Enviromental migration

Query #5

Query #6

Query #2 Query #4

Research Question

Query #3 Query #1

Google Trends Controversy

Debate

Refugee // Migrant

Environmental Migration

INTRODUCING THE DEBATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION CONTROVERSY

“Terms and concepts such as environmental migration, climate changeinduced migration, ecological or environmental refugees, climate change migrants and environmentally-induced forced migrants are found scattered throughout the literature. The main reason for the lack of definition relating to migration caused by environmental degradation or change is linked to the difficulty of isolating environmental factors from other drivers of migration.“ Defining ‘environmental migration’ , O. Dun and F. Gemenne

What defines a debate is not how loud the disagreement of the opposite wings scream, but how good the reasoning works. Our aim is to better visualize the Environmental Migration Controversy seeking patterns, analyzing data and creating engagement through an appealing narrative.

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The issue about defining the phenomenon The Environmental Migration is a phenomenon that indicates a general migration affecting people who are directly dependent on their environmental conditions.

Many situations include cases where sudden-onset environmental, changes such as those coming from earthquakes, floods or desertification, lead the population to constrained displacement.

Environmental migration commonly presents itself where there is a slow-onset environmental change or degradation process affecting those who are directly dependent on the environment for their livelihood.

Using Google.com as a tool for the topic exploration we found different results. First of all we discovered one big discrepancy: there was an apparent ambivalence between two terms, migrant and refugee. Both terms were associated with “environmental degradation”, “environmental change”, “climate” or “climate change”.

Thanks to this topic exploration we decided to go deeply inside the environmental problem choosing two different groups: the “environmental migrants” and the “environmental refugees”.

Defining the phenomenon we used as a source the Oxford Monitor for Forced Migration (OxMo) The OxMo is an independent, student run publication that moves to engage with various aspects of forced migration through academic scholarship. We have three typologies of migrants: the DevelopmentInduced, Disaster-Induced Displacement and ConflictInduced Displacement. While the Conflict-Induced Displacement it’s not in our interest since this problem concerns people who are forced to flee their homes where the state authorities are unable or unwilling to protect them, we are much more focused on the other two categories. The Development-Induced are people who are compelled to move as a result of policies and projects implemented to supposedly enhance ‘development’ and as said before the Disaster-Induced Displacement concerns affects displaced people for natural disasters, environmental change and humanmade disasters.

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INTRODUCING THE DEBATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION CONTROVERSY

Why Environmental Migrants are not recognized as Refugees?

There is still a big problem concerning the fact that not all the Environmental Migrants are legally defined as Refugees. The definition for the term refugee is provided under Article 1A of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees amended by the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (hereafter referred to as the Refugee Convention) which states that a refugee is any person who: owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it (UNHCR, 2006b:16). “Those people who have been forced to leave their traditional habitat, temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption (natural and/or triggered by people) that jeopardized their existence and/or seriously affected the quality of their life.�

Environmental Refugees, Essam El-Hinnawi

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40 20 Environmental Change

0 2005

2007

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Topic exploration through Google trends Using Google trends we had a fast overview of what the field of inquiry was about. In this quick research we saw how the search trends of different random topics were developing from year 2005 up to now.

Not all the themes have been always on the top of the investigation: or example, we have really late results of Forced Migrants and Environmental Displacement.

There is also no significant correspondence for the Environmental Migrant but only for the Phenomenon itself “Environmental Migration� while the Environmental Refugee started trending from 2007.

100 80 60 40 20 Environmental Refugee

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0

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INTRODUCING THE DEBATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION CONTROVERSY

100 80 60 40 20 Climate Refugee

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100 80 60 40 20 Kiribati

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40 20 Asylum Seeker

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100 80 60 40 20 Forced Migrants

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100 80 60 40 20 Environmental Displacement

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100 80 60 40 20 Environmental Risks

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100 80 60 40 20 Environmental Change

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INTRODUCING THE DEBATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION CONTROVERSY

Research Question as a point of departure

According to the academic world and the public opinion

DOES THE EXPRESSION “ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRANT” HAVE THE SAME MEANING OF “ENVIRONMENTAL REFUGEE”?

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1951 Geneva Conference

Protocol

Corpus Making Topic Extraction

Environmental Refugee

Wikipedia Glossary

Environmental Migrant

DICHOTOMY OR EQUIVALENCE? THE BIRTH OF THE CONTROVERSY

Exhibiting one or more controversies presupposes a basic fact, their understanding. This may not be so straightforward especially if you are facing it with an issue whose definition is still subject of academic debate, as in the case of Environmental Migration. To reach this goal you need to get some basics in order to understand the problem; this chapter takes as a must the commitment to show the main points of the topic, and of course, as these have been found using the tools provided by the web. Thanks to the exposition of the method we chose, it will be possible to understand the universe of topics that surrounds the central issue of environmental migration, and then the key points that generates the main controversy and all its sub-disputes.

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Migrant // Refugee Dichotomy According to Wikipedia, with the term Environmental Migration we refer to people who are forced to migrate from or flee their home region due to sudden or long-term changes to their local environment which compromise their well being or secure livelihood, such changes are held to include increased droughts, desertification, sea level rise, and disruption of seasonal weather patterns. Human beings may flee or migrate to another country, or migrate internally within their own country. However, the term ‘environmental migrant’ is used somehow as interchangeable with a range of similar terms, of those the most used is certainly Environmental Refugee. The distinction between these two terms is heavily contested and generates the main controversy of the topic.

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This definition dichotomy is the main front on which the academics who study this phenomenon are debating: they are questioning about the validity of these two terms, and the consequences that the official intake of one of these would entail. Therefore, before proceeding with the exhibition of academic positions is helpful to understand the intrinsic meaning of the terms Migrant and Refugee. As you can see the definition inherent in the term Refugee is loaded with meanings that lie outside the traditional context of migration such as political persecution , wars and religious positions.

Therefore, when we talk about refugees, we mean a category of people forced to move for reasons unrelated to migration due to environmental changes, which enjoy political protection and support from the host states according to the Geneva Convention of 1951.The controversy begins at this point, the split on the definition of individuals who are forced to migrate due to environmental changes is clear and supported by solid arguments on both sides. It is absolutely necessary to make known that the Geneva Convention, and its subsequent revisions of 1967 and 1969, never take into consideration the donation of refugee status to individuals who move as a result of climate and environmental change in the short and long-term period, therefore when academics use this sense they imply the need of a further revision of the Geneva Convention, or a new international status allowing those who migrate to be protected in some way. In general we can assume that every time the term refugee is related to Environmental Migration, this has been done in order to stimulate emotions and inspire human conscience.

Migrant

Refugee

Migrant

DICHOTOMY OR EQUIVALENCE? THE BIRTH OF THE CONTROVERSY

A person who needs to move into another country or region to which he or her is not native in order to settle there.

Refugee

Is a person who is outside his or her country of origin or habitual residence because is suffering (or fearing) persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or because is a member of a persecuted ‘social group’ or because they are fleeing a war.

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1951, The Year of Refugees Geneva Convention The 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (CRSR) is a United Nations multilateral treaty that defines who is a refugee, and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted asylum and the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum.

“Any person who: owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country” Article 1.A.2 - 1967 Protocol Amendment

The term Refugee is often used to include displaced persons who may fall outside the legal definition in the convention, either because they have left their home countries because of war, or because they have been forced to migrate within their home countries.

The Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, adopted by the Organization of African Unity in 1969, accepted the definition of the 1951 Refugee Convention and expanded it to include people who left their countries of origin not also due to acts of external aggression, occupation or domination by foreign powers.

The convention also states that is refugee’s right to be protected against forcible return, or refoulement: “No Contracting State shall expel or return (refouler) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social or political opinion” Article 33.1

It is widely accepted that the prohibition of forcible return is part of customary international law. This means that even Statesthat are not party to the Refugee Convention must respect the principle of non-refoulement.

Therefore, States are obligated under customary international law to respect the principle of non-refoulement.

If and when this principle is threatened, UNHCR can respond by intervening with relevant authorities, and if it deems necessary, will inform the public.

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DICHOTOMY OR EQUIVALENCE? THE BIRTH OF THE CONTROVERSY

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Definition Struggle as Corpus Maker As explained above, this report has as its ultimate goal in exposing the current status of the controversy concerning the definition of environmental migrants, to do this it was decided to operate on two different sides in order to have a broader spectrum on the issue, one academic and the other generalist.

The first considers the current positions of the experts, the other tries to better understand public opinion towards environmental migration. This has inevitably led to the choice of research methods and different tools for each one of the two fields of exploration adopted.

Academic research has been carried out through the use of scholar.google.com and scopus.com, search engines for academic papers and scientific publications of any kind. The return to the public was instead plumbed through the analysis of the results through google.com, the largest and most known source to find information on the web.

In the movie Matrix (1999, Wachowski Brothers) you can hear an omniscient character called Oracle exposing the protagonist the fundamental reason why he moves inside a virtual universe, which in turn represents a fundamental paradigm of exploration through the search engines: “It’s the question That drives us, Neo. It’s the question That Brought you here.” As this quote may seem distant from mapping of a controversy, it is the core of a successful final work.

Knowing how to properly search avoids waste of time and allows us to get better answers, more reliable. This principle has guided the creation of the corpus through which the entire analysis was carried out on environmental migration, knowing how to properly interrogate the tools at our disposal.

After a series of attempts, more or less satisfactory, the best choice that came out in order to create a full and detailed corpus was using the element of controversy as an investigative tool, the definition struggle. For this reason it has been decided to use the two definitions that generate the dichotomy discussed in the previous section: Environmental Migrant and Environmental Refugee.

To make the queries even more reliable and comprehensible, we have been using two different interrogation techniques.

DICHOTOMY OR EQUIVALENCE? THE BIRTH OF THE CONTROVERSY

For academic analysis we opted for the inclusion of the two queries between quotation marks, this is a method of digital investigation that provides within the web the exact correspondence of the terms that make up the query. This practice has allowed us to find most of the scientific papers that deal to give a response to the controversy concerning the definition that moves the investigation exposed in this report .

The quotation marks instead disappear in the research via google.com as this “trick� is hardly used by the common users of search engines, especially for the fact that they are not aware about it to query the internet.

The corpus on which the analysis of the dispute and its subsequent mapping has been based, comes from these reasoning.

Knowing the possibility of finding many identical results between the two queries , it was decided to use a large number of initial results and then refine them in a second step; this allowed the creation of a very large dataset, numerically ideal to return reliable informations.

Regarding google.com, We used the first 200 results for each query entered; instead we took into consideration the first 100 for each query that came out scholar.google.com and scopus.com

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“environmental migrant”

100

“environmental refugee”

100

“environmental migrant”

89 04

“environmental refugee”

67 28

environmental migrant

200

environmental refugee

200

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scholar.google.com scopus.com scholar.google.com scopus.com

google.com google.com

Website

Query

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Google Scraper //

Excel // Sprea

File Download

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The result is the following: 375 unique results from google.com, of which 88 have been eliminated because they are PDF related to the academic field (we decided to investigate them using the tools mentioned above), and a total of 188 academic documents (slightly less than half of the relevant outcomes to which research initially aspired; this fact is due to the massive presence of content that cannot be accessed unless a payment, please note that this analysis was carried out entirely without any kind of subsidy).

100 Images

100 Images

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188 PDF

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Tagging

PreVisualize

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dshit // vCompareLists // Our Script

Excel // Spreadshit

Raw // Gephi //

Raw // Gephi // NodeBox // iHandMade

NodeBox

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Wikipedia: Same Result, Different Acceptions Both queries entered in google.com reveal mixed results that analyze the dispute from different points of view, from humanitarian organizations, to governative associations, through some blogs run by independent researchers. The most interesting thing, however, appears by consulting the first result of each of the two keywords, which happens to be the same Wikipedia page about the Environmental Migrant.

This fact is not significant if you look at it from the perspective of its source, it is well known that Wikipedia has partnered with Google to ensure that, if it were possible, the first result for any query is always a Wiki page. What really matters is the common result concerning the migrant acceptation, even if it is used with the query Environmental Refugee.

[1] Lester Brown United States environmental analyst, founder of the Worldwatch Institute, and founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute, a nonprofit research organization based in Washington , DC; know as first user of the term “Envionmental Refugee“ in 1976.

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This tells us first that the term refugee related to environmental migration is not officially connected and recognized, pushing to ask ourselves if the issue is mentioned in the Wikipedia page. Using a tool like wikimindmap.org we can understand immediately how this actually takes place mainly in the section devoted to the definition of the phenomenon, in which appear the name of Lester Brown [1], a link to the page of Refugee Law and another to the one concerning the Geneva Convention of 1951. In this page also begin to appear academics’ ways of thinking against the refugee status for migrants, especially with references to NeoMalthusianists, which are biased against migration classifying it as the primary cause of economic decline in developed countries.

DICHOTOMY OR EQUIVALENCE? THE BIRTH OF THE CONTROVERSY

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DICHOTOMY OR EQUIVALENCE? THE BIRTH OF THE CONTROVERSY

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The content analysis of the Wikipedia page about Environmental Migrant is not the only way to identify the controversy in it. Investigating all the updates operated over time to the page you can see how they are becoming more frequent and constant. This indicates especially how the debate is growing in recent years, showing a physiological increase of material, but an anomalous situation of continuous and hectic correction of the content.

Legend • Columns represent revisions of the page • Raws of text that are the same between revisions are connected by lines coloured by authors • Authors are distinguished by colour/texture • Width of a raw Unit ( )

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DICHOTOMY OR EQUIVALENCE? THE BIRTH OF THE CONTROVERSY

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Qualitative Analisys, The Topic Explosion The analysis of the content in the Wikipedia page about Environmental Migrant is definitely a solid basis in order to identify the most important issues within the universe of the controversy.

The next step is represented from the specific analysis of the corpus, which is obtained through the research protocol. For the identification of the content related to both the academic universe and the web a detailed investigation has been carried out; it has a qualitative nature because all the documents at our disposal were actually investigated. This fact has allowed us to identify 132 recurrent topic that, placed in tabular form and refined through Microsoft Excel, were categorized and divided into 5 main themes of belonging . As can be seen in the course of this report, this classification method has allowed us to understand in a more clear way what were the topics closest to an author than to another, as well as their “belonging� to a particular school thought.

The categories within which were inserted the topics obtained through qualitative analysis are the following: the more dense refers to the phenomenon Description, which results to be heavily difficult as the subject is a strong controversy generator; in quantitative terms the first categorization is followed by the one generated from the Dispute, and on whether or not to ensure refugee status to all those who are forced to migrate in response to environmental change (whatever its nature). There are two categories that might be contiguous for thematic affinities between them, the one about Human Conditions and the Organizations one, which deal respectively with the topics related to social perspectives of migrants and the universe of associations and, governmental or not, protecting the rights of human beings. In the final analysis we take into account the category of Case Studies, which as you can see in the following pages gives an important point of view on the issue.

