gearbox via a chain case a nd rear propeller shaft to the rea r differential, th en via a n intermedia te propeller shaft to the disconnect clutch in th e ce ntre of th e hull. From then it is transmitted to the front differential a nd front axle via a forward propeller sha ft. All of th e drive tra in components a re enclosed . The tra nsmission employs a torque converter active through th e

Dragoon 300 with 90 mm Cockerill gun (left) , command, contro l and countermeasures vehicle (centre with antennas raised) and 12.7 mm APC variant (right) 164

Dragoon 300 video optical surveillance vehicle as used by US Army's 9th Infantry Division

~ hr ee lowest forward gear reductions, and direct drive (lockup) in fourth and fifth forward gears. The cooling system is at the rear of the engine compartment on th e right side and provides the maximum possible engine and transmission cooling and incorporates a hydraulicall y driven fan. Both waterproof ax les are designed so that in the event of an axle shaft failure , a wheel will not come off. The Dragoon has power-assisted hydraulic brakes a nd a separate electrically actuated hydraulic override braking system permits braking in the event of a prima ry hydraulic system failur e. A parking brake is included as pa rt of the primary brake system. Power-ass isted steering is provided and permits manual steering in th e event of failure of th e hydraulic system, with variable steering ratios for both cross-cou ntry and high speed road operations . After a loss of air pressure th e tyres a re capable of continuing operations for a minimum of80 km on a concrete road surface at a speed of 56 km/ h. The heavy duty suspension consists of semi-elliptical springs and direct action hydrau lic shock absorbers. Special wrap is provided on th e second leaf for added safety and the front and rear springs are interchangeable. The shock absorbers have built-in shock valves for good balance between cross-country and high speed road operation. J ounce stops are installed at each spring position to prevent the suspension components from stri king the hull. The stops sustain all the imposed loads without damage to the rubber portion. In th e rea r of the hull on the left side is another door, th e lower part of which folds down to form a step whi le th e upper part, which contai ns a vision block a nd a firing port, opens to

the right. In th e left side of th e hull , towards th e rear, is a single vision block. A tow hook at th e rea r enables the Dragoon 300 to tow a trailer or other vehicles up to a maximum weight of II 338 kg. Mounted interna ll y at th e front of th e hull is a winch with a capaci ty of9078 kg, this is operated off th e main vehicle hydrau lic circuit which enables the veh icle to be in gear while winching a nd during recovery operations. This has 52 metres of cable. The Dragoon is fully amphibious being propelled in the water by its wheels, when afloat steering is by turning th e front wheels as on land. Three bilge pumps, each with a capacity of 190 litres, expel any water that seeps into th e hull through th e rubber door seals. Standard equipment on all vehicles includes a heater, run-flat tyres and a dry fire extinguisher. A wide range of op tional eq uipment is available including act ive or passive night vision equipment, air conditioning, smoke dischargers, infra-red firewire detection/ fire suppression system , NBC system arid various spotlights. Variants There are four distinct groups of Dragoo n 300 veh icles: Personnel carrier may be outfitted as a basic APC, reconnaissance, command , recovery, security, escort or a command/ communications vehicle. Each of th ese may be fitte d with ring or pintle-mounted machine guns up to 12.7 mm in calibre, and a variety of communica tions systems. Command version cou ld have a rais ed roof with additional vision blocks. Light weapons carri er may be fitt ed with a single machine gun up to 12.7 mm calibre, twin machine guns up to 12.7 mm 165

cali b re, or machine g uns in combina ti on such as 7.62 mm/ 12.7 mm . Special wea pons carri er such as 8 1 mm morta r, TOW missile carrier (w ith Improved TOW system ), Dragon ATG W carri er a nd an ti-personnel rocket la un cher. H eavy wea pons carrier which may be equipped with va rious a rm a ment installa tions including turret-mounted 20 mm or 25 ml cannon, 76 mm or 90 mm gun, all of which may have a coax ia l, ring or pintle-mounted mac hine guns. The oth er turrets have been des igned specifi call y for th e Dragoon a l th ough th ey car"i be fi tted to oth er vehicles sllch as th e M I 13A2. T he two-man Arrowpointe designed turrets have the same degree of protecti on as the bas ic vehicle with th e comma nder seated on th e left a nd th e gunn er qn th e right, both with a n individua l ha tch cover th at opens to th e rea r, two periscopes, one facing th e fro nt a nd th e oth er th e rear, and a vision block in each side of th e turret. The gunner has a M36 sight, also used in th e M60 MBT, with X I a nd X 7 optics with provision for ac tive or pass ive night vision equipment.

MAIN ARMAMENT CALIBRE SECONDARY ARMAMENT (opl ional) AMMUNITION (main) (coaxial) GUN ELEVATION GUN DEPRESS ION TURRET TRAVERSE ELEVATI ON SPEED WEIGHT (emply) (loaded) DIAMETER (outer) (ring ) (basket) HEIGHT (a/a inc baskel ) (turret)

Turret power is provided by th e primary vehicle hydraulic system and is supported by a seconda ry manual back-up. T he tu rret has an independent 24 V dc power so urce to prevent d raw on th e vehicle's power system in silent wa tch and to ensure turret and wea pon opera tions in case the basic ve hicle becomes disabled or th ere is a fa ilu re in th e primary hydra ulic or electrical system. Ex ha ust blowers a re fitted in th e turret to expel fum es. Control of turret and weapons opera ti ons is provided by a single cycl ic control grip. This self-conta ined grip includes elevation, dep ression, trave rse, weapon selecti on (main or coaxia l), cycl ic rate of fire and fi ring. All fun cti ons of th e weapon system a re provided with emergency back up. Brief deta ils of the turre ts are given below. When fitted with a ny of th ese two-man tu rrets the Dragoo n has a nineman crew, comma nder, gunner, d ri ve r and six full yeq uipped infantrymen. For th e Light Armored Vehicle competition, Arrow pointe proposed th e fo llowing models of th e Dragoon 300 vehicle: Bas ic ve hicl e with pintle-moun ted 7.62 mm M60 machine gun

Cockerill Mk.11i 90mm

Mecar 90 mm

M1 39A2 20 mm

Rh 202 20 mm

7.62 mm

50 4000 +32· -4· 360· 40·/s

n/a 4000 +60· -10· 360· 60·/s

1640 kg 1876 kg

1453 kg 1666 kg

1433 kg 1679 kg

1.6m 1.372 m 1.32 m

1.6 m 1.372 m 1.32 m

1. 6 m 1.372 m 1.32 m

1.6 m 1.372 m 1.32 m

1.651 m 0. 607 m

1.651 m 0.607 m

Dragoon 300 with Arrowpointe designed two-man turret armed with 90 mm Cockerill Mark III gun , 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun and two banks of four smoke dischargers

166

Fitted with one-man turret armed with 7.62 mm and 12.7 mm machine guns Fitted with two-m a n turret armed with 20 mm or 25 mm cannon and 7.62 mm coaxia l machine gun, weapons have elevation of +60 deg rees and depression of -10 degrees Fitted with two-ma n turret a rm ed with 90 mm Cockerill Mark III gun a nd-7.62 mm coaxial machine gun, weapons have eleva tion of + 35 deg rees a nd depression of -8 degrees Fitted with two-m a n turret a rm ed with 90 mm M eca r gun and 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun, weapons have elevation of +45 degrees and dep ression of - 8 degrees Command and co ntro l vehicle equipped with various antenna and co mmuni cations equipm ent Service and co ntrol vehicle with barricade ram/debris blade at front of hull , 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm machine gun at front and 7.62 mm machine gun a t rea r of hull Ambulance or utility vehicle, un a rmed Morta r ca rri er with 7.62 mm ma chine gu n Self-loading logistics vehicle with boom with capacity of 2268 kg Maintena nce, recovery a nd enginee r vehicle with boom crane and front mounted d oze r blade or scoop bucket

US Army and US Navy vehicles Between March a nd November 1982 th e Dragoon was in production to meet contrac ts pl aced by the US Army an d Navy. Six Dragoons were suppl ied for the 9th Infantry Division High T echnology T est Bed (HTTB) with two provided for

SPECIFICATIONS

CREW 3 +6 CON FIGURATION 4 x 4 COMBAT WEIGHT 12700kg UNLOADED WEIGHT 9430 kg POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO 23.62 bhp/tonne LENGTH 5.588 m WIDTH 2.438 m HEIGHT (over turret periscopes) 2.642 m (hull top) 2.133 m GROUND CLEARANCE (hull centre) 0.692 m (axles) 0.381 m TRACK 1.981 m WHEELBASE 2.794 m ANGLE OF APPROACHI DEPARTURE 60·/45· ACCELE RATION (0 to 35 km/h) 4.5 seconds MAX SPEED (road ) (5th gear) 115.9 km/h (4th gear) 83.7 km/h (3rd gear) 37.0 km/h (2nd gear) 22.5 km/h (1st gear) 11 .3 km/h MA X SPEED (water) 4.83 km/h FUEL CAPACITY 341 Iilres MAX RANGE (road) 1045 km FORDING fully amphibious GRAD IENT 60% SIDE SLOPE 30%

Status: Production . In se rvice with US Army and Navy.

th e electronic warfa re rol e, each fitt ed with the Emerson AN/ MSQ-I03A Teampack and a video optical surveillance vehicle. The EW variant carries out advanced ba ttlefi eld direc tion finding and high speed communications jamming a nd is fitted with an anten na that can be quickly rais ed well above the veh icle. The video optical surveillance veh icle has a modified Arrowpointe 25 mm two-ma n turret which in its forward part has been fitted with a long range day/ night surveillance system that can be retracted qui ckly und er armour protec tion. This provides th e field commander with a high mobile, armour protected observation ca pabi lity, which , when connected to a n on-board data link, gives a clear, front line view of the battl efield for rear area co mm a nders. The Tea mp ack elec troni c detection system is normally ca rri ed in the horizontal position on th e left side of th e vehicle a t th e rear protected by a brush guard and a wea th er shield. When required for action it can be erec ted quickly into the vertical position . A 7.62 mm M60 machine g un is mounted on the forward pa rt of th e roof on th e rig ht side. The US Navy versions are used to patrol three nuclea r weapon storage faciliti es on the east coast of the USA and at one facility in Alaska. These a re fitt ed with a 7.62 mm MG with a ba llistic shield a nd a floodli g ht a bove. This model a lso has a double width door eac h side wh ich in three parts, th e lower part dropping down to form a step a nd th e upper pa rts, each with a vision block with a firing port und ern ea th , opening either side. This enables personn el to be dis embarked quickly.

