Master of Architecture Technical report

Demetra Voskou, demetra.voskou@gmail.com AIM706: Technology Master Project Studio 2 Tutor: Jeffrey Turko University of Brighton, 25/05/2016

“I hereby declare that, I have consulted and understood the information provided in the University of Brighton’s Plagiarism Awareness Pack and the information on academic standards and conventions for referencing given in the Short Guide. I know that plagiarism means passing off someone else’s writings or ideas for my own, whether deliberately or inadvertently. I understand that doing so constitutes academic misconduct and may lead to exclusion from the University. I have therefore taken every care in the work submitted here to accurately reference all writings and ideas that are not my own, whether from printed, online, or any other sources.”

Demetra Voskou, demetra.voskou@gmail.com AIM706: Technology Master Project Studio 2 Tutor: Jeffrey Turko University of Brighton, 25/05/2016

table of contents:

5

01. INTRODUCTION 1/ STUDIO BRIEF 2/ PERSONAL BRIEF 3/ TECHNICAL THESIS

04. STRUCTURAL STUDY 1/ CONCEPTUAL RENDER 2/ ART INFLUENCE 3/ PRECEDENT STUDY/ CENTRE POMPIDOU-METZ 4/ JOINT SYSTEM

02. SITE ANALYSIS 1/ LOCATION 2/ TEMPERATURE / SOLAR SYSTEM 3/ HUMIDITY 4/ RAIN 5/ WIND ANALYSIS 6/ NOISE ANALYSIS

5/ GEOMETRY OF THE COLUMN 6/ COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL A 7/ COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL B 8/ COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL C 9/ COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL C 10/ STRUCTURAL ROOF GRID 11/ PRECEDENT STUDY/ METROPOL PARASOL 12/ CLADDING SYSTEM

03. ENVIRONMENTAL FOCUS (FLOODING) 1/ MAPS

13/ FINAL SECTION 14/ 3D VIEWS

i. TOPOGRAPHY MAP ii. INDICATORS OF FLOODING IN CAMBRIDGE iii. INDICATORS OF FLOODING ON SITE iv. INDICATORS OF FLOODING FROM SURFACE WATER ON SITE

2/ FLOODING DEFENSES 3/ PROPOSAL

APPENDIX PROGRAM COMPONENTS

01. INTRODUCTION

01.1/

8

INTRODUCTION

STUDIO BRIEF

The new dynamics of production posit an intriguing possibility for a return to making in the city; A reconsidered retroinnovation with commercial production cohabiting with public, private and civic interests within a context of cleaner production allowing a closer compact between production and the city than previously possible.

The year’s agenda pursues a central interest in exploring an architecture which embeds production and research into urban conditions and re-imagines the city as a consortium of alternative productive futures.

The city of the project is Cambridge, UK. River Cam that passes through the city is one of the main features.

There is a contrast of the character in the city centre and the outer areas, however this year’s studio 2 aims to connect the city with a public route and project that run along this route.

PROPOSED SITE CONNECTING ROUTE BETWEEN SITES OTHER SITES OG THE MASTERPLAN

SCALE: NOT IN SCALE

01.2/

9

INTRODUCTION

PERSONAL BRIEF

The site is located on the green areas of Cambridge. It’s next to the Botanic Gardens and close to the train station.

Brief: Creating a productive landscape with mitigating interventions to prevent flooding and other environmental issues. To adapt to the studio brief, the proposal consists of a brewery/ research centre (making in the city), water harvesting reservoirs, seed bank and tree plantation with public routes and squares (public interest). Sci-brew adapts to the city fabric as it becomes part of the University Health Research Department as an extension of the Botanic Gardens and the Sainsbury’s Laboratory Centre.

PROPOSED SITE

01.2/

INTRODUCTION

STUDIO BRIEF/PROGRAM SPACES

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11

01.3/

12

INTRODUCTION

TECHNICAL THESIS

Focus 1: Floodplain Being on a floodplain, the project requires specific research on building foundations and systems. Also, it explores flooding defense methods for the building and the landscape itself; as an idea that can be also applied in other parts of the city.

Focus 2: Structure (roof) Being a brewery, it means that most of the floor area is covered with machinery and the rest is required for material transportation. Therefore, the building should almost be a column-free structure with long spans across the roof.

As a design strategy, the structure will be exposed in order to become the main feature of the building. Along with its details, it should be both functional and elegant to provide stability and harmony.

Island house prevents flooding. Photograph Source: http://www.amusingplanet.com/2014/10/island-homes-during-mississippi-river. html

Focus 3: Material Timber is the primary choice for the whole structure as its natural aspect will help the building to blend within the landscape. As a design strategy, the building structure should recall the function of the building as a brewery and therefore its inspired by the traditional wooden beer barrels.

Timber grid shell, Centre Pompidou-Metz, Shigeru Ban Architects Source: http://architizer.com/projects/centre-pompidou-metz/

Proposal structure. Render Source: By author

01.3/

13

INTRODUCTION

TECHNICAL THESIS

Focus 4: Facade Glazed facade is chosen as a design strategy to provide views across the landscape and the botanic gardens, as well as to allow the structure to be the main element. Research should be done in order to control heat and shading.

