Architecture Beyond Oil 2016 | Research Booklet

Architecture Beyond Oil DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT / MS2 OIL STUDIO - RESEARCH BOOKLET 2016

DEN I z

u stEM

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IV I A

FORTY

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Architecture Beyond Oil Research Booklet Delft University of Technology Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment 2016

Authors Olivia Forty Deniz Ăœstem

Studio professors Dr. Ing. Carola Hein Department History of Architecture and urban planning Henri van Bennekom Department of Architecture Chair of Complex Projects 2

Architecture Beyond Oil DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT / MS2 OIL STUDIO - RESEARCH BOOKLET 2016

3

Contents

1

History

008

A Brief History of Oil History Chart of oil in every 40 years Nectar of Gods New Actors, New Industries Oligopolistic era & Suez Canal Crisis & War Recent History Oil Peak Oil Infrastructure & Structural Developments The developments of drilling Production and Consumption Maps Production&Concumption of Crude Oil History of Rotterdam Port A Brief history of Port City Rotterdam Development of Port City Rotterdam

010 012 014 016 018 020 022 024 032 034

2 038 040

042 044 046 048 050 052 054 056

064 066 068 070 072 074 076 078 082 084 086 088 090 092 094 096 098 100 102 104 106 118 110 112 115 120 122

4

Today Worldwide Oil Notional illustration of the world’s oil reserves Statistics Top Ten Oil Consuming countries Netherlands, Import Origins of Oil Products from One Barrel of Oil Companies Today Headquarters of the Oil Companies Companies Today Largest Companies by Output & Revenue Transportation of Oil Sea Transport & Pipelines Oil Imports, Exports and Transits Analysis Maps: Port of Rotterdam Waterways Rotterdam and Surrounds Agricultural Areas Residental Areas Rosenburg Hoogvliet Spijkenisse Employment Map Education Map Oilscapes Non-oilscapes Roads&Links Railways Wind Tribunes Spine of Infrastructure Port Places - Oilscapes (Zoom in) Pernis Botlek Europoort 1 Europoort 2 Europoort 3 Maasvlakte 2 Tank Types in Port of Rotterdam The Future of Oil Must Run & Exposed Refineries Energy Network Dike Protection Flood Risk Map Flood Protection Scenarios Scenario 1: Business as Usual Scenario 2: Additional Barriers Scenario 3: Closed Rijnmond Scenario 4: Open Rijnmond Dike Sections Soil Contamination Rotterdam Soil Contamination Map Soil Remediation Techniques Physical/Chemical Treatment Technologies Biological Treatment Technologies Desalination Seawater Desalination: Reverse Osmosis

3 126 128 130 132 134 136

Mindscapes Mindscapes Oil in Popular Culture Oil in Films Petroleumscapes Industrial Ancillary Administrative Retail

4

Manifestation

140

Manifest Designing the Transition & Stages

5

1

History

History

06

History 1

07

1

History

A Brief History of Oil For centuries oil for lamps was collected out of whales and that has sprouted whale oil factories all over the world. Leading to an almost extinction of whales. Around 1850 when petroleum and the uses of it were invented by Benjamin Silliman fossil oil was collected of oil pools above the surface of the earth.

In 1859 the Drake Well was the first commercialy drilled well to extract oil at a depth of 21 metres below ground. This is by many marked as the beginning of the oil era. The well was drilled on a oil seepage near oil creek in Pennsylvania.

Quickly the OIl creek became overrun by early pioneers trying to hit their own oil well and a forest of derricks arose above ground. At this point oil towns started to form around known wells.

After having struck oil and collecting it there was a necessity of transporting it to the users. Because most Oil fields were far away from cities and ports this was hard to do. First they found the 42-gallon barrel was the most efficient way of collecting and storing it but as oil demand grew there was a need of bigger oil storages and transportation methods. Transport in bulk was needed, so bigger tanks and a oil tanker was invented.

The man who managed most of the U.S. transportation was Rockefeller. He was in charge of the railways and thus the one

who controlled the transport of oil. His monopoly on rail transport led to the moment whe n he could charge any price he wanted for transportation.

With the invention of the internal combustion engine in the late 19th century the motor for an automobile was born.

The efficient petrol based engine could drive on a few gallons of petrol for long distances. Combined with the relatively cheap Model T produced by Ford the public was able to afford themselves a way of owning a car and be mobile. Quickly after the first dedicated automobile only roads were built and instead of having to buy petrol at a pharmacy it became possible to buy it at a ‘filling-station’ what later became known as a petrol station. In 1912 the first drive-in filling station was built in california. The new use of oil for mobility increased demand significantly.

With cars accesible to the greater public new possibilites arose to connect cities and villages. Horse and cart only had a reach of 25 kilometres a day while a car or a truck could drive way further. The new connections between remote villages and cities sparked a economic boom. To provide acces new petrol stations were build and highways were constructed. The building of high ways was also a great way to provide new jobs by the government.

Slowly the car life started with sub urbs

on the edge of the city and commuters to the centre.

Petroleum stations became ways of marketing a brand of petrol and they became architectural pieces with a recognizable style.

In 1935 a Du pont scientist invents nylon, the first purely synthetic fiber using petroleum based products. The implementations were nylon stockings that were far stronger than the previous available silk ones. Later on nylon was more and more used in other products as well.

The importance of oil increased as military verhicles were petroleum based.

The importance was recognized by the allies and the axis. The germans had a hard time collecting all the oil they needed to keep the war machine running.

U.S. Oil provided 6 billion barrels of oil for their own army which brought victory against Germany. Strategic bombing against oil industry in Nazi-germany depleted their resources. They even went in search for synthetic fuels and many research plants were build in the Ruhr area.

In the meantime U.S. & U.K. relations in Middle east provided necessary oil for the war.

In 1973 the U.S. got involved in the middle east by supporting Israeli forces with their war against neighbour countries. As a response the OPEC countries

Oil Charts for every 40 years 1840 - 1880 Nectar of the Gods

1880 - 1920 New actors, new industries

1920 - 1960 Oligopolistic Era & Suez Can

1858 1848 1850

1859

1865

1860 1863 1861

08

1920

1869 1870

1878

1885 1880

1931

1903 1890

1900

1910 1908

1914

1925

1933

1 1928

History 1

enforced an embargo against the countries that supported Israel. This embargo had widespread effects causing the biggest recession since World War 2. Oil became scarce and pumps did not have enough petrol to continue their business.

A second energy crisis occurs in 1979 after the Iranian Revolution transforms oil-rich Iran from an autocratic, pro-West monarchy under the Shah to an Islamic theocracy under the rule of Ayatollah Khomeini. Iran’s oil supply is largely curtailed, prompting President Jimmy Carter to call the new energy crisis “the moral equivalent of war” in a nationally televised speech.

During the 70s there was a debat about the climate, was it cooling down or was it warming up? The idea of a cooling down that eventualy would lead to a new iceage was a far more interesting topic than a slow increase in temperature so that was picked up by the media and created a public opinion on the matter. However climate experts were concluding that the world would be warming up due to the radical increase in greenhouse gasses.

This growth has been attributed to massive postwar government stimulus plus a happy nexus of low fuel prices, population growth and high Cold War military spending.

Fuel has been a breaking point during the cold war, when Europe did not coop-

erate with the americans in a trade saction within the energy sector. A pipeline at that time being constructed between Russia and Europe was target of “sanction wars” as repercussion for the russian crushing Poland’s independent trade unions in 1980-1981.

Pipelines are an epiphany of transantional transport that is becomes incontrollable by governments. Under the ground these lines cross state borders and with them their merchandise, invisible, their inlux and efflux controlled by global corporations rather than governments.

To maintain growth, oil companies now explore new frontiers of mining, including oil fields under the north pole, mixed through sands in Canada, and in deeper layers of the earths’ crust.

Now, nearly fifty years after the appearance of the first scientific evidence report for global warming, after numerous efforts to make the findings public and well-known, we can finally conclude that people have taken on the message.

Source: Research Booklet Architecture Beyond Oil, 2015

1960 - 2000 War & Crisis

nal

2000 - Today Recent History

1988

1945 1956 1950

1940

1960

1973

1968 1972

1943 1970

1980

2003

1981

2000

1975

1990 1979

09

1

History

Nectar of the Gods

10

History 1

11

1

History

New actors, new industries

12

History 1

13

1

History

Oligopolistic Era & Suez Canal

14

History 1

15

1

History

War & Crisis

16

History 1

17

1

History

Recent History

18

History 1

19

1

History

Oil Peak Peak oil, an event based on M. King Hubbert’s theory, is the point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline.[1] Peak oil theory is based on the observed rise, peak, fall, and depletion of aggregate production rate in oil fields over time. It is often confused with oil depletion; however, peak oil is the point of maximum production, while depletion refers to a period of falling reserves and supply.

Some observers, such as petroleum industry experts Kenneth S. Deffeyes and Matthew Simmons, predict negative global economy implications following a postpeak production decline and oil price increase because of the high dependence of most modern industrial transport, agricultural, and industrial systems on the low cost and high availability of oil.[2][3] Predictions vary greatly as to what exactly these negative effects would be.