VERTICAL OBSTACLE (forwards) (reverse) TURNING RADIUS (land) (water) ENGINE

TRAN SM ISS ION

0.99 m 0.61 m 8.788 m 8.839 m Detroit Diesel Allison 6V-53T 6-cylinder, liquid-coo led, turbo-charged diesel developing 300 bhp at 2800 rpm Allison MT-653 DR automatic, 5 forward and 1

reverse gears TRANSFER CASE STEERING SUSPENS ION

single-speed hydrauli c

TYRES BRAKES (main)

14.00 x 20

semi-elliptical spring s and hydraulic shock absorbers

Alien internal expanding

shoe (parking) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMENT (main) (coaxial) SMOKE-LAYIN G EQUIPMENT FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM

integral 24 V 2 x 12 V, 100 Ah

Turret power cont rol

hydrauli c/manual

1 x 20 mm 1 x 7.62 mm MG optional

Gun elevationl

depression Turret traverse

+60·1- 10· 360·

Manufacturer: Dominion M a nufacturing Company, marketed by The Arrowpointe Corporation, 4000 Town Center, Southfield, Michigan 48075, USA .

167

Cadillac Gage Commando V-1S0 Armoured Vehicle Range Development In 1962 th e Cadill ac G age Compa ny, as a pri va te venture, star ted d es ign work on a 4 x 4 a rmoured vehicle whi ch co ul d und er ta ke a wide ra nge of roles such as a rmo ured perso nnel carrier, convoy esco rt ve hicle or reconn a issance vehicle. The fi rst prototy pe of th e ve hi cle, called the V-IOO Comma nd o, was com pleted in M arch 1963 a nd th e fi rst produ ction vehicles th e following yea r. T he V-IOO was widely used in Viet-N a m for bo th convoy escort wo rk a nd for pa trolling a ir bases a nd oth er hi gh va lue

ta rgets. The V -100 was powered by a C hrysler 36 1 V -8 petrol engine which developed 200 hp a nd gave the vehicle a maximum road speed of JOO km/ h. G ross vehicle weight was 73 70 kg a nd a maximum of twelve men incl uding the crew could be carri ed . T he V-IOOwas suppl emented in produ ction by the la rger V-200, whi ch was powe red by a C hrysler 440 C ID engine which developed 275 hp a nd gave the vehicle a max imum road speed of 96 km/ h . G ross vehi cle weight of the V-200 is 12 730 kg. The V-200 is beli eved to have been sold onl y to Singa pore a nd is no longer bei ng produ ced . V-150 Commando fitted with two-man turret armed with 20 mm Oerlikon cannon , 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun and 7.62 mm anti-airc raft machine gun

V-150 Commando fitted with turret arm e d with 20 mm Oerlikon cann on, 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun and 7.62 mm anti-airc raft

machine gun . Si x smoke di sc hargers are fitted to turret side

168

V-1 00 Commando with turret armed with 0.30 and 0.50 machine

guns The United States Air Force sti ll uses a number of origin al V- 100 Comma ndo ve hicles at the T actical Fighter Weapons Centre at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada. T ypical roles include simulating th e Soviet SA-9 SAM system and comma nd a nd control sys te ms associa ted with th e Soviet air defence systems. In October 1971 the V-ISO was introdu ced and has now replaced th e V-IOO a nd V-200 in production. Produ ctio n of the V-IOO, V-I SO and V-200 has now reached well over 4000 units. The ve hicles have been exported to over 20 co untries a nd have bee n used in some numbers both by the United States Army and th e United States Air Force. As a res ult of ex perience in use th e ve hicl e has bee n co nstantl y upd a ted a nd improved. There is a separate entry for th e Cad illac Gage V-300 (6 x 6) a rmoured vehicle ra nge. There a re two oth er vehicl es on th e ma rket tod ay which a re very simila r in a ppea ra nc-e to th e Commando, th e American Dragoon 300 series a nd th e Portuguese Chaimite, which is known to be in service with Leba non, Libya, Peru , Philippines a nd Portugal. Cad illac Gage has deli ve red two V- ISO S Commando vehicles for evalua ti on in th e LAV competition. One is fitted with a two-man turret a rm ed with a 90 mm Cockerill Mark III gun , 7.62 mm , coaxial a nd 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine g un, with the second being a rm ed with a -2S mm M242 C hain Gun, 7.62 mm coaxia l a nd 7.62 mm antiaircraft machine gu ns.

The troop compartment is behind the commander's a nd driver's position with three infantrymen seated down each side of th e hull and one to the rear of th e machine gunner's position. They enter a nd leave th e vehicle by ,two doors in the side of th e hull , one on each side. The lower part of th e door folds downwards a nd th e upper part, wh ich contains the vision block and firing port, opens to th e rea r. In each side of th e hull , forward ofthe side doo r, is a firing port with a vision block over th e top. All vision blocks in th e V-ISO have cras h pads and spall shields for additional protection. In centre of the troop compartment roof is a cupola which can be traversed man uall y throug h 360 degrees and has a single-piece ha tch cover tha t opens to th e rear. On th e forward pa rt of th e cupola, which has no observation d evices, is a pintle-mounted 7.62 mm machine g un with 200 rounds of ready-us e a mmunition and another 3000 rounds in reserve in the hull. There is also an entra nce a t th e rea r of the hull on th e right side, with th e lower pa rt folding downwards a nd th e upper part, which contains th e firing port a nd vision block, opening upwa rds. Over the top of the passageway that connects th e troop compartment with th e rear door is a single-piece circular ha tch th a t opens forwards. A furth er two sea ts a re provided in this passageway. The engine compartment is at the rear of th e hull on th e left side with access pa nels in the top a nd side of th e hull. The engine cooling system is a conventional au to moti ve watercooled system utilising a fin and tubed radia tor with a n additional surge tank for rese rve ca pacity. The engine fan a nd venturi a re d esigned for maximum air fl ow efficiency a nd minimum horsepower draw. 'rhe cooling sys tem is ca pable of 0 operating in a mbient tempera tures of 130 F. The engine compart ment has a fire-ex tinguishing system that is ma nuall y operated by th e driver. Whereve r possible, standard military a utomotive components a re used in th e V-ISO Commando, such as th e engine, transmiss ion a nd axles. When originall y introdu ced th e Commando V-I SO was powered by a Chrysler 36 1 V-8 petrol engine d eveloping 200 hp a t 4000 rpm co upl ed to a ma nu al transmission with fiv e forw ard and one reverse gears a nd a single-speed tra nsfer case . Current production vehicles have a V-8 diesel tha t develops 202 hp at 3300 rpm co upled to an a utomatic transmission and a two-speed transfer case. The solid axles have silent locking differentia ls a nd th e suspension consists of semi-elliptical springs and hydra ulic V-200 Commando of Singapore Army fitted with two-man Cadillac Gage turret armed with 20 mm Oerlikon cannon and two 7.62 mm machine guns

Description The all-welded hull of th e V-I SO Commando a rm oured personnel carri er protects th e crew fro m small a rms fire up to 7.62 mm in calibre, overhead blast, shell splinters a nd Molotov cockta ils. The drivf'r is sea ted a t th e frant of th e hull on th e left side a nd has two vision blocks in front of him a nd one on his left. The vehicle comm a nd er sits on the dri ver's right a nd has one vision block to his front a nd one on his right. Both crew members have a single-piece ha tch cover over th eir position tha t opens to th e outside. Early produ cti on vehicles had a firing port just behind th e driver's a nd comm a nd er's side vision block, but current vehicles do not. 169

V-200 Command o 120 mm mortar carrier of Singapore Army with roof hatches , side and rear doors open

d ouble-ac ting shock a bsorbers with rebo und co ntrol a t each wheel sta tio n. J ounce control is by hollow rubber springs a t each wheel sta tion. The run-fl a t tyres, which a re ca pa ble of opera tion for a dista nce of 40 km, have self-cl ea ning treads. Mo unted internally at th e front of th e hull is a winch with a capacity of 4536 kg, which has 48. 76 metres of 9.5 mm di a meter ca ble. All members of th e Comma ndo fa mily a re full y a mphi bious being propelled in th e wa ter by their wheels. Sta nd a rd equi pment on all ve hicl es includes fu el a nd wa ter can, two ha nd-held fi re ex ting uishers, pioneer tool set, tow ca ble, breaker ba r a nd lug wrench, fi rs t aid kit, sna tch block, vehicle tool kit (including 8000 kg hydra uli c j ack stowed inside th e vehicle), pa mphlet bag, oddment box, slave ca bl e, wiper kit, spare vision blocks a nd a n air com pressor with hose. O p tiona l equipment fo r the Comma ndo incl ud es smoke or smoke/fragmenta tion la un chers, fi xed pintle socket for rear, rea r ring mount with 7.62 mm pintle a nd cradl e, ring mo unt a nd cradl e for 0.30 calibre, 0.50 calibre machine g uns or 40 mm a utoma ti c grenade la un cher, g un s hield for fi xed pintle socket or ring mount wea pon , spotlight fo r fixed pintle socket or ring mo unt wea pon with or without shield , night vision eq uip ment, perisco pe for ring mount (s ta nd a rd on 20 mm, 76 mm a nd 90 mm turret ring mounts), spa re periscope a nd stowage, weapons (w here a pplica ble), ex tra spa re ba rrel stowage, ha nd held weapon stowage, M26 ha nd grenade stowage, smoke hand grenade s towage, binoc ul a r stowage, radios a nd associa ted mountings, canopy with poles (pod type vehicles onl y), visio n blocks in pod (s tand ard on Police ERV ), gun ports in pod (s ta nda rd on poli ce ERV ), 170

sight M 28C x 5.6 power (M G turret ve hicles only), la nd naviga tion sys tem a nd lo r ve hicle heading reference system, NBC sys tem, publi c add ress system (s ta nd ard on Police ERV), hea ter kit, air-cond itio ning sys tem, wiper kit for drive r, blackout covers, ha ndbra ke wa rn ing light, cooker kit a nd lifting boom. Variants

Commando with MG Turret Bas ic vehicle fitte d with Cadillac Gage one-ma n turret which can moun t twin 7.62 mm or tw in 0.30 calibre machine g uns or a com bina tion of 7.62 mm/ 0.50 cali bre machine guns or 0. 30/ 0.50 cali bre machine guns. Laying a nd control of the weapons a re mecha ni cal with a ha nd-operated gearbox th a t a llows 360 degrees continuous traverse, a nd a g unner's ha ndle at the rea r of the bala nced g un cradl e which allows eleva ti on from -1 3 degrees to + 55 deg rees . The tu rre t has a single-piece ha tch cover th a t opens to th e rea r, eight vision blocks a nd a n M28C sight with a magnifica ti on of x 1.5. M o unted coaxiall y with th e wea pon is a 500000 candIe power spotlight. When fi tted wi th twin 7.62 mm machine g uns 3800 ro unds of a mmunition a re carried of which 800 ro unds a re in th e turret for read y use a nd 3000 in th e hull. This model has a crew of three a nd can carry seven infa ntrymen . H eight to top of tur re t is 2.54 metres a nd gross vehicle weight is 898 1 kg.

