D E LTA Academies Trust
AR LY Y E ARS FO U NDATION S TA G E BO O KL ET
HISTORY YEAR 9 S UM MER BO O KL ET
Dear Year 9, This year we have completed the content for Paper One of your GCSE, which is worth 30% of your final grade. It is vital that this part of your learning is revisited regularly to help with long-term memory for the final GCSE exam in 2022. In this booklet are weekly tasks to help revisit content and some help with applying it to exam questions. Don’t forget to follow us on Twitter @Deltatrusthist and tweet us your work that you are completing, as there are prizes available!
History
GCSE POD LINKS This week’s focus will be on chronology. Chronology is simply the order and duration of events/periods. The tasks below will challenge your knowledge of chronology. Topic
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Link
Medieval Period 1250-1500
https://members.gcsepod. com/shared/podcasts/ title/10643
Renaissance Period 1500-1700
https://members.gcsepod. com/shared/podcasts/ title/10743
Industrial Period 1700-1900
ttps://members.gcsepod. com/shared/podcasts/ title/11393
Modern Period 1900-Present
https://members.gcsepod. com/shared/podcasts/ title/11394
Western Front
https://members.gcsepod. com/shared/podcasts/ title/10645
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History
WEEK 1 TASK 1 - MEDICINE OVERVIEW Colour code the information below into the following categories; Cause of Disease Epidemics (diseases) Treatment/Prevention 1348
The Black Death arrives in England. Somewhere between a third and half the population is killed.
1440
The Printing Press is invented which allows the sharing of ideas
1676
Andreas Vesalius publishes The Fabric of the Human Body which found around 300 mistakes in Galen’s work William Harvey publishes his book on the circulation of the blood, disproving Galen’s theory that blood was produced in the liver The Great Plague sees a serious outbreak of the plague across the whole of England. One in five people in London were killed within 6 months Thomas Sydenham publishes Observationes Medicae, which encourages physicians to observe patients, rather than just relying on ancient texts
1796
Edward Jenner discovers the vaccination for smallpox
1543 1628 1665
1854
James Simpson discovers chloroform as an anaesthetic that can be used during surgery John Snow discovers that cholera is waterborne, by removing the handle from the Broad Street Pump in Soho, London
1861
Louis Pasteur discovers Germ Theory
1865
Joseph Lister uses carbolic acid in surgeries for the first time
1847
1882
The Second Public Health Act is published. This time it is compulsory, and improves the hygiene of cities, e.g. providing clean drinking water Robert Koch publishes four hypotheses, and discovers the bacteria causing tuberculosis (TB)
1928
Fleming discovers penicillin
1941
Florey and Chain develop penicillin into a usable treatment; the first antibiotic
1948
The NHS is established, providing healthcare to all citizens which is free at the point of use
1953
Franklin, Watson and Crick discover the structure of DNA
1990
Human Genome Project was launched, 18 teams of scientists from around the world worked together to decode and map the human genome
1875
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History
TASK 2 Answer the knowledge questions on the period 1250-1500 What were the Four Humours? Name two supernatural ideas on the cause of disease in the medieval period. What was the Miasma Theory? Why did the Church support Galen’s ideas? Name two treatments to balance the humours What was an Apothecary? Who carried out most surgeries in the medieval period? When was the Black Death? What percentage of the population were estimated to have been killed by the Black Death? What was flagellation?
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Delta Academies Trust
History
WEEK 2 INDIVIDUALS You need to make a 5 a-side football team, choosing the 5 most significant individuals in the Medicine through Time course. Below is a squad list to choose from. Identify who you think the 5 most important are, and explain why in the table underneath. Remember, significant does not need to be good, they can be significant for negative reasons too. We will award a prize to best team, with detailed explanations on why you have chosen them. You can watch the video below for an overview of all individuals in the Medicine course; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MMjYa3pY_o
SQUAD LIST
Galen
Snow
Vesalius
Lister
Harvey
Pasteur
Sydenham
Koch
Jenner
Fleming
Simpson
Florey and Chain
Nightingale
Watson and Crick
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History
Player
Reason
1 2 3 4 5
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YOU R S U MMER BO O KL ET
Delta Academies Trust
History
TASK 2 Answer the knowledge questions on the period 1500-1700 Why did the Printing Press help develop medical knowledge? What discovery did William Harvey make that proved Galen wrong? Which book did Vesalius publish in 1543? Which doctor became known as the ‘English Hippocrates’ for his new policy of medical observation? Why did the Catholic Church lose power during the Renaissance period? What scientific research group was established in 1660? What treatments remained the same in the Renaissance period? How many people died during the Great Plague? How were victims isolated during the Great Plague? How did the government control the spread of the plague in 1665?