Oil production forecasts on which predictions of peak oil are based are often made within a range which includes optimistic (higher production) and pessimistic (lower production) scenarios. Optimisticesti-

Predictions

In 1962, Hubbert predicted that world oil production would peak at a rate of 12.5 billion barrels per year, around the year 2000. In 1974, Hubbert predicted that peak oil would occur in 1995 “if current trends continue.” Those predictions proved incorrect. However, a number of industry leaders and analysts believe that world oil production will peak between 2015 and 2030, with a significant chance that the peak will occur before 2020. They consider dates after 2030 implausible. By comparison, a 2014 analysis of production and reserve data predicted a peak in oil production about 2035. Determining a more specific range is difficult due to the lack of certainty over the actual size of world oil reserves. Unconventional oil is not currently predicted to meet the expected shortfall even in a best-case scenario. For unconventional oil to fill the gap without “potentially serious impacts on the global economy”, oil production would have to remain stable after its 20

mations of peak production forecast the global decline will begin after 2020, and assume major investments in alternatives will occur before a crisis, without requiring major changes in the lifestyle of heavily oil-consuming nations. Pessimistic predictions of future oil production made after 2007 stated either that the peak had already occurred, that oil production was on the cusp of the peak, or that it would occur shortly.

Hubbert’s original prediction that US peak oil would be in about 1970 seemed accurate for a time, as US average annual production peaked in 1970 at 9.6 million barrels per day. However, the successful application of massive hydraulic fracturing to additional tight reservoirs caused US production to rebound, challenging the inevitability of post-peak decline for the US oil production. In addition, Hubbert’s original predictions for world peak oil production proved premature.

[01] Hirsch, Robert L.; et al. (2005). “PEAKING OF WORLD OIL PRODUCTION: IMPACTS, MITIGATION, & RISK MANAGEMENT” (PDF). US Department of Energy: 1–91. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

[02] Deffeyes, Kenneth S. (2005). Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert’s Peak. New York: Hill and Wang.

[03] Simmons, Matthew R. (2005). Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy.

Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.

peak, until 2035 at the earliest. Papers published since 2010 have been relatively pessimistic. A 2010 Kuwait University study predicted production would peak in 2014. A 2010 Oxford University study predicted that production will peak before 2015,but its projection of a change soon “... from a demand-led market to a supply constrained market ...” was incorrect. A 2014 validation of a significant 2004 study in the journal Energy proposed that it is likely that conventional oil production peaked, according to various definitions, between 2005 and 2011. A set of models published in a 2014 Ph.D. thesis predicted that a 2012 peak would be followed by a drop in oil prices, which in some scenarios could turn into a rapid rise in prices thereafter. According to energy blogger Ron Patterson, the peak of world oil production was probably around 2010.

predicted that worldwide production is at or past its maximum.Fatih Birol, chief economist at the International Energy Agency, also stated that “crude oil production for the world has already peaked in 2006.” However, in 2013 OPEC’s figures showed that world crude oil production and remaining proven reserves were at record highs. According to Matthew Simmons, former Chairman of Simmons & Company International and author of Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy, “peaking is one of these fuzzy events that you only know clearly when you see it through a rear view mirror, and by then an alternate resolution is generally too late.”

Major oil companies hit peak production in 2005. Several sources in 2006 and 2007

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil

History 1

21

1

History

Oil Infrastructure & Structural Developments

Pre - 1800s

1890-1900

Burmese hand dug well

1800

Galician Canadian Pole tool rig

1850

1858

Drake well - first commercial oil well in USA

Early 1800s Spring pole

1870

Galician hand operated drilling rig

22

History 1

1950

1930

143ft steel mast

American Petroleum Institute steel derrick

1900 1950

1915

Combination rig 230ft derrick

1940

Steel derrick braces from the 1940s

23

1

History

Production&Consumption Maps YEARS BETWEEN 1980-1989 year 1980 2.000

barrels per day

Crude oil consumption Crude oil production

CANADA 1989

USA

1980 2.000 1981 1982 1.500

1980 8.500 1981

1989 7.500 1988 8.000

1982

1987

1983

1986 8.500

1984 1985 9.000

MEXICO 1989

1980 2.000 1981 1982 2.500 1983

1984

Source: http://peakoilbarrel.com/world-oil-yearly-production-charts/ http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx

24

History 1

IRAQ 1989 3.000 1988 2.500 1987 2.000

CHINA

1980 2.500 1981 1.000 1985 1.500

SAUDI ARABIA 1980 10.000

IRAN

1989 2.500 1980 1.500 1982 2.000

1983 2.500 1984 2.000

1989

1980 2.000

1985 2.500

1982 6.500

25

1

History

YEARS BETWEEN 1990-1999 year 1980 2.000

barrels per day

Crude oil consumption Crude oil production

USA

CANADA 1999

1990 1.500 1991

1995 2.000

1990 7.500 1991

1999

1992

1998

1997

1993 7.000 1994 6.500

1996 1995

MEXICO 1999

1990 2.500 1991

1994 3.000

Source: http://peakoilbarrel.com/world-oil-yearly-production-charts/ http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx

26

History 1

RUSSIA 1999 1992 7.500

1993 7.000 1994 6.000

IRAQ 1999 2.500

1990 2.000

1998 2.000 1997 1.000

1991 0.500

1999

IRAN 1990

1990 3.000

CHINA 1990 2.500

1992 3.500 1994 3.000

SAUDI ARABIA 1999

1990 6.500

1990 8.000

27

1

History

YEARS BETWEEN 2000-2009 year 1980 2.000

barrels per day

Crude oil consumption Crude oil production

USA CANADA 2009

2000 2.000

2007

2004 2.500

2000 6.000 2009 5.500

2003 5.500 2006 5.000

MEXICO 2009 2.500 2007 3.000

2000 3.000

2003 3.500

Source: http://peakoilbarrel.com/world-oil-yearly-production-charts/ http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx

28

History 1

RUSSIA 2009

2000 6.500

2001 7.000

2.500

2002 7.500

3.000

2007 9.500

2003 8.000

2006 8.500

2004 8.500

CHINA

2005 9.000 8.000

IRAQ 2009

2008 2.500

2000 2.500 2002 2.000 2003 1.000 2004 2.000

IRAN

2000 3.500

5.000 2009

7.500

2000 3.000

2004 3.500

SAUDI ARABIA 2000 8.000

2004 4.000

6.000

2009 8.000

2002 7.500

2003 9.000

2006 9.000 2005 9.500

29

1

History

YEARS BETWEEN 2010-2014 year 1980 2.000

barrels per day

Crude oil consumption Crude oil production

USA

CANADA

2010 3.000 2.000

19.500

19.000

2.500 2010 3.500 2010 4.000

2010 5.500

18.500

2010 6.500

19.000

2010 8.500

MEXICO

2010 2.500

2014 2.500

Source: http://peakoilbarrel.com/world-oil-yearly-production-charts/ http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx

30

19.000

History 1

RUSSIA

2010 9.500

3.000

2010 10.000 3.500

2014 10.000

IRAQ

2012 3.000

2010 4.000 2.000

2012 3.500

2014 3.500

SAUDI ARABIA 2010 9.000

2010 9.000

2010 4.000

IRAN

2010 2.500

CHINA

2013 3.000 2014 3.000 2011 9.500

2014 4.000

10.000

2012 10.000

2.500 3.000

2014 10.000

31

1

History

A Brief History of Port City Rotterdam Maasvlakte 1 1960 - 1970

Maasvlakte 1 1960 - 1970

Europoort Phase -2

Europoort 1960 - 1970

Europoort Phase -1

Euro Ph

0

1 km

2 km

4 km

The Rise of Rotterdam Before WWII The rise of Rotterdam itself over the last hundred years has been very rapid. Its situation, 30 miles inland astride the most important of the Rhine arms the Nieuwe Maas, gave it command of Western Europe’s greatest trade tradeway. In much the same way as Amsterdam in the nineteenth century, the port suffered from the uncertanities of sea approaches that tended to silt up; and so, in 1870, the City Council had a Canal Constructed to afford a link between the navigable part of the Nieuwe Maas river and the sea. This formidable feat of engineering, the Rotterdam Waterway or Nieuwe Waterweg, 32

Post War Recovery guaranteed for the City a broad, deep and permanent highway to the sea and yielded rich rewards in trade and rapid increase in population and prosperity. The city suffered a most grievous setback during the last war, when the dock installations were systematically and completely destroyed by the enemy and more than a square mle of its central area was devastated bybrutal bombing. The port installations naturally received high priority in the redevelopment programme and are as efficient as modern ideas and methods can make them.

The rapidity of city’s post-war recovery was largely due to a tremendous increase in imports of crude oil and exports of refined oil and oil derivatives. Before the war refined oil was obtained from the natural sources of supply overseas; but scarcity of foreign exchange, coupled with the advantages of a European industrial climate compared with those of oil producing countries, led many European countries to establish their own refineries thereafter.

Much of rotterdam’s success as a port is reflection of the skill with which the city authorities foresaw and kept pace with the swift increase of shipping in the post-war

History 1

Botlek 1948 - 1957

Pernis 1929 - 1949

Eemhaven 1929 - 1949

Waalhaven 1929 - 1949

Historic Port Area 1929 - 1949

opoort hase -3 Europoort Phase -4

Duplication of Nieuwe Maas period. As oil tankers increased in size so new petroleum harbours were constructed of sufficient capacity and depth. The special requirements for siting refining installations are that they must be as near as possible to the sea in order that tankers can be unloaded quickly, and on open estuary so that large ships do not need to pass through locks; and they must have water approaches of sufficient depth to permit very large modern super-tankers and other ships of draught up to 50 feet to draw alongside the quays. Such requirements have been, and can continue to be, met within Rotterdam agglomeration.

Increased volume of oil refining leads to extension of petro-chemical industries; and the agglomeration has produced both the accomodaion and the skilled labour for these too. Major seaports often attract heavy industries such as blast furnaces, steel mills, shipyards and the like, which have siting requirements similar to those for refineries, and need also a load-bearing subsoil capable of supporting the graet weight of the buildings and equipment installed. The Rotterdam agglomeration possesses such advantages, and wants to attract more heavy industry so as to secure a better balance in economy.