Commando with 1-metre

Turret

Basic ve hicle fitt ed with Cadillac Gage o ne-metre turret which ca n be a rm ed with twin 7.62 mm , twin 0.30 calibre or

twin 0. 50 calibre machine guns, or a combination of th ese wea pons. The turret has a ma nual traverse through 360 degrees and th e guns have an elevation of + 55 degrees and a dep ression of -10 degrees . The turret has a single-piece hatch cover that opens to the rear, a n M28C sight with a magnifi cation of X 1.5, eight vision blocks and a 500000 candlepower spotlight. Depending on the armament insta lled 1400 rounds of 0. 50 calibre ammunition are carried of which 400 a re for ready use in th e turret, or 3800 round; of 0.30 or 7.62 mm ammunition of which 800 are for ready use in the turret. Th is model has a crew of three and can carry seven infantrymen. H eight to th e top of turret is 2.59 metres and gross vehicle weight is 8754 kg.

Commando with 1-metre 20 mm Turret Bas ic vehicle with one-man turret a rmed with 20 mm Oerlikon 204 GK cannon with provision for coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun . Gun can be elevated from -8 to + 55 deg rees at 40 degrees a second a nd turret traversed through 360 degrees a t 60 degrees a second. Traverse is electro-hydraulic with manual back up. Turret has eight vision blocks and a sight with a mag nifica tion of X8 and X I, and a 500000 candlepower searchlight that moves in elevation with th e armament an d a blower for removing turret fum es. A total of 400 rounds 0["20 mm a mmunition are carried 200 in th e turret ready to use and 200 in hull , and 3200 round~ of7.62 mm ammunition, 220 for ready us e and th e remainder in hull. This model has a three-man crew consisting of commander, gunner a nd driver and can carry five men, a loaded weight of 9072 kg and a height of 2.895 metres.

Commando with 20 mm Turret Bas ic vehicle fitted with a two-man turret armed with a 20 mm Oerl ikon 204 GK .cannon , with a 7.62 mm machine gun mounted coaxiall y to the left of th e main armament and a 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine gun mounted on th e turret roof. The cannon has an internally controlled hydraulic charger, emergency firing trigger for th e commander and ra te controll er whi ch allows firing of one, two or four rounds per V-150 S fitted with two-man turret armed with 25 mm Hughes Helico pters M242 Chain Gun and 7.62 mm M240 coaxial machine gun

V-150 fitted with one-man turret armed with 40 mm Mk 19 grenade launcher and 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun

second or fully a utomatic. Turret tra verse is a full 360 degrees a t 60 degrees a second with eleva tion from -8 to +60 deg rees at 40 d egrees a second. The electro-hydraulic controls are th e same as in the 76 mm and 90 mm turrets a nd are scaled down versions of th e Cadillac Gage system used in the M60 and Leopard 1 MBTs. Either the commander or th e gunner can aim and fir e the a rmament. Turret vision equipment consists offour vision blocks (two in each side of th e turret) , commander's peris co pe that can be traversed through a full 360 deg rees and a gunn er's sight with a magnifi cation of X8 and a periscope with a projected reticle. In addition to th e ma in sights the turret has an external anti-aircraft sight. It is also provided with a 500 000 candlepower spotlight and a turret blower. Of400 rounds of20 mm a mmunition carri ed 200 a re for ready us e and of3200 rounds of7.62 mm ammunition 400 are in th e turret for ready use and 200 at th e anti-aircraft gun for ready use. This model has a crew of three and can carry two infantrymen. The gross vehicle weight is 9888 kg and th e height to th e top of the turret is 2.54 metres. .

Commando with 25 mm turret This turret was insta lled on th e V-I SO S Comma ndo entered in the Light Armored Vehicle competition. It is armed with a 25 mm M242 Hughes H elicopters Chain Gun, 7.62 mm M240 coaxial MG and a similar weapon on th e turret rooffor anti-aircraft defence. Two hundred and thirty 25 mm ready rounds (170 HE and 60 AP) are carri ed in th e turret with a furth er 400 in th e vehicle. There are 400 rounds of7 .62 mm ready use a mmunition in the turret, 200 at the anti-a ircraft station and a furth er 1000 rounds in th e vehicle. The turret has powered traverse (360 degrees a t 30 degrees at second)and eleva tion (from -8 degrees to +60 degrees at 30 degrees a second). Vision equipment includes a n M36E 1 day/ night sight for the gunner and eight periscopes for th e c~mma.nder. The comma nder can also have an M 36E l day/ mght sight but onl y six periscopes are then fitt ed .

Commando with 40 mm/12.7 mm turret

This is fitted with a one-man turret armed with ~ r40 mm Mk 19 Mod 3 grenade la uncher on the left and a 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun on the right and four smoke discha rgers mounted either side of th e turret at the rear. The weapon can be elevated from -8 deg rees to +45 degrees and turret traverse is a full 360 degrees. 171

Cadillac Gage 20 mm Vulcan air defence vehicle in firing position with outriggers deployed

Commando V-150 S This was announced in 1981 with two vehicles being deli vered for evaluation in th e LA V competi tion late in the same year. Both vehicles had a two-man turret, one armed with a 90 mm Cockerill Mk III gun and th e second with a 25 mm M242 Hughes C hain Gun, both having a 7.62 mm coaxia l and a 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine gun. The V-150 S is very similar to th e V- 150 but is slightl y heavier, has a longer hull and longer wheelbase.

Commando Air Defence Vehicle This is th e basic veh icle fitted with th e same turret as mounted on th e 20 mm M 167 towed system. Of 1300 rounds of 20 mm ammun ition carried 500 are for ready us e. The six-barrelled 20 mm cannon has an elevation of + 80 degrees and a depression of - 5 degrees at a speed of 45 degrees a second and a trave rse through a full 360 degrees at a speed of 60 degrees a second. This model has a crew of four: driver, gunner, commander and rad io ope rator. To provide a more stable firing platform stabi lisers are lowered to th e grou nd when the system is deployed . This ente red production for Saud i Arabia in 198 1.

Commando with 76 mm Turret-mounted Gun This model is fi tted wit h a two-man power-operated turret armed with th e 76 mm L23A I gun as installed on th e British 17 2

Scorpion CVR(T), with a 7.62 mm machine gun mounted coaxia lly to the left of th e main armament and a 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine gun on th e turret roof. Turret traverse is a full 360 degrees a t 45 degrees a second and elevation is from -10 degrees to + 30 degrees at 45 degrees a second. The electro-hydraulic control system is identical to that installed in the 20 mm turret. Vision equipm ent co nsists of three vision blocks (two in th e left side of the turret a nd one in the right) , a commander's periscope th a t can be traversed through a full 360 degrees, gunner's pe riscope with a magnification of X8 a nd a unity periscope with a projected reticle.' A 500 000 candle power spotlight is mounted coaxia lly with th e main armament. Of 4 1 rounds of 76 mm ammu nition carried ten rounds are in th e turret for ready use a nd of 3200 rounds of 7.62 mm ammun ition 400 are in the turret for ready use and 200 at the anti-aircraft position. This model has a crew of three and can carry three infa ntrymen. Gross vehi cle weight is 9888 kg. As of ea rly 1983 the 76 mm ve rsion had not been placed in production.

Commando with 90 mm Turret-mounted Gun This was origina ll y a rm ed with the Belg.ian M eca r gun but is now offered with the Cockerill Mk III gun. Mounted coaxiall y with the m ain armament is a 7.62 mm machine g un and a similar weapon is fitted on the turret roof for ant ia ircraft defence. Tu rret travers e is a full 360 degrees at 30

a mmunition carri ed , eight are for ready use in th e turret a nd of 3200 rounds of7 .62 mm mac hine gun a mmunition 400 are for ready use in th e turret and 200 for th e anti-aircraft machine gun. This model has a crew of three and can carry four infantrymen, gross vehicle ,weight being 9888 kg. In 1983 the V-I SO Comma nd o with th e Marconi Space and Defence Systems Digital Fire C ontrol System was successfull y demonstra ted . This gives a high first round hit proba bility and is suita ble for installa tion in a wide range of oth er tracked and wheeled vehicl es.

Commando with 81 mm Mortar

V-150 fitted with two-man turret armed with 76 mm L23A 1 gun , 7.62 mm coaxial and 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine guns

This is a rm ed with an 81 mm M29 turnta ble-mounted morta r th at fir es through th e roof of th e vehicle, a nd can be trave rsed through a full 360 degrees a nd elevated from + 42 degrees to + 85 degrees. Its minimum range is 150 metres and ma ximum ra nge 4400 metres. When not in action th e roo f is covered by concertina doors that' open either side of th e vehicl e. Provision is made for mounting a 7.62 mm machine gun at any one offour positions a round th e top of th e hull a nd 2000 rounds of a mmunition are carried for it. A tota l of 62 8 1 mm morta r bombs are carri ed and if required th e mortar can be removed from th e vehicl e a nd fired from th e ground. This model has a five-man crew and a gross vehicle weight of 8845 kg.

degrees a second , and elevation is from - 8 to + 28 degrees at 30 degrees a second . The electro-hydraulic control equipment is identi cal to th at ins fa iled in th e 20 mm turret. Vision equipment consists of three vision blocks (two in left and one in right side of th e turret), commander's periscope th at can Commando with TOW ATGW System be traversed th ro ugh 360 degrees, gunner's peris cope with a This is almos t Identi cal to the a bove model but is fitted with a magnifi cation of X8 and a unity periscope with proj ected ' Hughes TOW ATGW sys tem which has an elevation of + 30 reticl e. A 500000 candlepower spotlight is mounted co- degrees, a depression of - 10 degrees and 360-degree ax ially with the main arma ment. Of 39 rounds of 90 mm traverse. A total of seven TOW missiles are carri ed . When V-150fitted with two-man Cadillac Gage turret armed with 90 mm Mecar gun , 7.62 mm coaxial and 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine guns and smoke dischargers at turret rear

173

V-1S0 S with two-man turret armed with 90 mm Cockerill Mk III gun with externally mounted laser rangefinder, 7.62 mm coaxial and 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine guns

not in ac tio n th e top of th e vehicle is covered by ha tches th a t open to th e front a nd rear. Provisio n is made for mounting a 7.62 mm machine gun a t a nyone offo ur positions a round th e top of th e hull a nd 2000 rounds of a mmunition a re carri ed for this weapon . This model has a fo ur-ma n crew a nd can also carry two infa ntrymen . Gross vehicl e weight is 8958 kg.

that opens to the rear, forw a rd of which is a 7.62 mm pintlemounted machine g un. Of 2000 ro unds of 7.62 mm a mm unition carri ed , 200 a re for read y use . Intern all y th e vehicl e has a mapboard , table and additio nal comm uni catio ns equipment. In additi on to th e three- ma n crew seven staff members are carri ed. O ve rall height witho ut th e machine g un is 2.3 11 metres.