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Environm Degradation

The category of Case Studies is particularly interesting for two main reasons, first of which is the numerical aspect.

Of all the topics related to our overall body of work there are 34 examples of how environmental migration is a real phenomenon that needs a special attention from international bodies.

The second important issue in the aftermath of the qualitative analysis is the use of these case studies as an example to support the thesis of both those who favor and those against the recognition of refugee status on the environmental migrant. This last aspect once again reflects the confusion on this environmental issue.

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Topic Dendogram Focus, Environmental Glossary

Adaptation Policies

This section is devoted to the explanation of terminology and actors involved in the phenomenon of the Environmental Migration.

All entries in the glossary belong to the topic dendogram, they have been chased in terms of relaxation to the academic debate and their impact as intermediary between the scientific world and the public.

Adaptation Policies are a series of proposals put forward by organizations and government agencies designed to aid populations that otherwise because of environmental change or its degradation could be facing the migration option.

These policies encourage the reclamation of lands in order to avoid the displacement of a large number of people; this fact would lead to problems, especially in international perspective, because of the fact that today there is no law that protects these individuals.

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DICHOTOMY OR EQUIVALENCE? THE BIRTH OF THE CONTROVERSY

The term Climigration refers to all those migration that have climate change as their primary cause.

It is important to emphasize that this is not intended merely as a significant change in temperature, but as a factor that involves changes in the environment in short and long period, such as rising sea levels, desertification, incredible intensity

The Environment and conflicts project (ENCOP) investigates the relationship between environmental problems and actual or possible violent conflicts, as well as means to peaceful conflict resolution.

The project management is represented by the Swiss Peace Foundation (Bern), and the Center for Security Studies and Conflict Research at the Swiss Federal Istitute of technology (Zurich).

Partners of the project are the Unit for The Study of Wars, Armaments and Development at the University of Hamburg, the Institue in Lagos (Nigeria) and the Center of Development Research in Dhaka (Bangladesh).

ENCOP

Climigration

Biological Diversity

For Biological Diversity we refer to the set of all living forms and genetically diverse ecosystems related to them. It implies the whole biological variability: genes, species, habitats and ecosystems. In reference to the phenomenon of Environmental Migration it arises as a cause when its balance is irreversibly compromise leading to the collapse of a given environment.

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This phenomenon is part of government induced migration events, in fact with the acts of possession Expropriation (for the most diverse purposes, such as the construction of a new highway) are sometimes involved the homes of citizens, who are forced to move to another area against their will.

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Gravity Model

Expropriation

Environmental Change

The Environmental Change represents the alteration, more or less radical, of a given ecosystem following the action of nature or the human one. It is then due to catastrophic events such as earthquakes, floods, desertification, etc, as well as nuclear disasters, deforestation and reckless cementification.

The Gravity Model of migration is a model in urban geography derived from Newton’s law of gravity, and used to predict the degree of interaction between two places. Newton’s law states that: “Any two bodies attract one another with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them”.

When used geographically, the words bodies and masses are replaced by locations and importance respectively, where importance can be measured in terms of population numbers, gross domestic product, or other appropriate variables.

The Gravity Model of migration is therefore based upon the idea that as the importance of one or both of the location increases, there will also be an increase in movement between them. The farther apart the two locations are, however, the movement between them will be less. This phenomenon is known as distance decay.

DICHOTOMY OR EQUIVALENCE? THE BIRTH OF THE CONTROVERSY

Internal Migration refers to human migration within one geopolitical entity, usually a nation. Reasons for internal migration tend to be different from those for cross-border migration; whereas the latter often occurs primarily for political or economic reasons, reasons for internal migration prominently include travel for education and for economical, but not for political, reasons. A general trend of movement from rural to urban areas has also produced a form of internal migration, leading to rapid urbanization in many countries.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body, set up at the request of member governments. It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly. Its mission is to provide comprehensive scientific assessments of current scientific, technical and socio-economic information worldwide about the risk of climate change caused by human activity, its potential environmental and socio-economic consequences, and possible options for adapting to these consequences or mitigating the effects.

It is chaired by Rajendra K. Pachauri.

IPCC

Internal Migration

Human Vulnerability

In relation to hazards and disasters, Vulnerability is a concept that links the relationship that people have with their environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them.

The concept of vulnerability expresses the multi-dimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster.

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The term Multicausality indicates the set of economic, social and environmental variables as cause of migration for a given population.

This concept is expressed with extreme recurrence in all the scientific papers written by Koko Warner (head of the Environmental Migration, Social Vulnerability and Adaptation Section at UNU-EHS. She has been Lead Author for the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report and directs three research tracks at UNU related to adaptation: The Use of Risk Management and Risk Transfer Measures, Social Resilience and Environmental Change, Environmentally Induced Migration).

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Overcrowding

Multicausality

Kiribati

The Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. In June 2008, Kiribati officials asked Australia and New Zealand to accept Kiribati citizens as permanent refugees. Kiribati is expected to be the first country to lose all its land territory to global climate change.

In June 2008, the Kiribati president Anote Tong said that the country has reached “...the point of no return”.

He added, “To plan for the day when you no longer have a country is indeed painful but I think we have to do that”.

In early 2012, the government of Kiribati purchased the 2,200-hectare Natoavatu Estate on the second largest island of Fiji, Vanua Levu. At the time it was widely, but incorrectly, reported that the Government planned to evacuate the entire population of Kiribati to Fiji. However, in April 2013, President Tong began urging citizens to evacuate the islands and migrate elsewhere.

Overcrowding is a phenomenon concerning the density of the population that consists in the demographic unsusteinability reached from a given environment. It stands as cause and effect of migratory events, which makes this fact the motivation used by those who are against the inclination of their own country to be the destination of migration flows.

DICHOTOMY OR EQUIVALENCE? THE BIRTH OF THE CONTROVERSY

The Temporarily Migration events are generally due to displacement as a result of catastrophic events in homeland that involve long periods for the reconstruction of the original environment. This type of migration is also driven by scarce economic conditions, in which the individuals move to another area and then come back later in time when they will resolve their difficulties.

Temporarily Migration

Resilience Theory provides insight on the factors which force migration, but also on those which permit the conservation of a community. There are two independent variables to be taken into account in measuring the impact of climatic changes on a community. The first is the strength and size of the change, and the second is the relative capacity of the community to cope with the change. Resilience Theory focuses on this second variable as the key in determining to what extent an ecosystem will be able to cope with the disturbance without shifting to a qualitatively different state.

Resilience theory has recently gained academic traction for its capacity to address the complex and interrelated nature of natural and social systems, which do not always respond to environmental change as expected.

Resilience theory abandons the idea of coping capacity as a function of a system’s rigid resistance to change.

Resilience Theory

Permanently Migration

Permanently Migration implies migratory movements that do not include the return of the one who is moving to its place of origin.

Generally this can not happen because his homeland is compromised to the point that it is no longer possible to return (see Kiribati in this Glossary).

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Urbanization

UNHCR

UNFCCC

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992 after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of May 2011, UNFCCC has 195 parties.

The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change.

In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The 20th COP will take place in Peru in 2014.

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), also known as the UN Refugee Agency, is a United Nations agency mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.