The project implemented in two phasesfrom the sea to the Brielsemeer, it is called as Caland Kanaal and thence to the Oude Maas River, The Hartel Kanaal. As much of the Calandkanaal was needed for the first phase of the Europoort.

Source: Greenheart Metropolis: Planning the Western Netherlands, 1966 Gerald L. Burke

33

1

History

Development of Rotterdam 1930

1936

1950

34

History 1 Source: Dr.-Ing.Carola Hein Ir. S.M.A.Sedighi

1964

1972

2015

35

2

Today

Today

Excursion to Port of Rotterdam May 13, 2016

36

Today 2

37

2

Today

World’s Oil Reserves

Norway Canada

USA

Libya

Algeria Mexico

Nigeria

Venezuela

Brazil

38

Today 2

Russia

Kazakhstan

Azerbaijan

China

Iraq Kuwait Iran Saudi Arabia UAE

India

Notional illustration of the world’s oil reserves These are the reserves believed to be available to the world today. However, the actual quantites of oil are hard to predict, and may never be extracted.

39

2

Today

Statistics 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4

Canada

South Korea

Germany

Brazil

Saudi Arabia

Russia

Japan

China

2

USA

[01] Top 10 Oil Consuming Countries: Daily Consumption in 2012

24 22 20 18

Top 10 Oil Consuming Countries: Daily Consumption in 2012 http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/features/featurethe-10-biggest-oil-con- suming-countries-4141632/

16 14 12 10 8 6 4

Libya

Angola

Iraq

Kuwait

Saudi Arabia

United Kigdom

Nigeria

Denmark

2

Russia

[02] Netherlands: Import origin of oil 2015 - by percentage

Source:

Netherlands: Import origin of oil 2015 by percentage http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/

features/featurethe-10-biggest-oil-con- sumingcountries-4141632/

40

Today 2

Products from 1 Barrel of Oil

0.6 % - Other 0.4 % - Kerosene 1.1 % - Lubricants 2.7 % - Feedstocks 2.9 % - Asphalt/Road Oil

Only a small proportion of the barrel is used for non-combustion products

4.3 % - Petroleum Coke 4.3 % - Still Gas 4.3 % - Liquefied Gases 5.2 % - Residual Fuel Oil

9.2 % - Kerosene Jet Type

The majority of a barrel of oil is used for fuel

20.7 % - Diesel/Heating Oil

44% - Gasoline

[03] Uses of one barrel of crude oil - by percentage Crude oil is the basis for a wide range of other products, and is not only burnt as fuel.

41

2

Today

Companies Today

British Petroleum London, UK

Chevron San Ramos, US

ExxonMobil US Irving, US

Petrรณleos Mexicanos Mexico City, MX

42

Royal Dutch Shell Den Haag, NL

Today 2

Gazprom Moscow, RU

National Iranian Oil Tehran IR

Petro China Beijing, CN

Kuwait Petrol Corp Kuwait City, KW Saudi ARAMCO Dhahran, SA

Headquarters of the top 10 world oil companies

43

2

Today

Companies Today

3.5 million Chevron

3.2 million Kuwait Petroleum Corp 12.5 million Saudi ARAMCO

3.6 million Petroleos Mexicanos

3.9 million Royal Dutch Shell

4.1 million British Petroleum 9.7 million Gazprom 4.4 million PetroChina

4.4 million ExxonMobil

Biggest Companies by Barrel Output per Day Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_oil_and_gas_companies_by_revenue

44

6.4 million National Iranian Oil

Today 2

192.31 Chevron

144.17 Lukoil

455.06 Sinopec

251.94 Kuwait Petroleum Corp.

432.00 PetroChina

260.02 Total SA

358.70 British Petroleum

421.11 Royal Dutch Shell

378.00 Saudi ARAMCO

Biggest Companies by Revenue Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_oil_and_gas_companies_by_revenue

Above Left[01] Largest companies by barrel output per day

394.11 ExxonMobil

Clearly, the companies with the largest output do not correlate with those with the highest income. Here there is a discrepancy.

Above Right [02] Largest companies by revenue Sources: www.forbes.com https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_oil_ and_gas_companies_by_revenue

45

2

Today

Transportation of Oil

Primorsk

Rotterdam

Route of the Russian Oil Tanker The Russian oil tanker travels the roundabout route via Rotterdam, the Suez Canal and Indonesia to China. This route is 10,000 sea miles. Rotterdam’s position is key because of the depth of its harbour, allowing access to huge tankers.

to China

Above Left[01] Path of the Russian Oil Tanker Above Right [02] Pipelines in the Netherlands and Surrounds

Source:

http://www.rrpweb.nl/images/algemene-voorwaarden/FOLDERENG.pdf https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/cargo-industry/liquid-bulk/crude-oil-storage-and-throughput

46

Today 2

The Central Europe Pipeline System (CEPS) The largest NATO pipeline system - designed to operate in peace, crisis and conflict should they occur in Europe.

Markelo Schipol

The Hague Europoort

Rotterdam Rhine Pipeline (RRP)

1

Transports crude oil and semi-finished products from the Rotterdam Europoort to the Ruhr in Germany.

Rotterdam 3 Pernis

Rozenburg

176 Km

Oosterhout Breda

Vlissingen

Wesel

153 Km Lieshout

5

Scholven Horst

43 Km

Tilburg Eindhoven

Gelsenkirchen

Duisburg Venlo

Essen

103 Km Zeebrugge

Antwerp

Düsseldorf

M. Gladbach

Cologne

Gent Godorf

Wesseling Zaventem

Bonn

Rrp’s Crude Oil And Product Pipeline Systems

Pipelines

Rrp - Pumping Stations Central European Pipeline System

Pumping Station

Total: Crude Pipeline

Pumping Station (With Tankfarm)

Rotterdam Antwerp Pipeline 16” Ruhr Oel Pipeline Rmr-pipeline

Delivery Points Refinery

Rrp - Pipelines 36” Crude Oil 24” Products 24” Crude Oil

Source: http://www.rrpweb.nl/images/algemene-voorwaarden/FOLDERENG.pdf https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/cargo-industry/liquid-bulk/crude-oil-storage-and-throughput

47

2

Today

Oil Imports, Exports and Transits

Transits 4mb/d Other %20 Norway %11 Saudi Arabia %12 Nigeria %12 UK %14

Russia %31

Crude Oil & Natural Gas Production of NL Crude Oil & Natural Gas

1.27 mb/d Refined Products

1.90 mb/d

0.51 mb/d

NL Demand

1.00 mb/d

Energy Report of Netherlands The Netherlands is an important country as far as global energy flows are concerned. It is the seventh largest gas exporter and the ninth largest oil importer and an oil-products exporter. Dutch gas production, however, has peaked. The share of imported gas is increasing and the dependency on foreign suppliers is growing. Imported fuels have sometimes made the Netherlands dependent on unstable foreign regions. In addition, burn48

ing oil, coal and gas also is one of the main causes of climate change. Increasing energy efficiency and promoting a transition towards more sustainable forms of energy are important policy objectives, at both national and European levels.

Source: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency

Crude Oil & Gas

0.68 mb/d

Export of finished products from domestic refineries

2.00 mb/d

Germany France Belgium North America

Today 2

Groningen 842 kWh Friesland 368 kWh

Noord Holland 768 kWh Other 195 kWh

Flevoland 1324 kWh

Zuid Holland 501 kWh

Zeeland 658 kWh

Source *Petajoule

Noord Balabant 200 kWh

Consumption *Petajoule

%12

Household

407 PJ

%15 Natural Gas

1434 PJ

Total energy use in the Netherlands (according to the 2014 data)

3,258 PJ

Traffic and transport

499 PJ

Natural Gas 295 PJ Electricity 295 PJ Petroleum 4 PJ

Biomass waste 21 PJ

%40

*Petajoule

Industry (as raw material)

1,375 PJ

Oil

1252 PJ Waste 53 PJ

Nuclear 40 PJ Wind 18 PJ

%12

Energy Companies

377 PJ

Coal

313 PJ

%18

The other energy consumers (e.g. agriculture, horticulture, construction, trade, services and government)

598 PJ

Biofuel 112 PJ Other Renewable 1,7 PJ

*1 kW = 3600000 j/h

49

2

Today

Today Rotterdam Waterways

50

Today 2

51

2

Today

Today Rotterdam and Surrounds

52

Today 2

53

2

Today

Today Agricultural Areas

Hoek van Holland 9300

Oostvoorne 7700

Brielle 16 300

54

Today 2

Delft 96 000

Agricultural Zone The Netherlands are the world’s 2nd largest exporter of agricultural products, and the largest exporter of tomatoes and potatoes in the world.

80% of all flower bulbs traded worldwide come from the Netherlands, the majority of which are tulips.

Rotterdam 610 000

Holland has a 52% share of the worldwide trade in horticultural products, making it the dominant global supplier of flowers and flower products The greenhouses used for producing these products require light, heat and CO2

No vegetable cultivation Less than 4%

4-7%

8-15%

16-31%

32% or more 55

2

Today

Residential Areas

Hoek van Holland 9300

Oostvoorne 7700

Brielle 16 300

The Port of Rotterdam The port is divided into 4 main areas, which developed as it has explanded over the centuries. The earliest areas are in central Rotterdam, to the east, later areas are to the west.

56

Today 2

Delft 96 000

Maasland 6800

Schiedam

Vlaardingen

Rozenburg

76 600

71 300

Rotterdam 610 000

12 600

Zone 1

Pernis 4700

Zone 3

Zone 2

Hoogvliet 36 600

Spijkenisse 72 500

Zone 4

57

2

Today

Rosenburg In 1950, the Nieuwe Maas (or Brielse Maas) was dammed off at both ends of Rozenburg Island, thereby forming Briel Lake and connecting it to Voorne-Putten Island.

