Advancedaquarist 2008 10 by Craboid

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Terry Siegel (terry@advancedaquarist.com)

WEBSITE AND PRINT DESIGNERS Shane Graber (liquid@reefs.org) Leonard Ho (len@reefs.org)

FEATURED AQUARIUMS D. Wade Lehmann (wade@reefs.org)

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Leonard Ho (advertising@advancedaquarist.com)

COVER PHOTO Acanthurus leucosternon, Powder Blue Tang/Surgeonfish (main); Peter Wilkens -- In memoriam (inset). Photos by Terry Siegel.

WEBSITE & FEEDBACK Advanced Aquarist: http://www.advancedaquarist.com/ Feedback: feedback@advancedaquarist.com

REPRINTS Back issues are available for reading and download at http://www.advancedaquarist.com/.

PUBLISHER Pomacanthus Publications, Inc.

Volume VII, Issue X

October 2008

EDITORIAL

OCTOBER 2008 ............................................................................................................................... 4 By Terry Siegel Terry discusses the early years of the hobby and copper treatment.

FEATURE ARTICLE

CORAL REPRODUCTION, PART FOUR: NON-SCLERACTINIAN ANTHOZOANS INCLUDING SOFT CORALS, ZOANTHIDS, AND ANEMONES .......................................................................................................................................... 5 By Dana Riddle This month, well examine what little we know of the sexual reproductive habits of soft corals, zoanthids, a few anemone species and others.

PUBLICATION INFORMATION BREEDER'S NET Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine (ISSN 1931-6895) is published monthly online by Pomacanthus Publications, Inc. A central goal of this publication is to promote exchange between the scientific community and amateur aquarists, for the benefit of both disciplines and the environment. To achieve our combined goals of greater understanding of the natural world and honing our husbandry skills we will rely heavily on science and scientists. Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine will always emphasize protection and understanding of the natural environment.

EFFECTS OF COPPER EXPOSURE ON MARINE ORNAMENTAL FISH REPRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL ....................................................................................... 21 By Chatham K. Callan Ph.D, Charles W. Laidley Ph.D. The results of these combined experiments indicated that elevated copper levels can cause accute mortality in flame angelfish and significantly reduce the reproductive performance of orchid dottyback broodstock. Therefore, the use of copper as a therapy for external parasites in these species is cautioned.

REEFKEEPING EVENTS

WHAT'S HAPPENING IN YOUR AREA? ........................................................................31 By Advanced Aquarist Readers Check to see if an event is happening in your area!

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Table of Contents

LATERAL LINES

PROBIOTICS PART I: A LOT OF HYPE OR A LOT OF HELP? ...................................................................................... 36 By Adam Blundell M.S. Adam reviews using probiotics in shrimp culture.

ONLINE COURSES

NEW MACO COURSE! AQUARIUM PHOTOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................... 39 By D. Wade Lehmann Marine Aquarist Courses Online (MACO) is proud to offer, starting October 19th, a course for aquarium photography.

PRODUCT REVIEW

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF 400 WATT MOGUL METAL HALIDE LAMPS: USHIO 14000K, ICECAP 400W SERIES, ELIOS 10000K ..................................................................................................................................... 41 By Sanjay Joshi, Ph.D. This article presents the last of the 400W mogul lamps tested.

SPONSORS

THANK YOU TO OUR SPONSORS! .................................................................................................................................................... 50 We would like to thank the sponsors that make this publication possible! Through their generous sponsorship, they have made this website and online magazine available to all. Make sure that when you do business with our sponsors that you tell them that you saw their ad on Reefs.org or Advanced Aquarist.

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Table of Contents

ARTICLE SUBMISSIONS

All the information and content (content being text, design, layout and graphics) posted on this Web Site and in this PDF are the property of Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine (AAOLM) / advancedaquarist.com a website owned by Pomacanthus Publications Inc., and are protected by U.S. and other foreign copyright and trademark laws. By accessing this Web Site and reading this periodical, you agree to the following terms and conditions.

If you are interested in writing for Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine, please email our Editor, Terry Siegel. We offer very competitive pay rates for articles. Or, if you are interested in having your marine aquarium featured in an upcoming issue, please email Wade Lehmann for instructions on submitting your tank for publication.

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All text, design, layout and graphics (unless otherwise noted) on this website are ÂŠ2002-2008 Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine /advancedaquarist.com a website owned by Pomacanthus Publications Inc. This Web Site and PDF and any of its contents may not be copied or distributed in any manner (electronic, web, or printed) without the prior written consent of AAOLM. This includes translation to other languages. With the exception of linking (see linking below).

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

October 2008

EDITORIAL

OCTOBER 2008 By Terry Siegel Terry discusses the early years of the hobby and copper treatment. Published October 2008, Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine.

Keywords (AdvancedAquarist.com Search Enabled): Editorial, Terry Siegel Link to original article: http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2008/10/aaeditorial

I often wrote in those days regarding copper treatment that it was hard to know what level of copper would kill the parasites and not the host, that is, the fish. Something, I suppose, like chemotherapy usage against cancer in humans. I suspect that more fish died from the copper treatment than from the parasites. Advanced Aquarist is therefore very pleased to publish in this issue a thoroughly researched study about copper toxicity entitled Effects of copper exposure on marine ornamental fish reproduction and survival, by Chatham Callan, Ph.D. Research Scientist, Oceanic Institute.

started keeping marine fish almost 50 years ago, just about the

time that marine fish started to show up in a few pet stores. It was also about the time that Robert Straughan introduced the concert of the “undergravel filter.” It was also the time when John Miklosz and I started the publication called the Marine Aquarist. In those day just trying to keep marine fish alive in captivity was a challenge. The important lesson then was how to create a biologically active filtration system. After some painful trial and error we learned how to establish nitrifying bacteria in a filter bed, which were able to convert ammonia into relatively harmless nitrogen salts. Eventually, the undergravel filter was replaced by the far more efficient “trickle filter.” These biological filters prevented fish from poisoning themselves with toxic ammonia, but this development uncovered an even more pernicious problem: marine fish parasitized by protozoans – especially Cryptocaryon irritans, Amyloodinium ocellatum, and Brooklynella hostilis. In those days copper, in various compounds, was the medication of choice. The use of copper then was effective against said protozoans, but only if it could be kept at an effective concentration. This was easier said than done as the active copper ion readily precipitated, usually forming copper carbonate, which was ineffective. It was therefore best to treat a parasitized fish in a empty glass tank. This, of course, did not eliminate protozoans from the display tank, and once the stressed fish was returned it was readily parasitized again.

An angelfish (Centropyge loriculus) particularly effected by low levels of copper.

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

FEATURE ARTICLE

CORAL REPRODUCTION, PART FOUR: NON-SCLERACTINIAN ANTHOZOANS INCLUDING SOFT CORALS, ZOANTHIDS, AND ANEMONES By Dana Riddle This month, well examine what little we know of the sexual reproductive habits of soft corals, zoanthids, a few anemone species and others. Published October 2008, Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine.

ÂŠ Pomacanthus Publications, LLC

Keywords (AdvancedAquarist.com Search Enabled): Coral, Dana Riddle, Feature Article, Reproduction Link to original article: http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2008/10/aafeature1

could be the first on record, so it is important to make notes and photographs.

oft corals reproduce asexually by a number of methods, includ-

ing fragmentation, budding, fission and others, and hobbyists often exploit these in their coral propagation efforts (these methods were briefly reviewed at Part 2 of this series). See: http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2008/8/aafeature1

OCTOCORAL REPRODUCTION Kahng reported at the 11th ICRS that Lasker, Benayahu and he have sexual reproductive information on 155 octocoral species. Consider that there are about 100 octocorallia genera, and we quickly realize how limited research in this arena has been (and this should not be construed that the few soft coral taxonomists and researchers have done a poor job!). In addition, soft coral taxonomy seems to be in a state of constant rearrangement (bordering on chaos) making even recent references obsolete.

It is usually quite easy to make cuttings from many soft corals, and one large broodstock colony can easily become hundreds of colonies in a relatively short period of time. This will make most soft corals unlikely candidates for sexual reproduction in aquaria. However, there are many reports of soft coral spawnings within aquaria. This article should be of interest to those interested in what it would take to grow out the spawn. Perhaps more importantly, the information presented here brings home the message that we actually know very little about soft coral reproduction. Your observation

SOFT CORAL IDENTIFICATION GUIDES The groupings listed below are from the latest source on octocorallia I have been able to locate Gary Williams Alphabetical List of Valid Octocoral Genera. This resource can be found on the internet at: http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/OCTOGEN.htm. Photographs are available for some genera and it includes information from as late as 2007. A list of synonyms is also there. Fabricius and Alderslades 2001 Soft Corals and Sea Fans (assists with identification to the genus level) is a good resource with many excellent photographs. It can be ordered at: http://www.aims.gov.au/ docs/publications/bookshop.html Good information is also found in Sprung and Delbeeks 1997 The Reef Aquarium, Volume Two. This volume is somewhat dated in its taxonomic groupings, but has excellent photographs of a number of invertebrates of interest to the marine aquarium hobbyist. This book is available through any well-stocked pet shop, or from any major internet retailer. Of limited use, but still interesting, is Williams 1993 Coral Reef Octocorals - this work examines the soft corals of northern Natal.

Figure 1. A soft coral (believed to be a Sansibia species) is reproducing within an aquarium. Photo courtesy of Michael Pollock.

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Unfortunately, no guide to soft corals of the caliber of Verons Stony Coral ID exists. Perhaps this reflects the state of turmoil in soft coral

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

taxonomy. Funding for research in this field is limited which perhaps explains the very limited number of younger soft coral taxonomists.

BROODERS (SOFT CORALS, HYDROCORALS AND GORGONIANS):

Hobbyists should be aware that soft coral identification sometimes requires microscopic examination of the calcium reinforcing rods (sclerites and spicules). Access to a microscope is of great advantage. Removing sclerites for examination is a bit of science and art. For an excellent free resource on soft coral examinations, visit this site: http://www.aquatouch.com/ Research%20and%20Development.htm

• Anthelia glauca (Kruger and Schleyer, 1998) • Clavularia koellikeri (Bastidas et al., 2002) • Heliopora corulea (Harii and Kayanne, 2005) • Heteroxenia fuscescens (Ben-David-Zaslow et al., 1999)

Fabricius and Alderslades Soft Corals and Sea Fans (2001) also has good information on the details of examining soft corals in a laboratory, and many drawings of sclerites.

• Litophyton arboreum (Benayahu et al., 1992)

Anemone taxonomy used later in this article is based on Fautin and Allens 1992 Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. This is available for free online at: http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/ebooks/intro.html

• Paralemnalia thyrsoides (Benayahu, 1997)

GLOSSARY

• Stereonephthea cundabiluensis (Benayahu, 1997)

Brooding Where fertilized eggs are held internally (or sometimes on the surface of a parent colony) and are released as planula larvae.

• Xenia macrospiculata (Benayahu and Loya, 1985)

• Nephthea sp. (Benayahu, 1997)

• Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum (surface brooder, Barki et al., 2000)

SUSPECTED PARTHENOGENESIS

Fecundity Fertility; ability to produce abundantly.

Parthenogenesis (definition above) is known to occur in a few invertebrates and even some vertebrates. It is suspected to occur in these marine soft corals:

Gonochoric Possessing distinct male and female colonies where offspring are a result of fusion of gametes. Also referred to as dioecious, or unisexual. Gonochorism occurs in ~25% of coral species examined (Richmond, 1997).

• Alcyonium hibernicum, a temperate soft coral (Hartnoll, 1977) • Plexaura sp. (Brazeau & Lasker, 1989)

Hermaphroditic Possessing both male and female reproductive organs, sometimes referred to as monoecious. Self-fertilization (also called selfing) is an uncommon hermaphroditic trait among corals.

GONOCHORIC BROODING Gonochoric brooding involves broadcast spawning by males and internal or external fertilization of oocytes. It is known to occur in these soft corals:

Oocyte An immature egg (ovum).

• Anthelia glauca (Benayahu and Schleyer, 1998)

Parthenogenesis Development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg. This results in a female clone and is thought to occur in many invertebrates (including soft corals, gorgonians and possibly stony corals) and some vertebrates.

• Capnella gaboensis external brooder (Farrant, 1986)

OCTOCORALS - SOFT CORALS (SUBCLASS OCTOCORALLIA)

Planula larvae The free-swimming, ciliated stage of coral larvae.

ORDER ALCYONACEA - STOLONIFERA GROUP FAMILY CLAVULARIIDAE

Polyspermy Where more than one sperm fertilizes an ovum.

1. Genus Carijoa (Snowflake Coral): Adult Carijoa colonies are rarely more than 20 cm in height.

Protandrous hermaphrodite Where male sex organs mature before those of the female.

Table 1

Protogynous (proto=first; gynous = female) - Where female sex organs mature before those of the male.

Taxon Carijoa riisei

Reproduction Broadcast

2. Genus Cervera (also known as Cornularia): Cervera species without sclerites may be Clavularia.

Sequential Hermaphrodite Where one gender sex organ is produced during early life, and the second genders organs appear later.

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Sexuality Gonochoric

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones Table 2 Taxon Cornularia komaii Cornularia saganiensis

Sexuality

ORDER ALCYONACEA - ALCYONIINA GROUP FAMILY ALCYONIIDAE

Reproduction Brooder Brooder

1. Genus Alcyonium: See Genus Klyxum for specimens from the tropical Pacific.

3. Genus Clavularia (Clove Polyps)

2. Genus Anthomastus

Table 3 Taxon Clavularia crassa Clavularia hamra Clavularia inflata Clavularia koellikeri

Sexuality Gonochoric Gonochoric

Table 4

Reproduction Brooder Brooder (external) Brooder (external) Brooder (external)

Taxon Anthomastus ritteri

Sexuality

Reproduction Brooder

3. Genus Bellonella: No sexual reproduction information available.

4. Genus Cryptophyton: No information on sexual reproduction available.

4. Genus Cladiella (Finger Leather Coral) Table 5

5. Genus Paratelesto: No information on sexual reproduction available.

Taxon Cladiella pachyclados

6. Genus Stereosoma: Only one species has been reported, but recent examination of the preserved specimen has tentatively placed it in Clavulariidae (Fabricius and Alderslade (2001). Williams does not recognize the genus in his updated internet database. No information on sexual reproduction is available.

Sexuality Gonochoric

Reproduction Broadcast

5. Genus Dampia: Possibly a Sinularia species. No reproduction information available. 6. Genus Discophyton Table 6

7. Genus Telesto: No information on sexual reproduction available. Taxon Discophyton sp. Alcyonium rudyi (now Discophyton rudyi)

8. Genus Telestula: No information on sexual reproduction is available.

Sexuality Gonochoric

Reproduction Brooder

Gonochoric

Brooder

9. Genus Trachythela: No information on sexual reproduction available.

7. Genus Eleutherobia: No sexual reproduction information available.

FAMILY COELOGORGIIDAE

8. Genus Klyxum (Colt Corals) Table 7

1. Genus Coelogorgia: No information is available on reproductive habits.

Taxon Alcyonium aspiculatum Alcyonium digitatum Alcyonium hibernicum Alcyonium molle Alcyonium pacificum Alcyonium rudyi (now Discophyton rudyi) Alcyonium siderium Alcyonium species A

FAMILY TUBIPORIDAE 1. Genus Tubipora (Pipe Organ Coral)

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric Parthenogenic? Gonochoric Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Brooder

Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic

Brooder Brooder

Broadcast

9. Genus Lampophyton: No information is available on the sexual reproduction of this genus, erected by Williams in 2000.

Figure 2. Tubipora musica is most well known for its red pipe organ skeleton and not its rather drab polyps. No information is available on reproductive habits. Photo by the author.

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

10. Genus Lobophytum (Devils Hand)

14. Genus Sinularia (Soft Finger Coral)

Table 8 Taxon Lobophytum compactum Lobophytum crassum Lobophytum depressum Lobophytum hirsutum Lobophytum microlobulatum Lobophytum pauciflorum Lobophytum planum Lobophytum sarcophytoides

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

11. Genus Paraminabea: Paraminabea is also called Minabea (for shallow water specimens only). No reproduction information available. 12. Genus Rhytisma: Rhytisma is sometimes referred to as Parerythropodium. Table 9 Taxon Rhytisma fulvum fulvum Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum

Sexuality

Reproduction

Brooder

Gonochoric

Brooder (external)

13. Genus Sarcophyton (Leather Coral) Table 10 Taxon Sarcophyton crassocaule Sarcophyton ehrenbergi Sarcophyton glaucum Sarcophyton glaucum Sarcophyton sp. Sarcophyton trocheliophorum

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast Brooder Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Figure 4. Sinularia species are seen in a bewildering array of shapes. They are known to be broadcast spawners. Photo by the author.