Commando Command Vehicle Base Security Vehicle

This is th e sta nda rd vehicl e fitted with a fi xed a rm oured pod mo unted a t th e roof opening. In each of th e fo ur sides of th e pod is a fi ring port a nd in th e roofi s a single-piece ha tch cover

This was originall y d eveloped for th e U nited States Ai r Force a nd like the morta r carri er has co ncertin a hatch covers th a t

V-1S0 armed with turret-mounted Belgian Cockeri II Mk III 90 mm gun , 7.62 mm coaxial and 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine guns and smoke dischargers on turret rear

V-1S0 Commando fitted with 81 mm mortar with roof hatches open

174

V-1S0 Commando fitted with command pod and externally-mounted 7.62 mm machine gun

Police Emergency Rescue Vehicle (ERV) with fixed pod

175

Cadillac Gage V-150 recovery vehicle armed with 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun with A frame stowed to rear

SPECIFICATIONS (Commando V-150 with tu rret-mounted 20 mm cannon. Speci fi cat ions in brackets relate to V-1 50 S Commando) CREW CONFIGURATI ON COMBAT WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATI O LEN GTH WIDTH HEIGHT (to turret roof) (to hull top) GROUND CLEARANCE (axles) (hull) TRACK (front) (rear) WHEELBAS E MAX SPEED (road) (water) ACC ELERATI ON FUEL CAPACITY MAX RANGE FORDING GRADIENT

3 +9 4 x 4 9888 ( 10 433) kg 20.42 hpltonne 5. 689 (6.14) m 2.26 m 2.54 m 1.981 m

TRANSMI SS ION

CLUTCH TRANSFER CASE

0.381 m 0.648 m 1. 914 m 1.94 3 m 2.667 (3.12) m 88.54 kml h 4.828 kml h 0-32.2 kml hl 10 s 303 litres 643 km amphibi ous 60%

In 1982 Cadillac Gage ann ounce d that they had developed a Cummins V-6 diesel conve rsion kit as a d irect repl acement for th e V-8 di esel installed in the V- 150. When fined wi th th is eng ine the V-150 has an

17 6

SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTAC LE TURNING RADIU S ENGINE

STEERING SUSPENSION

TYRES BRAKES (ma in) (parking )

30% 0.609 (0.91) m 8.382 (8.5) m V-8 d iesel d evelopin g 202 bhp at 3300 rpm automati c, 4 forward , 1 reverse gears singl e pl ate, hydrauli ca lly actuated 2-speed (wi th spline engagement for front axle d rive) power-assisted semi-elli ptica l springs and double-acting hydraulic shock absorbers 14.50 x 21 hydraulic , dual circuit drum acting on

output shaff of transmiss ion operati onal rang e of 800 km compared to the standard V-8 model with 644 km, wi th an accelerati on of 0 to 32 km/h in nine seconds. This kit can be installed with no special tools or other equ ipment at base workshop level .

ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM BAITERIES ARMAMENT (main) (coax ial) (anti-ai rc raff) SMOKE-LAYIN G EQUIPMENT AMMUNITION (main) (7.62 mm) FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM Turret power control By commander By gunner

24 V

2 x 12 V, 100 Ah x 20 mm x 7.62 mm MG x 7.62 mm MG opti onal 400 3200 electro-hydraulicl manual yes yes

Max rate power

traverse

600ls

Max rate power

elevati on Gun elevati on! depression Turret traverse

400ls + 60°1 - 8° 360 deg rees

Status: In produ ction. In service with Boli via (V-IOO), Botswana (I I delivered in 1980), Cameroon (V- 150 additional 24 ordered in 1983 at a cos t of $ 13.1 million), Domican Republic, Ethiopia (V-1 50)*, H aiti (V-1 50), Ga bon (V-1 50), Guatemala (V-1 50), Indonesia (V-1 50), J amaica (V-1 50), Malays ia (V-1 50), Oman (V-1 50), Philippines (V-1 50), Saudi Ara bia (a mbulance, APC, ARV, 20 mm an ti-aircraft , 81 mm mortar, 90 mm gun and Hughes TOW), Singa pore (V-150 and V-200 ), Somalia (V-1 50)* ,

open either side of the vehicle. Prov ision is made for mounting 7.62 mm machine guns or 40 mm grenade la unchers in four positions a t th e front, sides and rear. A total of 3000 rounds 00 .62 mm a mmunition a re carried . This model has a crew of th ree and can carry eight full y-equipped infantrymen, weighs 9072 kg and is 2.3 11 metres high.

Police Emergency Rescue Vehicle (ERV) This model has a fIXed pod with six vision blocks and eight vertical gun p orts. In the roof is a single-piece ha tch cover th a t opens to the rear and in front of which is a 7.62 mm or a 12.7 mm mac hine gun. This model has a three-ma n crew and can carry nine additional men and weighs 9 162 kg. It is used by a number of police authorities and a large number was purchased by Turkey.

Recovery Vehicle This is fitt ed with a heavy-duty winch with a max imum capacity of II 340 kg which is provided with 60.9 metres of 19 mm dia meter cable. The boom is pivo ted a t the front of the vehicl e and when req uired hinges forward to the front of th e vehicle. When it is being used two sta bilisers are lowered a t the front. The boom has a maximum capacity of 4536 kg with th e sta bilisers in position. Arm ament consists of a 7.62 mm or a 12.7 mm machine gun with 2200 rounds of a mmunition.

Lynx (or M113) Command and Reconnaissance Vehicle Development This Command a nd Reconnaissance Vehicle was developed as a private venture by the FMC Corporation with the first prototype being completed in 1963. Although tested by the United States Army it wa s not adopted by them as they had already selected the M 114 Command and Reconnaissance Carri er which is itself ve ry similar in a ppearance to the FMC

Suda n (V-1 50), T a iwa n, Thaila nd (V-1 50), Tunisia (V-1 50) , Turkey (V-1 50), USA (V-IOO ) Venezuela, a nd Viet-Na m (V-IOO) . Note: th e United Sta tes Army designation for the V-I 00 is th e M 706. Manufacturer: Cadillac Gage Compa ny, Pos t Offi ce Box 1027, War ren, Michiga n 48090, USA. *proba bly out of service

vehicle. The MI1 4 has now been phased out of service with the United Sta tes Arm y. The ve hicle shares many common automoti ve components with th e MI1 3AI a rm oured personnel carrier but is mu ch lower, has its engine a t the back instead of the front and has one fewer road wheel each side. The vehicle has so fa r been bought by two countries, Canada a nd the Ne therl a nds. Canada calls the vehicle th e Lynx and th e first of 174 vehicles was completed in M ay 1968. The Dutch Army ord ered 250 vehicles, the first of which was completed in September 1966. The Dutch call th e vehicl e th e MI1 3 C & R. Description (Lynx) The all-welded a luminium a rmour hull of the Lynx provides the crew with protection from small arms fire, fl ash burns and shell fragments. The dri ver is seated a t the front of th e vehicle on the left side and has a single-piece ha tch cover tha t opens to the rear with an integral M 19 infra-red periscope mounted in its roof and fi ve M 17 periscopes arranged around the forwa rd pa rt in the roof. The commander, who also operates the main arma ment, is seated to the right and rear of the driver and is provided with an M26 turret that can be traversed manuall y through 360 degrees, and has eight vision blocks for all-round observa tion. The third crew member, the radio opera tor/o bserver, is seated to the left rear of the commander/gunner and is provided with a single-piece ha tch cover th a t opens to th e rear.

Canadian Armed Forces Lynx command and reconnaissan ce vehicle showing position of two machine guns (Canadian Armed Forces)

Lynx command and reconnaissance vehi c le

177

Canadian Armed Forces Lynx command and reconnai ssance vehicle

Three M 17 a nd one M 17C perisco pes a re m o unt~ d in th e roof of th e vehicle a ro und th e ha tch cover. Access to th e engin e a t th e rea r of th e hull on th e ri ght side is by a la rge ha tch in th e roof that opens to the night. In addition th ere is an access door in th e hull rea r whioll opens to th e left. Th e CMC 6V-53 di esel is co upl ed to an Alli son TX I 00 tra nsmission , which tra nsmits powe r via a propeller sha ft to the FMC DS200 controlled differenti al a t th e front of th e hull , to whi ch access is by a n opening in th e glacis pl a te. The torsion bar suspension consists of four dual road wheels each side with th e drive sprocket a t th e front a nd th e idler whee l at the rea r. There are no track return roll ers. The to ps of th e tracks a re cove red by a rubber cover which ca n be removed to reduce th e overall width of th e veh icl e. The Lynx is fully a mphibio us, being propelled in th e wa ter by its tracks . Before entering th e wa ter a trim vane is erected at the front of th e hull a nd rectangular cove rs a re erecteu a round th e air inl et and exhaust louvres on th e top of th e hull. Sta nd a rd equipm ent includ es infra-red dri ving lights a nd a fire ex tinguisher mounted in th e engin e compa rtlo ent th a t can be operated by th e dri ver or from outside th e vehicle. Optional eq uipment includes a n NBC d etection a nd ala rm system, hea ter, winds creen a nd a capstan drum whi ch, when attached to th e drive sprockets and used in conjun ction with a n a nchor and cabl es, ca n be used for self-recove ry. The M26 turret is arm ed with a 12.7 mm (0.50) M2 HB machine gun that ca n be a imed and fired from within th e vehicle. Turret traverse and eleva tion of th e ma in armament 178

are m a nua l. A 7.62 mm (0.30) machin e gun is mounted a t th e radio-ope ratorlo bse rver's sta ti on a t the rea r of th e hull a nd three smoke dischargers a re mounted on eith er sid.e of th e hull a t th e front.