Beginning in the same period, most of the island was given to industrial enterprise, part of the Port of Rotterdam (Botlek and Europoort). When these sea ports were being planned in the 1950s, the councils of Rotterdam and Rozenburg made the arrangement that Rotterdam would lead the development of the ports and industry, whereas Rozenburg would

take care of housing development for the expected population increase. The village of Blankenburg on the island had to be completely removed to make way for new canals and industry. The new housing developments were concentrated around the old village centre of Rozenburg on Het Scheur. In a short period its population rose from 3500 to over 14000.

Source: Greenheart metropolis : Planning the Western Netherlands by Gerald L. Burke

[01] Windwall of Rozenburg

[02] Windwall of Rozenburg

58

Today 2

MAASSLUIS

Buffer Zone

In the north, this created a ‘soft’ transition to the petrochemical complex. The noise barrier and the dense vegetation were more important to teh buffer’s function than its width; there were no more than 200 m between the satelitte city and the factory.

Maas

ROSENBURG

Caland Canaal

Brittaniehaven Dock for floating parking garages.

Windwall of Rozenburg

Strong sea winds created problems for shipping on Caland Canal , so a unique solution was created – a 1.75km long wind wall consisting of around 125 individual concrete slabs. Designed by architect Martin Strujis and artist Frans de Wit.

Maatschappij Europoort Terminal

59

2

Today

Hoogvliet The Port in the Back Garden: The rise of the petrochemical industry around second world war caused a planning problem. It became clear that personnel could not live at the industrial complex itself, which was still possible in 1914, when the village of Heijplaat was built for the workers of the Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij. Since then there had been increased concern for the quality of residental neighbourhoods - the ideas of the garden city were developing rapidly.

The Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (a subsidiary of Shell) built its plant on the left bank of the Maas, in Vlaardingen.

The Waalhaven and the Eemhaven seperated these first two petroleumhavens (oil ports) from the rest of Rotterdam. But there was no underground metro yet, and a private car was still reserved for a small, affluent part of the population. A residental area was needed for personnel, within cycling distance of the refinery. The location for this new residential area was found around the dike village of Hoogvliet.

Immediately after liberation, the municipal urban planners started drawing.

The new Hoogvliet, prompted by the post war housing shortage, was much larger than Shell needed to be. The sketches followed each other in rapid succession, but they all shared one element in common: a spacious green structure surrounded by a green buffer. In the north, this created a ‘soft’ transition to the petrochemical complex. The workers and other residents were able to enjoy a green, almost idyllic environment. This was a lot better than the high chimneys and the metal pipes

of the continuously operating factories in the oilports.

The noise barrier and the dense vegetation were more important to teh buffer’s function than its width; there were no more than 200 m between the satelitte city and the factory. That proved tragic in 1968, when an explosion at Shell killed two employees and shattered thousands of windows in Hoogvliet and its surroundings.

Over time, more and more infrastructure was squeezed into the buffer, in the form of a little passage for the hinterland transport of the western ports. A section was recently overhauled to make room for the expanded A15 and an underground pipe for waste heat.

Residental areas are no longer built so close to teh petrochemical industrial zone, and there is no longer a need for personnel to commute to work by bicycle in great numbers. But it is also no longer necessary to hide the industry. A part of the buffer is now a post-modern park area and eroded paths show that Hoogvlieters enjoy climbing the noise barrier and the hill in the park, to admire the spectacle of the industrial environment.

Source: Peter Paul Witsen - Port of Rotterdam Nai 010 Publishers 2015

[01] Explosion in Shell, Jan 20 1968

60

Today 2

Shell Nederland Raffinaderij

Buffer Zone Shell Nederland Raffinaderij

In the north, this created a ‘soft’ transition to the petrochemical complex. The noise barrier and the dense vegetation were more important to teh buffer’s function than its width; there were no more than 200 m between the satelitte city and the factory.

HOOGVLIET

61

2

Today

Spijkenisse Spijkenisse and Hoogvliet are planned for residential development as extension of Pernis-Botlek-Blankenburg group during the completion of the ‘Randstad en Delta Plan’.

In the ‘Randstad en Delta plan’ the site for Spijkenisse new town is equally firmly defined on its north and east boundaries by the great Botlek harbour and the Oude Maas respectively, but proposals for new canals shown on the original Randstad en Delta Plan as forming the western limit were superseded in later versions. The existing village presents considerable problem in adaptation as the future centre for a town of 100.000 population. It possesses the typical characteristics of an old dike st-

62

tlement, with main roads and high dikes, minor roads on lower dikes and buildings clinging to dike berms or in narrow lanes leading steeply downwards from them.

The only feature of real architectural merit is the charming old church. For the rest , there are few options

Source: Greenheart metropolis : Planning the Western Netherlands by Gerald L. Burke

Today 2

SPIJKENISSE

63

2

Today

Rotterdam Employment source: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/ineqcities/atlas/cities/rotterdam/rotterdam-sei#uni

High concentration of unemployment

0-2.71

low unemployment

2.71-4.42 4.42-6.39 6.39-8.32 8.32-10.70 10.70-14.76 14.76-21.43

64

high unemployment

Today 2 source: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/ineqcities/atlas/cities/rotterdam/rotterdam-sei#uni

High concentration of manual workers

0-13.2

low concentration

13.2-17.7 17.7-21.1 21.1-24.2 24.2-26.5 26.5-30.2 30.2-100

high concentration

Source: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/ineqcities/atlas/ cities/rotterdam/rotterdam-sei#uni

65

2

Today

Rotterdam Education source: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/ineqcities/atlas/cities/rotterdam/rotterdam-sei#uni

Low concentration of adults with university qualifications

0-9.03

low concentration

9.03-12.78 12.78-21.10 21.10-28.68 28.68-38.71 38.71-50.64 50.64-100

66

high concentration

Today 2 source: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/ineqcities/atlas/cities/rotterdam/rotterdam-sei#uni

High concentration of adults with low educational attainment

0-4.86

low unemployment

4.86-9.63 9.63-13.79 13.79-20.00 20.00-25.73 25.73-39.01 39.01-71.43

high unemployment

Source: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/ineqcities/atlas/ cities/rotterdam/rotterdam-sei#uni

67

2

Today

Oilscapes Maasvlakte Oil Terminal Refinery Terminal

Shell Europoort Terminal Refinery Terminal

BP Refinery Rotterdam Refinery

K P R

Vopa Rotte Tank

Gunvor Petroleum Rotterdam Refinery/Terminal

68

Koch HC Partnerships Refinery

Today 2

Esso Nederland (ExxonMobil) Refinery

ak Terminal erdam Terminal

m

Shell Netherlands Refinery

BP Refinery Nederland Refinery Terminal Vopak Terminal Laurenshaven Tank Terminal

69

2

Today

Non-oilscapes Lyondell Covestro Chemical Manufacturers

Indorama Chemical Manufacturers

Various Chemical Manufactur

C

T

Uniper MPP 1+2 Coal and Biomass Fired Power Station

70

EMO Coal and Biomass Terminal Neste Biofuels Manufacturers

Abengoa Biofuels Manufacturer Enecogen Gas Fired Power Station

Lyonde Tank Termina

Today 2

Various Chemical Manufacturers

rers

Coal and Biomass Terminal

ell

als

Shell Nederland Chemie Chemical Manufacturers

Vopak Terminal Botlek Tank Terminal

Botlek Terminal Tank Terminals

Various Tank Terminals

Various Chemical Manufacturers

Various Chemical Manufacturers

Rijnmond Energie Gas Fired Power Station

Chemicals, Biofuels and Edible Oils Gas and Power, Coal and Biomass

71

2

Today

Roads&Links

72

Today 2

major roads minor roads

73

2

Today

Railways

Hoek van Holland Haven

Industrial Zone The industrial port zone has very few public transport links. The railway lines in this area are predominantly frieght - the metro and passenger railways serve only Rotterdam and other residential areas north of the river.

74

Today 2

Delft

Rotterdam Centraal Maassluis

Rotterdam Blaak

Rotterdam Zuid

metro rail

freight 75

2

Today

Wind Turbines

76

Today 2

Existing Wind Turbines Planned Wind Turbines 77

2

Today

Spine of Infrastructure

The Port Spine The southern edge of the port serves as an infrastructural spine The Port Spine incorporating roads, pipelines, railways and wind turbines. The waterways to the north feed into the inlets so that goods can be The southern edge of the port serves as an infrastructural spine tranferred to land, and vice versa. incorporating roads, pipelines, railways and wind turbines. The waterways to the north feed into the inlets so that goods can be tranferred to land, and vice versa.