Focus 5: Light Timber is also the roof cladding material.

However, a shading system is adapted to provide additional natural light in areas where light coming from the facade is either not reachable or not enough.

Focus 6: Water harvesting

Savill Building, Glenn Howells Architects. Photograph.

Source: http://www.glulam.co.uk/caseStudies_threedimensional.htm

Office Zamora. Photograph Source: http://www.archipendium.com/en/architecture/offices-zamora/

Rainforest guardian skyscraper protects the amazon from fire, Photograph.

Source: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/rainforest-guardian-skyscraperamazon-03-26-2014/

Columns are equipped with translucent piped that collect rainwater which is filtered with ultraviolet light and used in the building facilities.

02. SITE ANALYSIS

02.1/

SITE ANALYSIS

LOCATION/ SITE PLAN

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17

02.1/

ANALYSIS

LOCATION/ SITE SECTION

02.1/

SITE ANALYSIS

LOCATION/ AERIAL PHOTO

18

19

02.1/

SITE ANALYSIS

LOCATION/ SITE PHOTOS

02.2/

20

SITE ANALYSIS

TEMPERATURE

As shown in the graphs, the average annual temperature in Cambridge varies between 5 °C and 17.5 °C, with December, January and February being the coldest months and July and August the warmest. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from just over 6 °C to 8 °C during the winter months and from 20 °C to 23 °C in the summer. These are comparable with values found in the summer in the London area which tends to be the warmest part of the UK. Conclusions: a) The maximum sun angle in Cambridge during summer is 40o and therefore roof overhangs are suitable to prevent summer overheating. Also, when positioned correctly, overhangs can allow sunlight to pass through during winter and provide warmth to the building.

Graph of the maximum and lowest temperature in Cambridge through the year.

Overhang roof on south facade to prevent summer overheating.

Scale 1:200

02.2/

21

SITE ANALYSIS

TEMPERATURE

Conclusions: b) Timber fins are proposed to cover the facade of the building as an additional shading system. When positioned in an angle they block direct light passing through and therefore reduce sun glare.

Wooden fins on facade to provide shading.

SOURCE: http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/ news/bpn/applications/facades-case-study-kooyongresidence

Detail drawing of the timber fin joint to the building.

Scale 1:20

1. Timber sun shade fin 2. Glass curtain wall / facade 3. Timber roof 4. Laminated veneered timber mullion for glass facade 5. Concrete floor slab 6. Metal cleat joining timber fin to the floor slab 7. Concrete ground floor slab

02.3/

22

ANALYSIS

HUMIDITY

The average annual humidity level is 73%.

Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air. Common construction methods often produce building enclosures with a poor thermal boundary, requiring an insulation and air barrier system designed to retain indoor environmental conditions while resisting external environmental conditions. The energyefficient, heavily-sealed architecture introduced in the 20th century also sealed off the movement of moisture, and this has resulted in a secondary problem of condensation forming in and around walls, which encourages the development of mould and mildew.

Graph of the humidity levels in Cambridge through the year.

Additionally, buildings with foundations not properly sealed will allow water to flow through the walls due to capillary action of pores found in masonry products.

Passive buildings are considered to be the most suitable construction method in areas with high humidity levels.

Conclusions: a) Ventilated facade design: Double skin facade for better ventilation as shown in the diagrams b) Floor plan design to allow for crossventilation through the building. c) Fins on the facade to direct airflow. d) Planting trees to filter stronger winds and exclude adverse hot or cold winds. e) Create roof space with ventilators on top to minimise temperature difference across the building.

SOURCE: http://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/ passive-cooling

Ventilation diagrams to arrange internal space

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02.3/

ANALYSIS

CLIMATE

The building is designed in such way that there are clear corridors to allow natural air flow and ventilation through.

02.4/

24

ANALYSIS

RAIN

Rainfall is caused by the condensation of the water in air that is being lifted and cooled to its dew point. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic lows are more vigorous in autumn and winter. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of rain falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. Rainfall caused this way is normally more intense than winter rainfall which tends to be more frontal with falls occurring over longer periods.

The average annual rain days are 15 per month with the maximum rainfall occurring during November, December and January. The building should take advantage of these high values and rainwater should be collected and filtered to be used in the building facilities. The design should also consider the negative effects of the rain which creates flooded areas because of undrained surface water. Therefore, a drain system should control the direction of the water.

Graph of the average rain days in Cambridge through the year.

Graph of the average percipitation in Cambridge through the year.

SOURCE: http://www.holiday-weather.com/ cambridge/averages/

02.4/

25

ANALYSIS

RAIN

PROBLEM: Not enough rainfall through the year.

PROPOSED SOLUTION: The columns of the building form a funnel and become rainwater harvesting system to use rainwater for the program facilities.

DESIGN: The roof is angled 2% to allow water to travel in sufficient speed towards the opening.

The water then reaches the primary water reservoir tank. The water is the pumped to the second tank which is filled with coarse sand and sand. It is then pumped to the third tank which is filled with coarse sand, iron/sand mixture and sand. The final and fourth water tank stores the filter water that can be distributed to the building.