Variants

Dutch Vehicle The Dutch ve hicl e has a layo ut slightly different from th a t of th e Canadian Lynx. The driver is seated a t th e front of th e vehicle on th e left a nd has a single-piece ha tch cove r th a t opens to th e rea r with a n integral M 19 infra-red periscope mo unted in its roof a nd four M 17 periscopes arranged a round th e forwa rd pa rt in th e roof. The radi o-opera tor/ gunner is seated to th e right of th e driver a nd has a ha tch cover th a t opens to th e rear and four M 17 periscopes a rra nged a round th e forward part of th e ha tch cover. A 7.62 mm machin e gun ca n be mounted forwa rd of this ha tch cover ifrequired . The re is a n entry d oo r in th e right side of th e hull , to th e rea r of th e radio-operator/gunn er. When origina lly delivered th e Dutch vehicles were armed with a 12.7 mm (0.50) machine gun but in May 1974 th e Dutch Army ord ered 266 Oerlikon C13D-AOA turrets a rm ed with a 25 mm Oerl ikon KBA-B cann on for install at ion on th e vehicles. The 25 mm ca nnon has three ra tes of fire, single shot, 175 or 570 rounds per minute, a nd has 120 rounds of HE a nd 80 ro unds of APDS- T ready-use a mmunition. The turret

Dutch Army command and reconnaissance vehicle fitted with Oerlikon GBD-AOA turret armed with 25 mm cannon

has ma nu a l trave rse a nd elevation, tra verse a full 360 degrees a nd eleva tio n limits from -12 to + 52 degrees . The gunner is provided with a forwa rd facing peris cope adjusta ble in height, six vision blocks a nd a monocular sight for engaging both ground a nd air ta rgets a nd a mecha ni cal a uxiliary sight.

Model of FMC C & R vehicle with one-man weapon station armed with 25 mm Hughes Chain Gun and 7.62 mm MAG-58 coaxial machine gun . This model would have M113A2 suspension, 300 hp engine coupled to Detroit Allison X200 transmission. Loaded weight would be less than 9980.kg

Optional Armament Installations FMC also offers th e following a rma ment installa ti ons: Model IOO-E cupola with a 7.62 mm (0.30) M7 3 machin e gun , M odel 74 cupola with twin 7.62 mm M73 or twin 0.30 (7.62 mm) M 37 machine g uns , XM27 cupola (modifi ed M26 ) with 20 mm O erlikon cannon, MI1 3 cupola with 12.7 mm (0 .30), 7.62 mm (0. 50) or 7.62 mm machin e g un pintle-mo unted , FMC Pedes ta l Mo unt with 7.62 mm (0.30), Systematic drawing of engine , transmission , differential and suspension of Lynx command and reconnaissance vehicle

17 9

Oerlikon-BOhrle 25 mm KBA cannon as installed in GBD-AOA turret fitted on Dutch Army co mmand and reconnaissance vehicles

Product Improved Vehicle

12.7 mm (0.50),20 mm or 25 mm cannon that can be loaded, aimed and fired from within the vehicle, ATGWs mounted in launcher boxes on the roof of the vehicle, 106 mm M40 recoilless rifl e mounted on the roof, and other types of turret as requested by th e us er.

For trials purposes FMC has fitted a vehicle with a new tube-over-bar suspension system, similiar to that fitted to its AIFV (as used by the Dutch Army) a nd a more powerful turbo-charged diesel engine. These modifications give the vehicle improved cross-country perform ance a nd a higher road speed.

SPECIFICATIONS (Dutch vehic le specifications relate to model before convers ion with new turret) Model

CREW COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER-TO-WE IGHT RATI O GROUND PRESSURE LENGTH WIDTH (redu ced) HEIGHT (to hull top) (wi th armament) GROUND CLEARANCE TRA CK TRACK WIDTH LENGTH OF TRACK ON GROUND MAX SPEED (road) (water) ACCELERATION (0-48 km/h) FUEL CAPACITY

Dutch C & R 3 8477 kg 7409 kg

Canadian Lynx 3 8775 kg 7725 kg

25.36 hp/tonne 0.46 kg/cm' 4.597 m 2.4 13 m 2.266 m

24.5 hp/tonne 0.48 kg /cm' 4.597 m 2.4 13 m 2.266 m

1.651 m 2.108 m 0.406 m 1.885 m 381 mm

1.651 m 2.17 1 m 0.406 m 1.885 m 381 mm

2.39 m

70.8 km/h 6.6 km/h

70.8 km/h 5.6 km/h

18.5 s 330 litres

18.5 s 303 litres

TRANSMISSION

Status: Production has been completed for the Canadian and Dutch armies but can be resumed if furth er orders are received .

180

Model

MAX CRUISING RANGE FORDING GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTICAL OBSTACLE TRENCH ENGINE

SUSPENSION ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES ARMAMENT (main) (secondary) SMOKE-LAYING EQUIPMENT AMMUNI TI ON (mai n) (secondary)

Canadian Lynx Dutch C & R 523 km 523 km amphibious amphibious 60% 60% 30% 30% 0.609 m 0.609 m 1.473 m 1.524 m GMC Detroit Diesel 6)1-53 , 6-cylinder, 2-stroke, water-cooled diesel developing 215 hp at 2800 rpm Allison TX100 with torque converter, 3 forward and 1 reverse gears torsion bar torsion bar 24 V 24 V 2 x 12 V 2 x 12 V 1 x 12.7 mm MG 1 x 7.62 mm MG (optional)

1 x 12.7 mm MG 1 x 7.62 mm MG

2 x 3 smoke dischargers

1000 2000

1155 2000

Manufacturer: FMC Corporation, - Ordnance Division, 1105 Coleman Avenue, San J ose, California 95108, USA.

Chrysler MAC-1 Armoured Car Development The Chrys ler MAC-I (Medium Armoured Car) was developed as a private venture by th e Defense Group of the Chrysler Corpora~ion in the early 1960s. Wherever possible standard automotive components were used. A small quantity, believed to be 15, was del ivered to Mexico between 1963 and 1964. The vehicle is no longer in production and no longe r offered by Chrysler. Chrysler a lso proposed a furth er development of the MAC- I called the MAC-II, which had th e same wheelbase as th e earlier vehicle but was heavier, powered by a 276 hp engine and wou ld have been fully a mphibious being propelled in th e water by its wheels at a speed of 6.43 km/ h. The MAC- I I was never built even as a prototype. Chrysler also designed an 8 X 8 vehicl e called the SWAT (S pecial Warfare Armoured Transporter), but it never progressed beyond the mock-up stage and is no longer being offered.

SPECIFICATIONS CREW CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEIGHT UNLOADED WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO GROUND PRESSURE LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT (to turret top) GROUND CLEARANCE (hull)

4 4 x 4 6136 kg 5681 kg 29.33 hp/tonne 0.95 kg/em' 5.258 m 2.438 m 2.108 m 0.457 m

WHEELBASE ANGLE OF APPROACH/ DEPARTURE MAX ROAD SPEED FUEL CAPACI TY MAX CRUISING RANGE FORDING GRADIENT VERTICAL OBSTACLE TURNING RADIUS (left) (right) ENGINE

2.845

Description The hu ll of th e MAC- I is. made of a ll-welded steel with the driver and commander at th e front, turret in the centre and th e engine a t th e rear. The driver is seated in the forward part of th e vehicle with the commander to his right, each with a single-piece hatch cover that opens outwards. The driver has two periscopes to his front and th e commander has one and both also have a periscope to th eir left and right res pective ly. The turret is armed with a 20 mm H ispano Suiza cannon and has a single-piece hatch cover that opens forwards . T urret traverse and gun elevation are manual. Immed iately behind th e turret are two peris co pes wh ich give observation to the rear of the vehicle. There are no en try doors in th e sides of the hull although two fir ing ports are provided in each side. The MAC-I has no amphibious capa bility, no NBC system and no night vision equipment.

Chrys ler MAC- 1 armou red car arm ed with turret mounted 20 mm ca nnon

IT,

TRAN SMISSION

Chrysler A 727 automatic wi th torque converter,

58·/53· 104 km/h 151.4 litres 483 km 0.914 m 60% 0.508 m 7. 6 m 9.4 m Chrysler model HT361 petro l. 180 hp at 3600 rpm

Status: Produ ction compl ete. In service only with Mexico.

TRANSFER CASE STEERING SUSPENSION TYRES ARMAMEN T AMMUN ITION TURRET POWER CONTROL GUN STABILISER (vertical) (horizontal)

3 forwa rd

and 1 reverse gears 2-speed

power assisted semi-ell ipti ca l springs 11 .00 x 20 1 x 20 mm 300 man ual

no no

Manufacturer: Chrysler Corporation Defense Group, 6000 E 17 Mile Road , Sterling H eights, Michigan 48070, USA (now General Dynamics, Land Systems Division) .

181

Cadillac Gage Commando Scout Development The Command o Scout (4 x 4) has been designed as a priva te vent ure by th e Cadill ac Gage Company, manufacturer of th e we ll-known Comma ndo ra nge of multi-m ission ve hicl es. The ve hicle was first a nno un ced in October 1977 a t th e Association .Qfthe Un ited Sta tes Army meeti ng in Washington ~ C. The basi c role of the Com ma nd o Scout is reconnaissance a nd security but it can also be fitted as a com ma nd or a nti-ta nk ve hicle. In 1983 it was reported tha t Indones ia had placed an order for a quantity of Commando Scout ve hicles as well as Command o Ra nger armo ured personn el ca rriers.