Freight Railway Line Freight Railway Waterway RoutesLine Waterway Routes Main Roads Main Roads Existing ‘Multicore’ Pipeline Existing ‘Multicore’Pipeline Pipeline Planned ‘Multicore’ 78

Planned ‘Multicore’ Pipeline

Today 2

79

2

Today

Port Places

Zone 6

Zone 5 Zone 4

Zone 3

Maasvlakte 1 + 2

80

Europoort

Today 2

Zone 2

Botlek/Rozenburg

Zone 1

Pernis

Rotterdam City

81

2

Today

Zone 1 - Pernis

Oil Industry

Oil Storage Tank

Rail

Refinery/Manufacturer

Non-Oil Storage Tank

Gas Station

Non-Oil Industry

Residential Buildings

m

Metro Station

Pernis Vondelingenplaat

m

Oudeland

m m

Hoogwerf 0

82

500 m

1000 m

Today 2

Car Park (Interchange Area)

p

Pipelines

Refinery/Manufacturer

t

Rail Railways

Oil Storage Tank

s

Sea Transport

Nieuwe Maas t t

t t t

p

t p

s

t t

t

Botlek

s

s

p

t p

s

t

t

p

p

s

p

s

s

p

s

s p

s p

s

p p

s

p

t

t

t

p

t

t

p

s

t

s

t

s

t

p

s

Oude Maas

p

s

s

s

p

s

t

t

p

t t

t t t t

t

t

Hartelkanaal

0

500 m

1000 m

83

2

Today

Zone 2 - Botlek

Oil Industry

Oil Storage Tank

Rail

Refinery/Manufacturer

Non-Oil Storage Tank

Gas Station

Non-Oil Industry

Residential Buildings

m

Metro Station

Botlek

Geervliet

Hoogwerf 0

84

500 m

1000 m

Today 2

Car Park (Interchange Area)

p

Pipelines

Refinery/Manufacturer

t

Rail Railways

Oil Storage Tank

s

Sea Transport

Nieuwe Maas t t

t t t

p

t p

s

t t

t

Botlek

s

s

p

t p

s

t

t

p

p

s

p

s

s

p

s

s p

s p

s

p p

s

p

t

t

t

p

t

t

p

s

t

s

t

s

t

p

s

Oude Maas

p

s

s

s

p

s

t

t

p

t t

t t t t

t

t

Hartelkanaal

0

500 m

1000 m

85

2

Today

Zone 3 - Europoort

Oil Industry

Oil Storage Tank

Rail

Refinery/Manufacturer

Non-Oil Storage Tank

Gas Station

Non-Oil Industry

Residential Buildings

m

Metro Station

Rozenburg

0

86

100 m

500 m

1000 m

Today 2

Car Park (Interchange Area)

p

Pipelines

Refinery/Manufacturer

t

Rail Railways

Oil Storage Tank

s

Sea Transport

p

s

p

s

Maas

p

p p

s

s

Calandkanaal

s

p p

s s

p

s

s

s

p

p

s

s

p

s

p

s

p

s

p

s

p

s

p

s

p

p

s

p

p

s p

s

Hartelkanaal

Brielse Meer

0

100 m

500 m

1000 m

87

2

Today

Zone 4 - Europoort

Oil Industry

Oil Storage Tank

Rail

Refinery/Manufacturer

Non-Oil Storage Tank

Gas Station

Non-Oil Industry

Residential Buildings

m

Europoort

0

88

100 m

500 m

1000 m

Metro Station

Today 2

p

Car Park (Interchange Area)

p

Pipelines

Refinery/Manufacturer

t

Rail Railways

Oil Storage Tank

s

Sea Transport

s

s

p

4e Petroleumhaven s

g

Shell

s

p

s

t 5e Petroleumhaven s

p

p

s s

p

s

p

s

p p

t

s

t t

t

t

0

100 m

500 m

t

1000 m

89

2

Today

Zone 5 - Europoort

Oil Industry

Oil Storage Tank

Rail

Refinery/Manufacturer

Non-Oil Storage Tank

Gas Station

Non-Oil Industry

Residential Buildings

m

Metro Station

to Hull (UK)

Europoort

0

90

100 m

500 m

1000 m

Today 2

Car Park (Interchange Area)

p

Pipelines

Refinery/Manufacturer

t

Rail Railways

Oil Storage Tank

s

Sea Transport

Calandkanaal

Tenessehaven

t

Elbehaven

BP Raffinaderij Rotterdam t t s

p

Dintelhaven

6e Petroleumhaven s

p

p

Beneluxhaven

p

s

s

p

s s s

p

p

t t t

Beergat

0

100 m

500 m

1000 m

91

2

Today

Zone 6 - Maasvlakte 2 An invisible Junction Before the Maasvlakte 2 existed, the storage tanks of the MOT marked the end of the port.

You could not go any further. And anyone who went there could be forgiven for not realizing that this piece of the port was perhaps the largest logistics hub in Netherlands. And still is.

More than any other port in Europe Rotterdam is driven by by oil. For decades the supply of crude oil has been fairly consistent, usually

92

100 m

that’s not what makes MOT special.

What is remarkable, firstly, is taht the terminal is owned by all the major oil companies that have refineries in the port area, together with tank storage comapny Vopak. In early 1970s, these companies predicted enormous growth in the delivery of oil, which meant that they urgently needed additional storage capacity. The only place that was eligible was the Massvlakte, which was then still new and

Oil Industry

Oil Storage Tank

Rail

Refinery/Manufacturer

Non-Oil Storage Tank

Gas Station

Non-Oil Industry

0

about 100 million tonnes per year, sometimes slightly more. That means that for a long time, the black gold was the port’s most important type of good in terms in volume. Only since 2007 has Rotterdam stored more containerized cargo than oil.

Every year about 240 tankers deliver about a third of that 100 million tones to Maasvlakte Oil Terminal, which is the MOT’s full name. It can handle even the biggest supertankers. But

500 m

Residential Buildings

1000 m

m

Metro Station

Today 2

which had very deep waters. Because there was not enough space to give individual companies their own places, it was decided to build a joint facility. The second remarkable feature is the invisibility of the MOT as a hub. The transport of oil takes place under ground: the refineries in the port are fed with oil via pipelines. But this underground distribution does not stop in Rotterdam; oil is pumped through these pipelines all the way to Vlissingen, Antwerp and

the Ruhr Region.

This pipe network largely explains why Rotterdam is in such a strategically strong position in terms of Western European oil imports.

And in terms of startegy, is it rumoured that part of Netherlands’ strategic oil reserves are located at the MOT. Should the supply ever stop, then the Netherlands could manage for a few months with oil from the MOT.

Car Park (Interchange Area)

p

Pipelines

Refinery/Manufacturer

t

Rail Railways

Oil Storage Tank

s

Sea Transport

[01] Frank de Kruif - Port of Rotterdam Nai 010 Publishers 2015

Maasvlakte Olie Terminal (MOT)

t t

p

p

s

p

s s

s

p

t

0

100 m

500 m

1000 m

93

2

Today

Tank Types Port of Rotterdam

Low Temperature Storage Tanks Store liquefied gases from -33ยบC to -51ยบC

L ow Temperature Storage T

Horton Sphere Pressure Tank Spherical pressure vessel for compressed gases such as propane, liquefied petroleum gas etc

94

Hortonsphere Pressure Ta

Today 2

Dyke enclosures for tanks

earthen containment (optional) concrete containment

D yke Enclosure

Floating Roof Tank Used for storing large quatities of petroleum products such as crude oil or condensate

F loating Roof Tank

Cone Roof Tank Ususally contain liquids with a high flashpoint (the point at which compounds give off enough vapour to ignite in air)

Cone Roof Tank

95

2

Today

Rotterdam The Future of Oil Maasvlakte Oil Terminal Refinery Terminal

Shell Europoort Terminal Refinery Terminal

BP Refinery Rotterdam Refinery

Source: http://www.clingendaelenergy.com/inc/upload/files/ CIEP_paper_2016-01_web.pdf

96

K P R

Vopa Rotte Tank

Gunvor Petroleum Rotterdam Refinery/Terminal

Koch HC Partnerships Refinery

Today 2

Esso Nederland (ExxonMobil) Refinery

ak Terminal erdam Terminal

m

Shell Netherlands Refinery

BP Refinery Nederland Refinery Terminal Vopak Terminal Laurenshaven Tank Terminal

‘Must-run’ refineries: those which are more economically viable and most adaptable to future changes in the petroleum industry ‘Exposed’ refineries: those most susceptible to competition from refining industries abroad and that will be most affected by imports

97

2

Today

Rotterdam Energy Networks

Westland Greenhouse Area

Netherlands, Denmark, Norway

Terminal

Terminal

Gas fired plant

INDORAMA VENTURES EUROPE(Europoort Utility Partners)

Terminal

Coal&Biomass fired plant

Terminal

E.ON EMPP 1&2 E.ON EMPP 3

Coal&Biomass fired plant Terminal Engie RC

UK (Isle of Grain) BritNed : The owner and operator of the high voltage direct current Interconnector between the Isle of Grain (GB) and Maasvlakte (NL). Deliver the energy between Great Britain and the north-western European Region.

98

Gas fir

AIR LIQUI (ENECO)

Gas

AIR PR ELECT

Today 2

Greenhouse Area

Largest waste powerplant in Europe. Biggest plant for residual heat in Netherlands.

AVR: Largest waste powerplant in Europe. Biggest plant for residual heat in Netherlands. Their motto is ‘From waste to Energy’. It collects the industrial waste (both Dutch and imported waste). It collects 1.8 million tonnes Dutch waste, 0.4 million tonnes imported waste in a year. It turns the waste into steam, heat and electricity. It sends the steam to the Coal and Biomass terminal ‘European Bulk Service’ via Stedin steam pipe.

Rotterdam

Gas fired plant

RİJNMOND ENERGIE & MAASTROOM ENERGIE: MaasStroom Energie is a natural gas-fired combined cycle power plant. It is owned and operated by IPP developer InterGen, which is involved in the generation, supply and distribution of electricity to the Dutch power grid.

red plant

IDE

s fired plant

RODUCTS TRABEL

Shell Refinery

Gas fired plant

PERGEN (AIR LIQUIDE) STEAM&POWER UTILITY

Terminal

Hoogvliet

99

2

Today

Rotterdam Dike Protection

Prima

Flood Risk Map: 2100 The main parts of Rotterdam at risk from flooding are those in the city centre, unprotected by the primary dikes. Apart from a couple of exceptions, the main port area is high enough to protect itself.