3D VIEW OF THE FUNNEL COLUMN, SCALE 1:400

02.4/

ANALYSIS

RAIN

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02.4/

ANALYSIS

RAIN

Proposed by Chinese designers Jie Huang, Jin Wei, Qiaowan Tang, Yiwei Yu and Zhe Hao, the ‘rainforest guardian skyscraper’ towers over the Amazonian landscape, protecting the region from the constant threat of fire and drought. The lotus-shaped design, which received an honorable mention as part of eVolo‘s 2014 skyscraper competition, primarily functions as a water tower, but is also a weather station, scientific research center and an educational laboratory.

The proposal directly captures rainwater that is subsequently filtered and stored within ancillary reservoirs. aerial roots with a distinct spongestructure absorb liquid without disturbing the region’s delicately balanced ecosystem. in the case of flames, firefighters fly to the scene and extinguish the inferno with the previously collected water.

SOURCE: http://www.designboom.com/ architecture/rainforest-guardian-skyscraperamazon-03-26-2014/

02.5/

28

ANALYSIS

WIND

Due to the fact that the site is open, the proposal is affected by the wind especially in the higher levels. Mainly wind direction is SW. Below is a breakdown of the wind speed and direction in each month as well as a whole year average.

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

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02.5/

ANALYSIS

WIND

02.5/

30

ANALYSIS

WIND

To eliminate the wind force on the building, several design factors should be considered.

Initially, the height of the building should be no more

TERBULANCE

TERBULANCE

TERBULANCE TERBULANCE

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02.5/

ANALYSIS

WIND

02.6/

ANALYSIS

NOISE

Being on the intersection of two main roads, the Trumpington Rd and the Brooklands Avenue, the site is affected mainly from traffic noises, recording as much as 70 dB. This should be one of the main considerations to be resolved since the activities of the building require silence for concentration.

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02.6/

ANALYSIS

NOISE

It is proposed to surround the area with an acoustic barrier that has 2m height to reduce the traffic noise.

03. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY: FLOODING

03.1/

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FLOODING

TOPOGRAPHY

Cambridge is located in an area with relatively low-lying terrain which varies between 6 and 24 meters above sea level (AOD). The town is surrounded by low-lying wetlands that have been drained.

The proposal site is located in area with ground level being less than 10 meters above sea level.

Problem: The area is most likely to flood due to the climate change and the rising of sea level.

Brief: The manipulation of the land to create a flooding defense as an example to be repeated across the city of Cambridge.

SCALE 1:20000

03.3/

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MAPS

FLOODING FROM SURFACE WATER According to the CFMP (Catchment flood management plans), Cambridge has a history of flooding, of which fluvial flooding occurred in 1947, 1958, 1978 and 2001. Although the sides of river Cam are the most effected areas, nearby areas are also affected with lower however, risk.

The map marks the flooding plains across the city with red marks being the proposed ideal sites for flooding defenses to be applied.

SCALE 1:10000

03.3/

FLOODING

INDICATORS FOR FLOODING

Historic Flooding on site: In May 2003, the Botanical Gardens which are adjacent to the proposal site flooded occurring enormous amount of destroys.

Flooding has occurred in the downstream reaches of the Brook in recent times.

On 19 November 2004, an overflow pipe blocked during a flood event, causing the overflow pipe to surcharge and flood the western end of Brooklands Avenue and Trumpington Road. The Brook has also previously overspilled into the Botanical Gardens.

Flow levels along the canal section are currently regulated manually, solely to maintain aesthetics and to ensure there is sufficient volume (summer), or spare capacity (winter), in the channel to meet the needs of the operation of the runnels (April to October/November).

A combination of weirs and overflows exist to assist regulation, because there is no effective outfall from the watercourse.

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03.3/

MAPS

FLOODING FROM SURFACE WATER Hobson’s Brook is 2.5 meter deep with a bottom width of 1m. Vicar’s Brook diverts from Hobson’s Brook just 5 m downstream of the small arch into a culvert with a diameter of just 0.15 m. The flow in Vicar’s Brook is limited by the capacity of this culvert at this point.

A weir then diverts flood waters from Hobson’s Brook into Vicar’s Brook. This weir is fixed at a water level of 0.40 m, while the footbridge over the weir has a clearance of just 0.20 m, which may get blocked by debris.

The two Brooks run parallel as far as Brooklands Avenue separated by an area of woodland and allotments, the Empty Common.

Vicar’s Brook runs to the north-west in a channel alongside the Queensway flats. The right bank height up to Brooklands Avenue and Trumpington Road is considerable – as much as 3 m. However, the left bank opposite the flats is just under 1 m high.

The watercourse then runs through an arch culvert under Trumpington Road, 1.4 m high and 1.2 m wide, with an open security gate at the downstream outlet. The brook then flows along the southern edge of New Bit – a stretch of common grazing land up to the confluence with the River Cam. Bank heights up to the common land are around 2.5 m, but are lower on the left bank (1.5-2 m), where the stream abuts the gardens of a number of properties.