Its headquarters are in Geneva (Switzerland) and is a member of the United Nations Development Group. The UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes, once in 1954 and again in 1981. UNHCR was established on 14 December 1950 and succeeded the earlier United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide.

Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees.

It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another state, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or to resettle in a third country.

The Urbanization linked to the phenomenon of migration is interpreted with a double meaning of cause and effect. In the first case, it concerns the flow of resettlement which generally has as a target the large urban centers, an alluring destination because of the greater employment opportunities. The second case, related to the phenomenon of Overcrowding, is about people tendency to move from large urban centers later the impossibility of well living.

Web Actors Minimalists

Matching Geolocalization Maximalists Academics

Migrant // Refugee Dichotomy According to Wikipedia, with the term Environmental Migration we refer to people who are forced to migrate from or flee their home region due to sudden or long-term changes to their local environment which compromise their well being or secure livelihood, such changes are held to include increased droughts, desertification, sea level rise, and disruption of seasonal weather patterns. Human beings may flee to or migrate to another country or they may migrate internally within their own country. However, the term ‘environmental migrant’ is used somewhat interchangeably with a range of similar terms, of those the most used is certainly Environmental Refugee, the distinction between these two terms is heavily contested and generates the main controversy of the topic.

[Numero nota] Nome della nota Is a person who is outside his or her country of origin or habitual residence because is suffering (or fearing) persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or because is a member of a persecuted ‘social group’ or because they are fleeing a war

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This dichotomy in the definition is the main front on which the academics who study this phenomenon are debating, they are questioning aboutthe validity of these two terms, and the consequences that the official intake of one of these would entail. Therefore, before proceeding with the exhibition of academic positions is helpful to understand the intrinsic meaning of the terms Migrant and Refugee. As you can see the definition inherent in the term Refugee is loaded with meanings that lie outside the traditional context of migration such as political persecution , wars and religious positions.

Therefore, when we talk about refugees, we mean a category of people forced to move for reasons unrelated to migration due to environmental changes, which enjoy political protection and support from the host states according to the Geneva Convention of 1951.The controversy begins at this point, the split on the definition of individuals who are forced to migrate due to environmental changes is clear and supported by solid arguments on both sides. It is absolutely necessary to make known that the Geneva Convention, and its subsequent revisions of 1967 and 1969, never take into consideration the donation of refugee status to individuals who move as a result of climate and environmental change in the short and long-term period, therefore when academics use this sense they imply the need of a further revision of the Geneva Convention, or a new international status allowing those who migrate to be protected in some way. In general we can assume that every time the term refugee is related to Environmental Migration, this has been done in order to stimulate emotions and inspire human conscience.

ACTORS & ROLES WHO TAKES PART IN THE CONTROVERSY?

In order to better understand the dynamics inside the debate regarding environmental migration, we have to focus for a while on the macroactors which are involved. As we have chosen two queries for a better view on the topic, and two different corpuses, we find out that there are important differences between the actors who take part in the web corpus and the academic one; so, following step by step the protocol, we manually tagged each paper and site, and we came up to significant informations that will be shown in the next pages.

We consider the importance, dimension and position of each actor, giving the reader a full overview of their visibility and relevance in both debates (the web and academic one).

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Minimalists & Maximalists: the blurred line of the real debate The nature of our topic doesn’t permit to draw a precise dividing line between “who is in favor” and “who is against” environmental migration. Obviously, people who don’t believe in climate change won’t accept this kind of migration, but among public opinion and the academic world who’s discussing about environmental migration, it is widely accepted.

As we have seen in the previous chapter, there are two main schools of thought: the minimalist one and the maximalist one. If minimalists thinks that environment is only a contextual factor in migration decisions, maximalists are more “extremists”, asserting that environment directly causes people to be forced to leave their home.

Understanding if a macroactor is maximalist or minimalist is a complex issue, that can’t be simplified or approximated. We were discouraged from using automated tools by the nature of the discussion: exception made for the definition of “refugee” and “migrant”, the actors tended to use similar words and a similar language to describe their different opinions, that’s why many tools (like SVEN) didn’t give useful results, but only messy stuff.

The best way we figured out to avoid this issue was to manually analyzing each actor in order to classifying it like a minimalist or maximalist. This operation took a long time to be done, but the good news is that it gave us a deeper knowledge of the topic.

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Minimalist

ACTORS & ROLES WHO TAKES PART IN THE CONTROVERSY?

«Environment is only a contextual factor in migration decisions»

Maximalist

Minimalist

Maximalist «Environment directly causes people to be forced to leave their homes»

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The web universe As a first step, we analyzed the whole web corpus, made of 287 sites, classyfing them by the time they first appeared with a query (102 came up with the “environmental refugee” query, while 121 with “environmental migrant”. 4 were in the same position in the first 100 results on google.com with both queries).

We took a look at every site’s “about” page and footer, gathering information about the owner or the writer of every single website and article; As we have manually picked up these informations, it came up to be a difficult job, because sometimes informations were hard to find. It could possibly mean that some content creators wouldn’t let the people know who wrote it, or they just forget to give this kind of informations.

We found 8 different categories to classify the actors: Organization indicates every single organization (like Unicef, UNFCCC, UNHCR) which is directy involved in migration; Institution indicates every organization under governative jurisdiction; Foundation indicates non-profit organization involved in humanitarian intents; Academic indicates university sites and journals; Media stands for news aggregators, webzines, online newspaper; Governative indicates official governative websites; Blog indicates every blog and personal page and Informative stands for every site whose purpouse is to inform and give definitions (like wikipedia.org or wordreference.com).

The aim of this Sankey Diagram is to explore how, from the query, the actors involved in the controversy are shaped. From queries to categories, then faction: this is an exploration of how this elements are connected in terms of quantity.

environmental migrant

environmental refugee

Both queries

The visualization highlights how different categories of actors have a different approach on the web. The fact that a different query mainly leads to different categories, show off the different ideals that moves their thoughts. For example, the blogosphere uses more the term “refugee” than “migrant”, and is more connected to the maximalist faction.

It is also important to observe the standardized percentage, which better reflects the behavior of every single category.

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Organization

Media Maximalist

Institution

Academic

Foundation None

Governative

Blog Minimalist Informative

Legend

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Incoming Flux Percentage

Flux Percentage Standardized

Outgoing Flux

The academic universe As we can see in the visualization, there are important differences between the distribution of maximalists and minimalists on the web and between academic papers.

The different categories of macroactors reflect the different nature of the documents: University regroups every paper produced in a universitary context; Journal indicates every periodical scientific publication; Organization indicates every document produced by organizations; Governative indicates official governative documentations; Conference stands for every report of conferences, Commission refers to extemporary task forces (mainly made up by government) with the aim of investigating particular topics about environmental migration.

As we approach the visualization, we can easily spot some differences with the previous one in the distribution of the documents gained with the queries: as we encounter a more homogeneous distribution between them and, as we can easily notice, not much differences between the incoming flux on the categories and the standardized ones. The situation completely changes when it’s up to the distribution of the categories between the factions, where the standardization shows how some categories of actors follow a different distribution.

environmental refugee

environmental migrant

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ACTORS & ROLES WHO TAKES PART IN THE CONTROVERSY?

Legend

Incoming Flux Percentage

Flux Percentage Standardized

Outgoing Flux

University

Maximalist

Journal

Minimalist

Organization Governative Conference

None

Commission

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Web: Geolocalized IP Ever if the web seems to endless, and more similar to a global village where everything and everywhere can be reached in a few seconds, we figured out that the possibility to give a geo-spatial dimension to the actors involved could represent a smart way to better understand the dynamics in the debate.