Table 11 Taxon Sinularia conferta Sinularia cruciata Sinularia deformis Sinularia dura Sinularia exilis Sinularia flexibilis Sinularia gyrosa Sinularia humesi Sinularia leptoclados Sinularia lochmodes Sinularia mayi Sinularia nanolobata Sinularia polydactyla Sinularia rigida Sinularia scabra

Sexuality Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Hermaphroditic Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Hermaphroditic Gonochoric Gonochoric Hermaphroditic

Reproduction Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast

Figure 3. In this instance, Sarcophyton glaucum was found in a male female ratio of 1 to 1.

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

15. Genus Thrombophyton

8. Genus Paralemnalia (Finger Leather Coral) Table 12

Taxon Thrombophyton coronatum Thrombophyton trachydermum

Sexuality

Table 17 Reproduction

Taxon Paralemnalia thyrsoides

Brooder Gonochoric

Brooder

Table 18

1. Genus Capnella (Kenya Tree Coral): The temperate water Australian Capnella gaboensis does not become sexually mature until it is 20 years of age (Farrant, 1987).

Taxon Scleronephthya gracillimum

Sexuality

Reproduction Broadcast

10. Genus Stereonephthya

Table 13 Reproduction Brooder (external)

Table 19 Taxon Stereonephthya cundabiluensis

2. Genus Dendronephthya Table 14 Taxon Dendronephthya gigantea Dendronephthya hemprichi Dendronephthya sinaiensis Dendronephthya suensoni

Reproduction

9. Genus Scleronephthya

FAMILY NEPHTHEIDAE

Taxon Capnella gaboensis

Sexuality Gonochoric

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Brooder

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast (?)

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Brooder

11. Genus Umbellulifera: No information is available on reproductive habits. FAMILY NIDALLIDAE 1. Genus Agaricoides: No information on reproduction is available. 2. Genus Chironephthya: No reproduction information available. 3. Genus Nidalia: No reproduction information available.

3. Genus Lemnalia (Branch Coral): No information on sexual reproduction is available.

4. Genus Nephthyigorgia: No reproduction information available. 5. Genus Pieterfaurea: No reproduction information available.

4. Genus Leptophyton: No information on sexual reproduction is available.

6. Genus Siphonogorgia: No reproduction information available.

5. Genus Litophyton

FAMILY PARALCYONIIDAE Table 15

1. Genus Studeriotes: No reproduction information available. Taxon Litophyton arboreum

Sexuality Gonochoric

Reproduction Brooder (internal)

FAMILY XENIIDAE

6. Genus Nephthea: Some Nephthea specimens contain colored sclerites, and these may belong in genus Stereonephthea (Fabricius and Alderslade, 2001).

1. Genus Anthelia Table 20 Taxon

Table 16 Taxon Nephthea sp.

Sexuality Gonochoric

Anthelia edmondsoni

Reproduction Brooder

Anthelia fishelsoni Anthelia glauca

7. Genus Pacifiphyton: No information on sexual reproduction is available.

Sexuality See Sarcothelia edmondsoni Gonochoric Gonochoric

Reproduction

? Brooder

2. Genus Cespitularia (Blue Xenia) Table 21 Taxon Cespitularia exigua

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Sexuality Gonochoric

Reproduction ?

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

3. Genus Efflatounaria Table 22 Taxon Efflatounaria sp.

Sexuality Gonochoric

Reproduction Brooder (external)

3. Genus Funginus: No reproduction information available. Williams believes Funginus is possibly synonymous with Heteroxenia. 4. Genus Heteroxenia (Pulse Coral) Table 23 Taxon Heteroxenia coheni Heteroxenia elizabethae Heteroxenia elizabethae Heteroxenia fuscenscens Heteroxenia ghardaqensis Heteroxenia sp.

Sexuality Hermaphroditic

Reproduction Brooder

Hermaphroditic

Brooder

Gonochoric Hermaphroditic

Brooder

Hermaphroditic

Brooder

Gonochoric

Brooder

Figure 6. Is Sansibia a brooder or slow extrusion broadcast spawner? Photo courtesy of Michael Pollock.

6. Genus Sarcothelia Table 24 Taxon Sarcothelia edmondsoni

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Brooder (external)

Figure 7. Sarcothelia edmondsoni colonies, endemic to Hawaii, are often seen as blue mats in areas of high water motion. Photo by the author. Figure 5. Oocytes (eggs) within the soft coral Heteroxenia. Histological photomicrograph courtesy of Michael P. Janes.

5. Genus Sansibia: Reproduction of a coral tentatively identified as a Sansibia species has been noted in an aquarium. There was successful recruitment and young colonies are present. It is believed by the author that Sansibia is a brooder, but this should be verified.

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

7. Genus Sympodium

2. Genus Erythropodium (Encrusting Gorgonian): No reproduction information available. Table 25

Taxon Sympodium caeruleum

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Brooder

3. Genus Iciligorgia: No reproduction information available. 4. Genus Solenocaulon: No reproduction information available. FAMILY BRIAREIDAE

8. Genus Xenia (Pulse Coral)

1. Genus Briareum (Incorporates Pachyclavularia & Solenopodium. Star Polyps)

Figure 8. Xenia species are easily propagated by making cuttings, but they have been observed spawning in aquaria. Photo by the author.

Figure 9. A Briareum spawns in an aquarium. Photo courtesy of Michael P. Janes.

Table 26

Table 27. Reproductive habits of Corky Sea Fingers (Briareum asbestinum).

Taxon Xenia biseriata Xenia blumi Xenia faruensis Xenia garciae Xenia grasshoffi Xenia hicksoni Xenia impulsatilla Xenia kuekenthali Xenia lillieae Xenia macrospiculata Xenia membranacea Xenia novabrittanniae Xenia obscuronata Xenia sp. Xenia umbellata

Sexuality Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Hermaphroditic Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Hermaphroditic Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric

Taxon Briareum asbestinum Briareum asbestinum

Reproduction Brooder Brooder Brooder Brooder ? Brooder Brooder ? ? Brooder Brooder Brooder Brooder Brooder Brooder

Sexuality

Reproduction Broadcast Brooder

ORDER ALCYONACEA - SCLERAXONIA GROUP FAMILY ACANTHOGORGIIDAE (SUBORDER HOLAXONIA) Figure 10. Briareum asbestinum, often called Corky Sea Fingers, is a Caribbean species, and sex ratios are skewed towards male colonies.

1. Genus Acanthogorgia: No information on reproduction available 2. Genus Anthogorgia: No information on reproduction available

FAMILY CHRYSOGORGIIDAE (SUBORDER CALCAXONIA)

3. Genus Muricella: No information on reproduction available.

1. Genus Stephanogorgia: No information on reproduction available.

FAMILY ANTHOTHELIDAE 1. Genus Altertigorgia: No reproduction information available. Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

FAMILY CORALLIDAE

FAMILY GORGONIIDAE (SUBORDER HOLAXONIA)

1. Genus Corallium

1. Genus Eunicella Table 28

Taxon Corallium rubrum

Sexuality

Table 29 Reproduction Brooder

Taxon Eunicella singularis Eunicella stricta

Sexuality Gonochoric

Reproduction Brooder Brooder

FAMILY ELLISELLIDAE (SUBORDER CALCAXONIA) 2. Genus Gorgonia (Sea Fan): No information on reproduction available.

1. Genus Ctenocella (Sea Whip or Harp Coral): No information on reproduction available.

3. Genus Guaiagorgia: No information on reproduction available.

2. Genus Dichotella: No information on reproduction available.

4. Genus Hicksonella: No information on reproduction available.

3. Genus Ellisella: No information on reproduction available.

5. Genus Pinnigorgia (also known as Plexaura flava & Lophogorgia): No information on reproduction available.

4. Genus Heliania: No information on reproduction available. 5. Genus Junceella: No information on Junceellas sexual reproduction is available.

6. Genus Pseudopterogorgia (Purple Frilly Gorgonian): This genus is found in the Pacific, but is one of the most common genera in the Caribbean/West Indies.

6. Genus Nicella: No information on reproduction available.

Table 30

7. Genus Verrucella (also known as Umbracella): No information on reproduction available.

Taxon Pseudopterogorgia bipinnata

8. Genus Viminella: No information on reproduction available.

Sexuality

Reproduction Broadcast

7. Genus Pterogorgia (Sea Blade or Sea Whip): No information on reproduction available. 8. Genus Rumphella (Sea Whip): No information on reproduction available. FAMILY IFALUKELLIDAE (SUBORDER CALCAXONIA) 1. Genus Ifalukella: No information on reproduction available. 2. Genus Plumigorgia: No information on reproduction available.

Figure 12. Junceella colonies often reproduce by fragmentation, as is shown in this photograph by Michael P. Janes.

Figure 11. Junceella colonies. Photo courtesy of Michael P. Janes.

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

FAMILY ISIDIDAE (SUBORDER CALCAXONIA):

9. Genus Muriceopsis (Sea Plume) Table 33

1. Genus Isis (Sea Fan): No information on reproduction available. Taxon Muriceopsis flavida

2. Genus Jasminisi: No information on reproduction available. 3. Genus Pteronisis: No information on reproduction available.

Sexuality

Reproduction Broadcast

10. Genus Paracis: No information on reproduction available.

4. Genus Zignisis: No information on reproduction available.

11. Genus Paramuricea

FAMILY KEROEIDIDAE (SUBORDER HOLAXONIA)

Table 34

1. Genus Keroeides: No information on reproduction available.

Taxon Paramuricea clavata

Sexuality Gonochoric

Reproduction Brooder (external)

FAMILY MELITHAEIDAE 12. Genus Paraplexaura: No information on reproduction available. 1. Genus Acabaria 13. Genus Plexaura (Sea Rod) Table 31 Taxon Acabaria erythraea Acabaria biserialis

Sexuality Hermaphroditic Gonochoric

Table 35

Reproduction Brooder Brooder

Taxon Plexaura homomalla Plexaura kuna Plexaura sp. 'A'

2. Genus Clatharia: See Acabaria

Sexuality Gonochoric Parthenogenic?

Reproduction Broadcast Broadcast

3. Genus Melithaea: See Acabaria

14. Genus Plexaurella: No information on reproduction available.

4. Genus Mopsella: See Acabaria

15. Genus Pseudoplexaura Table 36

5. Genus Wrightella: See Acabaria Taxon Pseudoplexaura porosa Pseudoplexaura sp.

FAMILY PARISIDIDAE 1. Genus Parisis: No information on reproduction available.

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

FAMILY PLEXAURIDAE (SUBORDER HOLAXONIA) 1. Genus Astrogorgia (also known as Muricella & Anthoplexaura): No information on reproduction available. 2. Genus Bebryce: No information on reproduction available. 3. Genus Echinogorgia: No information on reproduction available. 4. Genus Echinomuricea: No information on reproduction available. 5. Genus Eunicea (Knobby Candelabrum): No information on reproduction available. 6. Genus Euplexaura: No information on reproduction available. Figure 13. Pseudoplexaura porosa specimens demonstrated a male/female ratio of 1:1 (Lasker et al., 1996).

7. Genus Menella (also known as Echinogorgia & Plexauroides): No information on reproduction available.

16. Genus Trimuricea: No information on reproduction available. 8. Genus Muricea (Spiny Sea Fan) 17. Genus Villogorgia: No information on reproduction available. Table 32 Taxon Muricea californica Muricea fruticosa

Sexuality

FAMILY PRIMNOIDAE (SUBORDER CALCAXONIA)

Reproduction Brooder Brooder

1. Genus Plumarella: No information on reproduction available. FAMILY SUBERGORGIIDAE 1. Genus Annella: No reproduction information available.

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones Table 39

2. Genus Subergorgia: No reproduction information available. Taxon Parazoanthus anguicomus Parazoanthus axinellae Parazoanthus parasiticus

ORDER ANTHOATHECATAE (FIRE CORALS) FAMILY MILLEPORIDAE 1. Genus Millepora (Common Fire Corals) Table 37 Taxon Millepora dichotoma Millepora murrayi Millepora platyophylla

Sexuality Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric

Broadcast

2. Genus Sphenopus

Reprodution

Table 40 Taxon Sphenopus marsupialis (zoanthid) Sphenopus marsupialis (zoanthid)

ORDER HELIOPORACEA FAMILY HELIOPORIDAE 1. Genus Heliopora (Blue Fire Corals)

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast?

Gonochoric

Broadcast?

3. Genus Epizoanthus

Table 38 Taxon Heliopora coerulea

Sexuality

Reproduction Brooder

SUBCLASS HEXACORALLIA: INCLUDING ORDER ACTINIARIA (SEA ANEMONES), ORDER ZOANTHINIARIA (ZOANTHIDS) 1. Zoanthids

ORDER ZOANTHINIARIA FAMILY ZOANTHIDAE 1. Genus Parazoanthus (Yellow Polyps)

Figure 15. Yellow Polyps (Parazoanthus species) offer a nice yellow color to an aquarium. Photo by the author.

Figure 14. An unidentified Hawaiian zoanthid. Photo by the author.

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones Table 41 Taxon Epizoanthus abyssorum Epizoanthus couchii Epizoanthus paguriphilus

2. Genus Condylactis

Sexuality

Reproduction

Hermaphroditic

Broadcast

Table 48 Taxon Condylactis gigantea

Gonochoric Hermaphroditic

Broadcast

Table 49

Table 42 Sexuality

Reproduction Broadcast

Hermaphroditic

Broadcast

Taxon Entacmaea quadricolor (anemone)

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast

4. Genus Epiactis Table 50

5.Genus Zoanthus (Zoanthids) Taxon Epiactis prolifera (anemone) Epiactis prolifera (anemone)

Table 43 Taxon Zoanthid sp. Zoanthus pacificus Zoanthus pulchellus Zoanthus sansibaricus Zoanthus sociatus Zoanthus solanderi

Reproduction Broadcast

3. Genus Entacmaea

4. Genus Protopalythoa (Button Polyps)

Taxon Protopalythoa sp. Protopalythoa variabilis

Sexuality Gonochoric

Sexuality Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic

Reproduction Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast

Sexuality

Reproduction Brooder

Gynodioecy

5. Genus Phymanthus Table 51 Taxon Phymanthus crucifer (anemone)

5. Genus Palythoa (Sea Mat)

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Table 44

6. Genus Urticina Taxon Palythoa caribaeorum Palythoa tuberculosa

Sexuality Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic

Reproduction Broadcast Broadcast

Table 52 Taxon Urticina lofotenis

6. Genus Isozoanthus

Sexuality

Reproduction Broadcast

FAMILY AURELIANIDAE

Table 45 Taxon Isozoanthus gigantea

Sexuality Gonochoric

1. Genus Actinoporus

Reproduction Brooder

Table 53

7. Genus Isaurus (Snake Polyps)

Taxon Actinoporus elongatus

Table 46 Taxon Isaurus sp. Isaurus sp.

Sexuality Hermaphroditic Gonochoric

Reproduction

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast

FAMILY SAGARTIIDAE 1. Genus Sagartia

SEA ANEMONES

Table 54

FAMILY ACTINIIDAE Taxon Sagartia troglodytes

1. Genus Anthopleura

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

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Reproduction Broadcast

FAMILY STICHODACTYLIDAE

Table 47 Taxon Anthopleura dixoniana (anemone) Anthopleura elegantissima (anemone)

Sexuality Gonochoric

1. Genus Heteractis Table 55 Taxon Heteractis crispa

Sexuality Gonochoric

Reproduction Broadcast

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

2. Genus Entacmaea

QUICK AND EASY REFERENCE TABLE Table 56

FAMILY ACTINODISCIDAE

This concludes our observations of sexuality and reproductive habits among corals. Next time, well examine one of the most important environmental parameters in coral reproduction that of lighting. I have chosen to present the reference list at the end of this series. For those wishing an early copy, please email me at RiddleLabs@aol.com and Ill send the complete reference list as a Word document.

1. Genus Discosoma (Mushroom Anemone)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Taxon Entacmaea quadricolor (anemone)

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast

ORDER CORALLIMORPHARIA

Table 57 Taxon Discosoma sp.

Sexuality

I wish to thank Michael P. Janes for his generosity in sharing photographs and helpful comments. He often pointed me in the proper direction, especially with comments on classifications. However, any mistakes within the article are mine and mine alone. Also, aquarist Michael Pollock kindly shared the extraordinary introductory photo.