100

Dike Protection

Today 2

ary Dike

Areas at risk from flooding

Source: http://www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/ documents/2015-en-ouder/RCP/English/RCP_ENG_ def.pdf

101

2

Today

Rotterdam Flood as Protection Scenarios Scenario 1: ‘Business Usual’ Protect the Rijnmond area with the existing Maeslant barrier.

Scenario 1: ‘Business as Usual’

Protect the Rijnmond area with the existing Maeslant barrier

Maeslant Barrier

Disruption to the Port The port as it is relies on an open connection to the sea, so closure would disrupt the functions of the port.

Haringvliet Dam

Source: Meyer, Han, Anne Loes Nillesen, and Wil Zonneveld.

“Rotterdam: A City and a Mainport on the Edge of a Delta.” European Planning Studies 20, no. 1 (2012/01/01 2012): 71-94.

102

Today 2

Rising Sea Levels = More Closures = More Failures Rising sea levels will result in more frequent closures in future - 1.3m rise by 2100 would mean 30 closures a year required. The barrier is expected to fail every 100 openings - the dikes behind the barrier must be strong enough to withhold water if failure occurs.

103

2

Today

Rotterdam Flood Protection Scenarios Scenario 2: Additional Barriers Protect the area with additional closeable barriers

Scenario 2: Additional Barriers

Protect the area with additional closeable barriers

Maeslant Barrier

Haringvliet Dam

Additional Barriers on River Side

Source: Meyer, Han, Anne Loes Nillesen, and Wil Zonneveld. “Rotterdam: A City and a Mainport on the Edge of a Delta.� European Planning Studies 20, no. 1 (2012/01/01 2012): 71-94.

104

In case of both storm surge and peak river discharges, the barriers can be closed and the excess water can be redirected to the Haringvliet Dam, which will direct it to the sea. This strategy does not allow for large scale urban developments that could redefine the relationship between northern and southern parts of Rotterdam.

Today 2

105

2

Today

Rotterdam FloodRijnmond’ Protection Scenarios Scenario 3: ‘Closed Complete damming-off of part of the Rijnmond Region

Scenario 3: Closed Rijnmond

Complete damming-off of part of the Rijnmond Region

Disruption to the Port The port would lose its competetive advantage: open access to both the North Sea and inland Europe.

Ships would have to pass locks to access the port.

Source: Meyer, Han, Anne Loes Nillesen, and Wil Zonneveld.

“Rotterdam: A City and a Mainport on the Edge of a Delta.” European Planning Studies 20, no. 1 (2012/01/01 2012): 71-94.

106

Today 2

Solves the problem of failure caused by closeable barriers. The barrier would disturb the natural, open connection of the river towards the sea.

Damming off the Whole Area

Water Quality in the Port In between barriers, a controlled water level would create possibilities for urban development, and would allow for transformation of the central river part of the city. Dikes within the city could be lowered or removed, allowing the Maas to connect to surrounding canals.

107

2

Today

Rotterdam Flood Protection Scenarios Scenario 4: ‘Open Rijnmond’ Removal of all storm surge barriers in the Rijnmond area

Scenario 4: Open Rijnmond

Removal of all storm surge barriers in the Rijnmond area

Impact on the Port Open connection guarantees accessibility of the port and mainland Europe.

Source: Meyer, Han, Anne Loes Nillesen, and Wil Zonneveld.

“Rotterdam: A City and a Mainport on the Edge of a Delta.” European Planning Studies 20, no. 1 (2012/01/01 2012): 71-94.

108

Today 2

Open Relationship between the Rivers and Sea The natural tide, sedimentation processes and the fresh and salt gradient of the water re-established, resulting in a more natural estuary.

Flood Risks in the Port Unembanked areas would come under tidal influence and flood on a more regular basis. Any areas containing buildings, polluted ground or industries vulnerable to floods would have to be protected by additional flood protection. Most dike rings would need to be significantly reinforced.

109

2

Today

Dike Sections How the Scenarios Affect the Dike System

Dike Sections: How the Scenarios affect the Dike System

extreme high water daily high tide daily low tide

b) Rijnmond ope

a) Rijnmond open/closeable at seasides and riversides

structural lowering

lowering ground level

winter level

summer level

c) Closed Rijnmond

Loes Nillesen, and Wil Zonneveld.

Source: and a Mainport on the Edge of a Delta."

Meyer, 2012): Han,71-94.

Anne tudies 20, no. 1 (2012/01/01

Loes Nillesen, and Wil Zonneveld. “Rotterdam: A City and a Mainport on the Edge of a Delta.� European Planning Studies 20, no. 1 (2012/01/01 2012): 71-94.

110

d) Open Rijnmo

Today 2

Dike System

incidental lowering dike level

extreme high water

extreme high water

daily high tide

daily high tide

daily low tide

daily low tide

b) Rijnmond open/closeable at seaside, with controlled flooding in dike-ring area

strengthened dikes

extreme high water daily high tide

winter level

summer level

daily low tide

d) Open Rijnmond, with enforced and heightened dikes

111

2

Today

Rotterdam Soil Contamination

00

1 km1 km 2 km 2 km

4 km

4 km

Soil in in Port SoilContamination Contamination Rotterdam Port

Soil Contamination in Port 0

0-5 0 5-100-5

10-15 5-10

10-15

112

15-20 20-30

15-20

30-50

20-30

> 50

30-50 > 50

Today 2

Soil Contamination in Rotterdam Port In order to get an impression of the spatial distribution of the contaminant situation, the chance of exceeding the intervention value has been shown in the next figure. The contaminant situation has been predicted at different times. The figure below gives the chance of exceeding the intervention values of all priority contaminants and indicates the situation for the year 2030. The highest chances of exceeding the intervention values at the 2nd plane of compliance are present in

the Eastern harbours, the Pernis area and the Eastern parts of the Botlek area. The Western parts of the Rotterdam harbour area have a lower chance of exceeding intervention values. This distinction can be explained by differences in NA and contaminant situation in the superficial layers. In general, the superficial contamination is stronger in the Eastern parts and the biodegradation of the most predominant contaminants (e.g. benzene) less favorable due to adverse redox conditions.

Source: Deltares/Projects: Rotterdam Risk Assessment - Spatial distribution of the chance of exceeding the intervention value in the year 2030.

113

2

Today

Soil Remediation Techniques In-situ In situ technologies are categorized into three major groups based on the primary mechanism by which treatment is achieved: Physical/Chemical Treatment Technologies, Biological Treatment Technologies, Thermal Treatment Technologies Physical/chemical treatment includes soil vapor extraction, solidification/stabilization, soil flushing, chemical oxidation, and electrokinetic separation. Biological treatment uses microorganisms or vegetation to degrade, remove, or immobilize contamination in soil.

Biological technologies include bioventing and phytoremediation. Electrical resistivity heating, steam injection and extraction, conductive heating, radio-frequency heating, and vitrification are technologies summarized under thermal treatment.

The principal feature of many in situ treatment technologies is delivery and recovery of fluids or other reactants to the subsurface. The ability to control and monitor the delivery and recovery of these fluids or reactants is central

Source: Astec - Soil Remediation Plants

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to the effectiveness of in situ technologies in treating the contamination.

Depending on the subsurface conditions and contaminant characteristics, each in situ technology has benefits and limitations on its ability to effectively deliver, control, and recover administered fluids and/or reactants and the contaminants. For example, soil permeability is an important factor in the delivery of a reactant for chemical oxidation or a gas for bioventing, whereas it is not as important for conductive heating. Consequently, the characterization of this parameter would generally be more critical for chemical oxidation or bioventing than for conductive heating.

The increased use in recent years of several in situ soil treatment technologies, such

as chemical oxidation and thermal treatment, has shown that both technologies are a viable option for addressing source zones contaminated by nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs).

In addition, greater emphasis is being placed on examining these technologies for their potential synergies as treatment trains to address contamination in the subsurface. This integrated approach has the potential

Source: In Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Soil, Engineering Forum Issue Paper, United States Environmental Protection Agency, November 2006

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Physical / Chemical Treatment Technologies

1.Soil Vapour Extraction In situ soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a remediation technology in which a vacuum is applied to induce a controlled subsurface air flow to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and some semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from the vadose zone to the surface for treatment.

Source: In Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Soil, Engineering Forum Issue Paper, United States Environmental Protection Agency, November 2006

This type of system is generally not used for mixtures of chemicals, and at some point the condenser system will need to be changed out when concentrations drop. The cost of the application changes according to site, hydrogeology, type and amount of contaminents and whether the offgas requires treatment.

8. Clean air 1. Air comes 7. Vacuum pump

6. Carbon absortion 5. Water condensates

Unsaturated Zone (Vadose Zone)

4. Vacuum pipe 2. Vacuum wells

Saturated Zone

3. Vapour chemicals

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2. Solidification Stabilization and solidification (S/S) is a soil remediation process by which contaminants are rendered immobile through reactions with additives or processes. During this process, also called immobilization, fixation, or encapsulation, contaminants may be chemically bound or encapsulated into a matrix. Sharma (2004) summarized the advantages and disadvantages of S/S technology.

Advantages: Low cost because the reagents are widely available and inexpensive. Can be used on a large variety of contaminants. Can be applied to different types of soils. Equip-

ment is widely available and simple. High throughput rates.

However, it still has the following disadvantages: Contaminants are still in the soil, not destroyed or removed. Volume of the treated wastes usually increases significantly. Volatile organic compounds and some particulates may come out during treatment process. Delivering reagents deep into the wastes and mixing them evenly is difficult. In situ S/S site may not be redeveloped. Long-term efficiency of S/S is still uncertain.