The Trumpington Road and along the Vicar’s Brook (Queensway flats, New Bit, Chauser Road) are recorder as 1% (1 in 100 years) flood event, while the Botanic Gardens are recorded as 1,33% (1 in 75 years).

Vicar’s and Hobson’s Brooks are maintained as surface water flooding.

Source: https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ docs/Strategic%20flood%20risk%20assessment%20 (without%20maps).pdf

03.5/

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FLOODING DEFENSES

NATURAL

Planting vegetation is a historical natural method for retaining water. According to a study by the Environmental Agency, trees surrounding a stream can slow the rush of rainwater. ‘They advise a strategic approach - taking a tributary stream to a main river then foresting the area round it, allowing the stream to make its own meanders, and letting dead wood from the forest to block the stream where it will.’ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/science-environment-35777927). This can reduce the flooding up to 20%. It is suggested to plant 10-15% of each catchment area.

Advantages: 1. Water is drained into the ground reducing flooding probability.

2. Soil becomes stronger and able to absorb more rainwater.

3. The tree roots turn soil into a complex structure that delays the water flow.

4. Provide food for other organisms.

5. Provide shelter for other organisms including humans.

6. Provide wood, oxygen and clean air.

7. Reduce the amount of rainwater that flows into the river.

8. Water purification and therefore becomes healthier for water organisms.

9. Improving water quality for drinking.

SOURCE: http://www.greening.in/2013/05/howtrees-help-in-preventing-floods.html

‘Planting trees on the flood plain and increasing the number of logjams across just 10-5% of the total river length was found to be able to reduce the peak height of a potential flood in the town by 6% once the trees had grown for 25 years. More extensive river restoration, for example in 20-25% of the total river length, resulted in a reduction in flood peak height of up to 20%.’ (http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/ mar/11/planting-more-trees-can-reduce-ukflooding-research-shows)

Landscape proposal map, scale 1:2000 Willow trees planted on a grid.

Source: http://moodle2.rockyview.ab.ca/ mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=51969

Design Concept: To grow willow trees across the landscape on a grid to absorb runoff water and act as natural flooding defence.

03.5/

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FLOODING DEFENSES

TEMPORARY

Doorway 1000mm width

Sandbag Wall 6x15Kg

Flooding Water 200mm depth

Sandbags have been traditionally used to block openings such as doorways, drains an others to prevent water from passing through.

Advantages: 1. Cheap and easy to obtain.

2. Keep water out for short periods, especially when used in conjunction with plastic sheet.

3. Filter out some muddy elements found in flood water.

4. Quick solution for unexpected flooding or when purposed protection does not exist.

Additional Waterproofing: Placing a plastic sheet (PVC) across the water side of the sandbag wall and weight it down with additional sandbags.

Disadvantages: 1. Temporary 2. It takes time to fill (12 sandbags/ hour).

3. They are heavy 4. Laying can be very time-consuming 5. Sacks are made of biodegradable material and therefore will decay if left in place for a long time 5. Difficult to be stacked on water, especially running water 6. They do not totally seal surfaces.

SOURCE: https://www.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/467902/LIT_3833.pdf

Common dimensions: 250x500x100mm Filling: 15Kg Sand - filled halfway

Plastic Sheeting

Water Side

Sandbag Wall

SOURCE: http://www.damsafetyaction.org/TX/images/pic_dam_waukomis.jpg

To block a doorway of 1000mm width from 200mm flooding depth, approximatively six sandbags are needed (as shown on the diagram) Placing Sandbags: Clean the area Bags are placed lengthways to the direction of water flow.

Layered as brick wall, in order to reduce the gaps and build a balanced wall. When is needed, bags are filled with less content to fit the gaps.

Pyramid Method: When the wall needs to be higher than three layers, it needs to be built in pyramid style to provide stability. The width of the pyramid should be three times the height.

Other filling options: Soil Replacement: Hydrosacks, inflatable tubes Design Concept: Bales of spent grain from the brewery process to be placed on the river edge and absorb water during flooding.

03.5/

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FLOODING DEFENSES

RE-ENGINEERED

8. SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS)

a)

b)

c)

d)

As an alternative to conventional piped means of managing surface water, we promote the use of sustainable drainage systems or SUDS. SUDS aim to mimic within urban areas the way rainfall drains in natural systems. The main function of SUDS is to provide effective surface water drainage in order to reduce the degree of flood risk over the long term.

Design features: a) Filter strips and swales: drain across vegetated surfaces slowing and filtering runoff. Filter strips are verges that allow sheet flow across the surface. Swales are shallow, flat-bottomed channels that combine conveyance, infiltration, detention and treatment of runoff. b) Filter drains and permeable surfaces: allow rain to flow directly into a volume of voided material below ground, providing cleaning and storage. Filter drains are linear trenches that drain water laterally from surfaces. Permeable paving intercepts rain where it falls with water passing through the surface to voided stone. c) Green roofs and bioretention areas: combine vegetation with permeable surfaces. Water filters through vegetation to a drainage layers below the surface providing cleaning and storage to run-off from both green roofs and bioretention features. d) Infiltration structures: drain water directly into the ground. e) Basins, ponds and wetlands: are depressions in the ground that can store water during rainfall. f) Underground storage: can help manage surface water volumes but they do not provide treatment of polluted runoff.