Reproduction Broadcast

FAMILY DISCOSOMATIDAE 1. Genus Rhodactis (Elephant Ear Mushroom Coral) Table 58 Taxon Rhodactis indosinensis Rhodactis rhodostoma

Sexuality

Reproduction Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

SUBCLASS CERIANTIPATHARIA: INCLUDING ORDER ANTHIPATHARIA (BLACK OR WIRE CORALS) FAMILY ANTIPATHIDAE 1. Genus Antipathes: It has been estimated that there are 23 Antipathes species. Overall, we know very little about their reproductive habits. Table 59 Taxon Antipathes fiordensis

Sexuality Gonochoric

Reproduction Broadcast

SIZE AND AGE OF ANTIPATHES FIORDENSIS AT SEXUAL MATURITY Antipathes fiordensis is sexually mature at an age of 31 years (with a corresponding height of approximately 70-105 cm). As Figure 16 shows, it is found in a male/female ratio of 1 to 1 (Parker et al., 1997).

Figure 16. Sex ratio of the black coral Antipathes (Parker et al., 1997).

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

Table 60. Quick and Easy Reference Taxon Acabaria erythraea

Sexuality Hermaphroditic

Reproduction Brooder

Acabaria biserialis

Gonochoric

Brooder

Actinodiscus sp. Actinoporus elongatus Alcyonium aspiculatum Alcyonium digitatum Alcyonium hibernicum Alcyonium molle

Vertical (egg)

Horizontal water 85%

Broadcast

Reference Fine et al., 2005 Zeevi-Ben Yosef and Benayahu, 1999 ASIRA Data base Clayton & Collins, 1992 in Lin et al., 2001

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Alino & Coll, 1989

Gonochoric Parthenogenic ? Gonochoric

Broadcast Broadcast

McFadden et al., 2001 Hartnoll, 1977 Alino & Coll, 1989 McFadden & Hochberg, 2003 McFadden, 1997

Alcyonium pacificum

Gonochoric

Alcyonium rudyi (now Discophyton rudyi)

Gonochoric

Brooder

Alcyonium siderium

Hermaphroditic

Brooder

Alcyonium species A Amplexidiscus sp.

Hermaphroditic

Brooder Broadcast

Sebens, 1983; McFadden et al., 2001 McFadden et al., 2001 ASIRA Data base

Anthelia fishelsoni

See Sarcothelia edmondsoni Gonochoric

Anthelia glauca

Gonochoric

Brooder Brooder

Benayahu, 1991 Benayahu & Schleyer, 1998 Cordes, 2001

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Linn et al., 1992

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Anthelia edmondsoni

Anthomastus ritteri Anthopleura dixoniana (anemone) Anthopleura elegantissima (anemone) Antipathes fiordensis Briareum asbestinum

Broadcast

Briareum asbestinum

Brooder

Capnella gaboensis Carijoa riisei Cespitularia exigua Cladiella pachyclados

Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric

Clavularia crassa

Brooder (external) Broadcast ? Broadcast Brooder

Clavularia hamra Clavularia inflata Clavularia koellikeri

Gonochoric Gonochoric

Brooder (external) Brooder (external) Brooder (external)

Condylactis gigantea

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Corallium rubrum Cornularia komaii Cornularia saganiensis Dendronephthya gigantea Dendronephthya hemprichi Dendronephthya sinaiensis Dendronephthya suensoni

Jennison, 1979 in Lin et al., 2001 Parker et al., Lasker et al., 1996; Lasker & Stewart, 1992 Brazeau & Lasker, 1989 Farrant, 1986 Kahng et al., 2008 Benayahu, 1991 Shinkarenko, 1981 Kowalewsky & Marion, 1883, in Benayahu & Loya, 1983 Benayahu, 1989 Bermas et al., 1992 Bastidas et al., 2002 Jennison, 1981, in Lin et al., 2001 Vighi, 1970 Suzuki, 1971 Babcock et al., 1986

Brooder Brooder Brooder Gonochoric

Brooder

Hwang & Song, 2007

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Dahan & Benayahu, in Benayahu, 1997

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Barki, 1992

Gonochoric

Broadcast (?)

Choi & Song, 2007

Discophyton sp.

Gonochoric

Brooder

Efflatournaria sp.

Gonochoric

Brooder (external)

Eleutherobia aurea

Broadcast

Entacmaea quadricolor (anemone)

Gonochoric

Broadcast

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McFadden & Hochberg, 2003 Bermas et al., 1992; Dinesen, 1985 Ketzinal, 1997, in Schleyer & Celliers, 2003 Scott & Harrison, 2005

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

Taxon Epiactis prolifera (anemone) Epiactis prolifera (anemone) Epizoanthus abyssorum Epizoanthus couchii Epizoanthus paguriphilus Eunicella singularis Eunicella stricta Heteractis crispa Heteractis magnifica (anemone) Heteroxenia coheni Heteroxenia elizabethae Heteroxenia elizabethae Heteroxenia fuscenscens Heteroxenia ghardaqensis Heteroxenia sp.

Sexuality

Vertical (egg)

Brooder

Hermaphroditic

Reference

Harrison, 1988 Broadcast

Muirhead et al., 1986

Gonochoric Hermaphroditic

Horizontal water 85%

Chia, 1976

Gynodioecy

Ryland, 2000 Broadcast

Muirhead et al., 1986

Hermaphroditic

Brooder

Weinberg & Weinberg, 1979; Gori et al., 2007 Theodor, 1967 Scott & Harrison, 2005 Holbrook& Schmitt, 2005 Benayahu, 1991

Hermaphroditic

Brooder

Gohar, 1940

Gonochoric

Brooder

Gonochoric

Brooder Broadcast

Asexual fission

Gonochoric

Hwang & Song, 2007

Hermaphroditic

Brooder

Hermaphroditic

Brooder

Gohar, 1940

Gonochoric

Brooder

Benayahu et al., 1988 Calgren, 1923, in Ryland et al., 2000

Isozoanthus gigantea Kadosactis troglodytes Litophyton arboreum Lobophytum compactum Lobophytum crassum Lobophytum depressum Lobophytum hirsutum Lobophytum microlobulatum Lobophytum pauciflorum Lobophytum planum Lobophytum sarcophytoides Millepora dichotoma Millepora murrayi Millepora platyophylla Muricea californica Muricea fruticosa Muriceopsis flavida Nephthea sp. Pachyclavularia violacea

Reproduction

Gohar, 1940

Brooder See Sagartia troglodytes Gonochoric

Brooder (internal)

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Benayahu, 1997 Michalek-Wagner, 2001 Coll & Kelman, 1997 Schleyer et al., in Benayahu, 1997 Alino & Coll, 1989

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Alino & Coll, 1989

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Alino & Coll, 1989

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Alino & Coll, 1989

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Dai, 1989

Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric

Gonochoric

Soong & Cho, 1998 Soong & Cho, 1998 Soong & Cho, 1998 Grigg, 1977 Grigg, 1977

Brooder Brooder Broadcast Brooder

Benayahu, 1997

Broadcast

Palythoa caribaeorum

Hermaphroditic

Broadcast

Palythoa tuberculosa Paralemnalia thyrsoides Paramuricea clavata Parazoanthus anguicomus Parazoanthus axinellae Parazoanthus parasiticus Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum

Hermaphroditic

Broadcast

ASIRA Data base Boscolo & Silveira, 2005 Kimura et al., 1972

Gonochoric

Brooder

Benayahu, 1997

Gonochoric

Brooder (external)

Linares et al., 2008

Gonochoric

Ryland, 2000

Gonochoric

Ryland, 2000

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Brooder (external)

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Ryland & Westphalen, 2005 Benayahu & Loya, 1983

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

Taxon Phymanthus crucifer (anemone) Plexaura homomalla Plexaura kuna Plexaura sp. 'A' Protopalythoa sp. Protopalythoa variabilis Pseudoplexaura porosa Pseudoplexaura sp. Pseudopterogorgia bipinnata Rhodactis indosinensis Rhodactis rhodostoma Rhytisma fulvum fulvum Sagartia troglodytes Sarcophyton crassocaule Sarcophyton ehrenbergi

Sexuality

Reproduction

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast Broadcast

Vertical (egg)

Horizontal water 85%

Parthenogenic? Broadcast

Reference Jennison, 1979, in Lin et al., 2001 Martin, 1982 Swain et al., 1997 Brazeau and Lasker, 1989 ASIRA Data base Boscolo & Silveira, 2005

Hermaphroditic

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Lasker et al., 1996

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Lasker et al., 1996

Broadcast

Kinzie, 1970

Broadcast Gonochoric

Broadcast

Brooder

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Gonochoric

Broadcast

n/a

ASIRA Data base Chadwick-Furman et al., 2000 Benayahu & Loya, 1983 Shaw, 1989, in Lin etal., 2001 n/a

Dai, 1989 Alino & Coll, 1989

Brooder Broadcast

Schleyer & Celliers, 2003 Schleyer et al., 2004 ASIRA Data base

Broadcast

Shinkarenko, 1981

Broadcast

Choi & Song, 2007

Gonochoric

Brooder (external)

Davis, 1976

Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric

Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast

Sinularia dura

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Sinularia exilis

Hermaphroditic

Broadcast

Sinularia flexibilis

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Sinularia gyrosa

Gonochoric

Broadcast

Sinularia humesi Sinularia leptoclados Sinularia lochmodes Sinularia mayi Sinularia nanolobata Sinularia polydactyla Sinularia rigida Sinularia scabra Sphenopus marsupialis (zoanthid) Sphenopus marsupialis (zoanthid) Stereonephthya cundabiluensis Sympodium caeruleum Thrombophyton coronatum Thrombophyton trachydermum

Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Hermaphroditic Gonochoric Gonochoric Hermaphroditic

Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast

Alino & Coll, 1989 Alino & Coll, 1989 Alino & Coll, 1989 Schleyer et al., in Benayahu, 1997 Dai & Wu, 1995 Michalek-Wagner, 2001 Schleyer et al., in Benayahu, 1997 Benayahu et al., 1990 Benayahu et al., 1990 Alino & Coll, 1989 Benayahu et al., 1990 Dai & Wu, 1995 Slattery et al., 1999 Alino & Coll, 1989 Dai & Wu, 1995

Gonochoric

Broadcast ?

Soong et al., 1999

Gonochoric

Broadcast ?

Soong et al., 1999

Gonochoric

Brooder

Benayahu, 1997

Gonochoric

Brooder

Benayahu, 1991

Urticina lofotenis

Gonochoric

Sarcophyton glaucum Sarcophyton glaucum Sarcophyton sp. Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Scleronephthya gracillimum Sarcothelia edmondsoni Sinularia conferta Sinularia cruciata Sinularia deformis

Gonochoric

McFadden & Hochberg, 2002 McFadden & Hochberg, 2003 Jennison, 1979, in Lin et al., 2000

Brooder Gonochoric

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Broadcast

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Coral Reproduction, Part Four: Non-Scleractinian Anthozoans Including Soft Corals, Zoanthids, and Anemones

Taxon Xenia biseriata Xenia blumi Xenia faruensis Xenia garciae Xenia grasshoffi Xenia hicksoni Xenia impulsatilla Xenia kuekenthali Xenia lillieae

Sexuality Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Hermaphroditic Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric

Reproduction Brooder Brooder Brooder Brooder ? Brooder Brooder ? ?

Xenia macrospiculata

Gonochoric

Brooder

Xenia membranacea Xenia novabrittanniae Xenia obscuronata Xenia sp. Xenia umbellata Xestospongia muta Zoanthid sp. Zoanthus pacificus Zoanthus pulchellus Zoanthus sansibaricus Zoanthus sociatus Zoanthus solanderi

Gonochoric Hermaphroditic Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric Gonochoric

Brooder Brooder Brooder Brooder Brooder Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast

Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic

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Vertical (egg)

Horizontal water 85%

X X

Reference Benayahu, 1991 Gohar, 1940 Benayahu, 1991 Benayahu, 1991 Benayahu, 1991 Gohar, 1940 Benayahu, 1991 Benayahu, 1991 Benayahu, 1991 Benayahu & Loya, 1984; Benayahu, 1997 Benayahu, 1991 Benayahu, 1991 Benayahu, 1991 Benayahu, 1991 Benayahu, 1991 Becerro, 2005 ASIRA Data base Cooke, 1976 Karlson, 1981 Ono et al., 2005 Karlson, 1981 Fadlallah, 1984

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Effects of Copper Exposure on Marine Ornamental Fish Reproduction and Survival

BREEDER'S NET

EFFECTS OF COPPER EXPOSURE ON MARINE ORNAMENTAL FISH REPRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL By Chatham K. Callan Ph.D, Charles W. Laidley Ph.D. The results of these combined experiments indicated that elevated copper levels can cause accute mortality in flame angelfish and significantly reduce the reproductive performance of orchid dottyback broodstock. Therefore, the use of copper as a therapy for external parasites in these species is cautioned. Published October 2008, Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine.

ÂŠ Pomacanthus Publications, LLC

Keywords (AdvancedAquarist.com Search Enabled): Angelfish, Breeder's Net, Breeding, Charles W. Laidley Ph.D., Chatham K. Callan Ph.D, aquaculture, captive breeding, Copper Link to original article: http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2008/10/breeder

angelfish revealed that most were exhibiting rapid respiration and some appeared listless. The angelfish were promptly removed from the system and placed into new tanks in another system. Unfortunately, most of the fish succumbed to the apparent toxin prior to being moved. Those fish that had survived the move, recovered rapidly once in new water. Other fish species in the system (anemonefish and dottybacks) appeared normal and otherwise unaffected; however, their spawning performance and egg quality did significantly decline for a prolonged period following this event. After more than two months of investigation, we concluded that the cause of the mortality was likely an elevated copper level in the system caused by the accidental dropping of copper wire into one of the sumps in our recirculation system.

his study was carried out to determine if exposure to copper

would cause mortality in flame angelfish (Centropyge lorciulus) and affect reproduction of the orchid dottyback (Pseudochromis fridmani). Flame angelfish were exposed to copper in a series of toxicity experiments. In the first assay, angelfish were exposed to copper at 0.00, 0.05. 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25mg/L for a period of 48 hours (n=5). In the second experiment, angelfish were exposed to copper at 0.00, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20mg/L for 196 hours (n=8). In a third experiment, orchid dottyback broodstock pairs (n=3) were maintained and monitored for reproductive performance (spawn frequency, fecundity, fertilization rate and survival of hatched larvae) while in copperfree water (0.00mg/L) or water treated with copper (0.10mg/L). Results of the toxicity experiments revealed that flame angelfish were accutely sensitive to copper in the first trial, where 60% of the fish exposed to the 0.25mg/L level died within the first 12 hours of exposure. Likewise, flame angelfish exposed to 0.15 and 0.20mg/L exhibited 40% mortality. In the second assay, flame angelfish also exhibted increased mortality (25%) at the highest level tested (0.20mg/ L), though the onset of mortality, in that experiment, was delayed until after 120 hours of exposure. Results of the third experiment demonstrated that copper exposure at 0.10mg/L significantly reduced fecundity and negatively affected embryonic development from orchid dottyback broodstock. However, upon replacement into copper-free water, subseqent fecundity, embryonic development and larval survival characteristics were not significantly different from their pre-exposure values. The results of these combined experiments indicated that elevated copper levels can cause accute mortality in flame angelfish and significantly reduce the reproductive performance of orchid dottyback broodstock. Therefore, the use of copper as a therapy for external parasites in these species is cautioned.

About two weeks prior to the incident, an electrical junction box was installed in an area near our main filtration area. Upon inspection of our systems, we found pieces of copper wire insulation and small clippings of mostly dissolved copper wire in the system sump, near the main pump intake. It is likely that these clippings were byproducts of the recent electrical work, and were accidentally

INTRODUCTION During the commissioning of a new marine ornamental fish broodstock laboratory at The University of Maine, we experienced an episode of acute mortality of nearly all our flame angelfish broodstock in response to what appeared to be an unidentified toxin in the system. Abruptly one day in June 2004, our flame angelfish were observed to be swimming erratically at the surface of their tanks and some appeared to be "gasping." Closer examination of all our

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Figure 1. Photograph of the bioassay system at the Oceanic Institute. Each 75L tank was equipped with separate lighting and filtration and could be run as entirely flow-through, re-circ, or a combination of both.

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Effects of Copper Exposure on Marine Ornamental Fish Reproduction and Survival

dropped into the system. Months after the copper wire was found and removed, the system continued to exhibit an elevated copper level of 0.10 to 0.20mg/L, which is nearly the therapeutic level for treatment of marine fish parasites (Noga, 2000). Since copper was never utilized as a therapy in this system, it was not suspected as a possible toxin and the actual copper level at the time of the fish mortalities was not recorded. Therefore, it is possible that the copper level at the time of the mortality was considerably higher, as we had made several large (>50%) water changes to the system immediately following this event, and prior to measuring the dissolved copper levels. What remained unclear is why only the angelfish exhibited this acute response, while the other species in our system appeared mostly unaffected.