Description The welded hull of the ve hicl e is made of special ha rdn ess armour plate which wi ll d efeat a t a minimum 7.62 mm armour-piercing rounds. The front, sides and rear of th e hull a re we ll sloped to afford maximum protecti on within the weig ht of th e vehicle. The front of th e Comma ndo Scout is sloped a t a n angle of 76 degrees to the top of th e driver's ha tch to the nose. In additi on to providing balli sti c protecti on it allows the vehicle to push its way thro ugh und erbrush. The driver is seated on th e left side of the hull with th e engine to his right a nd is provided with a n adjustable sea t a nd a si ngle-piece hatch cover th a t slides to th e front of the

Comma nd o Scout with 1-metre turret

Cadillac Gage Commando Scout fitted with command pod and 7.62 mm pintle-mounted machine gun

182

Cadillac. Gage Commando Scout armed with twin 7.62 mm MGs in 1-metre turret

vehicle when he is drivin g with his head o ut. T here is a vision block in th e front pa rt of th e ha tch for when th e vehicle is being d riven cl osed down . The fu el ta nk is a t the front of the hull betwee n th e wheels. The powe r pla nt is co upl ed to a n Allison four-speed a utoma ti c tra nsmiss ion via a Cadillac G age power tra nsfer unit. The complete powerpack, co nsisting of th e engine, tra nsfer unit, tra nsmi ssion a nd cooling system, can be removed a nd replaced in two ho urs. Access to th e engine is by a la rge ha tch in th e right side of th e hull th ro ugh which a ll fluid levels (coola nt, lubrica nt, bra ke fluids etc) can be checked. T he turret o r pod is a t th e rea r of th e ve hicle a nd access is by a two-pa rt ha tch in th e rea r of th e hull with th e bo ttom pa rt folding downwa rds a nd th e top part opening to th e right. T he front ax le is solid a nd sprung by a pa ra ll el a rm a rrange ment a ttached to coil springs. The split rear ax le is ti ed to a heavy duty coil spring suspensio n. Cone-sha ped passages in th e rear of th e hull a llow for high indi vidua l ve rti cal road wheel travel. Both ax les are fi tted with positive locking differentia ls which provide im proved trac tion by preventing one wheel spin-out. The integral hydra uli c power stee ring is powered by a gea r-d riven pump wo rking directl y off th e engine. This a pproach has elimina ted th e requirement fo r belt drives which slip or break a nd stee ring cylinders tha t req uire maintena nce. The independent fr ont a nd rea r bra ke systems fun ction through a split mas ter cylind er a nd a back-up system supports th em in th e eve nt of a n engine failure. The back-up system consists of a n electri c motor which supplies press ure to th e mas ter cylinder. The tyres are of th e run-fl a t type. Sta nd a rd equipment incl ud es two ha nd- held fire ex-

ting uishers stowed inside th e vehicle, pio nee r tool set, breaker ba r a nd lug wrench, first a id kit , ve hicl e tool kit, a nd a n a ir compresso r with l 5. 24-metre hose. The Comma nd o Scout is not fitt ed with a n NBC sys tem, has no nig ht visio n equipment a nd is no t a mphibio us. O ptional 'equipment includes a siren/ public address sys tem, radio insta ll a tions, wea pon stowage, wa ter a nd petrol can , slave ca ble, 15.24 metre a uxilia ry ca ble, camo ufl age net, s moke grenade system a nd fragmenta ti on g renade sys tem. Variants

Twin/Combination Machine Gun (1-metre) Turret Thi s turret is ma nua lly/e lectri call y rota ted by a Power Assist Trave rse sys te m a nd can be a rm ed with twin 7.62 mm , twin 0.30 calib re or twin 0.50 calibre machine g uns, or a combination of 0. 30/ 0.50 or 7.62 mm/ 0.50 calibre machine g uns, which can be elevated from -10 to + 55 deg rees, ma nu a ll y trave rsed ra te with PAT is a max imum of 45 degrees per second. The a mount of a mmunition d epends o n th e armament insta lled but if twin 7.62 mm or 0.30 calibre wea pons a re fi tted each g un is provided with 200 ro unds of read y-use a mmunitio n a nd 2200 ro unds stowed in th e ve hicle. If twin 0.50 calibre wea pons a re fitted , each wea pon has 100 ro unds of ready-use a mmunitio n a nd 1000 rounds stowed in th e hull. It can also mo unt a 7.62 mm MG a nd a 40 mm M a rk 19 grenade la un cher with 100 read y rounds a nd 200 rounds stowed in th e vehicle. The turret is a lso prov ided with eight vision blocks, a n M28C sight with a magnifi cati on of x 1.5 (x 5 magnifi catio n optiona l) a nd a 500000 candlepower spotlig ht mounted coaxially with th e wea pons. 183

Cadillac Gage Commando Scout fitted with command pod armed with 12.7 mm MG

Twin Machine Gun (1-metre) Turret T his is a rmed with twin 7.62 mm m ac hine guns whi ch can be fi red singly or toge th er a nd 400 rounds of ready use a mmuniti on a re ca rri ed with a furth er 2200 ro unds stowed in th e ve hicl e. It has m a nua l trave rse a nd eleva ti on a nd the weapons can be eleva ted from - 10 to + 55 degrees. The turre t is provided with eight visio n blocks, and a n M28C sight with a magnifi cation of X 1.5 ( X 5 mag nifi cation op ti ona l); a 500000 ca ndl epower spotlight is mounted coax ia ll y with the wea pons.

Command Pod Thi s model has a three-ma n crew, co mm a nd er, radio opera tor a nd dri ver a nd has a pod mo unted on top of the hull in each side of whi ch is a firin g port a nd a vision block. A circul a r ha tch cover is provided on whi ch a 7.62 mm machin e g un a nd shield can be mo unted . 2000 rounds of 7.62 mm a mmunition a re carri ed . When fitt ed with radios th e antennas a re mo unted a t th e rea r of th e hull.

Anti-tank armed with TOW This model has a crew of three and is fitt ed with a Hughes TOW ATGW la uncher whi ch has a traverse of 120 degrees a nd ca n be eleva ted from -10 to + 30 degrees . Two TOW A TG W s a re ca rri ed inside th e hull wi th p rov ision for carrying a furth er fo ur missiles o utsid e. A sta nd a rd TOW ground mo unt is ca rri ed inside th e vehicle whi ch enables th e TOW system to be deployed a way from th e vehicl e. T wo positions Cadillac Gage Commando Scout armed with 12.7 mm and 7.62 mm MGs in 1-metre turret

184

for mounting one 7.62 mm machine g un a re also provided with 2000 rounds of a mmunition being ca rri ed for th is wea pon.

Anti-tank armed with 106 mm Recoilless Rifle This has a modified pod with openin g doors with th e 106 mm M40 recoilless rifl e pivot-m ounted forw a rd of th e pod. The recoill ess rifl e has a trave rse of 150 degrees a nd can be eleva ted fro m -10 to + 10 degrees. Fifteen rounds of 106 mm a mmunition a re carri ed plus 100 rounds of 12.7 mm (0.50) a mmunition fo r the spotting rifl e.

Cad iliac Gage Commando Scout fitted with Hughes TOW ATGW system

TRANSMISSION

SPECIFICATIONS

CREW (depending on role) CONFIGURATION COMBAT WEIGHT (with twin 7.62 mm MG turret) POWER-TO-WEI GHT RATI O LENGTH WIDTH HEI GHT (with 1-metre turret) TRACK WHEELBASE MAX SPEED (roa d) FUEL CAPACITY MAX RAN GE (road) FORDIN G GRADIENT SIDE SLOPE VERTI CAL OBSTACLE TURNIN G RADIUS ENGINE

1 + 1 or 1 + 2 4 x 4

TRANSFER CASE

Alli son automatic with 4 forward a nd 1 reve rse

speed s 2-speed with sp line engagement clutch lor front-ax le drive

6577 kg 24.33 hp/tonne 4.699 m 2.057 m 2.235 m 1.651 m 2.667 m 88.5 km/h 208 litres 800 km 1.168 m 60% 30% 0.609 m 7.925 m Cummins V-6 diesel deve loping 149 hp at 3300 rpm

Status: In produ cti on. On ord er for Indonesi a .

STEERING SUSPENSION (front) (rear)

TYRE S BRAKES (main)

(parking)· ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BATIERIES

integral hydraul ic swing-mounted solid fro nt axle independ e nt rear ax le with co il spring s for eac h wh ee l

15.50 x 21 dual power 4-wheel hydraulic, pump driven emerg ency electri cal back up drum and shoe, hand operated 24 V 2 x 12 V, 100 Ah

NOTE: Height and weig ht is for veh ic le wi th 1-metre turret and twin 7.62 mm MGs.

Manufacturer: Cadi llac G age Compa ny, Pos t Offi ce Box 1027, Wa rren, Michigan 48090, U SA.

185

Abbreviations

AA a nti-a ircraft AAG a nti-aircraft g un ACVT Armored Comba t Vehi cle T echnology Program me ADATS Air Defence Anti-Ta nk System AFV a rm oured fi ghtin g vehicle Ah a mpere ho ur AIFV a rmo ured infa ntry fi ghting vehicle AML Automitra illeuse Legere (light ar moured car) AMR Auto Mitra illeuse de Reconn a issance AMX Atelier de Constru cti on d' Issy-les-Moulinea ux AP a rmo ur-piercing APC a rm oured perso nnel carri er APC a rm our-piercing ca pped APC-T a rm our-pi ercing ca pped trace r APDS a rm our-pi ercing discard ing sabot APDS-T armour-piercing disca rd ing sa bot trace r APE Amphibisches Pionier-Erkund ungsfa hrze ug (a mphibious pionee r reconna issance vehicle) APERS a nti-personnel APER5-T a nti-perso nnel trace r APFSDS armour-pi ercing fin-sta bilised discarding sabot APFSDS(P) a rmo ur-pi ercing fin- sta bilised discarding sa bot (practi ce) APFSDS-T a rm our-pi ercing fin-sta bilised discarding sa bot trace r APG Aberdeen Proving Ground APHE a rmour-pi ercing high ex plos ive API arm our-piercing incendia ry APIT a rm our-pi ercing incendia ry trace r APT a rmo ur-piercing trace r APU a ux ilia ry power unit APV a rm oured pa trol ve hicle AR/ AA V Ar mored Reco nna issance/ Air bo rne Assa ult Vehicle ARE Atelier de Constru cti on Roann e ARMSCOR Arm a ment Ma nufacturing Corporati on (So uth Africa) ARMVAL Anti-Arm or Vehicle Evalua tio n

AT a nti-ta nk ATGW a nti-ta nk g uid ed wea pon ATS Atelier de Constru ctio n de T a rbes AVGP a rmo ured vehicle general purpose AVR a rm ored ve hi cle reco nn a isance BAOR British Arm y of th e Rhin e BD base deto na ting BE base ejecti on bhp brake horse power BL bla nk BLR Blindado Ligero de Ru edas (lig ht wheeled a rm oured ve hicle) BL-T bla nk trace r BMR Blind ado Medio de Ru edas (medium wheeled a rm oured vehicle) CAF Canadi a n Arm ed Forces CCV C lose Comba t Vehicle CFV Cavalry Fight ing Ve hi cle Comp.B composition B COTAC Condu ite de Tir Auto ma tiqu e po ur C ha r CP co ncrete-piercing CRR Carro de Reco nh ecimento So bre Rod as (wheeled reco nna issa nce vehicle) CTRA Carro de Tra nsporte Sobre Rodas Anfi bo (am phi bious wheeled tra nsport ve hicle) CVR(T) Comba t Vehicle Reconn aissance (Tracked ) CVR(W) Comba t Vehicle Reconna issa nce (Whee led ) DARPA Defense Adva nced Proj ects Age ncy DIA Defense Intellige nce Agency DOD Depa rtment of Defe nse DS/T practi ce descard ing sabot/ trace r DTAT Directio n T echniq ue des Armements T erres tres DU de ple ted ura nium EBR Engin Blinde de Reconn aissance EFAB Etab lissement d'Etud es et de Fa bricati ons d' Armement de Bourges ELKE Eleva ted Kin eti c Energy Wea pon EMC Engin Blinde Morti er Cannon EMG ex tern a ll y moun ted g un ENGESA Engesa Enge heiros Es pecializados