03.5/

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FLOODING DEFENSES

RE-ENGINEERED

Advantages: Reducing flood risk Integration with landscape design and adding amenity for the community.

Increasing biodiversity value Reducing pollution.

Water quality treatment.

Water quantity treatment.

Runoff water management.

Regional and local landscape control Disadvantages: Policies don’t clarify responsibilities for maintenance.

SOURCE: https://www.anglianwater.co.uk/_assets/ media/SUDS_LEAFLET_-_AW162.pdf

PRINCIPAL DESIGN STAGES FOR SUDS MANAGEMENT:

Conventional tiled roof Green roof

a) Prevention: Good site design plan.

Run-off

Impermeable pavement

Swale Balancing pond

Discharge to storm or main drainage

b) Source control: effective control of run off at or very near its source (green roofs, soakways, rain gardens, permeable pavements). Harvested rainwater on site can be re-used as a source of non grey water and therefore reducing the demands for fresh main water. c) Site control: planned water management in relation to the local area. d) Regional control: Designing a system that can effectively manage the run off from a site, or several sites, typically resulting in a balancing pond or wetland. this provides a natural method of handling excess water thereby reducing the risk of flooding events.

Permeable paving

SOURCE CONTROL SITE CONTROL

SOURCE: http://www.permcalc.co.uk/why-suds/ sudsmanagement-train/

REGIONAL CONTROL

03.5/

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FLOODING DEFENSES

RE-ENGINEERED

A dam is a barrier constructed to hold water by forming a reservoir, when its level is raised. Dams are made by transforming the landscape, by changing the ground level, in such way to prevent water from moving towards the buildings, during heavy rainfall or flooding. They are usually three meters deep or more and can hold at least 20,000 cubic meters. After the flooding, the water is discharging slowly back to the river or Advantages: 1. Reducing the risk of flooding.

2. Generate hydroelectric power.

3. Water collected in the reservoir can be used as drinking water or for leisure activities.

FLOOD DEFENSE DAM - DEFORMATION OF GROUND LEVEL TO CREATE WATER RESERVOIR AND PREVENT WATER FROM TRAVELING ACROSS THE CITY.

Disadvantages: 1. Expensive construction.

2. Requires hard engineering techniques.

3. Requires access to raw materials such as concrete and steel.

4. They have huge impact on the local environment.

5. River landforms, such as deltas, can be destroyed, leading to further destroys in other areas.

6. If sediments get trapped behind the dam can change the water chemical composition and therefore kill some aquatic organisms.

7. They hold a large amount of water, therefore if they fail can pose a huge risk by spreading all the water at once.

SOURCE: (http://www.weathertightness.govt.nz/ dam-safety-scheme-guide) https://geographyas.info/rivers/floodmanagement/

DAM STRUCTURE, SOURCE: http://www.damsafetyaction.org/TX/images/pic_dam_ waukomis.jpg

03.5/

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FLOODING DEFENSES

NEW STRUCTURES

WATER PLAZAS / WATER SQUARES (DeUrbanism Architects, Rotterdam)

TYPICAL CONDITION

CONDITION APPROXIMATELY 30 TIMES PER YEAR

These water plazas are used effectively as open public spaces and can turn into water reservoir during heavy rainfall, preventing surrounding streets from flooding. Known as the water square because of its shape, the design is presented in two main parts: a sports field and a hilly playfield. The sports field is sunken into the ground by one meter and is surrounded by steps which also functions as a grandstand where spectators can sit and watch a game. Both parts are enclosed within a green frame of grass and trees which borders the square.

The design consists of three basins, which have been painted in different shades of blue, stainless-steel ducts embedded in the ground and narrow luminous strips. The water is filtered before it enters the square. Then it flows in a zigzag manner through the open stainless-steel ducts en route to the storm water tank. Once the rain has stopped it dissipates directly into the groundwater or is pumped into the nearby canal.

Advantages: 1. It can be used during dry conditions as a recreational space.

2. It is publicly accessible.

3. Collected water is discharging slowly into the nearest water body.

4. It holds up to 1000 cubic meters of rainwater.

Disadvantages: 1.Requires a large area in order to achieve its both dried and wet functions.

CONDITION ONCE PER YEAR

Source: http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/ print/volume-25/issue-5/editorial-focus/rainwaterharvesting/rotterdam-the-water-city-of-the-future. html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kujf4BTL3pE http://www.stylepark.com/en/news/bad-weatherpool/347976 http://www.urbanisten.nl/ wp/?portfolio=waterpleinen

03.5/

FLOODING DEFENSES

NEW STRUCTURES

UNDERGROUND WATER STORAGE (ECOTANKS) / MULTI-FUNCTIONAL CAR PARKS “Eco-tank” is a system in which underground pre-cast (PC) water storage tanks comprehensively support flood control measures whilst protecting urban environments and people’s lives from flood damage.

The new car park near the Museumpark, will be equipped with an underground water storage facility touted to become the largest water storage facilities in the Netherlands.