The objectives of the present study were to: 1. Determine if exposure to copper would affect the survival of a commonly traded marine ornamental fish, the flame angelfish. 2. Determine if exposure to copper would affect the reproductive performance and embryonic development of a cultured marine ornamental fish, the orchid dottyback. Due to the ubiquitous use of copper as a treatment for external parasites in the marine aquarium industry and the documented acute and chronic effects of copper on fish, coupled with our unexpected episode with the flame angelfish, we considered it necessary to investigate possible impacts such treatments may have. Our goal was to determine if the level of copper that we recorded after the mortality event could have caused the observed mortality and contributed to the decline in reproductive performance of our other pairs of fish.

Copper is an essential element required by all living organisms, but it can be toxic to aquatic species when present at elevated concentrations (Grossel et al., 2003, 2004a, 2004b; Handy, 2003). For example, copper is widely used as an algaecide and mulluscicide (Paris-Palacios et al., 2000) and frequently employed as a treatment for pathogenic parasites of fish (Bassleer, 1996; Noga, 2000; Perschbacher, 2005). Although toxicity arising from dietary exposure to copper generally only occurs at very high levels, exposure to low levels of dissolved copper in the holding water can cause toxic effects in aquatic organisms (Grossel et al., 2004a).

METHODS EXPERIMENTS 1 AND 2: EFFECTS OF COPPER EXPOSURE ON SURVIVAL OF THE FLAME ANGELFISH (CENTROPYGE LORCIULUS) EXPERIMENT 1

While the mechanisms of copper toxicity of freshwater fish have been studied in some detail, much less is known about the mechanisms of copper toxicity of marine teleost fish (Grossel et al., 2003). It has been suggested that marine fish are generally less sensitive to water borne copper exposure than freshwater fish (Grossel et al., 2003). Calcium and sodium in the water have been found to reduce both copper uptake and toxicity in freshwater fish and it is suggested that the high concentrations of these ions in seawater help to reduce the acute sensitivity of marine teleosts to copper (Grossel et al., 2003). Increasing water hardness, addition of organic substances, and increasing pH will also reduce the toxicity of copper in fresh water (Handy, 2003).

The first of a series of copper toxicity experiments was a 48hour trial completed in June of 2005, at the Oceanic Institute (OI) in Hawaii. This first copper toxicity trial investigated the effects of copper exposure on flame angelfish (Centropyge lorciulus) at 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25mg/L. Five replicate fish were tested in each treatment except the control, which contained three replicate fish. This experiment was done in 30 identical (75L) tanks (Fig. 1), with one fish stocked per tank. The majority of fish that comprised each treatment group had been at OI for several weeks prior to the start of the trial and were well acclimated to the aquarium conditions. Approximately two new fish per treatment group were added the day prior to the experiment to increase the number of replicates. Each tank had a separate external filter and light aeration was provided via an air stone in each tank. The tanks were exposed to ambient photoperiod (filtered natural sunlight) and the temperature was maintained between 24-27 °C. The salinity of the water was approximately 32ppt. New seawater was provided to each tank at a rate of ~25ml/minute (50% exchange per day). Copper was dosed directly into the tanks as copper sulfate using a commercially available preparation (Red Sea "Paracure™") and the total copper level was determined by colorimetric analysis (Bicinchoninate method; Hach #2504025) twice daily at 0900 and 1500 for each tank using a Hach™ DR/890 colorimeter. When necessary, copper was re-dosed to maintain the desired treatment level. Mortality was monitored hourly for the first 12 hours, followed by every 12 hours for the duration of the experiment.

The physiological mechanism of acute copper toxicity to fish is well known (reviewed in Taylor et al., 1996). Acute copper toxicity in fish is caused by direct target effects on the gill epithelium (Noga, 2000). Acute copper exposure causes gill edema and epithelial lifting (Handy, 2003). Edema of the gill is followed by accumulation of solutes in the epithelial cells and an influx of water into the cells, leading to loss of ionoregulatory control. Efflux of electrolytes from the blood over the gill epithelium then results in cardiovascular failure and death (Handy, 2003). While the acute effects of copper toxicity are well studied, the effects of chronic copper toxicity are not well documented (Handy, 2003). However, it has been shown that chronic (4 weeks or more) copper exposure can result in altered bodily functions and physiological changes across a range of body systems. The physiological processes that have been found to be affected by chronic copper exposure include altered cell type and turnover in gut epithelium, changes in ionoregulatory physiology, altered immunity, change of swimming speeds to preserve metabolic scope for aerobic metabolism, and altered reproductive strategy (Handy, 2003).

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EXPERIMENT 2 The second copper toxicity experiment was completed in January of 2006, using the bioassay system (Fig. 1) at OI, but with a modified configuration. The same 75L tanks were utilized, but they were replumbed to allow for continuous exchange of natural seawater (6 tank exchanges/day). Temperature was maintained at 26-27 °C and salinity was maintained at 32ppt. Additionally, new lighting and filtration were added to each tank in the form of an Eclipse™ hood (Marineland Aquarium Products, Inc.). The lighting system was set

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Effects of Copper Exposure on Marine Ornamental Fish Reproduction and Survival

Table 1. Mean concentration of copper exposure per treatment and percent survival of flame angelfish 1 following 48 hours of copper exposure during Experiment 1. Mean Copper Concentration Treatment

Day 1

mg Cu/L 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

AM 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.13 0.18

Treatment Mean PM AM PM AM for Duration 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.09 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.06 0.15 0.04 0.08 0.18 0.11 0.17 0.08 0.12 0.22 0.12 0.22 0.05 0.15 0.26 0.12 0.26 0.16 0.20 1 n=5 individuals for all copper exposed fish, n=3 individuals for control (0.00mg/L) treatment Day 1

Day 2

on a timer to allow for 14 hours light and 10 hours dark. Four treatment levels (0.0, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20mg/L copper) were tested, with one fish stocked per tank (n=8). For this experiment, all fish were stocked at the same time (24h prior to start of trial) and originated from a local marine fish importer (Hawaiian Sealife Inc, Honolulu, HI).

STDEV

% Survival

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.06

48 hrs 100% 100% 80% 60% 60% 40%

COPPER TREATMENT The pairs were held in their respective aquaria at 0.00mg/L Cu for 30 days prior to copper treatment (period 1). Copper (as copper sulfate) was administered, as a commercially available preparation (Red Sea "Paracure™") to each aquarium at 0.10mg/L for a period of 21 days (period 2). Copper levels were tested twice daily on replicate (n=3) 10ml samples of aquarium water. Copper measurements were recorded by colorimetric analysis using a Lamotte "Smart Colorimeter™" utilizing the Diethldithiocarbamate method (Lamotte #3646-SC). Copper levels were maintained at 0.10 ± 0.02 mg/L through twice daily doses of copper sulfate. Following the 21-day exposure period, each pair was held for an additional 30 days in copper-free water (period 3).

Copper was added to the incoming seawater as copper sulfate using Dosatron™ (DI 1500) proportional mixing pumps, which were plumbed into the incoming seawater lines (1 dosing unit per treatment). A 100mg/L copper solution was made daily using distilled water and cupric sulfate pentahydrate (Fisher Scientific). This stock solution was dosed into the incoming seawater lines for the respective treatment groups to maintain the desired treatment levels for the duration of the study. This configuration allowed for very tight control over the copper levels tested while maintaining excellent water quality in the aquariums. Total copper levels were tested once daily for each treatment (n=3 samples/treatment) using colorimetric analysis as described for Experiment 1.

SAMPLING PROCEDURES Spawn quality information consisting of total number of eggs produced, percent normal embryos at 24h post-fertilization, percent normal embryos at 72h post-fertilization, percent hatch, and total number of larvae to survive 12h post-hatch was collected from each pair over the duration of the experiment. Three to four spawning cycles were recorded for each pair during each of the three treatment periods. Each pair was monitored daily for the production of eggs. Time of spawning was recorded, and eggs were removed from the tank for initial analysis at approximately 24 hours postfertilization.

EXPERIMENT 3: EFFECTS OF COPPER EXPOSURE ON REPRODUCTION AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORCHID DOTTYBACK (PSEUDOCHROMIS FRIDMANI) EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AND BROODSTOCK HUSBANDRY This experiment was conducted at the Aquaculture Research Center (ARC) at The University of Maine campus in Orono, Maine. Three orchid dottyback (Pseudochromis fridmani) pairs were selected from a collection of spawning broodstock held by a commercial marine ornamental aquaculture company (Sea & Reef Aquaculture, LLC). Each pair had spawned regularly over the preceding year and had produced numerous viable embryos and larvae. Preceding the experiment, each pair was moved to an isolated 75L glass aquarium. The aquaria were bare, except for a few pieces of PVC pipe, which served as surrogate "dens" for the fish. The water temperature was maintained at 27 ± 1 °C, and salinity was kept at 31ppt. The photoperiod was 14h L: 10h D. Each tank was filtered by a submerged airlift sponge filter, which also served as the aquaria's biofilters. Water quality parameters were checked daily and maintained at the following: pH, 8.1-8.3; NH3, 0.00-0.30mg/L; NO2, 0.00-0.04mg/L. Approximately 25-30% of the tank water was replaced weekly using an artificial seawater mix (Forty Fathoms- Crystal Sea) combined with reverse osmosis filtered water. The new seawater was mixed and aerated for 24 hours prior to water exchanges. The fish were fed four times daily a complex "mixed" diet consisting of commercial aquarium diets, frozen mysid shrimp and fresh seafood. This feeding regime was identical to their prior regimen as commercial broodstock.

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Day 3

The entire egg mass was removed from each aquarium and carefully blotted dry with lint-free paper. The egg mass was then transferred into a 25ml graduated cylinder containing a known volume of aquarium seawater. The amount of water displaced by the egg mass was recorded to the closest 0.10ml. Knowing the average volume per egg, this displacement method (Shirley, unpub. data) was used to calculate the approximate number of eggs produced per spawn. The egg mass was replaced after a small sub-sample of the egg mass (50-100 eggs) was removed at 24 and 72 hours post-fertilization and analyzed under a dissecting microscope. The embryos were observed for any developmental abnormalities as compared to a "normal" developmental series (Fig. 2). The number of normal and abnormal embryos at each sampling session was recorded. On the evening of expected hatch (90 hours postfertilization), the egg mass was removed from the aquarium to hatch in an 8 liter aquarium (Fig. 3). The egg mass was placed in a submerged 250ml Erlenmeyer flask and gently aerated with a rigid airline tube producing approximately 40 bubbles per minute. This motion facilitated hatch of the egg mass once the lights went out. At approximately 12 hours post-hatch, the surviving hatched larvae were euthanized with MS-222 (100mg/L) and counted.

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Effects of Copper Exposure on Marine Ornamental Fish Reproduction and Survival

difficult to maintain at the desired treatment levels for more than 8 hours. Generally, recorded copper levels were below the targeted values in the morning and above targeted values in the afternoon following re-dosing. Additionally, fluctuating background levels of copper in our incoming seawater were recorded between 0.01-0.04mg/L, which further complicated proper dosing. Despite the fluctuations in copper levels, angelfish were acutely sensitive to copper at the higher doses. Flame angelfish in treatments that received the two highest levels of copper exhibited significant mortality within the first 12 hours of exposure.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS All data were analyzed using SYSTATâ&#x201E;˘ (ver 11.0). Data from Experiment 3 were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Normality of the data (Shapiro and Wilk, 1965) and homogeneity of the variance (Snedecor and Cochran, 1993) were tested to ensure assumptions for ANOVA were satisfied. Percent data were transformed (arcsine) before conducting analysis of variance. Tukey's HSD test (Snedecor and Cochran, 1993) was used to determine significant differences among the means (p<0.05).

The relationships between exposure duration and flame angelfish mortality at increasing copper concentration are illustrated in Figure 4. At 6 hours of exposure, the 0.25mg/L treatment had already experienced 40% mortality. At 12 hours of exposure, the 0.25mg/L treatment experienced a total of 60% mortality, whereas the 0.20mg/L and 0.15mg/L treatments experienced 20% mortality. After 24 hours, the 0.1, 0.15 and 0.20mg/L treatments experienced an additional 20% mortality. After 36 hours of exposure, the cumulative

RESULTS EXPERIMENT 1 The daily mean concentration of copper measured for each treatment and the respective survival to 48 hours are presented in Table 1. Targeted copper concentrations were rarely achieved and were

Figure 2. Photomicrograph series depicting the normal embryonic development of the orchid dottyback (Pseudochromis fridmani). Time = time post fertilization. A 20min; B 45min; C 90min; D 4h; E 8h; F 11h; G 14h; H 17h; I 19h; J 21h; K 24h; L 29h; M 34h; N 39h; O 45h; P 64h; Q 72h; R 91h; S 93h. Box grid on slide = 1mm.

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Effects of Copper Exposure on Marine Ornamental Fish Reproduction and Survival

mortality had reached its maximum point and the values were constant until the conclusion of the experiment at 48 hours. All of the fish in the 0.00mg/L (n=3) and 0.05mg/L (n=5) treatments survived the trial. Results of a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) comparison of the survival curves revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the slopes of the 0.25mg/L and Control treatment curves. These data indicated that copper toxicity increased with increasing concentration and that mortality was strongly correlated with copper level. Figure 5 illustrates the relationship between the copper levels recorded and mortality in flame angelfish at the conclusion of this experiment.

EXPERIMENT 2 Copper levels were maintained at controlled levels in Experiment 2 and did not fluctuate significantly from the targeted treatment levels (Fig. 6). However, due to the use of the Dosatron™ on the flow-through seawater configuration, copper levels did not reach targeted concentrations until after 24 hours. We routinely measured values between 0.02-0.05mg/L of copper in the control treatment, indicating a background level of copper in our incoming source water. These background values were similar to what was observed in Experiment 1 (Table 1).

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the aquarium used to hatch dottyback eggs. Arrows indicate direction of air/water flow. The egg mass was aerated in a 250 ml flask, submerged in an aquarium. Top of the flask was open to allow hatched larvae to swim out.

The survival of flame angelfish exposed to the 4 levels of copper is shown in Figure 7. In contrast to what was observed in Experiment 1, mortality was not observed until after 5 days of exposure at the highest level (0.20mg/L). After 144h of exposure (day 6), the 0.20mg/L treatment had experienced 25% mortality. No additional mortality was observed for the duration of the experiment. None of the other treatment groups experienced any mortality.

EXPERIMENT 3 A summary of the data collected during experiment 3 is presented in Table 2. During the 30-day pretreatment period, each pair of dottybacks spawned between four and five times. The mean number of eggs produced per spawn (n=14) was 1927 ± 122 and the mean number of hatched larvae counted at 12 hours post hatch was 730 ± 135. Normality of the developing embryos was 98% and 84% at 24h and 72h, respectively. Embryonic development closely followed the normal progression as depicted in Figure 2. The mean hatch rate was 46%. It is important to note that we believe the hatch rate was negatively affected by the artificial incubation of the egg mass, as typical hatch rates are normally near 100% when the egg mass was left under the male's care. Despite our best efforts to replicate the motion and hatching environment of the egg mass, we typically could not achieve higher than 70% hatch rates.

Figure 4. Survival of flame angelfish exposed to six levels of copper for 48 hours (Control n=3; all others n=5).

During the 21-day copper treatment period (0.10mg/L Cu), the three pairs of dottybacks spawned 2, 3 and 4 times respectively. The mean number of eggs produced per spawn (n=9) was 1004 ± 162, which was significantly fewer (p<0.05) than during both the pre-treatment and post treatment periods (Fig. 8A). Normality of the developing embryos (Fig. 8B) was also significantly lower at 24h (47%) and at 72h (0%) than during pre and post-treatment periods. The mean number of hatched larvae produced was 0, as all of the developing embryos had died by 72 hours post-fertilization. Most of the abnormalities caused by the copper treatment were visible by 24h post-fertilization (Fig. 9). Exposure to copper at the levels tested caused many of the developing embryos to arrest shortly after fertilization. These arrested embryos would start to

Figure 5. Relationship of flame angelfish survival to increased copper level after 48 hours of exposure. (0.00mg/L n=3; all others n=5)

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Effects of Copper Exposure on Marine Ornamental Fish Reproduction and Survival

Table 2. Summary of spawning data collected from orchid dottyback broodstock over the duration of Experiment 3.

Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3

Period

# Spawns

Pre-Cu Pre-Cu Pre-Cu During Cu During Cu During Cu Post-Cu Post-Cu Post-Cu

4 5 5 4 3 2 3 4 0

Normal 24 hrs % 2365 ± 203 97.37 ± 1 2013 ± 96 98.72 ± 1 1491 ± 122 99.13 ± 1 1305 ± 66 56.73 ± 9 963 ± 296 49.26 ± 10 746 ± 186 37.78 ± 7 2641 ± 55 95.30 ± 2 1608 ±70 72.80 ±18 N/A N/A Values are means ± standard error. Eggs/Spawn

Figure 6. Recorded copper levels during trial Experiment 2. Copper levels were measured once each day on three replicate samples and values are reported as means ± standard deviation.

Hatched Larvae

Hatch Rate %

96.90 ± 2 93.89 ± 2 60.97 ±23 0 0 0 91.58 ± 3 53.36 ± 22 N/A

1107 ± 46 941 ± 91 376 ± 193 0 0 0 1734±433 497 ±316 N/A

54.07 ± 6 49.12 ± 8 33.59 ± 19 0 0 0 69.76 ±18 32.29 ±20 N/A

Figure 7. Survival of flame angelfish exposed to copper for 168 hours. Treatment levels were not reached until after 24 hours of dosing (n=8 fish per treatment).

Therefore, there were no eggs available for hatching, resulting in zero hatched larvae during the copper treatment period.

darken in color as they decomposed within the egg. Many of the eggs appeared less round, and in some cases were completely misshapen.

During the 30-day recovery period (period 3), pair #1 and #2 spawned three and four times, respectively. The mean number of eggs produced per spawn (n=7) was 2050 ± 204 and the mean number of hatched larvae counted at 12 hours post-hatch was 1027 ± 318. Normality of the developing embryos was 82% and 69% at 24h and 72h, respectively. Embryonic development closely followed the normal progression as depicted in Figure 2. The mean hatch rate was 48%. All spawning data collected in the post-treatment period were not significantly different from the pre-treatment period. However, pair 3 did not resume spawning during the 30-day post-treatment observation period. It is unknown why they did not resume spawning, as all other observed behaviors appeared normal.

Despite the large number of abnormalities observed at the 24 hours post-fertilization sampling period, many of the embryos continued to develop until about 30 to 40 hours post-fertilization. At the 72 hours post-fertilization sampling period it was clear that almost none (<1%) of the embryos exposed to copper sulfate had survived (Fig. 10). Due to the fact that we allowed the male to care for the egg mass until just prior to hatch, very few eggs were available for sampling at the 72h sampling period during the copper treatment. It is common for the male to cull out dead or improperly developing eggs during the incubation period, thereby reducing the number of embryos we were able to evaluate. However, of the eggs remaining for sampling, we were still able to document abnormal development of embryos exposed to copper (Fig. 10). It appeared that most development had ceased by 40 hours post-fertilization, despite normal development until that point. There were a very small (<1%) number of embryos that completed normal development to 72 hours post-fertilization. However, the male had consumed, or otherwise culled out, all remaining eggs from his den prior to the 90hr post-fertilization point when we would normally remove the egg mass for hatching. Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

Normal 72 hrs %

DISCUSSION In the summer of 2004, acute mortality of flame angelfish broodstock and a gradual, but system-wide decline in reproductive performance (egg output and egg viability) across a range of other species (clownfish & dottybacks) was observed. After much investigation, it was determined that the only abnormal system parameter was an elevated copper level, caused by the introduction of copper

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Effects of Copper Exposure on Marine Ornamental Fish Reproduction and Survival

Figure 8. (Top) Mean number of eggs and hatched larvae produced and (Bottom) mean percent normal embryos at 24 and 72 hrs post fertilization, before, during and after copper treatment. Values are reported as means (n=3 pairs) Âą standard error. Asterisk indicates significant differences between means (p<0.05).

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Effects of Copper Exposure on Marine Ornamental Fish Reproduction and Survival

Figure 9. Photographs of abnormalities in early embryonic development of orchid dottyback eggs exposed to copper. Arrows indicate normal embryos. A) Normal 24hr post-fertilization embryo surrounded by dead (dark) and misshapen eggs. B) Close-up of arrested 24hr post-fertilization embryo, showing characteristic darkening of yolk area. C) Normal 24hr post fertilization embryo with embryo that arrested 10-12hrs post-fertilization. D) Normal 24hr post-fertilization embryo surrounded by embryos that arrested 4-8hrs post-fertilization.

wire into the sump of the recirculating holding system. The wire had slowly dissolved releasing copper into the water and eventually elevated the system level to 0.10-0.20mg/L. It was at least 6 weeks before the elevated copper level was discovered.

this species. In strong contrast to the low-level treatments, fish in the highest-level treatments (Experiment 1) were immediately adversely affected by the addition of copper to the water. Within a few hours of exposure, many fish in the high-level treatments were exhibiting signs of stress (rapid respiration and erratic swimming behavior). The behaviors observed in these treatments were very similar to those observed during the acute mortality event at the ARC in Maine. It was clear that the addition of copper to the water at recommended therapeutic levels caused severe stress and injury to these fish.

After much effort, the copper was removed from the system using a series of large water changes, removing all calcium carbonate substrate (which absorbed copper, acting as a copper sponge, subsequently re-releasing copper back into the water to equilibrium), and by using a commercially available copper removing resin Cuprisorbâ&#x201E;˘ (Seachem Laboratories, Inc.). Once the copper level was reduced to below 0.10 mg/L, most of the broodstock pairs began to spawn normally again.

Prior to the start of Experiment 1, mortality of two of the recently acquired fish was recorded. Those two fish had been observed showing signs of "stress" (rapid breathing and abnormal swimming behavior) upon arrival at OI. They were purposefully going to be assigned to the 0.00mg/L treatment group with the idea that any additional treatment "stress" might inadvertently cause mortality, confounding the effects of the copper treatment. However,

The use of copper as a treatment for marine parasites requires constant exposure to levels between 0.15-0.25mg/L for a minimum of 21 days (Bassleer, 1996; Noga, 2000). Given the demonstrated sensitivity of angelfish to copper, copper treatment is counter indicated for

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Effects of Copper Exposure on Marine Ornamental Fish Reproduction and Survival

mortality of these fish prior to the experiment caused the trial to commence with only 3 replicates in the control treatment.

dosing at targeted therapeutic levels may be achieved. However, implementation of such systems is likely beyond the capacity of most hobbyists, importers or retail proprietors. Additionally, it is unknown whether prolonged exposure beyond the one-week end point of this trial would have lead to additional chronic mortality. It is also possible that other, less obvious, physiological injury could be caused by repeated or prolonged exposure to copper. Therefore, alternate treatment strategies should be investigated for the treatment of external parasites in this species of fish.

This observed mortality could be attributed to the stress imposed on fish when they are recently imported. The only control treatment fish that were lost were the new fish, acquired just prior to the experiment. Acclimation stress, and subsequent mortality, is unfortunately common in newly acquired fish. Mortality is particularly common with fish that are recently collected, as these undoubtedly were (coming directly from an importer). The remaining fish in the control treatment displayed no visible signs of stress and appeared completely normal for the duration of the trial. Also, the other newly acquired fish did not contribute disproportionately to the observed mortality in the other treatment groups. Furthermore, angelfish in the 0.05mg/L treatment did not experience any mortality, indicating that this species should not be negatively affected at the background levels of copper routinely measured in the incoming saltwater (derived from wells) at the Oceanic Institute.

Results from Experiment 3 verify that the lowest level of copper observed during the period of accidental copper introduction (0.10mg/ L) was high enough to impair the reproduction of marine ornamental fish broodstock. The effects of copper on reproduction in marine ornamental fish appear to be two-fold, negatively affecting both the adults and embryos. First, copper at 0.10mg/L affected the adult female orchid dottyback as evidenced by significantly reduced egg production. Second, the same copper level was toxic to the developing dottyback embryos, as none of the embryos survived past 48 hours of exposure. It is interesting to note that although the copper affected the adult females, the adult males did not seem to be affected to the same degree, as evidenced by unchanged fertilization rates of the eggs during copper exposure. Fertilization rates remained near 100% for the duration of this study and did not appear to be affected by copper levels in the water. It was observed that eggs produced in copper-treated water, if moved to copper-free water shortly after fertilization, would complete normal embryonic development. This result is highly suggestive that the negative effects of copper on the developing embryo occurred after fertilization and were caused by exposure to copper in the water, rather than exposure inside the female during egg maturation.

In Experiment 2, the same acute onset of mortality following copper exposure was not recorded. However, flame angelfish at the highest treatment level did experience 25% mortality. It is possible that through the more gradual and constant addition of copper, these fish were able to somewhat acclimate to higher copper levels. More likely, as these fish are increasingly sensitive to copper at the higher treatment levels, the reduced fluctuation in copper dosing precluded exposure to these "upper maximums". In Experiment 1, the targeted treatment levels were often exceeded in the afternoon, exposing the fish (even if only for an hour or two) to higher than desired levels. This exposure could likely have led to increased stress and reduced capacity for coping with the copper at lower levels and/ or the ability to adjust to copper fluctuations. However, the former method of dosing copper (not using dosing equipment) is the only feasible method for hobbyists.

Although copper exposure impaired the reproduction and embryonic development in this species, those effects were reversed shortly after returning the fish to copper-free water. Following the treatment, two of the three pairs immediately began producing eggs and larvae in similar numbers to pre-treatment levels. Although the third pair did not resume spawning during the 30-day, post-exposure

Prolonged exposure to copper, with reduced mortality, may be possible by utilizing a flow-through system with dosing equipment, such as the one described in Experiment 2. In this way, precise copper

Figure 10. Photographs of abnormalities in late embryonic development of orchid dottyback eggs exposed to copper. Arrows indicate normal embryos. A) Close-up of arrested ~35hr post-fertilization embryo, showing darkening of yolk area and bent body axis. B) Normal 72hr post-fertilization embryo next to an embryo that arrested 30-40hrs post-fertilization.

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Effects of Copper Exposure on Marine Ornamental Fish Reproduction and Survival

evaluation period, that pair did begin spawning again shortly thereafter. These results indicate that moderate exposure to copper may not have negative long-lasting effects on reproduction in marine ornamental fish. However, caution must be utilized during therapeutic use of copper, as some species, such as flame angelfish, appear to be much more sensitive than others. From these results, it can concluded that the recorded copper levels observed in the system at the ARC could have contributed to the flame angelfish mortality and prolonged reproductive decline in the other marine ornamental broodstock. Copper also proved very difficult to remove from recirculating systems and therefore should be avoided if other viable treatment alternatives are available.

4. Grossel, M., McDonald, M.D., Walsh, P.J., Wood, C.M., 2004. Effects of prolonged copper exposure in the marine gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) II: copper accumulation, drinking rate and Na+/K+ - ATPase activity in osmoregulatory tissues. Aquatic Toxicology 68, 263-275. 5. Grossel, M., McDonald, M.D., Wood, C.M., Walsh, P.J. 2004. Effects of prolonged copper exposure in the marine gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) I. Hydromineral balance and plasma nitrogenous waste products. Aquatic Toxicology 68, 249-262. 6. Grossel, M., Wood, C.M., Walsh, P.J., 2003. Copper homeostasis and toxicity in the elasmobranch Raja erinacea and the teleost Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus during exposure to elevated water-borne copper. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C. 135, 179-190.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to SĂ¸ren Hansen, for assistance in identifying and correcting the copper contamination of our broodstock system. We wish to thank Dr. Michael Optiz for preparation of tissue samples and assistance in diagnosis of copper toxicity. Additional provisions for replacement broodstock and systems modifications were provided by The University of Maine. We also wish to thank Kenneth Liu, and Joe Aipa for assistance during copper toxicity assays at the Oceanic Institute. Funding for the angelfish toxicity assays were provided through the Hawaii Sustainable Fisheries Development Project (NOAA Award No. NA05NM4441228).

7. Handy, R., 2003. Chronic effects of copper exposure versus endocrine toxicity: two sides of the same toxicological process? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A. 135, 25-38. 8. Noga, E.J., 2000. Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment. Blackwell Publishing.Ames, Iowa. 367p. 9. Paris-Palacios, S., Biagianti-Risbourg, G., Vernet, G., 2000. Biochemical and (ultra) structural hepatic perturbations of Brachydanio rerio (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) exposed to two sublethal concentrations of copper sulfate. Aquatic Toxicology 50, 109-124.

REFERENCES 1. Ali, A., Al-Ogaily, S.M., Al-Asgah, N.A., Gropp, J., 2003. Effects of sublethal concentrations of copper on the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 19, 183-188.

10. Perschbacher, P.W., 2005. Temperature effects on acute copper toxicity to juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture 243, 225-228. 11. Shapiro, S. S., Wilk, M.B., 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52, 591-611.

2. Bassleer, G., 1996. Diseases in Marine Aquarium Fish: causes, symptoms treatment. Basleer Biofish, Westmeerbeek, Belgium. 94p.

12. Snedecor, G. W., Cochran, W. G., 1993. Levene's test of homogeneity of variance. In: Statistical Methods, 8th edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa.

3. Grossel, M., Hansen, H.J.M., Rosenkilde, P., 1998. Cu uptake, metabolosim and elimination in fed and starved European eels (Anguilla Anguilla) during adaptation to water-borne Cu exposure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C. 120, 295-305.

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

What's Happening in Your Area?

REEFKEEPING EVENTS

WHAT'S HAPPENING IN YOUR AREA? By Advanced Aquarist Readers Check to see if an event is happening in your area! Published October 2008, Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine.

Keywords (AdvancedAquarist.com Search Enabled): Advanced Aquarist Readers, Reefkeeping Events Link to original article: http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2008/10/events

We are pleased to introduce Mark Vera from Aqua-Tech Co. Mark will be giving two talks during the day:

DO YOU HAVE AN UPCOMING EVENT? If so, please email us at feedback@advancedaquarist.com and let us know about it!

• Adding refugia to your reportoire, how to design and build a refugium

SUMMARY OF UPCOMING EVENTS

• A plethora of plankton, how to culture phytoplankton at home.

1. Cincinnati Reefkeepers Annual Frag Swap, October 18 Mark Vera has been keeping marine aquariums since 1991 during which he has worked in many capacities of the aquarium business. He has also worked on various personal and public research projects and spent two years breeding H. reidi. Being an active Divemaster Mark travels extensively diving lakes, rivers, and oceans throughout the world. Between travels Mark owns and operates a specialty aquarium installation and service company as well as volunteering his diving and husbandry skills at the John G. Shedd Aquarium. Mark is also the creator of the Phyto2 and Zoo2 product lines and continues research on the value of Plankton in the captive aquarium.

2. New Jersey Reefers Club 2008 Fall Frag Swap & Symposium, October 25 3. Second Annual Oklahoma City Conference for Reef Aquarists and Saltwater Enthusiasts (CRASE), October 25 4. Boston Reef Society and The Salt Water Addicts of Maine Coral Frag Farmers Market, October 26 5. Louisville Marine Aquarium Society, November 1 6. Southern Maryland Marine Aquarium Society Fourth Annual Reef Symposium, November 8

Stop by to share or gain knowledge of reef keeping and buy, sell, or trade coral frags! Check out local vendors and club sponsors! Free raffle ticket to win a multitude of door prizes when you pay the $5 admission fee! Plus main raffle!!! We look forward to seeing you there!

7. The Marine Aquarium Society of Ventura County's Second Annual F.R.A.G. Swap, December 6 8. Dallas / Fort Worth Marine Aquarium Society's Next Wave 2009, January 24, 2009

NEW JERSEY REEFERS CLUB 2008 FALL FRAG SWAP & SYMPOSIUM, OCTOBER 25

9. Marine Aquarium Expo, April 3-5, 2009

When: October 25, 2008, 10 AM to 6 PM Where: Crown Plaza Secaucus, 2 Harmon Plaza 07904, Secaucus, NJ (info, map) Admission: Before October 1st: $25; After October 1st: $30; $40 at the door. 15 and under are free. Website: http://www.njreefers.org/joomla/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=1

10. MACNA XXI, September 25-27, 2009

CINCINNATI REEFKEEPERS ANNUAL FRAG SWAP, OCTOBER 18 When: Saturday October 18, 2008 from 10am to 3pm Where: The Underground, 1140 Smiley Ave., Forest Park, OH 45240 (map) Phone: (513)221- 4888 Admission: $5; Frag Swap attendants with more than 15 items will be charged a $25 entrance fee. More Info: http://www.cincyreef.com/forums/viewforum.php?f=46

Schedule of Events: • 9:00 - Vendor Setup • 10:00 - Doors open • 11:00 - Guest Speaker • 12:00 - Lunch/Fragging Demo

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

What's Happening in Your Area?

• 1:30 - Guest Speaker

• And the Grand Prize this year is: A complete 75gallon Reefready system. This comprises a 75g All Glass mega flow tank (Donated by Aquariums) a custom built Oak Stand and Canopy, 2 4 foot T5 lights, return pump, plumbing for the overflows and a sump. The stand and canopy are not stained so that you can match the system to your house decor. This prize is worth over $1,500.