Source: In Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Soil, Engineering Forum Issue Paper, United States Environmental Protection Agency, November 2006

1. Binding agent

2. Spinning & Mixing

3. Soil solifies

Unsaturated Zone (Vadose Zone) Saturated Zone

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3. Chemical Oxidation Chemical oxidation typically involves reduction/ oxidation (redox) reactions that chemically convert hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one chemical to another. Specifically, one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one is reduced (gains electrons). There are several oxidants capable of degrading contaminants.

Source: In Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Soil, Engineering Forum Issue Paper, United States Environmental Protection Agency, November 2006

1. Chemicals are sending to the pipes via the compressor.

Unsaturated Zone (Vadose Zone) 3. Discharge

Saturated Zone

2. Oxidation

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4. Soil Flushing Soil flushing involves flooding a zone of contamination with an appropriate solution to remove the contaminant from the soil. Water or liquid solution is injected or infiltrated into the area of contamination. The contaminants are mobilized by solubilization, formation of emulsions, or a chemical reaction with the flushing solutions. After passing through the contamination zone, the contaminant-bearing fluid is collected and brought to the surface

for disposal, recirculation, or on-site treatment and reinjection. Application of soil flushing relies on the ability to deliver, control the flow, and recover the flushing fluid.

Source: In Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Soil, Engineering Forum Issue Paper, United States Environmental Protection Agency, November 2006

1. Preparing the ground

2. Pumping flushing solution

Saturated Zone

4. Extraction wells

3. Solution picks up contaminants 5. Pumping out

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5. Electronic Separation Electrokinetic separation is an emerging technology that relies on the application of a low-intensity, direct current through the soil to separate and extract heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic contaminants from unsaturated soil, sludge, and sediment. The current is applied across electrode pairs that have been implanted in the ground on each side of the contaminated soil mass. During electromigration, positively charged chemical species, such as metals, ammonium ions, and some organic

compounds, move toward the cathode, and negatively charged chemicals, such as chloride, cyanide, fluoride, nitrate, and negatively-charged organic species, migrate toward the anode.

Source: In Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Soil, Engineering Forum Issue Paper, United States Environmental Protection Agency, November 2006

1. Preparing the ground

2. Filling electrolyte 3. Inserting anode &cathode

4. Electro migration

4. Pumping

4. Desorption

Unsaturated Zone (Vadose Zone) Saturated Zone

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Biological Treatment:

1. Bioventing

Biological treatment involves the use of microorganisms or vegetation (phytoremediation).

Many naturally occurring microorganisms (typically, bacteria and fungi) can transform hazardous chemicals to substances that may be less hazardous than the original compounds.

Microrganisms also have been used to alter the valence of some hazardous metals , thereby making them less hazardous and less mobile.

Several plant species have the ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals found in the soil, and some tree species can sequester, destroy, and/ or evapotranspire various organic compounds.

Bioventing involves the injection of a gas into the subsurface to enhance the biodegradation of a contaminant. The gas can be used to keep the subsurface aerobic or anaerobic, or to provide a substrate that enables cometabolic degradation to occur.

Bioventing is typically operated in air injection mode to alleviate low oxygen levels in the subsurface. The injection system should be designed considering soil gas permeability, contaminant diffusion and distribution, and environmental factors, such as moisture content, pH, temperature, and electron acceptor conditions. When building foundations or similar structures are close to the site, vacuum extraction wells, which draw air through the subsurface, may be used to avoid the buildup of contaminated, and possibly explosive, vapors in the building basements. Extracted gases require treatment since volatile compounds may be removed from the ground.

Source: In Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Soil, Engineering Forum Issue Paper, United States Environmental Protection Agency, November 2006

3. Phytovolatilization

2. Phytodegradation

1. Phytoextraction

Unsaturated Zone (Vadose Zone) Saturated Zone

4. Rhizodegradation

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5. Phytostabilization

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2. Phytoremediation

Types of Pythoremediation

Phytoremediation uses plants to extract, degrade, contain, or immobilize contaminants in soil, groundwater, and other contaminated media. The phytoremediation mechanisms used to treat contaminated soil in situ are phytoextraction, rhizodegradation, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, and phytostabilization.

1. Phytoextraction Phytoextraction involves the uptake of contaminants by plant roots, with subsequent accumulation in plant tissue, which may require that the plant be harvested and properly disposed of.

Phytoremediation is best used to treat large areas of shallow contamination. Because high levels of contaminants may be toxic to plants and inhibit their growth, phytoremediation is best applied to low and moderate levels of contamination, used in conjunction with other treatment methods, or used as a final polishing step in site remediation. The various mechanisms of phytoremediation can treat a wide range of contaminants, including metals, VOCs, PAHs, petroleum hydrocarbons, radionuclides, and munitions, although not all mechanisms are applicable to all contaminants. Phytoremediation may take longer than other technologies to treat a site, but it has the potential to be less expensive than excavating and treating large volumes of soil ex situ.

2. Phytodegradation Like phytoextraction, phytodegradation involves the uptake of contaminants; however, the contaminants are subsequently broken down through metabolic processes within the plant. Phytodegradation also comprises the breakdown of contaminants in the soil through the effects of enzymes and other compounds produced by the plant tissues (other than the roots).

3. Phytovolatilization Phytovolatilization is the uptake of a contaminant into a plant and its subsequent transpiration to the atmosphere, or the transformation or phytodegradation of the contaminant with subsequent transpiration of the transformation or degradation product(s) to the atmosphere. Phytovolatilization is more commonly

applied to groundwater, but can also be applied to soluble soil contaminants.

4. Rhizodegradation Rhizodegradation is essentially “plant-assisted bioremediation” in that the root zone enhances microbial activity, thus increasing the breakdown of organic contaminants (such as petroleum hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, BTEX, chlorinated solvents, PCP, PCBs, and surfactants) in the soil.

5. Phytostabilization Phytostabilization is a mechanism that immobilizes contaminants—mainly metals—within the root zone, limiting their migration. The contaminants are immobilized by adsorption of metals to plant roots, precipitation of metal ions (e.g., due to a change in pH), formation of metal complexes, or a change to a less toxic redox state.

Source: In Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Soil, Engineering Forum Issue Paper, United States Environmental Protection Agency, November 2006

nutrient feed

compressor vacuum pump

Unsaturated Zone (Vadose Zone)

air pump

Saturated Zone

air pump

nutritients moisture bath

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Desalination Seawater Desalination: Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination: Reverse Osmosis Step 1.

Seawater intake

Step Screen

Step 6.

Seawater concentrate outlet

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Step 3.

Filtration

Step 4.

Reverse osmosis removes salt and other impurities from the seawater

Step 5.

Treatment to drinking water standard

Source: http://www.sydneydesal.com.au/media/1079/rs2474_ desal_3_infrastructure.jpeg

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source: http://www.sydneydesal.com.au/

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Mindscapes

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Excursion to Port of Rotterdam May 13, 2016

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Mindscapes Oil in Popular Culture Since the discovery of oil, its industry has infiltrated popular culture, from film to the arts and literature. The general public gains some impression of the industry from how it is portrayed by both the oil companies and independent players, such as artists, writers and filmmakers. To understand the general view of different aspects of the industry, we can look at some elements of popular culture.

To name a few examples, the satirical novel Oil! by Upton Sinclair was written in 1927 and charts the life of an early prospector, based loosely on the real-life prospector Edward L. Doheny. The novel was drawn upon for the recent film There Will Be Blood (further mentioned in the

next section). Later, Ed Ruscha’s series of photographs in Twentysix Gasoline Stations from 1963 charts a journey from LA to Oklahoma City through the gas stations on the way. His iconic Pop piece Standard Station incorporates the oil name and emphasises the prevalence of the oil industry in everyday life. Edward Burtynsky’s huge photographs depict both in-use and derelict oil landscapes, showing the immensity of the deserts and the insignificance of the human scale. These, unlike Ruscha’s Pop prints which are reassuring and almost like advertisements, show the oil industry as something threatening and forbidding.

[01] Upton Sinclair’s 1927 book on which Paul Thomas Anderson’s epic There Will Be Blood is loosely based.

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[02] Ed Ruscha: Standard Station, Amarillo (1963)

[03] Edward Burtynsky: Oil Fields #19ab (2003)

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Oil on Film As one of the most influential and far-reaching aspects of popular culture, films about oil influence their audience’s perception of the industry, from the journey of oil from the ground to its use.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Hollywood filmmakers have been fascinated by the oil industry. These two industries, oil and film, have developed alongside each other, and to this day films about oil crop up in mainstream Hollywood. In the beginning, this was due to a public fascination with the booming industry, and nowadays there is a fascination with its secretive nature.

Consequently we, the general public, often know very little about the oil industry, and so these films are our main insight, showing us a secretive world that is usually shut off from public view. The mainstream, fictional oil film gives the filmmaker a blank canvas to show what he or she thinks is most important about the oil industry.

The spectacle of the early oil industry was surely where the fascination of oil on film developed , and later the ‘spectacle’ of the power of the oil industry – the influence of the politics of oil and the fear of the exhaustion of the oil reserves. The Lumière brothers, the early pioneers of film, used film in 1896 to show the spectacle of oil well fires in Baku, Azerbaijan. The

oil fire and the gusher have recurred again and again as a spectacular device, since the early days of black and white film and up to the present day.

Mindscapes describe how people perceive different environments, and in relation to the oil industry Carola Hein has identified these ‘petroleumscapes’ as: Industry; Ancillary; Administrative; Retail. This describes the journey of oil from ground to consumer. Films about oil can change the public’s perception of the industry - influencing the ‘mindscapes’ surrounding oil. The oil industry is represented through the buildings and structures that surround it – the wells, derricks, refineries, admin buildings and gas stations – and so it is by these means that we interpret the films.