Under the entrance to the Museumpark, an underground water storage is being constructed for sewage, with an extra capacity of 10,000 cubic meters. Whenever heavy rains threaten to cause the sewerage system in the centre to overflow, within thirty minutes, 10 million litres of rainwater will flow into the water storage. When the downpour is over, the rainwater will be pumped into the sewers and discharged in the usual manner.

Advantages: Reducing flood risks.

Multi-functional purpose space is not wasted if not used for water reservoir.

Increasing public car parking spaces without reducing green areas or blocking any views.

Increasing the capacity of existing sewerage system.

Disadvantages: Underground construction is expensive. http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-25/ issue-5/editorial-focus/rainwater-harvesting/rotterdamthe-water-city-of-the-future.html http://global.kawada.jp/environmental/e-index.html

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03.5/

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FLOODING DEFENSES

PROPOSAL

WATER LINE

EXCAVATION AND CHANGE OF GROUND LEVEL TO CREATE A WATER RESERVOIR IN THE CASE OF FLOODING.

BUILDING SITS ON ELEVATED GROUND. IN THE CASE OF FLOODING THE WATER DOESN’T AFFECT THE BUILDING BECAUSE IT CANNOT BE REACHED.

04. STRUCTURAL STUDY

04.1/

50

STRUCTURAL STUDY

CONCEPTUAL RENDER

WIND FUNNELS FOR VENTILATION

GRIDSHELL SYSTEM CANOPY

OPENING FOR LIGHT PENETRATION

04.2/

51

STRUCTURAL STUDY

ART INFLUENCE

TIMBER STRUCTURE WOOD BENDING IN TWO DIRECTIONS

AFTER IS A LARGE, HORIZONTALLY-ORIENTATED, FLOOR-STANDING SCULPTURE IN WHICH A LONG, HOLLOW TUBE MADE FROM NARROW WOODEN STRIPS CREATES A CONTINUOUS, LOOPING FORM. THE TUBE IS ASSEMBLED FROM TWELVE SEPARATE SECTIONS, EACH FORMED FROM HOOPS AND LENGTHS OF BENT WOOD FIXED TOGETHER WITH SCREWS. THE HOOPS AND LENGTHS ARE REGULARLY SPACED TO PRODUCE A LATTICE EFFECT THAT THE VIEWER CAN SEE THROUGH. A TAUT LATERAL SUPPORT MADE FROM STAINLESS STEEL RUNS ACROSS THE INTERIOR SPACE CREATED BY THE LOOP AT ITS WIDEST POINT. ITS TEXTURE RESEMBLES CLOSELY INTERWOVEN METAL STRIPS, WHICH CONTRASTS WITH THE PART OF THE WORK MADE FROM STRIPS OF WOOD. THIS SCULPTURE IS CHARACTERISTIC OF DEACON’S OUTPUT IN THAT HE TENDS TO PREFER WORKING IN MATERIALS THAT ARE IN STRIPS OR SHEETS AND GENERALLY AVOIDS SOLID OR CLOSED FORMS. THE ARTIST EXPLAINED IN 1985: ‘THE WAY THAT I WORK, SEEMS TO BE TO START, IF NOT FROM NOTHING, FROM MINIMAL CONDITIONS. THEY’RE NOT AMORPHOUS, PURE MASS LIKE LUMPS OF CLAY, NEITHER DO THEY HAVE THE PHENOMENAL STRENGTH OF ROCK OR A PIECE OF NATURE. THEY HAVE A CERTAIN INDEPENDENCE. IT IS A WORK IN STEAMED AND BENT WOOD. AFTER BELONGS TO A GROUP OF LARGE SCULPTURES IN BEECH WOOD FROM THE 1990S. AFTER’S UNDULATING WOOD COMBINES RIGIDITY WITH A SENSE OF MOVEMENT TO CREATE A FORM SUGGESTIVE OF BOTH THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE HUMAN BODY. THIS SCULPTURE PLAYS ON THE RELATION BETWEEN INSIDE AND OUTSIDE BY CREATING AN INTERIOR SPACE THAT CAN BE SEEN AND AN EXTERIOR WHICH MUST BE WALKED AROUND FOR ITS FORM TO BE COMPREHENDED. THE SCREWS AND RIVETS USED TO JOIN THE WORK’S COMPONENTS ARE CLEARLY VISIBLE.

THESIS TO CREATE A TIMBER GRID SHELL ROOF STRUCTURE WITH DRAWN DOWN COLUMN THAT ARE PART OF THE VENTILATION SYSTEM.

04.3/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

CENTRE POMPIDOU- METZ SHIGERU BAN

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04.3/

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STRUCTURAL STUDY

CENTRE POMPIDOU- METZ SHIGERU BAN

Laminated timber grid structure is chosen for the this for because: a) it can easily bend in two dimensions b) timber is used as tensile and compressive member.

Similarities with proposed roof: a) It sits as a roof canopy over the building b) Timber laminated wood c) joint system of the roof and column Dissimilarities: a) Hexagonal grid vs otrhogonal grid b) Cladding is not a membrane on the proposal, but wooden panels instead.