• 3:00 - Guest Speaker • 4:30 - HUGE Raffles • 6:00 - Cleanup

Guest speakers will be:

Guest Speakers:

• Dr. Ron Shimek: Firstly, it is with great pleasure that the organizers of CRASE wish to announce that --after a great deal of requests from COMAS members---Dr. Ron Shimek will be returning to CRASE. Dr. Shimek will be discussing invertebrates used as clean up crews, commonly available and some not so commonly available. His talk will encompass the pros- the cons- the dos and the don'ts.

• Dana Riddle • Charles Mazel • Eric Borneman Admission includes access to:

• Adam Mangino: The second presenter is a new face to the CRASE. Adam Mangino is one of the ORA team and is primarily involved with their captive breeding program and in particular he is responsible for the hybridization to create the indigo dottyback. He will be talking on captive breeding of marine ornamentals.

• Huge Raffles • Drygoods vendors • Livestock vendors

• Dr. Sanjay Joshi: Also new to the CRASE is one of the most respected names in reef tank lighting. Dr. Sanjay Joshi has published numerous articles on spectral qualities of bulbs and the effect of various reflectors. It is fair to say the level of expertise he will be bringing to the CRASE is outstanding and I very much look forward to meting him. Dr. Joshi will be discussing various options in reef lighting with particular respect to both T5 and MH technology.

• NY Style Deli lunch buffet, snacks, soft drinks

SECOND ANNUAL OKLAHOMA CITY CONFERENCE FOR REEF AQUARISTS AND SALTWATER ENTHUSIASTS (CRASE), OCTOBER 25 When: October 25, 2008, 10 AM to 6 PM Where: University Central Oklahoma Conference Center Admission: Adult tickets are $15 each for general admission, $25 with prepaid gourmet box lunch. Children are $10 each for general admission, $20 with prepaid gourmet box lunch. Website: http://www.mycomas.com/content/view/89/102/

• Dr. Paul W. Whitby: Dr. Whitby is President of the Central Oklahoma Marine Aquarium Society (COMAS) and has over 20 years experience as a saltwater hobbyist. Dr. Whitby will be discussing aquascaping techniques.

BOSTON REEF SOCIETY AND THE SALT WATER ADDICTS OF MAINE CORAL FRAG FARMERS MARKET, OCTOBER 26

After the fabulous success of CRASE 2007, Aquariums Tropical Fish Supply and the Central Oklahoma Marine Aquarium Society are pleased to announce the second annual Oklahoma City Conference for Reef Aquarists and Saltwater Enthusiasts (CRASE). This will be a single day event and will comprise keynote lectures by distinguished speakers in the area of saltwater aquariums. In addition, the President of COMAS, Dr. Paul Whitby, will be discussing aquascaping. There will also be a hobbyist frag sale, vendor and trade displays as well as numerous door prizes.

When: October 26, 12 PM - 3:30 PM Where: VFW Post 168, 238 Deer Street, Portsmouth, NH 03801 (map) Admission: $20 per tank charge for a 2-10 gallon tank, and $30 per tank charge for anything larger More Information: http://bostonreefers.org/forums/ showthread.php?t=58988

The list of prizes is beginning to take shape, please remember to stop by and check as it grows. For now, here are a few of the door prizes we will have:

The Boston Reef Society (BRS) and The Salt Water Addicts of Maine (SWAM) are joining forces for their October meeting and having a Coral Frag Farmers Market at the VFW Hall in Portsmouth, NH at 238 Deer Street on Sunday Oct 26th, from 12:00 noon to 3:30 PM. There will be a $20 per tank charge for a 2-10 gallon tank, and $30 per tank charge for anything larger. The market place will be for tank raised stuff only. Members will need to bring their own tank/water/lighting system. There will also be a standard frag swap for anyone interested.

• Gift Certificates to Aquarium Oddballs • Gift Certificates to Aquariums Tropical Fish Supply • Gift Certificates to Zoanuts

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

What's Happening in Your Area?

There will be plenty of food for everyone as well as one of the best Marine Aquarium raffles in the state, Lighting Systems, Skimmers, Custom Sumps, Bio-Cube 8 gallon tanks, and Gift Certificates are just a few of the raffle items! Vendors will also be on hand selling live coral as well as dry goods at very reasonable prices.

LOUISVILLE MARINE AQUARIUM SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 1 When: November 1, 1 PM - 4 PM Where: Falls Of The Ohio State Park, 201 West Riverside Dr., Clarksville IN 47129 (map) More Information: http://www.lmas.org/joomla/ index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=54

If you have any questions, club.smmas@gmail.com

feel

free

Please send payment through PAYPAL (www.payal.com) -- to email address club.smmas@gmail.com include your name, address and phone number so you can be reached if needed, in the subject line type "SMMAS Reef Symposium tickets" or just pay at the door!

The LMAS 2nd annual frag swap is just a few weeks away. Please do what you can to spread the word. We would like to see a good turn out again for the swap. Last years was great.

Schedule of events:

SOUTHERN MARYLAND MARINE AQUARIUM SOCIETY FOURTH ANNUAL REEF SYMPOSIUM, NOVEMBER 8

• 10:00 – 11:00 Doors open, tour the museum, view raffle prizes/ buy raffle tickets (all raffle tickets are only $1), view/buy items from vendors selling wet and dry goods, and socialize. Door prizes will be handed out to random guest as they arrive.

When: November 8, 10 AM - 5 PM Where: Calvert Marine Museum, P.O. Box 97, Solomons, MD 20688 (map) Admission: Adult ticket price is only $20, $15 for SMMAS members, $10 for students 12-18, and $4 for children under 12. More Information: http://www.smmas.org/

• 11:00 – 12:15 Dr. Mac will give his presentation. • 12:15 – 1:30 Lunch, socializing, vendors and raffle tickets will be available during this time also.

The Southern Maryland Marine Aquarium Society (www.smmas.org) is proud to host the Fourth Annual Southern Maryland Reef Symposium featuring noted speakers Tullio Dell Aquila of Aquatic Research & Development and Dr. Mac of Pacific East. This event will be held Saturday, November 8th, 2008 at the Calvert Marine Museum from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm located in Solomon’s, Maryland.

• 1:30 – 2:45 Mr. Dell Aquila will give his presentation. • 2:45 -3:15 Short break and the last call for raffle tickets. • 3:15 – 4:30 Raffle prize drawing! • 4:30 – 5:00 Closing remarks, socializing with our speakers, and clean up

Mr. Dell Aquila has pioneered LED lighting in the aquarium trade and is head of new product development and founding partner of Aquatic Research and Development located in Utica, New York. ARAD is a contract manufacturer and developer of aquarium products for a few of the top companies in the aquarium trade specializing in advanced high power solid state lighting systems. Tullio has spent over a decade focusing on the importance of proper lighting techniques for aquariums and developing much of the technology they are now producing today. He will be unveiling the latest in LED technology as well as his newest invention, for the first time at this show!

THE MARINE AQUARIUM SOCIETY OF VENTURA COUNTY'S SECOND ANNUAL F.R.A.G. SWAP, DECEMBER 6 When: Saturday, December 6, 2008, 11 AM – 4 PM Where: TAAM Warehouse, 1011 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA 93012 (map) Admission: $5, Raffle Tickets $1 More Information: http://frag.masvc.org/

Dr. Mac, a Board Certified veterinarian is well known in the hobby and has been a reef hobbyist for 40 years. His business, Pacific East is the number one livestock vendor in the nation over the last seven years and is the first and only State Certified Marine Aquaculture Facility in Maryland. He will be speaking on his Solomon Island Mariculture Project.

Here’s what you can count on at F.R.A.G. 2008: • SPS, LPS, Zoanthids, Softies, Hardware and just about anything else you could want for your aquarium, sold by fellow hobbyists and well-known vendors

The adult ticket price is only $20, $15 for SMMAS members, $10 for students 12-18, and $4 for children under 12. Included in this price is admission to the Calvert Marine Museum featuring wildlife from the Chesapeake Bay, a petting area of rays, interactive displays, as well as the history of the Chesapeake. Check out their website, www.calvertmarinemuseum.com for directions and all the activities that are available.

• Presentations and demonstrations from hobby experts • Tons of prizes raffled off • Great food from local vendors • Hot deals!! (What’s the point in a swap if you can have it delivered to your door from the latest Ultra-Mega-Reef-FarmWarehouse-Superstore for less?)

The doors open at 10:00am; check in at the front desk to receive your Reef Symposium passes and admission stickers for the museum. Tour the museum and enjoy the “saltwater” tank displays of the local Chesapeake Bay (who knew seahorses lived in the Chesapeake?), there is so much to see and do here you may want to join the museum and come back again! Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

please

• A wonderful time!!

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

What's Happening in Your Area?

Attention all reefers north of Ventura County – Now you don’t have to drive 3 hours to attend a Swap!! Amenities: • A warehouse with electrical outlets galore! • Free Wi-Fi (PayPal!!) • Plenty of free parking We need your help!! • We need some of the local growers/backyard hobbyists who are dedicated to promoting this hobby because they love it and want to share (you know who you are). • Spread the word! This is the BEST way to stock your tank! • F.R.A.G. 2008 is also open to commercial vendors. Visit the vendor sign up page for information on reserving a booth.

DALLAS / FORT WORTH MARINE AQUARIUM SOCIETY'S NEXT WAVE 2009, JANUARY 24, 2009 When: January 24, 2009, 9 AM - 5 PM Where: Fort Worth Botanic Garden, 3220 Botanic Garden Blvd., Ft. Worth, TX 76107 (map) Admission: $25 until November 1 More Information: http://www.dfwmas.org/nextwave2009/ registration.html Everyone is encouraged to attend Next Wave 2009! -- Think of this conference as going to Reef Keeping College for a day. Four speakers are being flown in to instruct attendees on successful saltwater care. After each presentation, which will be in the form of slides, PowerPoint, or video, attendees can ask questions from the speakers about the subject being discussed. Don't miss your chance to gain knowledge that will last you a lifetime! Speakers for this great event are: • Bob Fenner- The pros and cons of hitchhikers in the reef aquarium • Eric Borneman - The sustainablity of our hobby • Bruce Carlson - Reef Life in the Solomon Islands, a video presentation • Jake Adams - Water Flow is More Important Than Light The day will end with our famous Raffle, and we are sure you won't want to miss that! Raffle tickets will be for sale during the lunch session and before the raffle. We are accepting your reservations now. If you wait, the prices will increase as follows: • October 1st to November 1st: $25 • November 1st to December 1st: $30

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

What's Happening in Your Area?

• December 1st to January 1st: $35

• Livestock Dealers selling corals, frags, fish, invertebrates, and more

• January 1st to the event: $40 • Courtyard classes provides a wealth of entertainment and learning experiences

So register online now and save up to $15. Not enough to convince you to come? Here's pictures and info from Next Wave 2005! So register now!!!

• Many booths, workshops, and educational displays represented by clubs and charities • Huge Drawing both days with many, many, Major Prizes to WIN!

MARINE AQUARIUM EXPO, APRIL 3-5, 2009

• Manufacturers showcasing the latest equipment, products and services available!

When: Friday, April 3 - Sunday, April 5; 12:00 PM - 6:00 PM Where: OC Fair & Event Center, 88 Fair Drive, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 (map) Phone: 714-708-1500 Admission: $10 for Adults, $5 for Seniors, and FREE for Children 12 and under Website: http://marineaquariumexpo.com/

• Six Speakers from all over the United States come to demonstrate, educate, and inspire

MACNA XXI, SEPTEMBER 25-27, 2009 The 21st Marine & Aquarium Conference of North America (MACNA XXI) has been announced! Your destination city for this industry leading event is Atlantic City, NJ. This must attend event will be held September 25-27, 2009.

Marine Aquarium Expo” (MAX), is southern California’s premier indoor consumer-tradeshow, bringing together manufacturers, retailers, and saltwater enthusiasts from all over the nation into one giant, centralized location. More than 100 booths fill 22,000 square feet of exhibitor floor space plus another 7,000 sq. ft. of covered courtyard to accommodate speakers, raffle drawings, Club booths, and various workshops. MAX is the perfect venue to see the latest innovative products and offerings as well as the most progressive enterprises in the marine aquarium business. MAX is a spectacular marketplace for selling/trading of livestock, equipment, supplies, and various other goods. Literally THOUSANDS of coral frags are available for sale from the dozens of livestock exhibitors attending Marine Aquarium Expo. We invite you to bring the entire family to see what the excitement is all about. MAX is an event that you do NOT want to miss!

Join us for a weekend near the beautiful beaches of Atlantic City where the excitement never stops. September and NJ beaches are a winning combination. The weather is still warm and the water temperatures are perfect. If beaches aren't your thing, there is plenty of shopping, casinos, energizing spas, shows and concerts, endless nightlife, fine dining, boardwalk, golf, attractions, fishing, and water sports to keep you well entertained for the entire week after the show. The convention hotel is the Sheraton, Atlantic City located at 2 Miss America Way and attached to the convention center via an enclosed walkway. Hotel rooms are being held under MACNA XXI for special convention rates of $139 with discounted parking (though if you're not coming in by car you don't need to rent one to get around town). These rates are greatly discounted from their normal weekend rates. Be sure to use the room block when reserving your room.

• Two Full Days of festivities, trade, and entertainment! Do not miss this event! • Giant Market of Manufacturers, Wholesalers, Retailers, Hobbyists and more!

To make reservations, use the Sheraton Hotel Reservation System.

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Probiotics Part I: A Lot of Hype or a Lot of Help?

LATERAL LINES

PROBIOTICS PART I: A LOT OF HYPE OR A LOT OF HELP? By Adam Blundell M.S. Adam reviews using probiotics in shrimp culture. Published October 2008, Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine.

ÂŠ Pomacanthus Publications, LLC

Keywords (AdvancedAquarist.com Search Enabled): Adam Blundell M.S., Lateral Lines, Probiotics Link to original article: http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2008/10/lines

New uses of probiotics are making their way into the aquaculture industry. A probiotic is a term which literally means good organism. The concept is that you take a living organism (usually bacteria of some sort) and harvest the actions of that animal to benefit another. The quintessential example is the bacteria living in your intestines that help to break down your breakfast. Those bacteria greatly contribut to your health and wellbeing.

disagree with that Im sure they have studies to back up that claim. However, Im not sure that regulating your slow intestinal transit is a good thing. Their company states that probiotics are a new wave of functional foods and they use a type of Bifidobacterium. Bifidobacteria are anaerobic bacteria that make up the gut flora and aid in digestion.

PROBIOTICS FOR AQUATICS

BACKGROUND

This is the cool part. Probiotics are now being used in the aquaculture industry. Im going to focus on shrimp cultures since that is where I get the most questions. When I first started looking into Sanolife MIC (by INVE Technologies) I was expecting to see a form of Bifidobacterium. Some sort of anaerobic digestive bacteria. What I wasnt expecting to see were strains of the aerobe Bacillus. The three forms of Bacillus found in Sanolife MIC are Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilu. These bacteria are naturally occurring in soil and have been well studied. Actually they are some of the most well described and understood bacteria.

It has been almost a decade since I really put forth any energy into raising ornamental shrimp. Sure, I still dabble in it here and there. However, it isnt something Ive had much interest in for years. Yet I still get emails regarding shrimp aquaculture on a weekly basis. Apparently some articles I printed years ago still make the rounds in that field. What is of interest to me (and has been a specialty of mine) is nutrition. And in the world of nutrition the newest fad (some would say the newest achievement) are probiotics. Needless to say I get asked about this all the time both from a human foods and an aquaculture perspective.

PROBIOTICS FOR HUMANS Maybe Im just skeptical. To me, probiotics are the next marketing wonder. Remember Beta-carotene? Ginkgo biloba? Echinacea? Aloe vera? Smoothies with vitamins? Green Tea extract? Copper Ion bracelets? Do these things work? Probably so. Im not going to argue against it, because honestly there are studies to back up everything. My biased view is that there are a million things out there that can improve your health. As soon as someone shows that, there is a market for sales. [In the opinion of this editor, most of the things just mentioned do not work other then via the placebo effect.] Ive been seeing lots of commercials for yogurt containing probiotics. I eat a lot of yogurt. Ive yet to buy the yogurt that contains probiotics. Maybe Im being foolish and not taking advantage of a great benefit. Or maybe Im just not falling for the marketing. (Why is it that all the yogurt commercials I see for probiotics feature women, and try to tell them it is better for their health?)

The author is amazed that somehow the human species has lived for 8 million years without these miracle products! How did we ever live without the Worlds Strongest Fat Burner!? As a side note the local grocery store by my house has these products for sale in the same isle as the potato chips!!!