In this visualization we can observe how, crossing the position of every single website with a map of the most endangered areas subjected to sudden climate changes, the most relevant fact appear to be that the debate of environmental migration is still linked to the most developed areas, in particular USA and Europe.

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Legend None

Hurricane

Minimalist

Drought, Desertification

Maximalist

Artic glacial zone

1/5 websites in the same location

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Academic hubs When it comes to the academic world, giving a spatial dimension to a paper becomes more problematic, so we decided to display where the document was written, and if it was written by multiple authors, we displayed the location of the first author in order of appearance. Here is also displayed, in terms of dimension of the circles, the quantity of documents made in this particular location.

Here are displayed only minimalists and maximalists.

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Legend Minimalist Maximalist 1 document

10 documents

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Oxford, United Kingdom London, United Kingdom

Bonn, Germany

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ACTORS & ROLES WHO TAKES PART IN THE CONTROVERSY?

London vs Bonn There are two areas, in Europe, that seems to be bound to different opinions. The one with the most concentration of maximalists papers is represented by Bonn, in Germany, and it’s not difficult to understand why: there we can find the UNU-EHS, the University of the United Nations; That’s why this actor plays a central role in the debate on the environmental migration.

The other great pole of attraction where the most of the documents are written, is in the United Kingdom, in the universities of London and Oxford. Differently from the german zone, here the opinions are more oriented to the minimalist side.

Maximalists: academic

Maximalists: web

Minimalists: academic Mininimalists: web

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San Francisco, CA, USA

United States & Canada Analyzing the American zone, the first thing that data shows is how the web controversy has got a bigger foothold inspite of the European’s one. We still have universitary hubs, as it is in the European zone, and they are connected to the major cities of the country.

Particularly interesting are the maximalist hubs of New York City, in the US, and Toronto, Canada.

The situation is slightely different for Washington DC, which is pretty much minimalist. Another noticeable and interesting zone is represented by the area of San Francisco CA, USA, where we can find many website.

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ACTORS & ROLES WHO TAKES PART IN THE CONTROVERSY?

Toronto, Canada

New York, NY, USA

Washington, D.C, USA

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Academic Network

Minimalists

Academic Hubs

Web Network

Dead End

Maximalists

Meaning Research

NETWORKS AND LINKS ACADEMICAL PAPERS AND WEB NETWORKING

“To understand how social phenomena are built it is not enough to observe the actors alone nor is it enough to observe social networks once they are stabilized. What should be observed are the actors-networks - that is to say, the fleeting con - figurations where actors are renegotiating the ties of old networks and the emergence of new networks is redefining the identity of actors.�

Diving in magma: how to explore controversies with actor-network theory, Tommaso Venturini

When we started to analyze the controversy about the Environmental Migration problem, we found out immediately that our research lead up to two different big worlds: papers written from many academics and different web pages which context was relevant as a result of our research.

We have found many connections due to major collaborations in between authors and significant links around the main topics.

Many of those graphs have been made with Gephi, an open-source software useful for network analysis and data visualizations.

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The Academical Network One of the most important steps in our work has been defining who are the most active actors inside our camp research. After a proper analysis we found out who were the biggest gurus inside the Environmental Migration controversy. Moreover we also made a significant quality analysis understanding from all the PDF files in our possession whether the authors were standing in a Maximalist or Minimalist judgment.

Once defining all the actors and their role inside the debate, we crossed also their work as authors searching for collaborations or other interesting connections.

The whole idea of a Network system is also based on the fact that many academics usually don’t write always by their self but during conferences or for University publications, in fact they tend to work alongside with different researchers. This academic working process defines not only who collaborates the most but also big university hubs and different institutions that lead important researches. Not only we can see the organizations who mandate such researches but also the fact that many authors work alongside with people who have done similar researches and have similar points of view.

Looking at this visualization we can see the factions divided into colors: Red for the Maximalists, Yellow for the Minimalists and the Grey Color for None.

The None party is that group of academics which work apparently doesn’t belong to none of the two sides.

Since our analysis has been strictly comparative and based on few previous awareness about this subject, we defined such works as texts with no strong stance on anything. This does do nothing to change the fact that analyzing the overall work of a single academic might be useful to date back to a more correct interpretation of his approach. Every node inside this map is an author and bigger is their circle, the most they have written, and collaborated. The edges define a single paper co-written with one or more authors.

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NETWORKS AND LINKS ACADEMICAL PAPERS AND WEB NETWORKING

Legend Minimalist Maximalist Neutral 4 papers written 1 paper written

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As we can see there is a bigger network around the Maximalists party even if not anybody is working with everybody. There are fewer Minimalists clusters and two significant None aggregations.

Some None connections are linked to Maximalists and Minimalists as well and the reason of this might be the fact that, even if they don’t take any strong position , nor they are very active in the debate, they might be sympathizing for one of the two sides.

Academic Networks are a good tool to understand the different dynamics inside a so complex cosmos and always in development. It’s really hard to have a big overview about this world, first of all because it’s not so much advertised, and in a second moment because such analysis should be studied in a longer temporal period in order to understand the context in which those scientific theories born, develop and die.

R. Correa-Oliveira

H. Kloos

E.W. Rodrigues L. Monteiro

A. Gazzine D. Dos Reis

M. v Q.E. House

P

C. Lock

Legend Maximalists Minimalists Neutral

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R. Stojanov L. Morinire R. Taylor

K. Kavanova

M. Hamza F. Renaud

D. Pattie

J. Bogardi

K. Warner

elli

O. Dun

M. de Chaisemartin

F. Gemenne

F. Laczko

van der Valk

B. Schoumaker T. Afifi

K. Thomas

V. Piche C. Beauchemin

K. Davis

A. Bhattachan

S. Henry

D. Ouedraogo

P. D'Odorico

E. Lambin R. Begum

S. Ravi

N. Arnell

M. Rashid

C. Runyan

R. Black

A. Geddes

J. Pereira

S. Hazra

T. Ghosh

S. Aziz

E. Comerford

W. Adger

P. Kelly

H. Adams

ke

M. Mokhtar

G. Bhandari

S. Collins-Chobanian C. Kerlin

H. Zhang

J. Tinker

A. Winkels L. Timberlake R. Sabatier R.E. Richter D. Vine

P. de Guchteneire A. Pcoud

R. W

The Web Network: A dead end system Speaking about the Web analysis, we found out through 287 web pages, how connections inside the web can be as complex as miscellaneous.

The worldwide web is dynamic and continuously in expansion. Our focus was set only to Google results in response to two different queries: Environmental Refugee and Environmental Migrant.

Using the Gephi software we classified all the web pages in different macro categories such as : governmental pages, organizations, institutional pages, media, foundation, informative pages and blogs.

There is no specific definition whether the opinions inside the pages are from Minimalists or Maximalists: in fact there is a much bigger section of the “None� party on the web. The biggest results come from social networks and their links are connected with many other different typologies of sites.

Unfortunately there is no intrinsic factor inside this web map that shows us something interesting. There is no value capable to define and illustrate the controversy but only an elaborate lace work that shows us all the interlinks connections.