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History
WEEK 3 TASK 1 - EPIDEMICS For each epidemic, look at the source and add some detail. Firstly, identify the message of the source and then add some own knowledge to support this. Watch the link to the Pod to recap the key information. 1. Black Death 1348 Message:
Own Knowledge to support:
Recap video: https://members.gcsepod.com/shared/ podcasts/title/10643 2. The Great Plague 1665 An extract from Samuel Pepys Diary, 1665 16 October 1665 But Lord, how empty the streets are, and melancholy, so many poor sick people in the streets, full of sores, and so many sad stories overheard as I walk, everybody talking of this dead, and that man sick, and so many in this place, and so many in that. And they tell me that in Westminster there is never a physician, and but one apothecary left, all being dead – but that there are great hopes of a great decrease this week. God send it.
Message:
Own Knowledge to support:
Recap video: https://members.gcsepod.com/shared/ podcasts/title/10743
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Delta Academies Trust
History
3. Cholera 1830s Message:
Own Knowledge to support:
Recap video: https://members.gcsepod.com/shared/ podcasts/title/11393 4. Lung Cancer, 20th Century A 2012 Department of Health consultation on smoking, setting out the reasons why the government has taken action to limit the visibility of cigarettes.
Message:
“Evidence shows that cigarette displays in shops can encourage young people to start smoking. The figures for England show that: • 5% of children aged 11-15 are regular Own Knowledge to support: smokers • More than 300,000 children under 16 try smoking each year • 39% of smokers say that they were smoking regularly before the age of 16 Covering tobacco displays will protect children and young people from the promotion of tobacco products in shops, helping them to resist the temptation to start smoking.”
Recap video: https://members.gcsepod.com/shared/ podcasts/title/11394
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Delta Academies Trust
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History
TASK 2 Answer the knowledge questions on the period c1700-c1900 Why did Edward Jenner’s discovery of vaccination have limited impact until 1853? What did Louis Pasteur publish in 1861? How did Robert Koch improve on Pasteur’s work? What did James Simpson discover to improve surgery in 1847? How did Joseph Lister reduce death rates in surgery from 50% 1866 to 15% in 1870? How did the 1875 Public Health Act improve health? What was the laissezfaire approach of the government until the mid-1800s? How did John Snow prove that miasma was not causing cholera? How did Florence Nightingale improve hospitals? What is Aseptic Surgery?
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YOU R S U MMER BO O KL ET
Delta Academies Trust
History
WEEK 4 TASK 1 - MEDICINE OVERVIEW Create a board game that gives an overview of Medicine through Time. One example may be Snakes and Ladders, which could be done in chronological order, with ladders being changes and the snakes being continuity or epidemics. Tweet your board games to @deltatrusthist to win a prize.
Y O U R S U M M E R B O O K LE T
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History
TASK 2 Answer the knowledge questions on the period c1900-Present What did Watson and Crick discover in 1953? What is hereditary disease? Which three individuals contributed to the development of penicillin? How did the government contribute to the development of antibiotics (penicillin)? Why was the NHS (1948) a turning point? How has diagnosis improved in the modern period? How has surgery improved through technology? How have the government reduced the risk of lung cancer? Name one lifestyle campaign aimed to improve health (apart from smoking) Give an example of a vaccination campaign led by the government.
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YOU R S U MMER BO O KL ET
Delta Academies Trust
History
WEEK 5 TASK 1 - WESTERN FRONT For each source, use the template to explain how useful it is. The first one is done for you as a model. Source A – Stretcher bearers working on the Western Front, 1916
Useful because it shows: The difficult conditions in which stretcher bearers had to perform their job. I know this is accurate because: The terrain in No Man’s Land was very difficult to move across and there had to be at least 5 stretcher bearers to carry one injured soldier. The terrain was even worse during major battles due to the heavy shelling that was carried out before launching an attack. The provenance makes this more/less useful because: As a photographic source this gives us a direct insight into the challenges facing stretcher bearers on the Western Front.
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History
Source B – Soldiers with the British Machine Gun Corps wear gas masks in 1916 during the Battle of the Somme
Useful because it shows:
I know this is accurate because:
The provenance makes this more/less useful because:
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Delta Academies Trust
History
Source C - A postcard showing RAMC soldiers and an early ambulance train in 1914.