According to Danone (Dannon in the US), the maker of Activia, their product helps to regulate your slow intestinal transit. I wont

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Probiotics Part I: A Lot of Hype or a Lot of Help?

How does that help in raising shrimp? I dont know. One area of shrimp development that has always been in the back of my mind is to what degree a living system important to the larvae. Meaning is it better to raise the larvae in a system with lots of live rock and sand, or is it better to raise them in clean 5 gallon buckets? My experience would tell me that the live rock system is undoubtedly a better way to go.

RESULTS Just because I dont know how that helps, doesn't mean it is isnt helping. In fact INVEs worldwide testing has produced some amazing results. In growing shrimp they have seen a growth from 40 g/tonne to nearly 80 g/tonne of biomass. That is roughly doubling their production. What is just as impressive is the increased survival rate of their cultures.

It is possible, and the author is certainly aware, that many larval shrimp may be eating but not properly digesting foods. This could be one reason why so many hobbyists can raise ornamental shrimp for a few days or weeks but not for many months. Could probiotics help to overcome that hurdle (assuming there is a hurdle there)? Time will tell.

Graph from INVE Technologies testing of shrimp cultures. Faster growth rates of larvae receiving Sanolife MIC-F:

CONCLUSION Is this a miracle breakthrough in raising ornamental shrimp? Absolutely not. I wrote that last sentence with strong language but honestly I could be wrong. However with such complex mechanisms

Is this a new trend? Or is this really something great?

Figure 1: Significant increase of biomass yield (PL12) after application of Sanolife速 MIC during the complete hatchery cycle of Penaeus monodon.

Numerous studies show the benefits of fish oils, mainly Omega-3 fatty acids. Scientific reports and medical experts have certainly found good reason to make this a popular item.

Figure 2: Sanolife速 MIC produces superior survival rates throughout the entire culture cycle of Litopenaeus vannamei.

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Probiotics Part I: A Lot of Hype or a Lot of Help?

in development of zoeae stages I fill confident in saying that one big advancement wont do it all. At least, I dont think so.

AUTHOR INFORMATION

But in the meantime it will be interesting to see what kind of impact this research will have. For those who are trying to raise ornamental shrimp, they have nothing to lose by trying this. Additionally, early indications show that it may provide a great benefit.

Adam Blundell M.S. is a hobbyist, lecturer, author, teacher, and research biologist. Adam is the director of the Aquatic & Terrestrial Research Team, a group which bridges the gap between hobbyists and scientists. Adam can be reached by email at adamblundell@hotmail.com.

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

New MACO Course! Aquarium Photography

ONLINE COURSES

NEW MACO COURSE! AQUARIUM PHOTOGRAPHY By D. Wade Lehmann Marine Aquarist Courses Online (MACO) is proud to offer, starting October 19th, a course for aquarium photography. Published October 2008, Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine.

Keywords (AdvancedAquarist.com Search Enabled): D. Wade Lehmann, Fish, Online Courses, Photography Link to original article: http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2008/10/maco

arine

Aquarist

Courses

REGISTRATION DETAILS

Online

(http://www.aquaristcourses.org) is proud to announce the newest in our series of online courses. Aquarium Photography is designed for those of us who want to learn how to better use our cameras to document and show off our tanks and inhabitants.

Registration closes on Saturday October 18th!! Register now before its too late! The Aquarium Photography Techniques - Level I course, beginning October 19, 2008, is now open for registration! Live chat sessions will be 5-7pm PST (8-10pm EST).

http://www.aquaristcourses.org/aqphoto/ Through interactive online learning with practical, hands on photography assignments and critiques of your images through your own student gallery on the MACO website, you will gain a thorough understanding of how to capture stunning photographs of marine or freshwater aquariums and their aquatic inhabitants.

In order to register for the Photography course, please click the Paypal link at the bottom of the page. The cost for the course is $85 for the full 6 weeks and lifetime access to both the forums and the course materials. This course will be 6 weeks, with a weekly chat session (8-10pm EST Sundays). Transcripts of each course chat will be available on the website shortly after each chat session.

During the Aquarium Photography Techniques – Level I course, you will learn how to utilize your camera equipment (including electronic flash) to capture clear and compelling images of aquariums under different conditions as well as the basic rules of composition and fundamental macro photography techniques.

When your registration is received, watch your registered email for your login ID and password for the MACO website. At that point, you should have full access to the course and its contents.

We will examine how to ‘set the stage’ in an aquarium for your photo shoot while discussing a variety of techniques for capturing images of a variety of subject matter, including corals, invertebrates, and (of course) fish. We will also cover methods of photographing entire aquarium environments.

Click this link to register for the course: http://www.aquaristcourses.org/aqphoto/ Aquarium%20Photography%20Techniques%20-%20Registration

The Aquarium Photography Techniques – Level I course will also include an introduction to multimedia uses for your images & methods for displaying and sharing them as well as basic post-production skills, including digital file management and computer manipulation.

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

New MACO Course! Aquarium Photography

working with a number of local aquarium stores and wholesalers on livestock photography projects.

INSTRUCTOR BIO Chris lives in Vancouver, British Columbia; on the shore of the Pacific Ocean, about 10 minutes from the Vancouver Aquarium.

Chrisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; photography background includes producing commercial imagery for Food Manufacturers, Restaurants, Hotels, Resorts, Cruise Ships, and Tourist Attractions. His work has been used by organizations such as Hyatt, Disney, Carnival Cruise lines, Sutton Place Hotels, Vancouver Tourism, Seattle's Best Coffee and Expedia.com.

He has been teaching specialized photography skills since 2002 and has been an aquarium enthusiast and professional for almost 25 years.

In addition, he also holds a certificate in Adult Education from the Vancouver School Board.

Currently, Chris works with an aquarium design & service company that maintains approximately 150 (fresh & salt-water) tanks ranging from a 10-gallon nano to an 800-gallon reef environment. He is also

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Spectral Analysis of 400 Watt Mogul Metal Halide Lamps: Ushio 14000K, Icecap 400W Series, Elios 10000K

PRODUCT REVIEW

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF 400 WATT MOGUL METAL HALIDE LAMPS: USHIO 14000K, ICECAP 400W SERIES, ELIOS 10000K By Sanjay Joshi, Ph.D. This article presents the last of the 400W mogul lamps tested. Published October 2008, Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine.

ÂŠ Pomacanthus Publications, LLC

Keywords (AdvancedAquarist.com Search Enabled): 400 watt, Ballast, Bulbs, Elos, Halide, Halides, IceCap, Intensity, Lighting, PAR, Product Review, Sanjay Joshi Ph.D., Ushio Link to original article: http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2008/10/review

USHIO 400W 14000K MOGUL (PULSE START)

ver the last year, I have continued to test the metal halide

lamps, for their performance and spectral output. This article presents the last of the 400W mogul lamps tested. Table 1 shows the complete list of the 400W Mogul lamps and ballast combinations tested. Icecap has introduced their new series of lamps, and results of these are reported here. The Elios lamp was one given to me by Italian aquarists, I have not seen this lamp being sold in the USA. While performing tests on the Elios lamp, I also received the new Sunlight Supply Galaxy 400W Electronic ballast, and tested the Elios lamp with this ballast. During the course of this round of testing, the Coralvue Electronic ballast failed and hence was unavailable for use with the Icecap and Elios lamps.

Table 2: USHIO 400W 14000K Mogul - Pulse Start Ballast

Power

Voltage

Current

PPFD

CCT

Efficiency

Icecap PFO-HQI Blueline Coralvue TaiwanHQI Magnetic - M59 Pulse M135 EVC

428 445 388 457

120.6 120.6 120.5 121.2

3.71 5.3 3.37 3.91

154.7 144.7 129.8 167.9

13380 12950 15583 10389

0.36145 0.32517 0.33454 0.36740

496

121.5

4.38

190.6

9344

0.38427 0.35309

518

121.5

4.49

182.9

8842

475

122.5

4.23

164.4

9667

0.34611

422

122.1

3.61

151.1

10862

0.35806

Table 1: List of lamps and ballasts tested 400W Mogul Lamps Ushio 400W 14000K (Pulse Start) Icecap 400W 10000K Icecap 400W 14000K Icecap 400W 20000K Elios 400W 10000K

400W Ballasts PFO-HQI Taiwan HQI EVC (Electronic) Icecap (Electronic) Magnetic (M59) Blueline (Electronic) Sunlight Galaxy (Electronic)

COMPARISON OF LAMP PERFORMANCE UNDER DIFFERENT BALLASTS This section presents the results of testing the different lamps using different ballasts. For each lamp tested different ballasts were used to fire the lamp and data is presented. Figure 1: Spectral Plot of the Ushio 14000K Pulse Start Lamp with the different ballasts

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Spectral Analysis of 400 Watt Mogul Metal Halide Lamps: Ushio 14000K, Icecap 400W Series, Elios 10000K

ICECAP 400W 10000K MOGUL

ICECAP 400W 20000K MOGUL

Table 3: Icecap 400W 10000K Mogul Ballast Magnetic (M59) PFO HQI Blueline TaiwanHQI Icecap EVC

Power

Voltage

Table 5: Icecap 400W 20000K Mogul

Current

PPFD

CCT

Efficiency

518

120.9

5.52

192.4

6564

0.37143

437 393

120.8 121.3

5.28 3.4

147 137.4

7207 8340

0.33638 0.34962

501

120.7

4.31

200

6715

0.39920

432 424

122.8 122.3

3.68 3.64

162.4 157.3

6868 7400

0.37593 0.37099

Ballast

Power

Voltage

Current

PPFD

CCT

Efficiency

Icecap EVC Blueline PFO HQI TaiwanHQI Magnetic (M59)

432 423 393 517

120.6 121.1 121.9 122.5

3.75 3.67 3.38 5.52

106.3 103.7 92.9 122.3

0 0 0 43821

0.24606 0.24515 0.23639 0.23656

442

121.6

3.52

108.5

0.24548

458

121

4.18

98.8

0.21572

Figure 2: Spectral Plot of the Icecap 400W 10000K Mogul Lamp with the different ballasts

Figure 4: Spectral Plot of the Icecap 400W 20000K Mogul Lamp with the different ballasts

ICECAP 400W 14000K MOGUL

ELIOS 400W 10000K MOGUL

Table 4: Icecap 400W 14000K Mogul Ballast Magnetic (M59) EVC Blueline TaiwanHQI PFO-HQI Icecap

Power

Voltage

Current

PPFD

CCT

The Elios lamp was one given to my by Italian aquarists during my visit to Germany last year. The lamp comes with the technical specifications and relative spectral plot on the packaging - this is something not seen with any other lamp. Figure 5, show the packaging for the Elios lamp. Further information about this lamp can be found at www.reefline.it

Efficiency

543

121

4.73

223.2

7413

0.41105

420 388

121.7 121.9

3.63 3.35

164 133

8709 17389

0.39048 0.34278

474

122.7

4.31

188.5

7801

0.39768

460 429

122.8 123.5

5.53 3.62

223.2 163.7

7412 9022

0.48522 0.38159

Figure 5: Elios Lamp Packaging

Figure 3: Spectral Plot of the Icecap 400W 14000K Mogul Lamp with the different ballasts

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Spectral Analysis of 400 Watt Mogul Metal Halide Lamps: Ushio 14000K, Icecap 400W Series, Elios 10000K

Table 6: Elios 400W 10000K Mogul Ballast

Power

Icecap Magnetic (M59) HQI Taiwan EVC Sunlight Supply (Electronic) Blueline

CCT

Efficiency

171.3

9478

0.400

211.4

10218

0.418

187.8 225.2 174.1

10010 10108 9920

0.395 0.445 0.411

3.95

204

9494

0.439

3.32

149.8

9891

0.384

Voltage

Current

428

121

3.65

505

120.6

4.41

475 505 423

121.1 120.5 121.1

5.4 4.42 3.63

464

121.3

390

121.9

PPFD

Figure 7. Comparison of PPFD of these lamps against all 400W lamps

Figure 6: Spectral Plot of the Elios 400W 10000K Mogul Lamp with the different ballasts

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Figure 7 and Tables 7,8, and 9 show the comparison of the PPFD output of these lamps against all the previously tested 400W lamp/ ballast combinations. As seen from the data, the Elios lamp ranks towards the top of the list in terms of output. The Icecap 10000K lamp also has output comparable to the top 1/3rd of the lamp ballast combinations. The Icecap 14000K has the highest output of all 14000K rated lamps, but the CCT of this lamp is more in line with 10000K lamps. The Ushio 14000K lamp's output is in the top 1/3rd of all ballast lamp combinations rated at 14000K. Figure 8 shows how the correlated color temperatures compare to other 400W mogul lamps. The European lamps, Ushio (German) and Elios (Italy) have the color temperature close to what is advertised, with the Elios having the narrowest spread of CCT. The Icecap lamps 10000K and 14000K lamps have their CCT towards the lower end of similarly labeled lamps. The Iccecap 2000K lamp is quite similar to several of the other 20000K lamps in the market. While testing the Elios lamp I also received the new Sunlight Supply Galaxy 400W Electronic Ballast, and results for this ballast are also presented for the Elios lamp. The Galaxy ballast draws more power than the other electronic ballasts (Icecap, EVC, Blueline) and hence also results in higher output of light. A forthcoming article will review some of the newer electronic ballasts. For comparisons with specific individual lamp/ballast combinations, the user is reffered to the lighting website www.reeflightinginfo.arvixe.com

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

Figure 8: Comparison of Correlated Color Temperature of these lamps against all 400W lamps

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Spectral Analysis of 400 Watt Mogul Metal Halide Lamps: Ushio 14000K, Icecap 400W Series, Elios 10000K

Table 7: Elios 400W 10000K and Icecap 400W 10000K compared to all other 400W Mogul Lamps Lamp Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elios 400W 10000K SE 1 XM 400W 10000K SE 1 EVC 400W 10000K SE 1 Elios 400W 10000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 10000K SE 1 EVC 400W 10000K SE 1 Elios 400W 10000K SE 1 XM 400W 10000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 10000K SE 1 Giesemann 400W Marine SE 1 Giesemann 400W Marine SE 1 Icecap 400W 10000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 10000K SE 1 Elios 400W 10000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 10000K SE 1 XM 400W 10000K SE 1 EVC 400W 10000K SE 1 Elios 400W 10000K SE 1 EVC 400W 10000K SE 1 XM 400W 10000K SE 1 EVC 400W 10000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 10000K SE 1 Elios 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue ReefLux 400W 10000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 10000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 10000K SE 1 EVC 400W 10000K SE 1 Giesemann 400W Marine SE 1 Sylvania Aqua Arc 400W 10000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 10000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 10000K SE 1 Giesemann 400W Marine SE 1 Giesemann 400W Marine SE 1 EVC 400W 10000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 10000K SE 1 Elios 400W 10000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 10000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 10000K SE 1 Sylvania Aqua Arc 400W 10000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 10000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue ReefLux 400W 10000K SE 1

Ballast Name

PPFD

CCT

Power

Volts

Amps

EFF

Taiwan 400W HQI

225

10108

505

120

4.42

0.4459

Taiwan 400W HQI

224

13096

502

119

4.4

0.4462

Taiwan 400W HQI

220

8194

492

120

4.37

0.4474

Magnatek 400W (M59)

211

10218

505

120

4.41

0.4186

PFO 400W HQI

208

8418

519

123

5.54

0.4017

204

8330

485

120

4.27

0.4221

204

9494

464

121

3.95

0.4397

PFO 400W HQI

202

13082

478

119

5.31

0.4226

Taiwan 400W HQI

200

6715

501

120

4.31

0.3992

Taiwan 400W HQI

198

7419

500

121

4.28

0.397

PFO 400W HQI

197

7639

522

122

5.35

0.3776

Magnatek 400W (M59)

192

6564

518

120

5.52

0.3714

Taiwan 400W HQI

191

9262

514

122

4.38

0.372

Magnatek 400W (M59) Sunlight Galaxy 400W Electronic

PFO 400W HQI Magnatek 400W (M59) Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic PFO 400W HQI Magnatek 400W (M59) Icecap 400W Electronic Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic Icecap 400W Electronic