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NETWORKS AND LINKS ACADEMICAL PAPERS AND WEB NETWORKING

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Debate Quality

Maximalists

Complexity

Minimalists Image Analisys

Topic Tension

Topic #1 Topic #4

Topic Network Topic #1 Topic #2

A COSMO OF TOPICS What the academics talks about

The debates around the Environmental Migration and the people who escapes from their houses for climate change is discussed by Maximalists and Minimalists with different ideas, a lot of topics are shared and debated together, only a few are discussed one by one. The difference between the two factions is clear, but still is really hard to understand the real position of the academic world; some of them aren’t taking a position and the data visualizations of topics helps to define the parameters to tag these personalities. Of all things the measure is Man, of the things that are, that they are, and of the things that are not, that they are not[1]. Although everybody agree in helping the migrants, they have different way to solve it and this sentence explains the reason why.

[1] (Protagora, fr.1, in Platone, Teeteto, 152a)

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Migration linked to environmental change

Legend

Economic status

Description of environmental refugee

Geneve convention

Status and recognition of refugee

Displacement forecast

Fostering international law

Human rights

Status and recognition of refugee

Adaption

18 129

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The topic networks Within the evidences of the scientific literature which are the most debated topics? We decided that the best way was to organize them and then point out the most relevant ones, so we read all the documents extracted from Google Scholar, Scopus, looking for relevant thematics, and we clustered them into four different families: Dispute, Human Condition, Phenomenon and Case Studies.

Every single paper was tagged in a excel file, our dataset, then visualized and layouted trought Gephi.

Beside, the main topics we have found.

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Long Term Degradation

Sea Level and Sinking Islands

Conflict as a Result

Multica

Fostering International Laws

Human Rights

Migration Linked to Environmental Change

Environmental Change and Forced Displacements

Adaptation Economic Status Status and Recognition of Refugees Extreme Catastrophic Events

Displacement Forecast

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Desertification

Here we can see some of the most connected topics. To Visualize all of them would have been really messy, so we chose to take just a portion corresponding to the quintile with the most connected ones. The thematics have connections to each others if they are mentioned in the same document, the thicker the link, the higher the number of connections.

As we can see, the Migration Linked to Environmental Change topic is the most relevant and the most central one, but all the Phenomena cluster seems to be the most present one and the most connected, Human Conditions and Case Studies are following, while the others aren’t part of the most connected quintile.

ausality

d

1951 Geneva Convention

Legend

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Minimalists

INTERNAL MIGRATION

AGRICOLTURE

MIGRANTS DESTINATIONS

SECURITY

NEO-MALTHUSIAN

NEW STATISTICAL MODELS

Tension map of topics Every topic has been used in both Maximalists and Minimalists papers, but the question is: by which faction they have been used more? Here is visualized how they are pulled in one direction or another, as well as where is the Gravity Center of the topic displacement is located. As we can see, it is slightly located in the Maximalists area and it means this faction used a little more evidences while explaining its point of view.

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KATRINE HURRICANE

Maximalists

A COSMO OF TOPIC THE TOPIC OF CONTROVERSY

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND FORCED DISPLACEMENTS ECO-SYSTEM FACTORS THAT PUSH MIGRATION

LONG TERM CATASTROPHIC EVENTS

LONG TERM DEGRADATION

DESERTIFICATION

PREPARING COMMUNITIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

POLITICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISPLACEMENT

CENTER OF GRAVITY DISPLACEMENT FORECAST MIGRATION DATA

HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES

ANTROPOLOGY HUMAN VULNERABILITY

TUVALU

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Google images map Here is a synthesis of the first hundred images Google suggests for the queries “Environmental migrants” and “Environmental refugee”, it reflects the rank, from left to right from up to bottom.

Every single shape is created with three parameters: the Type (Photo, Graphic or Photo with Graphic), the Topics and if the images is manipulated to convince someone of the message behind.

The images was downloaded with ZBulker, an addon for Mozilla Firefox, than they have been tagged in Excel. Finally rendered in NodeBox. The graph points out something similar to what we’ve seen before, “migrant” is a term used usually

by Minimalist, “refugee” is the status that Maximalists want to achieve for migrants. The result of the first query reveal a big amount of papers, maps and data visualization, on other hand the second query is mostly emphatic and focused on the images of refugees and environmental disasters

Legend

Photo Graphic Photo + Graphic

Migrant

Data Visualiz.

Disaster

Book

Activist

Person

Map

Art

Landscape

Others

Academics

10

Not emphatic

Emphatic

A COSMO OF TOPIC THE TOPIC OF CONTROVERSY

“Environmental Migrant” “Environmental Refugee”

11

If we simplify the visualization, taking only the color tagging system, it’s even easier to see how in the first results images are more focused on the documentation of the issue, generating a more scientific imaginary compared to the second where the use of images is stronger and far more emphatic.

Legend

Migrant

Data Visualiz

Disaster

Book

Activist

Person

Map

Art

Landscape

Other

Academics

12

“Environmental Migrant” “Environmental Refugee”

13

“Environmental Migrant” “Environmental Refugee”

Not emphatic

Emphatic

14

Corpus Internal

External

Authors

Time

Topic #2

Citations

Topic #1

A CONTINUOUS GROWTH HOW AND WHEN

Topics, Networks and Actors take important part in the debate, but still they miss some consideration drawn from a different point of view: the one considering their evolution in the time.

Are the actors sharing ideas and opinions? Do they push the process of definition to a most general level? Are they able to switch to different evidences or are they simply talking about the same things? ÂŤNo agreement, no convention, no collective reality has ever come without discussion.Âť Tommaso Venturini

3

Topics // Citations Within the literature flow Once we passed into the relationships between the actors and their evidences, we analyzed how the debate flows over the period of time in which our corpus has been published.

We collected papers dated from 1991 to 2013, covering all the lapse of years with the exception of 2000, from which we haven’t analyzed any document.

At the beginning, our aim had been to discover and point out if there was any more productive year and if some topic was particularly time-located or more important than others, then we focused on the papers citations too, to understand how academics refer to each others and what seems to be the main resource on the debate and its relevance outside it.

In the following pages it has been displayed a focus on the flowing of topics in the time, giving relevance to which of them had been used, in which year and how frequently.

First sight taken, its easy to understand that the most topic-reach years have been the ones after the 2002, while the most productive years comes after 2005.

Usually the frequency of topics grows for the years between 2008 and 2012, following the trend of the most productive years, but some particular case has to be highlighted: the “Desertification” topic has its frequency peak in 2006, while it’s quite low in the rest of time. Similar for ”Policy of Environmental Displacement” and “Humanitarian Agencies” in 2008 and “Weather Anomalies” in 2012.

The most present topics are “Migration Linked to Environmental Change”, “Description of Environmental Refugee/Migrant”, “Status and Recognition of refugee” and “Need of definition”, which are all thematics really close to our point of debate.