04.4/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

JOINT SYSTEM/ PHYSICAL MODEL

According to the precedent study, the column is created with a double gridhsell system. This means that the two intersecting timber beams are created with two timber beams each.

This is done, in order to increase the strength and stability of the structure.

As shown in the photos, the joint system is flexible to rotate in different angles according to the grid form.

In order to fix the position of the beam a metal joint is screwed vertically through all four timber beams.

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04.4/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

JOINT SYSTEM/ DETAIL DRAWING

ADDITIONAL BEAM TO ENSURE THAT THE CONSTANT HEIGHT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRIMARY BEAMS. IT ALSO PROVIDES STRENGTH AND STABILITY TO THE STRUCTURE. IT ALSO HELPS TO STABILIZE THE METAL JOINT.

04.5/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

GEOMETRY OF THE COLUMN

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04.5/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

GEOMETRY OF THE COLUMN

04.6/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL A SCALE 1:20

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04.6/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL A SCALE 1:20

04.6/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL A SCALE 1:20

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04.6/

61

STRUCTURAL STUDY

COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL A SCALE 1:20

Glued laminated timber, or glulam, is an engineered timber product manufactured by gluing together smaller pieces of stress graded and seasoned timber. The laminates are typically finger-jointed into continuous lengths, and available in both softwood and hardwood species.

Prior to gluing, the laminates are dressed to exact and uniform thickness. They are clamped together under constant pressure until the glue has cured, and before the members are planed, cut to exact size, and sometimes coated with a water repellent sealant.

Because glulam is made up of many laminates, strength-reducing characteristics are often absent or just confined to one laminate. As a result, the product is stronger than solid timber, and its strength and performance predictions are usually very reliable. The manufacturing process also allows for larger and longer members than would otherwise be possible with traditional solid sawn timber.

GLULAM TIMBER USED TO ACHIEVE LONG SPAN STRUCTURES SOURCE: http://www.rolam.ro/en/what-glulam-is

Glued laminated timber has insulating properties and helps eliminate thermal bridges from structures and substructures; Is a renewable resource and environmentally friendly At a weight of 2/3 of steel and 1/6 of concrete provides equal performance and intangible versatility; Applications are diverse and can be produced more easily than most materials used in building structures; Can create large interior spaces without intermediate support columns. With shapes from straight beams to curved or pyramidal, the glued laminated timber adds strength, structure and greatness to any design. And more, instead of hiding the skeleton of the construction, the glued laminated wood allows its exposure in its full natural splendor; Is durable and strong. Provides fire resistance, safety and integrity to wood buildings. It is chemically stable and suitable for wet and/or aggressive environments; Is fully recyclable;

04.7/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL B SCALE 1:20

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04.7/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL B SCALE 1:20

04.7/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL B SCALE 1:20

The proposal suggests 4 sets of vertical beams to form the column. A square base is therefore created with angle points the base of each individual “leg�.

When force is applied from the side there is a structural bend because the force cannot be distributed uniformly.

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04.8/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL C SCALE 1:20

The proposal suggests 3 sets of vertical beams to form the column, instead. A triangular base is therefore created with angle points the base of each individual “leg�.

When force is applied from the side there the structure tends to be more rigid as the force is distributed uniformly towards the edges. (of the triangle).

04.9/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL C SCALE 1:20

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04.9/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

COLUMN PHYSICAL MODEL C SCALE 1:20

04.10/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

STRUCTURAL GRID A

The common beam to beam span at timber structures is 2500mm.

Therefore, a regular orthogonal grid of 2625mm span is created based on the dimensions of the roof canopy and the common beam to beam span at timber structures.

It is important to mention that the although the columns have radial grid, the roof canopy has orthogonal grid.

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04.10/

69

STRUCTURAL STUDY

STRUCTURAL GRID B

The grid needs to be deformed when the radial grid of the column is being applied.

Conclusions: The grid remains orthogonal however the span distances are not remained uniform, instead they adapt and join the radial grid.

Maximum span: 3200mm Acceptable: Yes

Considerations: There are more beams than required and therefore causing material costs and extra loads.

04.10/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

STRUCTURAL GRID B, AXONOMETRIC, SCALE 1:500

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04.10/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

STRUCTURAL GRID B PHYSICAL MODEL, 1:100

04.10/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

STRUCTURAL GRID B PHYSICAL MODEL, 1:100

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STRUCTURAL STUDY

STRUCTURAL GRID B PHYSICAL MODEL, 1:100

04.10/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

STRUCTURAL GRID C

Deforming the orthogonal grid into a combined grid of the radial beams (column) and the vertical beams of the previous grid.

The maximum span to span distance is 3080mm and therefore it is likely to be structurally acceptable.

Considerations: There is a large span created in the middle of the roof that would cause the structure to bend towards the inside.

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04.10/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

STRUCTURAL GRID D

The grid is rotated at 45o in order to achieve continuous timber beams instead of beams that have weird joining system at the peak points.