Useful because it shows:
I know this is accurate because:
The provenance makes this more/less useful because:
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History
TASK 2 Answer the knowledge questions on the Western Front What were the symptoms of trench foot? What were reserve trenches for? What was the role of the RAMC? How many British soldiers were killed on the first day of the Somme (1916)? Name two types of gas used. How were soldiers affected mentally by trench warfare? What was shrapnel? How did blood transfusions improve during the war? How were X-Rays carried out on the Front line? What was the Thomas Splint?
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YOU R S U MMER BO O KL ET
Delta Academies Trust
History
WEEK 6 EXAM PRACTICE 1) ‘Supernatural ideas dominated thinking during the medieval period’. How far do you agree? Write a counter argument to the model paragraph. I mostly agree with this view as the Church had such an important role in the medieval period and dominated thought. They taught people that disease was sent as a punishment from God for their sins. The lack of education in this time period meant that most knowledge was gained from what they were told in sermons at Church each week. As a result, during the Black Death of 1348-49, people resorted to self-flagellation as a means to prevent them catching the disease. Therefore I agree with the statement as the power of the Church, combined with their resistance to new ideas, meant that attitudes in society were unable to progress.
2) There was limited progress in the prevention and treatment of disease in the period c1500-c1700’. How far do you agree? Write a counter argument to the model paragraph. I partly disagree due to the role of individuals such as Vesalius and Harvey in improving medical understanding. For example, Vesalius improved understanding of human anatomy. Vesalius carried out a large number of dissections and was able to identify around 300 mistakes in Galen’s work, including that the human jaw was in one part, not two and that men did not have fewer ribs than women. Vesalius published his book On the Fabric of the Human Body which contained detailed drawings of the human anatomy so that others could learn from it. Another key individual who improved knowledge of human anatomy was Harvey. He carried out dissections and published work about the circulatory system. He disproved Galen’s theory that blood was made in the liver and he showed that the heart acted as a pump. However, despite this improved knowledge, there were still no effective methods of prevention and treatment as a result of their work.
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History
3) ‘Government action was the most important reason for improvements in prevention of illness in the period c1700-c1900’. How far do you agree? I mostly agree that government action was the most important reason for improvement in prevention of illness in this period. For example, they introduced two public health acts. They passed the 1848 Public Health Act with the intention of improving the conditions of towns. It encouraged cities to set up a board of health and provide clean water supplies. However, it was not compulsory and therefore did not have a great impact. However, they later passed the 1875 Public Health Act which stated that city authorities were responsible for providing clean water and public toilets, disposing of sewage and appointing a public health officer. This law was compulsory and was more effective in preventing the spread of disease. The last cholera epidemic was in 1866-67. As a result the government had moved away from its laisse faire approach and their actions led to improvements in the prevention of illness.
4) ‘Technology was the most important reason for improved understanding in the cause of illness after c1900’. How far do you agree? However it is possible to disagree with the statement due to the role of key individuals. Crick and Watson built a model of DNA and discovered that it was shaped as a double helix which could unzip and replicate itself. Understanding the structure of DNA was vital as it meant scientists could now identify the parts that carried hereditary disease. Crick and Watson’s discovery was built on by the Human Genome Project, led by Watson, which was launched in 1990. A team of scientists around the world worked together to map the human genome. Their work was important in understanding the cause of disease as it was vital in helping scientists to recognise and understand the cause of genetic diseases, such as haemophilia or Down’s Syndrome
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Delta Academies Trust
History
ANSWERS WEEK 1 Medieval Period, c1250-c1500 What were the Four Humours? Name two supernatural ideas on the cause of disease in the medieval period. What was the Miasma Theory?
Black Bile, Yellow Bile, Blood and Phlegm Religion Astrology Bad air carried disease
Why did the Church Galen theorised that the human body was too complex to be support Galen’s ideas? a coincidence, it must have been created by God Name two treatments to balance the humours
Bloodletting
What was an Apothecary?
Prepared and sold herbal remedies, and gave advice to patients. They were more accessible as they were not as expensive as physicians
Who carried out most surgeries in the medieval period?
Barber-surgeons
When was the Black Death?
1348
What percentage of the population were estimated to have been killed by the Black Death?
Between 33% and 50%
What was flagellation?
A religious prevention – if a person whipped themselves then God would not punish them by giving them the disease
Purging
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History
ANSWERS WEEK 2 The Renaissance Period, c1500-c1700
20
Why did the Printing Press help develop medical knowledge?