4

THE GRAVITY MODEL STRUGGLE OVER DATA NEW STATISTICAL MODELS NEW DATA RESEARCH MIGRATION DATA FUTURE MIGRATION AND CLIMATE CHANGES UNCLEAR MODELS DISPLACEMENT FORECAST UMBRELLA ANALOGY STRUMENTALIZATION MIGRANTS SCALE AND DISTANCE OF THE VISION RISK OF EXCLUDING INDIVIDUALS RESILIENCE THEORY QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE STUDIES NO-REGRET APPROACH NEO-MALTHUSIAN NEED OF MORE RESEARCH MOVE OVER THE DEBATE AND TAKE ACTION MINIMALIST VS. MAXIMALIST MEDIA APPROACH IS IT A REAL PROBLEM? IDENTITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AFFECTED PLACES DISASTER RIKS REDUCE DEVELOPMENT INDUCED M. VS. ENV. IND. MIGRATION ALARMIST VS. SCEPTICS AID ACADEMIC ANALYSIS SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL AWARENESS SUPPORTING ADAPTATION POLICIES NECESSITY OF LAWS FOSTERING INTERNATIONAL LAWS POSSIBILITY OF RETURN OF THE DISPLACED PEOPLE POLITICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISPLACEMENT SECURITY 1951 GENEVA CONVENTION

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF COUNTRIES OTHER CASE STUDIES MEDITERRANEAN SEA FINLAND TUVALU TOLUKUMA NEW ZEALAND NAURU KIRIBATI VIETNAM SARDAR SAROVAR DAM NEPAL BOPHAL BANGLADESH ARAL SEA MONTSERRAT MEXICO KATRINA HURRICANE HAITI CHESAPEAKE BAY ISLANDS CANADA BRAZIL ALASKA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA NIGER MOZAMBIQUE HAWAWEER EGYPT DARFUR BURKINA FASO BENIN AFRICA

CASE STUDIES

DISPUTE

APEARED FEW TIMES ~ ~ APEARED LOTS OF TIMES

6

A CONTINUOUS GROTH HOW AND WHEN

HUMAN CONDITIONS

HUMAN VULNERABILITY HUMAN RIGHTS GENDER ISSUES FERTILITY AND MORTALITY FAILURE TO ADAPT TO PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT CHANGES ANTROPOLOGY ADAPTATION

ORGANIZATIONS

UNHCR UNFCCC IPCC REPORT HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES EUROPEAN COMMISSION POINT OF VIEW EU ACTORNESS & IDENTITY CORPORATIONS

PHENOMENON

SOCIOLOGY SETTLEMENT AND RISK IN ENVIRONMENTALLY-PROTECTED AREAS FUND PREPARING COMMUNITIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE SUSTAINABILITY URBANIZATION CONFLICT AS A RESULT MIGRANTS DESTINATIONS MILITARY RESPONSE FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION SEA LEVEL AND SINKING ISLANDS RAINFALL DESERTIFICATION SOIL EROSION EARTHQUAKE WATER CONTAMINATION EMPTINESS OF WATER COASTAL EROSION DEFORESTATION LONG TERM DEGRADATION OVERCROWDING GOVERNMENT INDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION EXPROPRIATION MULTICAUSALITY CONFLICTS HUMAN ACTION FLOODS NUCLEAR DISASTER EXTREME CATASTROPHIC EVENTS LONG TERM CATASTROPHIC EVENTS ECONOMIC STATUS CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AGRICOLTURE FAMINE WEATHER ANOMALIES ECO-SYSTEM FACTORS THAT PUSH MIGRATION INTERNAL MIGRATION POSITIVE ASPECTS OF MIGRATION TEMPORARILY/PERMANENTLY MIGRATION CLIMIGRATION ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND FORCED DISPLACEMENTS MIGRATION LINKED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL REFUGEE/MIGRANTS STATUS AND RECOGNITION OF REFUGEES NEED OF A DEFINITION

2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

7

Which topic family is more pointed out?

The following visualization shows whether a topic family has been used during a year or not. If not, its stream is not visible. According to the fact that the most productive years are form 2006, also the presence of the topics is higher in that period of time, in which is collected the biggest variety of topic families.

As before, the 2000 has no relevance, while the “Phenomenon” and the “Dispute” groups are the most important, but here is more visible that in 1994 nothing but them is indicated.

The “Human Condition” stream has no continuity before 2006, when it gains his relevance in the debate.

Legend

Case Studies Dispute Human Conditions Organizations 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

Phenomenon

8

STANDARDIZED VALUES

TOTAL VALUES

A CONTINUOUS GROTH HOW AND WHEN

In the next pages we focused on every single family, comparing a Total and Standardized value of the presence of the topic: we achieved this dividing the times every topic appeared in a year, by the number of documents written in that year.

9

T

10

20

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

KIRIBATI VIETNAM SARDAR SAROVAR DAM NEPAL BOPHAL BANGLADESH ARAL SEA MONTSERRAT BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF COUNTRIES OTHER CASE STUDIES MEDITERRANEAN SEA FINLAND TUVALU TOLUKUMA NEW ZEALAND NAURU

NIGER MOZAMBIQUE HAWAWEER EGYPT DARFUR BURKINA FASO BENIN AFRICA MEXICO KATRINA HURRICANE HAITI CHESAPEAKE BAY ISLANDS CANADA BRAZIL ALASKA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

S

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0 TIMES

1

10

2

3

Case Studies

0 TIMES

A CONTINUOUS GROTH HOW AND WHEN

0

10

20

30

40

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL AWARENESS SUPPORTING ADAPTATION POLICIES NECESSITY OF LAWS FOSTERING INTERNATIONAL LAWS POSSIBILITY OF RETURN OF THE DISPLACED PEOPLE POLITICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISPLACEMENT SECURITY 1951 GENEVA CONVENTION MEDIA APPROACH IS IT A REAL PROBLEM? IDENTITY OF THE ENV. AFFECTED PLACES DISASTER RIKS REDUCE DEV. IND. M. VS. ENV. IND. M. ALARMIST VS. SCEPTICS AID ACADEMIC ANALYSIS RISK OF EXCLUDING INDIVIDUALS RESILIENCE THEORY

Dispute

QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE STUDIES NO-REGRET APPROACH NEO-MALTHUSIAN NEED OF MORE RESEARCH MOVE OVER THE DEBATE AND TAKE ACTION MINIMALIST VS. MAXIMALIST NEW STATISTICAL MODELS NEW DATA RESEARCH MIGRATION DATA FUTURE MIG. AND CLIMATE CHANGES UNCLEAR MODELS DISPLACEMENT FORECAST UMBRELLA ANALOGY STRUMENTALIZATION MIGRANTS SCALE AND DISTANCE OF THE VISION THE GRAVITY MODEL STRUGGLE OVER DATA

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0 TIMES

1

2

3

11

T

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

UNHCR UNFCCC IPCC REPORT HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES EUROPEAN COMMISSION POINT OF VIEW EU ACTORNESS & IDENTITY CORPORATIONS

S

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0 TIMES

12

Organizations

0

Human Conditions

0

10

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

HUMAN VULNERABILITY HUMAN RIGHTS GENDER ISSUE FERTILITY AND MORTALITY FAILURE TO ADAPT TO PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT CHANGES ANTROPOLOGY ADAPTATION

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0 TIMES

1

13

0

T

10

30

40

60

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

GOVERNMENT INDUCED ENV. DEGRADATION EXPROPRIATION MULTICAUSALITY CONFLICTS HUMAN ACTION FLOODS NUCLEAR DISASTER EXTREME CATASTROPHIC EVENTS SOIL EROSION EARTHQUAKE WATER CONTAMINATION EMPTINESS OF WATER COASTAL EROSION DEFORESTATION LONG TERM DEGRADATION OVERCROWDING

POSITIVE ASPECTS OF MIGRATION TEMPORARILY/PERMANENTLY MIGRATION CLIMIGRATION ENV. CHANGE AND FORCED DISPLACEMENTS MIG. LINKED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE DESCRIPTION OF ENV. REFUGEE/MIGRANTS STATUS AND RECOGNITION OF REFUGEES NEED OF A DEFINITION LONG TERM CATASTROPHIC EVENTS ECONOMIC STATUS CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD PROD. SYSTEMS AGRICOLTURE FAMINE WEATHER ANOMALIES ECO-SYSTEM FACTORS THAT PUSH MIG. INTERNAL MIGRATION

S

50

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0 TIMES

1

14

2

3

2

3

70

A CONTINUOUS GROTH HOW AND WHEN

90

100

110

Phenomenon

80

SUSTAINABILITY URBANIZATION CONFLICT AS A RESULT MIGRANTS DESTINATIONS MILITARY RESPONSE FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION SEA LEVEL AND SINKING ISLANDS RAINFALL DESERTIFICATION SOCIOLOGY SETTLEMENT AND RISK IN ENVIRONMENTALLY-PROTECTED AREAS FUND PREPARING COMMUNITIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

15

The Wolverine Map As said before, to build up our corpus we collected the results from Google Scholar, where, beside the “basic” notation, we have found a value for the citations that every paper got within the academic network.