ERC Engin de Reconna issance Cannon ESD Electro nique Serge Dassa ult ESRS electro slag refi ned steel EWK Eisenwe rk e Ka isersla utern Goppner FLiR forw a rd looking infra-red FMC Food Mac hinery Corpo ra tio n FMS Fo reig n Milita ry Sales FN Fa brique Na ti onale FOV Field of View FRAG Fragmentat ion FV fig hting vehi cle FVRDE Fighting Vehicles Research a nd Development Esta blis hment FVS Fig hting Vehi cle System FY Fiscal Yea r GIAT G roupement ind us tri el des Armements T erres tres GLS Gesellschaft flir Logistischen Service GMC General Mo tors Corpora ti on GPMG genera l purpose machine g un GW guid ed wea pon HB heavy ba rrel HE high ex plosive HE-APERS-FRAG hig h-ex plos ive a nti-personne l frag menta tion HEAT hig h-ex plosive a nti-tan k HEAT-MP hig h-explosive a nti-ta nk multi-purpose HEAT-MP(P) hi gh-ex pl osive a nti-ta nk multi-purpose (prac ti ce) HEAT-T hig h-explos ive a nti- ta nk trace r HEAT-T-HVY hig h-explos ive a n ti- ta nk tracer heavy HEAT-T-MP hi gh-ex plosive a nti-tank tracer multi-pur pose HEAT-TP-T hig h-ex plos ive a nti-tank ta rge t prac ti ce trace r HEDP high-ex plos ive du a l purpose HE-FRAG high-ex plosive fragmenta tio n HEI high-explos ive incend ia ry HEIT hig h-ex plos ive incendi ary tracer HEP hig h-ex plosive pl ast ic HE-PR hig h-ex plosive prac ti ce HEP-T hig h-ex plosive prac ti ce trace r HESH hi g h-ex plosive squ as h head HESH-T high-ex plosive squ as h head tracer 18 7

HIMAG High-Mobility Agility T est Vehicle hp horsepower HSTV(L) High Survivability T est Vehicle (Lightweight) HVAP high-velocity armour-piercing HVAPDS-T high-velocity arl!).o ur-piercing discarding sa bot tracer HVAPFSDS high-velocity armour-piercing fin sta bilised discarding sa bot HVAP-T hi gh- velocity arm our-piercing trace r IAFV infantry armoured fighting vehicle IFV infa ntry fighting vehicle ILL illumin ating IMI Israel Military Industries IOC initia l opera tional capab ility IR infra-red IS interna l security lTV Improved TOW Vehicle JGSDF J a panese Ground Self-Defence Force JPO J oint Proj ect Office

kin etic energy

LAV Light Armored Vehicle LAV Light Assault Vehicle LLLTV low-light level television LMG light machine gun MAC MAP MBT

188

Medium Armoured Car Military Aid Progra mme main battle tank

MG machine gu n MICV mechanised infantry comba t vehicle MILAN Missile d'Infa nterie Leger Antichar MoD Ministry of Defence MPGS Mobile Protected Gun System MPWS Mobile Protected Weapon System MV muzzle velocity MVEE Milita ry Vehicles and Engineering Establishment NATO North Atlantic Trea ty Organisation NBC nuclear, biological, chemical

Smoke BE smoke base ejecti on Smoke WP smoke white phosporus SPAAG self-propelled anti-aircraft gun TACOM T a nk Automotive Command TOW Tube-launched, Optically tracked , Wire-guided TP target practice TP-T ta rge t practi ce tracer TTS tank thermal sight USMC

United Sta tes Marine Corps

RARDE Royal Armament Research a nd Development Establishment RDF/LT Ra pid Deployment Force Light Tank RMG ranging machine gun ROF Royal Ordnance Factory; ra te of fire RSAF Royal Small Arms Factory RUC Royal Ulster Constab ulary

VAB Vehicule de I'A va nt Blinde (front-armoured car) VAE Vehicu lo Armado Exploraci6n (armoured reconnaissance car) VAPE Vehiculo Apoyo y Exploraci6n (s upport and reconnaissance vehicle) VBC Vehicule Blinde Combat (armoured combat vehicle) VBL Yehicule Blinde Leger (light armoured car) VCR vehicule de Combat it Roues (wheeled combat vehicle); va ri able compression ratio VLC Vehicule Leger de Combat (light armoured car) VRL Vehicule Reconna issance Leger (light reconnaissance vehicle)

SAM surface-to-air missile SAMM Societe d' Applications des Machines Motrices SAPI semi-a rmour piercing incendia ry SH/PRAC squash head practice SLR Super Low Recoil

WAPC Wheeled Armoured Personnel Carrier WFSV Wheeled Fire Support Vehicle WMRV Wheeled Maintenance and Recovery Vehicle WP white phosphorus WP-T white phos phorus tracer

PAT power ass isted traverse PRAC practi ce PRAC-T practi ce tracer PTO power take off

Index

Light Tanks and Tracked AFVs and their variants in alphabetical order of countries Note: T ype des ignati ons in bold print indi ca te prin cipal models; page numbers in bold print rel a te to deta il ed descri pti ons.

AUSTRIA Jagdpanzer SK 105 Kiirassier 8- 12 , 29, 32 Greir ARV 9, II Kurass ier II 9, II 4K- 7f A - see Greif 4KH 7FA-FA Dri ve r Trainer 12 BRAZIL XLF-40 16 XLP-IO AVLB 16 XIA 15- 18 XI A I 15, 16 A IA2 17, 18 CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC T ype 60 25 Type 62 25, 26, 27- 8 Type 63 25- 7 FRANCE AMX·13 8, 28-33,3 7, 38 ~ od e l 5 1 29,30,3 1 ~ od e l 55 ARV 32 C RP AVLB 32 Hotchki ss SPz 11-2 61 LOHR VP X 110 57 VPX 5000 57- 8 GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC Wiesel Airportable (Waffentrage r ll-LL ) 64-6 Wi esel120 mm 65 Wiesel/TOW 65 Wi esel/Co mmand & Control 65 Wi esel/Ba ttlefi eld Surveill a nce 65 Wiesel/ Ammuniti on Res upply 65 Wi esel/A PC 66 Wiesel/ ARV 65 Wi ese l/SA~ 65 Wi esel/ Reco nnaissa nce 65 Wiesel/ Ambula nce 65 NORWAY NM·116 (mod. ~24 C haffee) 83- 5 BK 710 ARV 85 TAIWAN T ype 64 93 UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS PT- 76 5, 25,26, 94-7 PT-76 Model I 94,96 PT- 76 ~ od e l 2 94, 95,96 PT- 76 ~ odel 3 96 PT-76 ~ od e l 4 96

UNITED KINGDOM Al vis Sagitar I I I Alvis Scorpion CVR(T) ra mil y 5, 108, 110, II 2- 24, 126 Samarita n Ambul ance ( FVI04) 11 3, 120, 123 Samson ARV (fVI06 ) 11 3, 12 1, 123 Scimitar (FVI07 ) 11 3, 122, 123, 124 Spart an APC (fVI0 3) 11 3, 11 8, 12 1, 123 Spartan/ AA 118, 11 9 Sparta n/ Hughes TOW ATGW 11 9 Sparta n/ MILAN AT G W 11 9 Sparta n/ Blow pipe SA ~ 120 Stormer 24, I II Striker ( FVI02 )AT G W 117, 11 8, 123 Sultan Comm a nd Vehicl e (FV 105) 11 3, 120, 12 1, 123 Scorpi on 90 24, I 15, I 16, 123 Sco rpi on 90/ Swingfir e ATGW 11 6, 117 Al vis Streaker H~LC 124 fV 101 - see Scorpi on TV 15000 - See Scorpion

T 4 1 138 T 4 1EI 138 13.2 Tonne RDF/ LT 155- 6

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AAI RDF/ LT 5, 152-4 AR/ AAV -see ~ 55 1 HSTV·L 5, 149- 52 Lynx (MI1 3) C RY 177- 80 ~11 3 AI APC III , 156, 160, 177 ~1I 3 A 2 (Ca nadia n) 5, 163, 166, 179 ~11 3C& R ( Dut c h ) 177, 180 MPWS 157 ~2 Brad ley I fV 5, 157 M3 Bradley CFV 5, 157 M3A I Stua rt 5, 15, 17 ~ 24 C haffee 5, 138 ~2 4/ N~-1 1 6 -see Norway M41 Walker Bulldog 6 1, 93, 138-43, 155, 156 ~ 4 1AI 139, 140, 14 1 M4 1A2 93 , 139, 14 1 ~ 4 1A 3 93, 139, 14 1 M41B 14 1, 142 ~ 4 1 C 142 ~ 4 1 / NAPC Powe rpack 142, 143 ~ 4 1 / 90 mm Gun 142, 143 ~1I 4C RV 5, 177 M551 Sheridan 5, 139, 14 1, 143- 9 ~ 55 1 A I 146 M 55 1 / AR~VAL 148 ~ 5 51 /75 mm HRES 148 ~ 55 1 / 10 5 mm Gun 148 T 37 Ph ase I 138 T 37 Ph ase II 138 T 37 Ph ase " 138

NORTH VIET·NAM T ype 53 1 (ex-K-63) A PC 25

Other Tracked AFV s CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC T ype 59 26, 27 CZECHOSLOV AKIA OT-62 APC 98 FRANCE AMX VC I 29 A~X- 3 0 6, 9, 28, 29 AMX- 30 B2 5 A ~X- 5 0 28, 37 GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC Leopard I 5, 14 1 Leo pard 2 14 1 ~ a rd e r 63, 14 1

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS B~P-I 5 B~P Ml CV 5, 94, 100, 145, 147 BTR-50 APC 94 KV-I 96 T- 34/76 96 T -54 94, 95, 96 T- 55 94, 96 T- 62 94, 156 T-72 94, 145 Based on PT -76 chass is: ASU-85 94 FROG-2, -3, -4, -5 94 GSP 94 GT-T 94 ~T-L 94 Pinguin 94 PYA 94 S A ~- 6 94 ZS U-23-4 SPAAG 94, 145, 146 122 mm S P ~1 974 94, 145'r 146 UNITED KINGDOM Centuri on 14 1 C hi erta in 11 3, 11 4, 11 6 FV432 APC 18 Vi ckers ~BT I 16