Improved communication and allowed the spread of new ideas
What discovery did William Harvey make that proved Galen wrong?
Blood circulated around the body and the heart acted as a pump. Galen had theorised that blood was made in the liver.
Which book did Vesalius publish in 1543?
The Fabric of the Human Body
Which doctor became known as the ‘English Hippocrates’ for his new policy of medical observation?
Thomas Sydenham
Why did the Catholic Church lose power during the Renaissance period?
The Protestant Reformation OR Galen was proved wrong, which undermined the Church
What scientific research group was established in 1660?
The Royal Society
What treatments remained the same in the Renaissance period?
Miasma, Religion, Four Humours
How many people died during the Great Plague?
Around 100,000 – about 20% of London’s population
How were victims isolated during the Great Plague?
Red cross and the words ‘God Have Mercy Upon your Soul’ painted on the door
How did the government control the spread of the plague in 1665?
Plague Orders – banned public gatherings, closed down pubs, theatres etc…
YOU R S U MMER BO O KL ET
Delta Academies Trust
History
ANSWERS WEEK 3 The Industrial Period, c1700-c1900 Why did Edward Jenner’s discovery of vaccination have limited impact until 1853?
It was not made compulsory by the government, and the science behind it still could not be explained
What did Louis Pasteur publish in 1861?
Germ Theory
How did Robert Koch improve on Pasteur’s work?
He linked specific diseases to microbes, e.g. cholera in 1883
What did James Simpson discover to improve surgery in 1847?
An anaesthetic to prevent pain during surgery - Chloroform
How did Joseph Lister reduce death rates in surgery from 50% 1866 to 15% in 1870?
The use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic
How did the 1875 Public Health Act improve health?
Ensured everyone had access to clean drinking water, improved sewage systems to avoid cholera outbreaks, cleaned up streets
What was the laissezfaire approach of the government until the mid-1800s?
They did not see it as their responsibility to monitor the health of individuals – they did not get involved
How did John Snow prove that miasma was not causing cholera?
He removed the handle of the Broad Street Pump after noticing a high number of deaths in that region in Soho
How did Florence Nightingale improve hospitals?
She set up the Nightingale School for Nurses Emphasised the need for clean hygiene in hospitals
What is Aseptic Surgery?
Not allowing bacteria into an operating theatre – preventing infection, rather than treating it
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21
History
ANSWERS WEEK 4 The Modern Period, c1900-present What did Watson and Crick discover in 1953?
DNA
What is hereditary disease?
A disease/condition that can be passed on genetically, rather than caught
Which three individuals contributed to the Fleming discovered it, Florey and Chain produced it as a drug development of penicillin?
22
How did the government contribute to the development of antibiotics (penicillin)?
The US government offered grants to businesses making the drug, during the Second World War
Why was the NHS (1948) a turning point?
It offered free healthcare to every citizen, paid for through the tax system
How has diagnosis improved in the modern period?
Better technology to see inside the body – X-Rays, CT Scans, MRI Scans
How has surgery improved through technology?
Robotic surgery Keyhole surgery
How have the government reduced the risk of lung cancer?
Adverts were banned from 1965 Smoking ban in 2007 Plain packaging on boxes from 2015 Raising the age for buying cigarettes from 16 to 18
Name one lifestyle campaign aimed to improve health (apart from smoking)
Change4Life Drinkaware
Give an example of a vaccination campaign led by the government.
Diptheria - 1940 Polio - 1956
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History
ANSWERS WEEK 5 The Western Front, 1914-18 What were the symptoms of trench foot?
Swollen feet, gangrene
What were reserve trenches for?
Around 500 metres behind the front line – reinforcements waited there to counter enemy attacks
What was the role of the RAMC?
Moving casualties away from the Front (evacuation)
How many British soldiers were killed on the first day of the Somme (1916)?
20,000
Name two types of gas used.
Mustard, Chlorine, Phosgene
How were soldiers affected mentally by trench warfare?
Shellshock/PTSD – soldiers were exposed to death, destruction and artillery bombardment that caused psychological illness
What was shrapnel?
Metal objects and fragments from explosions
How did blood transfusions improve during the war?
Blood was stored prior to it being needed – the first blood bank was set up in preparation for the Battle of Cambrai
How were X-Rays carried out on the Front line?
Mobile X-Ray units
What was the Thomas Splint?
A broken leg would be strapped before moving, preventing further damage
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