187

10010

475

121

5.4

0.3954

184

8788

471

122

4.08

0.3907

179

11915

438

120

4.07

0.4087

175

8935

423

120

3.66

0.4158

174

9920

423

121

3.63

0.4116

173

8441

450

121

5.26

0.3851

172

11660

438

120

3.9

0.3927

172

8371

420

120

3.58

0.41

171

8402

426

122

3.62

0.4021

171

9478

428

121

3.65

0.4002

PFO 400W HQI

170

535

121

5.22

0.3194

Taiwan 400W HQI

167

8110

482

119

4.28

0.3465

PFO 400W HQI

165

8071

512

119

5.47

0.3223

164

8600

412

123

3.46

0.4

164

7213

446

122

3.76

0.3688

162

10014

480

119

4.32

0.3375

162

6868

432

122

3.68

0.3759

157

7400

424

122

3.64

0.371

153

7186

452

122

3.96

0.3396

EVC 400W Electronic Coralvue 400W Electronic Taiwan 400W HQI Icecap 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) EVC 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic PFO 400W HQI Magnatek 400W (M59) Icecap 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic Taiwan 400W HQI

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

153

7208

412

122

3.47

0.3733

151

10047

386

120

3.37

0.3917

149

7267

424

122

3.59

0.3524

149

9891

390

121

3.32

0.3841

148

8199

414

122

3.5

0.3597

147

7207

437

120

5.28

0.3364

146

10454

438

117

3.81

0.3333

143

8978

419

121

3.57

0.3427

143

7233

413

122

3.5

0.3465

143

458

122

4.02

0.314

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Spectral Analysis of 400 Watt Mogul Metal Halide Lamps: Ushio 14000K, Icecap 400W Series, Elios 10000K

Lamp Name 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

68 69 70 71 72

74 75 76 77 78

Aqualine Buschke 400W 10000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue ReefLux 400W 10000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 10000K SE 1 Sylvania Aqua Arc 400W 10000K SE 1 Aqualine Buschke 400W 10000K SE 1 Giesemann 400W Marine SE 1 Sylvania Aqua Arc 400W 10000K SE 1 Giesemann 400W Marine SE 1 Coralvue ReefLux 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue ReefLux 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue ReefLux 400W 10000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 10000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 10000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 10000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue ReefLux 400W 10000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 10000K SE 1 Aqualine Buschke 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue ReefLux 400W 10000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 10000K SE 1 Aqualine Buschke 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 10000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 10000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 10000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 10000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 10000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 10000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 10000K SE 1

Ballast Name

PPFD

CCT

Power

Volts

Amps

EFF

Taiwan 400W HQI

140

9481

464

119

4.2

0.3017

138

7191

419

120

3.59

0.3296

137

425

121

3.64

0.3228

Icecap 400W Electronic Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic

137

8340

393

121

3.4

0.3496

PFO 400W HQI

133

10335

467

119

5.56

0.2848

PFO 400W HQI

133

9104

485

119

5.56

0.2742

133

7324

380

123

3.18

0.3518

132

10409

447

118

4.11

0.2953

Blueline 400W Electronic Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) Icecap 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic Icecap 400W Electronic Coralvue 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) Blueline 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) Blueline 400W Electronic

132

7140

414

122

3.46

0.3191

130

418

121

3.57

0.3117

129

417

121

3.52

0.3098

127

437

121

374

0.2913

123

7650

428

118

3.94

0.2874

122

8946

386

121

3.31

0.3161

119

7199

384

120

3.32

0.3104

117

7507

412

117

4.03

0.284

115

381

122

3.22

0.3031

PFO 400W HQI

103

503

120

5.57

0.2052

PFO 400W HQI

102

508

121

5.57

0.2018

101

6995

415

118

3.97

0.2434

101

395

122

3.64

0.257

Taiwan 400W HQI

458

122

3.99

0.2157

Magnatek 400W (M59)

6616

418

118

3.87

0.2249

Taiwan 400W HQI

465

122

4.04

0.2017

Coralvue 400W Electronic

451

122

3.78

0.2064

Magnatek 400W (M59)

472

121

4.19

0.1962

445

121

3.96

0.1978

452

122

3.81

0.1887

Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) Magnatek 400W (M59)

Magnatek 400W (M59) Coralvue 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic

419

122

3.58

0.2026

Blueline 400W Electronic

385

122

3.25

0.2185

EVC 400W Electronic

418

122

3.55

0.201

Icecap 400W Electronic

418

122

3.49

0.1928

425

123

3.59

0.1842

412

122

3.47

0.1845

384

123

3.23

0.1977

426

123

3.93

0.1554

Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic Icecap 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135)

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Spectral Analysis of 400 Watt Mogul Metal Halide Lamps: Ushio 14000K, Icecap 400W Series, Elios 10000K

Table 8: Ushio 400W 14000K and Icecap 400W 14000K compared to all other 400W 14000K Mogul Lamps

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Lamp Name

Ballast Name

PPFD

CCT

Power

Volts

Amps

EFF

Icecap 400W 14000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 14000K SE 1 BLV 400W Nepturion 14000K SE 1 BLV 400W Nepturion 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 2 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 1 Aquaconnect 400W 14000K SE 1 BLV 400W Nepturion 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 2 Icecap 400W 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 14000K SE 1 BLV 400W Nepturion 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 2 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 2 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 1 BLV 400W Nepturion 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 2 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 2 EVC 400W 14000K SE 1 Aquaconnect 400W 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 2 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 1 Aquaconnect 400W 14000K SE 1 BLV 400W Nepturion 14000K SE 1 Aquaconnect 400W 14000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 14000K SE 1 BLV 400W Nepturion 14000K SE 1 Aquaconnect 400W 14000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 14000K SE 1 EVC 400W 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 1 Ushio 400W 14000K SE 2 Hamilton 400W 14000K SE 1 Aquaconnect 400W 14000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 14000K SE 1 EVC 400W 14000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 14000K SE 1

Magnatek 400W (M59)

223

7413

543

121

4.73

0.411

PFO 400W HQI

223

7412

460

122

5.53

0.4852

PFO 400W HQI

214

10026

547

122

5.24

0.3912

Taiwan 400W HQI

198

10648

500

122

4.3

0.396

Taiwan 400W HQI

190

9344

496

121

4.38

0.3843

Taiwan 400W HQI

188

7801

474

122

4.31

0.3977

Taiwan 400W HQI

185

11214

506

121

4.4

0.366

Magnatek 400W (M59)

182

8842

518

121

4.49

0.3531

PFO 400W HQI

170

536

123

4.8

0.3172

169

12756

446

122

3.78

0.3809

167

10389

457

121

3.91

0.3674

166

12377

493

122

5.52

0.3385

164

8709

420

121

3.63

0.3905

164

9667

475

122

4.23

0.3461

163

9022

429

123

3.62

0.3816

162

13701

418

120

3.59

0.3876

Coralvue 400W Electronic Coralvue 400W Electronic PFO 400W HQI EVC 400W Electronic Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) Icecap 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) Coralvue 400W Electronic Icecap 400W Electronic Icecap 400W Electronic Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) EVC 400W Electronic Icecap 400W Electronic

161

11706

492

121

4.33

0.3285

160

12809

457

122

3.87

0.3505

154

13380

428

120

3.71

0.3614

152

13648

419

123

3.5

0.3649

152

12241

458

122

4.19

0.3319

151

10862

422

122

3.61

0.3581

151

13494

431

122

3.66

0.352

PFO 400W HQI

146

541

121

5.08

0.271

146

416

123

3.51

0.3514

146

13262

420

121

3.63

0.3495

144

12950

445

120

5.3

0.3252

143

418

121

3.56

0.3421

142

12307

440

123

3.9

0.3227

141

428

122

3.63

0.3306

PFO 400W HQI

140

34583

512

122

5.6

0.2744

Blueline 400W Electronic

140

15441

386

124

3.22

0.3627

Taiwan 400W HQI

134

448

122

4.14

0.3009

Blueline 400W Electronic

133

17389

388

121

3.35

0.3428

Taiwan 400W HQI

131

465

122

4.14

0.2828

129

15583

388

120

3.37

0.3345

129

16581

388

121

3.35

0.3325

EVC 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic PFO 400W HQI Icecap 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic

Blueline 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic

125

79735

426

123

3.61

0.2937

124

378

121

3.23

0.328

PFO 400W HQI

123

30519

524

121

4.95

0.2361

Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic

116

425

122

3.61

0.2744

Taiwan 400W HQI

115

450

123

3.97

0.2562

Advanced Aquarist | www.advancedaquarist.com

October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Spectral Analysis of 400 Watt Mogul Metal Halide Lamps: Ushio 14000K, Icecap 400W Series, Elios 10000K

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

Lamp Name

Ballast Name

EVC 400W 14000K SE 1 EVC 400W 14000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 14000K SE 1 EVC 400W 14000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 14000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 14000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 14000K SE 1 EVC 400W 14000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 14000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 14000K SE 1 Hamilton 400W 14000K SE 1 Aquaconnect 400W 14000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 14000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 14000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 14000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 14000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 14000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 14000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 14000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 14000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 14000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 14000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 14000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 14000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 14000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 14000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 14000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 14000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 14000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 14000K SE 1

EVC 400W Electronic Icecap 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59)

PPFD

CCT

Power

Volts

Amps

EFF

114

412

123

3.47

0.2767

111

422

121

3.58

0.2652

104

412

122

3.49

0.2529

102

381

122

3.22

0.2698

449

122

3.98

0.2149

PFO 400W HQI

517

121

5.52

0.1868

Taiwan 400W HQI

442

122

3.92

0.2124

388

123

3.59

0.2387

387

121

3.31

0.2196

516

121

5.53

0.1574

414

122

3.49

0.1955

341

120

3.35

0.237

Magnatek 400W (M59) Blueline 400W Electronic PFO 400W HQI Icecap 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) Icecap 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59)

421

120

3.59

0.1876

444

121

3.98

0.1761

456

121

3.97

0.173

425

121

3.64

0.18

418

121

3.58

0.1804

Taiwan 400W HQI

452

122

3.99

0.1617

Coralvue 400W Electronic

452

121

3.84

0.1608

Coralvue 400W Electronic

451

123

3.78

0.153

Blueline 400W Electronic

383

121

3.3

0.1783

Magnatek 400W (M59)

462

123

4.12

0.1474

Icecap 400W Electronic

421

122

3.54

0.158

Taiwan 400W HQI Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic

EVC 400W Electronic Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) Blueline 400W Electronic

57329

422

122

3.62

0.1545

422

123

3.93

0.1517

388

121

3.34

0.1668

Blueline 400W Electronic

390

123

3.29

0.1636

31024

432

122

3.68

0.1454

378

122

3.65

0.164

416

123

3.51

0.1461

Icecap 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) EVC 400W Electronic

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Spectral Analysis of 400 Watt Mogul Metal Halide Lamps: Ushio 14000K, Icecap 400W Series, Elios 10000K

Table 9: Icecap 400W 20000K compared to all other 400W 20000K Mogul Lamps Lamp Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Helios 400W 20000K SE 1 Radium 400W 20000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 20000K SE 1 Catalina Reefgrow 400W 20000K SE 1 Helios 400W 20000K SE 1 XM 400W 20000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 20000K SE 1 Helios 400W 20000K SE 1 Helios 400W 20000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 20000K SE 1 Radium 400W 20000K SE 1 EVC 400W 20000K SE 1 Catalina Reefgrow 400W 20000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 20000K SE 1 Osram 400W 20000K SE 1 Helios 400W 20000K SE 1 EVC 400W 20000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 20000K SE 1 XM 400W 20000K SE 1 XM 400W 20000K SE 1 Catalina Reefgrow 400W 20000K SE 1 Ushio Blue 400W 20000K SE 1 Helios 400W 20000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 20000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 20000K SE 1 Ushio Blue 400W 20000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 20000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 20000K SE 1 EVC 400W 20000K SE 1 Ushio Blue 400W 20000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 20000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 20000K SE 1 Osram 400W 20000K SE 1 Coralvue 400W 20000K SE 1 Catalina Reefgrow 400W 20000K SE 1 Catalina Reefgrow 400W 20000K SE 1 Catalina Reefgrow 400W 20000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 20000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 20000K SE 1 Ushio Blue 400W 20000K SE 1 XM 400W 20000K SE 1 XM 400W 20000K SE 1

Ballast Name

PPFD

CCT

Power

Volts

Amps

EFF

PFO 400W HQI

149

526

122

4.94

0.2844

PFO 400W HQI

147

471

119

5.11

0.3121

PFO 400W HQI

146

532

121

5.4

0.2761

PFO 400W HQI

138

524

120

5.42

0.2647

Taiwan 400W HQI

137

465

122

4.07

0.2948

Magnatek 400W (M59)

128

466

120

4.1

0.2747

Taiwan 400W HQI

128

458

120

3.98

0.2808

Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic Coralvue 400W Electronic

127

424

123

3.6

0.3012

125

416

123

3.52

0.3017

125

447

120

3.82

0.2801

Taiwan 400W HQI

123

428

118

3.95

0.2874

PFO 400W HQI

122

543

121

5.24

0.2263

Taiwan 400W HQI

122

451

121

3.95

0.2716

PFO 400W HQI

122

43821

517

122

5.52

0.2366

PFO 400W HQI

121

438

119

4.98

0.2763

119

420

122

3.52

0.2855

118

414

123

3.48

0.2865

117

417

120

3.57

0.2808

Icecap 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic EVC 400W Electronic Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135)

114

486

118

4.39

0.2346

Taiwan 400W HQI

114

460

119

4.37

0.2478

Icecap 400W Electronic

113

422

122

3.58

0.2682

PFO 400W HQI

112

486

119

5.75

0.2305

112

383

123

3.22

0.293

Blueline 400W Electronic Icecap 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) Magnatek 400W (M59) Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic

112

418

121

3.53

0.2696

110

425

122

3.82

0.2595

109

451

118

4.13

0.2417

108

423

121

3.63

0.257

108

442

121

3.52

0.2455

Taiwan 400W HQI

107

465

121

4.07

0.2314

Taiwan 400W HQI

106

450

120

4.05

0.2356

106

405

123

3.89

0.262

106

432

120

3.75

0.2461

104

433

119

3.95

0.2402

104

383

120

3.31

0.2715

104

442

121

0.2362

104

450

122

3.81

0.232

103

387

122

3.28

0.2672

103

17614

516

121

5.33

0.1996

103

423

121

3.67

0.2452

102

445

118

4.2

0.2292

414

121

3.51

0.2398

442

121

5.38

0.2217

Taiwan 400W HQI

Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) Icecap 400W Electronic Taiwan 400W HQI Blueline 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) Coralvue 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic PFO 400W HQI EVC 400W Electronic Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) Icecap 400W Electronic PFO 400W HQI

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

Spectral Analysis of 400 Watt Mogul Metal Halide Lamps: Ushio 14000K, Icecap 400W Series, Elios 10000K

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

Lamp Name

Ballast Name

Catalina Reefgrow 400W 20000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 20000K SE 1 EVC 400W 20000K SE 1 Helios 400W 20000K SE 1 XM 400W 20000K SE 1 EVC 400W 20000K SE 1 Osram 400W 20000K SE 1 XM 400W 20000K SE 1 Radium 400W 20000K SE 1 Osram 400W 20000K SE 1 Icecap 400W 20000K SE 1 XM 400W 20000K SE 1 Radium 400W 20000K SE 1 EVC 400W 20000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 20000K SE 1 EVC 400W 20000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 20000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 20000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 20000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 20000K SE 1 Acquarmckzo 400W 20000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 20000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 20000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 20000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 20000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 20000K SE 1 South Pacific Sunlight 400W 20000K SE 1

EVC 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) Reef Fanatic 400W Electronic Icecap 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) EVC 400W Electronic Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) Venture 400W Pulse Start (M135) Blueline 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59) Blueline 400W Electronic Taiwan 400W HQI

PPFD

CCT

Power

Volts

Amps

EFF

420

122

3.58

0.2333

458

121

4.18

0.2157

423

121

3.63

0.2312

385

121

3.62

0.2506

422

122

3.59

0.2284

419

121

3.57

0.2267

412

120

3.74

0.2282

412

122

3.48

0.2301

406

119

3.91

0.2291

415

119

3.91

0.2241

393

121

3.38

0.2364

385

122

3.28

0.2364

412

120

3.76

0.2184

386

121

3.31

0.2295

444

122

3.9

0.1991

Magnatek 400W (M59) Icecap 400W Electronic Magnatek 400W (M59)

402

121

3.7

0.2035

55272

431

121

3.72

0.1763

436

123

3.98

0.1736

PFO 400W HQI

516

120

5.44

0.1442

52462

423

121

3.65

0.1759

392

121

3.38

0.1778

Coralvue 400W Electronic

452

121

3.82

0.15

Taiwan 400W HQI

452

120

3.96

0.1473

EVC 400W Electronic

420

121

3.61

0.1502

Icecap 400W Electronic

418

121

3.55

0.1423

Magnatek 400W (M59)

446

120

4.05

0.1253

Blueline 400W Electronic

385

121

3.29

0.1286

EVC 400W Electronic Blueline 400W Electronic

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October 2008 | Volume VII, Issue X

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