189

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AIFV 14 1, 180 LVTP-7 14 1 MBT-70 147 M I Abrams 5, 6, 14 1 M42 SP AA 139

M44 155 mm SP 139 M47 (T42 ) 28, 79, 139 M48 AV LB 6 1, 14 1 M52 105 mm SP 139 M60 5, 6, 166 M60A I 14 1, 145

M60A2 141 , 147 M60A 3 14 1 MI03 (T43) 139 MI09 SPH 14 1

Armoured Cars and other Wheeled AFVs and their variants in alphabetical order of countries ARGENTINA VAE (Panh ard) 8 V AE (Rena ult ) 8 VAPE (Panh ard) 8, 48 VAPE (Renau lt) 8, 48 AUSTRIA OAF (6 x 6) 12- 13 APC 13 Com mand Vehicle 13 Engineer Vehicle 13 Recon. Veh icle 13 BELGIUM FN 4RM/ 62F AB 14- 15 MG & Mortar Model 15 90 mm Gun Model 15 BRAZIL ENGESA EE-3 Jararaca (4 x 4) 22- 3 ENGESA EE-9 Cascavel (6 x 6) 6, 18- 21 , 22 EE-9 Mk I 20 EE9 Mk II 20 EE-9 Mk III 2 1 EE-9 Mk IV 2 1 EE-9 Mk V 2 1 ENGESA EE-II Uru tu (6 x 6) 6, 18, 22 ENGESA EE-1 7 Sucuri (6 x 6) 8 CANADA Cougar WFSV 24 Grizz ly WAPC 24 H usky WMRV 24 LAV-25 (8 x 8) (MI047) 24--5 CZECHOSLOV AKIA OT-64 M odel 2A APC 98 FRANCE AMX-IORC (6 x 6) 5, 35- 7 , 39 AMX- IOC 36 AMX- IORAA 37 AMX-IO RAC 37 AMX-IOR P APC 36 AMX- IORTT 37 DEFA-AMX (4 x 4) 50 Hotchki ss (6 x 6) 38 Latil (8 x 8) 38 LOHR RPX 90 (4 x 4) 43-4 LOHR RPX 6000 (4 x 4) 56-7 Lorraine (6 x 6) 38 Pan ha rd (8 x 8) 38 Panhard AMD 37 Panhard AML 90 (4 x 4) 5,6, 15, 18, 50- 5, 85 AML/H 90 5 1 AM L/HE 60-7 5 1, 52, 55 190

AML/HE 60-1 2 52 AML/HE 60-20 52, 53 AML/HE 60-20 Serval 52, 53 , 55 AMLILynx 90 5 1, 52, 55 AML/S 530 53 AMLITG 120 (TTB 120) 53 AML 20 54 AM L 20 Scout Ca r (Eclairge) 55 AML 60 55,85 AML/BTM Jun gle 54 EPR 53,54 EPR-EPA 53 EPR-EPF 53 EPR-ERA 53 Pan ha rd AMR-20 1 28, 37 Panhard EBR (8 x 8) 5, 28, 30, 33 , 37- 9 EBR 75 (Model 238) 37 EBR ETT APC 39 Panhard ERC 90 Sagaie 5, 37, 44--9 EMC 47 EMC 8 1 48,49 ERC 20 Kriss 48 ERC 25 La nza 47 , 48 ERC 90F I Lynx 46, 47, 49 ERC 90F4 44,45,46,47 ERC 90F4 TTB 190 46 ERC TG 120 Gu epard 47 ERC 60/12 Mangouste 47 ERC 60/ 20 Se rva l 47, 49 ERC/SAMM S530 A20 48 ERC/ ESD TA-20 48 Panhard M3 (4 x 4) APC 6, 48, 50 Pa nh ard M Il VBL 56 Panhard VCR APC 44 Renau lt VAB (6 x 6) APC 6,40, 4 1, 42, 48 Renault VBC 90 (6 x 6) 5, 6, 40- 2, 48 Renau lt VBL 56 Saviem (4 x 4) 50 GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC APE (AM F) (4 x 4) 59- 60 Da imler Benz (8 x 8) 6 1 JPO (8 x 8) - see Lu chs P3 Erprobungswagen 59 Spiihpanzer Luchs (8 x 8) AA RV 5, 61-4 Luchs/Oerlikon 35 mm GDD-BOE 63 Lu chs/ Rola nd 2 SA M 63 Tra nsportpa nzer I (6 x 6) 6 1, 63 Transportpanzer 2 (4 x 4) 6 1 HUNGARY FUG (OT-65) (4 x 4) 66- 8, 103 FUG/Ambula nce 67 FUG/Rad iologica l-Chemi ca l Recon. 67 OT-65A 67, 68 OT-65B 67 PSZh- IV APC(FUG-66, -70 ) 68

ISRAEL RAM AFV 68- 70 RAM ICV 69 RAM IFV 69 RAM V-I 68, 69,70 RAM V-2 68, 69 RAM V-2L 69, 70 RAM/AT 69 RAM/TC M-20 AA 69 RAM/TOW 69 RBY Mk 1 68, 69, 71- 2 RBY Mk I/AT 72 RBY Mk I/Communi cations 72 ITALY FIAT-OTO Melara Type 6616 (4 x 4) 72-4, 88 Lizzard F333E 78- 80 Li za rd/ Anti-Riot 80 Li za rd/AT 79 Li zard/Co mma nd o 80 Li za rd Scout 79 OTO-Melara OTO R 2.5 Gorgona (4 x 4) 77- 8 OTO Melara OTO R3 Capria (4 x 4) 75- 7 R3 Folgore x 2 FA 76 R3/T 7.62 FA 76 R3/T 12.7 FA 75 R3/T 20 FA-HS 76 R3/T 106 x 2FA 76 R3/TOW 76 JAPAN Komats u Seisaku-Jyo (4 x 4) 8 1 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (6 x 6) Type 82 81- 2 Type 87 8 1, 82 MEXICO ND-3 Caball o (4 x 4) 83 SOUTH AFRICA Eland 85- 6 Ela nd Mk 1, 2 85 Eland Mk 3, 4, 5, 6 86 Eland Mk 7 87 SPAIN BMR-600 IFV 87 VEC Cavalry Scout (6 x 6) 87- 9 VEC/AA 89 VEC/ATG W 89 SWITZERLAND . MOW AG Pira nha (6 x 6) 24, 92 MOWAG Rola nd (4 x 4) 83 MOWAG Shark (8 x 8) 6, 89- 91 MOW AG SPY 92- 3

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS BRDM-l 66, 67,97, 100, 103-7 BRDM-RKh 104, 105 BRDM-U 104 . BRDM-liAT-l Snapper 105 BRDM-l /AT-2a ATGW 105, 106 BRDM-l /AT-3 Sagger ATGW 106, 107 BRDM-2 (4 x 4) 5, 97- 103 BRDM-2 RKh 98 BRDM-2U 98, 99 BRDM-2/AT-2 Swatter-B ATGW 100 BRDM-2/AT-3 Sagger ATGW 99, 103 BRDM-2/AT-4 Spigot ATGW 101 BRDM-2/AT-5 Spandrel ATGW 100, 101 BRDM-2/SA-9 Gaskin SAM 5, 101 , 102, 103 BRDM-3 10 1 BTR-60 APC 97, 100 BTR-60PA 25 BTR-60PB 98 BTR-70 APC 97, 100 UNITED KINGDOM Alvis Ferret 80 (4 x 4) 129-30 Alvis Saladin (6 x 6) 107- 11 , 11 3 Saladin Mk 2 108 . Alvi~ FV60 1(A)( B)(C ) - see Saladin Alvis FV601(D ) (Kfz 93) 110 Alvis FV603 APC - see Saladi n Alvis Saracen 107 , 11 3 Alvis FV604 Comm and Vehicle 120 Alvis FV6 10 Comm and Vehicle 120 Alvis Staghound 72

Daimler AEC Mk III 107 Daimler Dingo 131 Daimler Mk II 107 Daimler Ferret (FV70 1) (4 x 4) 124, 131-5 Ferret Mk 1 131 , 133 Ferret Mk 1/1 135 Ferret Mk 1/ 2 (FV704) 131 , 133 , 135 Ferret Mk 2 FV701(E) 131, 132, 135 Ferret Mk 2/2 133 Ferret Mk 2/3 FV701(H ) 132, 133, 135 Ferret Mk 2/4 133 Ferre t Mk 2/5 133 Ferret Mk 2/ 6 (FV 703 ) 133, 134, 135 Ferret Mk 2/7 133 Ferret Mk 3 133 Fe rret Mk 4 (FV7 11 ) 13 1, 134, 135 Ferret Mk 5 (FV712) 13 1, 134 ROF Leeds/ Daimler Fox (FV72 1) CW R(W) 124--9 Fox/25 mm Hughes Chain Gun 127, 128, 129 Fox/MILAN ATGW 128, 129 Fox/Scout 128, 129 Vixen (FV722) 124, 131 ROF Leeds Pa nga 126, 127 Shorts Shorland 135-8 Shorland Mk 1, 2 135 Shorland Mk 3 135, 136 Shorland Mk 4 136, 137, 138 Shorts SB 40 1 APC 136 Shorts SB 403 Anti -Hijack Vehicle 137,138 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Cadill ac Gage Commando V-l00 (M706) 168, 169, 177

V-l00 ERV 175 Cadillac Gage Commando V-150 (4 x 4) 5, 24, 14 1, 158, 16 1, 168- 77 Commando/MG Turret 170 Commando/20 mm Turret 171 Commando/25 mm Turret 171 Commando/40 mm/12. 7 mm Turret 171 Commando/Air Defence 172 Commando/76 mm Gun 172 Comma ndo/90 mm Gun 172, 173 Commando/8 1 mm Morta r 173 Commando/TOW ATGW 173, 174 Commando/Command Veh icle 174, 175 Commando/Base Security 174 Commando/Police Emergency 175, 177 Commando/Recovery Veh icle 176, 177 Cadi ll ac Gage Comm ando V-150S 169, 171, 172, 173, 176 Cad ill ac Gage Commando V-200 14 1, 168, 169, 170, 177 Cadillac Gage V-300 (6 x 6) 5, 24, 158-62, 169 V-300 Ambulance 161 V-300/TOW ATGW 160, 161 V-300/8 1 mm Morta r 161 Cadillac Gage Commando Scout (4 x 4) 182- 5 Chevrolet M 38(T38) Wolfhound 107 Chrysler MAC-l (4 x 4) 181 MAC-II 18 1 Chrysler SWAT (8 x 8) 18 1 Dragoon 300 (4 x 4) 5, 162- 7 M8/M20 5 USMC LAV 115

191