Oil films fall into three main genres: the ‘boom era’ film, forward-looking, celebrating the oil industry; the geopolitical thriller, showing the global dimension of oil; and the post-apocalyptic or dystopian. These cover different themes of oil, and there is clearly a trend of change depending on how society views the oil industry at the time the films are made. The three genres are not based on when the films were made, but on the three eras of oil that I have identified – the first wave of oil discovery, the current oil climate, and a future with no oil.

[01] The oil well fire from Paul Thomas Anderson’s 2007 epic There Will Be Blood, starring Daniel Day-Lewis.

When the gusher and derrcik sets alight, Day-Lewis asks: “what are you looking so miserable about? There’s a whole ocean of oil under our feet!” showing a positive attitude towards the destruction, reflecting the views of oil at the time the film is set in the early 20th Century.

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Petroleumscapes Industrial

[01] Boom Town (1940) dir. Jack Conway The single derrick, representing the individuality of the early prospectors, and their connection to the ground and the oil itself. In many later films, this connection is lost as the emphasis turns to the politics of oil.

Mainly shown in films about the early oil boom, timber and later steel derricks are a common device to indicate a well site. Often covered with oil (especially in films about early oil prospecting), these derricks tower over us and show the sheer enormity of the landscapes. The technique of early filmmakers to fade more and more derricks into the same shot shows the growth of the industry and the almost contagious character of oil. Derricks not only occur as the real thing, but often also as models – either showing the operation of a well for prospectors or, more abstractly, 130

models which accommodate lamps or small trinkets on managers’ tables.

Likewise, they show up multiple times as small candleholders – in Boom Town (1940) on a cake, and Syriana (2007) on the tables of a dinner celebration. These miniatures not only show the obsession of the oil bosses but also the versatility of the derrick structure, as the simplest tower form.

Refineries, another side of the industry, portray a world of pipes, taps and valves.

Shown as maze-like atmospheres in the noir film Odds Against Tomorrow (1959)

and the 90s action film On Deadly Ground (1994), they give a feeling of mystery, with endless corridors and tunnels, hiding a villain around every next corner.

These enormous buildings incite awe and wonder in the viewer, as they seem oddly sinister in their remote locations.

In the earlier films the refineries show the wonder of modern technology, in later ones the anticipation of an explosive end makes us more doubtful of the power of refineries.

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[02] Armageddon (1998) dir. Michael Bay Partially set on a deep sea oil drilling platform, the oil drillers are enlisted to drill a nuclear bomb into an asteroid in order to prevent it from reaching Earth. The oil aspect of this film is mainly to accomodate spectacle: part of that spectacle is shown here, when the drill explodes and a giant gusher covers the platform in oil.

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Petroleumscapes Ancillary

[01] Boom Town (1940) dir. Jack Conway The town in Boom Town is overrun with derricks, and is based on the real town of Burkburnett in Texas. In this town even the church has become the locaiton for oil drilling.

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[02] Syriana (2005) dir. Stephen Gaghan The homes of the migrant workers in the Persian Gulf.

Here the emphasis is on the difference between the wealth of the elite and the precarious position of the workers.

Ancillary buildings – those used by the workers and the owners or bosses, are usually used to show the huge discrepancy in wealth between the two groups. Whereas those in charge (usually the protagonists, especially in earlier films) live in opulent homes and hotels, the workers live in tents and crowded conditions. Understandably, in the earlier films where the emphasis is on the great phenomenon that is oil, we see less of

the workers conditions, and more of the wealth of the prospector, showing us what the individual can become. Later, for example in Syriana (2007), we see the crowded huts that the migrant workers live in, which is in high contrast to the Iranian kings and princes’ lifestyles: these buildings are used as devices to give the characters background. In Boom Town (1940), the town of wildcatters is overcome with derricks – even, surprisingly, the

town church becomes the site of oil prospecting, amongst the ‘Derrick Café’ and endless other ancillary buildings, all surrounded by the oil soaked mud that accompanies drilling. The architecture of the ancillary buildings shows a great deal about the way the whole environment that surrounds oil-drilling functions.

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Petroleumscapes Administrative

[01] Local Hero (1983) dir. Bill Forsyth The opening scene of Local Hero pans along with Peter Reigert’s car as he makes his way to work in central Houston, with the background of many corporate buildings. This contrasts with the rest of the film, which is set in a rural Scottish Highland town.

The administrative building, usually inhabited by men in suits and women in secretarial roles, is the setting for management and decision-making. These become more common in the gropolitical oil films which become popular genre from the 1970s onwards. In both On Deadly Ground (1994) and Local Hero (1983) the buildings are introduced in panning shots of the city, establishing our location at the glassy corporate towers.

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drilling structures. There is a development here from the idea that the drilling site is impressive, to the implication that power lies in these offices and no longer at the source. This reflects the transition from the individual driller to the powerful corporation from the time of the boom era up to the 1970s. The drill site is no longer where the drama happens, it is in the company headquarters where the managers reside and most of the drama takes place.

Whereas in films of the boom era, where decisions were made in a bar, on

the drill site or in a hotel lobby, in the geopolitical films this has moved to the conference room. The development of the company into something that inhabits its own tower, but is detached from the actual oil, is an indicator of the modern oil world. Nowadays, the oil is drilled on location but is used in multiple destinations, all coordinated by a central office in a business district somewhere, most often far away from the origins of the oil. This dichotomy between the oil itself and the company that controls it is particularly evident in Syriana (2007),

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[02] Syriana (2005) dir. Stephen Gaghan The conference table in Syriana depicts the all-white, all-male nature of the oil industry, and the facelessness of the interiors. The branding of ‘Connex’ could be any generic brand, and the interior could be anywhere. It is here that the decisions are made - by people who are far removed from the oil itself.

where there are storylines taking place in at least four different parts of the world, and Local Hero, where the gulf between the lifestyle in Houston and that of rural Scotland could not be more clear – neither side have any clue how the other half live.

This reinforces the disconnection between oil in the ground and oil as a commodity.

As these buildings are customarily characterless, one of the ways the filmmaker sets up the corporation is through the use of a company name and logo, shown within the interior of the otherwise anonymous meeting room.

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Petroleumscapes Retail

[01] Romeo and Juliet (1996) dir. Baz Luhrmann The gas station is the initial space of encounter between the Montagues and Capulets, a neutral space where they meet by accident. The gas station’s branding is splashed with the film’s iconic colour scheme of blue and yellow, and the scene’s climax is its destruction when Tybalt drops his cigarette and sets it alight.

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[02] RoboCop (1987) dir. Paul Verhoeven The gas station is the setting for an altercation between RoboCop and a man threatening a gas station attendant.

The scene ends with the dousing of the gas station in oil and its final destruction.

Finally, the gas station is the last step of oil’s journey from ground to car. As a place of brief encounter, of strangers and refueling (in all senses), the gas station occurs again and again in film. In the early noir films of the 1940s, the gas station is a place between the horror of the city and the utopia of the countryside , and later, in films such as Baz Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet (1996), a neutral space where the Montagues and Capulets first meet,

and which they eventually destroy. The gas station is the part of the oil industry that we are most familiar with, and perhaps this is why we see it so often. The architecture and branding of these spaces portrays the consumerist side of the oil industry, often using fictional companies and fictional logos - this is interesting, as it can be a completely fabricated idea by the filmmakers.

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Manifestation

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Excursion to Port of Rotterdam May 13, 2016

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Manifest Designing the Transition

1. We are designing the transition. So in that sense we accept port as a fluid state.

2. Port - goods and energy - we want to maintain and reinforce these as the major functions 3. Waterways and land transformation are an integral part of designing in the Dutch delta - we will design with these parameters.

4. The economy needs to be diversified and given a boost so that Rotterdam can compete with the other major Dutch cities. It must transform into a more creative, research-based economy, whilst maintaining employment in the area.

5. As long as we have oil, Rotterdam maintains its place in the top worlds ports. As oil declines, we must find an equivalent solutions which maintains Rotterdam’s unique positıon in Europe.

6. The city and the port are separate entities in one body which together form Rotterdam. Therefore, we do not want to create a new Rotterdam: the city cannot function without the harbour, and vice versa.

Stages

1. Existing Situation: Oil is one of the dominant industries in the port and gives it a unique position in the world.

2. Near Future: Industries must adapt locally to the decline in the oil industry. Thıs may result in a change in the infrastructure itself , or complete closure.

3. Middle Future: The site is cleaned up as part of pioneering research into port transformations for the future. We acknowledge that some refineries will need to continue to run in future, as oil cannot be totally replaced, at least in the near future: some oil will still be needed. Those which remain contain unique facilities or will be able to adapt to changes in the industry. Those will which will stay in the Rotterdam port are Esso and Shell, despite their proximity to the city centre. This is not accidental.

4. Future: Maasvlakte continues to run as a bulk goods port, due to the rise in container shipping as a result of the reduction in liquid goods transportation. Rotterdam must maintain its position as a major container port. It must maintain its position in supplying energy, but will adapt to new energy sources and begin to create its own energy, which can be exported. Part of this will be research into new energy sources, and as such Rottterdam will become an example for other ports needing to make this transformation. Knowledge will be another key export.

5. Distant Future: When the oil industries close, those industries that have been developing in the meantime, will take oil’s place. There will be natural, gradual growth of the city, and the new port will be able to accommodate this expansion. As separate entities, the city and the port will reinforce each other’s futures.

Olivia Forty, Deniz Üstem May, 2016

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Excursion to Futureland, Maasvlakte 2 May 13, 2016

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It’s always been said the stone age didn’t end because we ran out of stones. So, the oil age is not going to end becasue we are runnig out of oil.

Carola Hein