04.11/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

METROPOL PARASOL Jürgen Mayer

Realized as one of the largest and most innovative bonded timberconstructions with a polyurethane coating, the parasols grow out of the archaeological excavation site into a contemporary landmark, defining a unique relationship between the historical and the contemporary city.

“Metropol Parasols” mix-used character initiates a dynamic development for culture and commerce in the heart of Seville and beyond.

Glulam timber is used as the structural material to achieve long span roof.

Therefore the design suggest that the roof is created as a waffle structure, similar to the precedent study.

SOURCE: http://www.dezeen.com/2011/04/26/ metropol-parasol-by-j-mayer-h/

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04.11/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

METROPOL PATROL JOINT

04.12/

78

STRUCTURAL STUDY

CLADDING SYSTEM

1. 75 x 35 mm of support bearer 2. Thermal insulation 3. Metal upstand and support to rainscreen 4. Bolted fixing to gridshell roof 5. Timber blocking out and glazing support 6. Metal flashing fixed at top and bottom to allow movement 7. Steel spigot 8. Steel and aluminium window head transom 9. Steel and aluminium mullion 10. Double glazing unit 11. Specialist head detail formed from EPDM membrane bonded to carrier glazed into glazing system 12. Thermal insulation 13. Timber blocking and laminated timber zone with voids filled with foilfaced rockwool insulation quilts to maintain thermal continuity 14. Preformed metal gutter 15. 20x 100 mm oak rainscreen boards at 135 mm 16. Gutter framing zone 17. Double layer plywood diaphragm 18. Timber gridshell roof 19. Laminated timber blocking 20. Perimeter blocking 21. Steel connector plate 22. Steel hollow circular section steel edge beam 23. Anti-roosting bird wire 24. 35 x 65 mm oak batten 25. 75 x 35 mm oak support bearer 26. Bolt connection 27. Anti-roosting bird wire 28. Stainless steel drip edge to roof membrane 29. 35x 65 mm oak batten to match rainscreen and designed to follow outline of edge beam in facets 30. Two 35 x 65 mm oak batten in continuous sandwich construction with mid-span blocking

Saville Building, Glenn Howells Architects Timber gridshell roof with timber cladding Source: http://glennhowells.co.uk/project/savill-building/

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04.13/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

FINAL SECTION

04.14/

STRUCTURAL STUDY

3D VIEWS

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bibliography:

AJ Buildings Library www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/467902/LIT_3833.pdf http://www.floodprotectionsolutions.co.uk/#!water-gate/c6v5 https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=sheetpiling&so urce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix-KzgITMAhWLtxQKHUxMCrgQ_ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35777927 http://marketbusinessnews.com/plant-trees-stop-floodingsay-southampton-birmingham-scientists/128213 http://www.betterworldsolutions.eu/green-cities-solutions/ : http://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/passivecooling http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/en/d/ Jsk02ce/3.4.html http://www.designboom.com/architecture/rainforestguardian-skyscraper-amazon-03-26-2014/ http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/features/productin-focus/the-benefits-of-glued-laminated-timber-glulam http://www.rolam.ro/en/what-glulam-is http://www.dezeen.com/2011/04/26/metropol-parasol-by-jmayer-h/ http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/en/d/ Jsk02ce/3.4.html http://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/passivecoolingY

APPENDIX

05.1/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

HOPS

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89

05.1/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

HOPS

05.2/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

HOPS DRY ROOM

90

91

05.2/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

HOPS DRY ROOM ROOF PLAN

05.3/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

GRAIN STORE

92

93

05.4/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

BREWHOUSE

05.5/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

FERMENTATION ROOM

94

95

05.5/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

FERMENTATION ROOM

05.6/

96

SCHEME COMPONENTS

BEER BARREL STORAGE

BREWING PROCESS 1 BREW = 100HL = 10 Tons WORT: 100HL WET MALT MILING: 11.5 HL malt + 6 HL water for 30 minutes

1 BREW / day = 100HL = 100000L

BARREL DIMENSIONS: 600 x 450 mm (cylinder) + 150mm handle 60L 73Kg θ 1670 barrels / day θ 8330 barrels / week θ V1= 0.12 m3 (of barrel) θ V2= 0.2 m3 (required volume for storage) θ VT= 334 m3 = 84 m2 x 4m (height) / week θ A= 84 x 5 = 420 m2 (400 m2 to be stored, the rest is going to the laboratory)

θ 2.4 g hops / 1L beer θ 240 Kg hops / brew θ 3600 Kg hops / harvesting season θ 10000 m2 = 1630 Kg hopsA = 22000 m2

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05.7/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

LABORATORIES

98

99

05.7/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

LABORATORIES ROOF PLAN

05.8/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

X-RAY, TISSUE CULTURE AND STORAGE

100

101

05.9/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

CLEAN ROOMS

05.10/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

OFFICES

102

103

05.1/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

LIBRARY, MEETING ROOMS, TOILETS

05.13/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

WATER RESERVOIR

104

105

05.13/

SCHEME COMPONENTS WATER RESERVOIR

05.14/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

SEED BANK

106

107

05.14/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

SEED BANK

05.15/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

WILLOW TREES

108

109

05.16/

SCHEME COMPONENTS

PLANT ROOM