We scraped this list of publications from the search engine and we created a new dataset linking every entity with the citing ones, getting series of citation inside the corpus and others from outside [1]. We visualized them with the following map: The Wolverine Map.

[1] Citation-set We gathered around 2800 titles of new papers.

We haven’t focused so much on them, it have been enough just to visualize the year of publication, to understand how the relevance of a cited paper is changing over the time.

16

In the graph, every Bézier curve stands for a citation that links two papers. Every work coming from our corpus is indicated with a gray circle, sized depending on the number of citations it got from academics belonging or not belonging to our dataset.

From the oldest ones at the bottom, to the latest in the top, on the horizontal axis we represented the centrality of a paper in the debate: in the middle the more cited within the corpus and the less cited at the borders, the white outsiders are external to our corpus.

T. F. Homer-Dixon, the most cited author is quite central in the debate, but all his citations go at the borders or outside. The most central is N. Myers, we expected this results, because, reading all the papers we found it has been a particularly cited personality, but still no citations are flowing with centrality.

A. Suhrke, the author who first defined the maximalists-minimalists controversy is quite central, but still it seems that the academics are not sharing a common way of thinking and that there is almost no flow in that.

A CONTINUOUS GROTH HOW AND WHEN

17

A CONTINUOUS GROTH HOW AND WHEN

The “Wolverine Map” shows the evolution of citations during the time that our corpus covers. We chose this name referring to the particular hairstyle of the well-known X-Man, also if “TigerMan Mask” would have been a suitable name too.

Legend

Conclusions

Dataset

CONCLUSIONS & DATASET

Our analysis took place on a scientometric level, focusing on the academic literature, since we hadn’t found materials for a deep study in the web.

So, starting from Google Scholar and Scopus, we considered the network of authors: what we found is some small constellation of personalities who collaborated together and who are quite central in the debate, while there is a large amount of single marginal academics.

The main focus of our report is on the topics we extracted from the papers, and they represent the basis of comparison and the central feature of our work. We pointed out the time covering of the thematics, and their use in the documents, the belonging faction and their aggregation.

We would say that we are standing in front of a growing phenomenon and a open controversy, because a new literature, different from the old “classical� one, seems to be increasing and introducing new topics and personalities, as we can see from the last part of our work, especially from the citation map.

3

Enviro

Query environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant

4

CONCLUSIONS & DATASET THE PAPERS

onmental migrant Faction NONE MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE MIN NONE MAX MAX MIN NONE MAX MIN NONE MAX NONE MAX MAX MIN NONE MIN MIN MIN MIN NONE MAX MIN MAX MAX NONE MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE NONE MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MIN NONE MIN MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE MIN NONE MAX NONE MAX MAX MAX MIN MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE NONE NONE MAX NONE NONE MAX NONE

Faction Macro Actors NONE Foundation MAX Academic MAX Institute MAX Organization MAX Media NONE Academic MIN Media NONE Organization MAX Institute MAX Academic MIN Institute NONE Europe MAX Activist MIN Media NONE Media MAX Institute NONE Media MAX Organization MAX Activist MIN Organization NONE Academic MIN Media MIN Organization MIN Media MIN Media NONE Academic MAX Organization MIN Academic MAX Media MAX Academic NONE Media MAX Media MAX Organization GOVMAX MAX Academic MAX Activist MAX Academic MAX Organization NONE Organization GOVNONE MAX Organization MAX Organization MAX Organization MAX Organization MAX Organization MAX Activist MAX Academic MIN Organization n.d. NONE MIN Activist MAX Institute MAX Media MAX Activist MAX Organization MAX Activist GOVNONE MIN Institute GOVNONE MAX Media NONE Activist MAX Media MAX Academic MAX Media MIN Media MAX Media MAX Media MAX Academic MAX Media NONE Organization GOVNONE NONE Activist MAX Institute Blog NONE NONE Organization MAX Foundation NONE Institute

Macro Actors Foundation Academic Institute Organization Media Academic Media Organization Institute Academic Institute Europe Activist Media Media Institute Media Organization Activist Organization Academic Media Organization Media Media Academic Organization Academic Media Academic Media Media Organization GOV Academic Activist Academic Organization Organization GOV Organization Organization Organization Organization Organization Activist Academic Organization n.d.

Activist Institute Media Activist Organization Activist GOV Institute GOV Media Activist Media Academic Media Media Media Media Academic Media Organization GOV Activist Institute Blog Organization Foundation Institute

5

environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental migrant environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee

6

NONE MIN NONE MAX NONE MAX MAX MAX MIN MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE NONE NONE MAX NONE NONE MAX NONE MAX MAX NONE MAX NONE MAX NONE NONE MAX NONE MIN NONE MAX MAX NONE NONE NONE NONE MAX MAX MAX NONE NONE MAX NONE NONE MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE NONE NONE MAX NONE NONE MAX MAX NONE MAX MAX NONE NONE NONE MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE NONE NONE MAX MAX NONE MAX MAX NONE MIN MAX MAX MAX NONE MAX MAX NONE MAX

GOVNONE MIN Institute GOVNONE MAX Media NONE Activist MAX Media MAX Academic MAX Media MIN Media MAX Media MAX Media MAX Academic MAX Media NONE Organization GOVNONE NONE Activist MAX Institute Blog NONE NONE Organization MAX Foundation NONE Institute MAX Institute GOVMAX NONE Foundation MAX Academic NONE Institute MAX Media NONE Media NONE Academic MAX Academic NONE Academic MIN Media NONE Academic MAX Organization MAX Organization NONE Institute GOVNONE NONE Activist NONE Foundation MAX Institute MAX Organization MAX Organization GOVNONE NONE Organization MAX Activist NONE Organization NONE Foundation GOVMAX MAX Organization MAX Foundation MAX Organization NONE Academic NONE Organization NONE Academic MAX Organization NONE Foundation NONE Organization GOVMAX Blog MAX GOVNONE MAX Foundation MAX Foundation NONE Academic NONE Foundation NONE Foundation MAX Foundation MAX Academic MAX Media MAX Activist MAX Media MAX Organization MAX Academic MAX Institute NONE Media NONE Media NONE Media MAX Organization MAX Organization NONE Media MAX Academic MAX Institute NONE Organization MIN Media Blog MAX MAX Media Blog MAX NONE Organization MAX Institute MAX Organization NONE Academic MAX Academic

GOV Institute GOV Media Activist Media Academic Media Media Media Media Academic Media Organization GOV Activist Institute Blog Organization Foundation Institute Institute GOV Foundation Academic Institute Media Media Academic Academic Academic Media Academic Organization Organization Institute GOV Activist Foundation Institute Organization Organization GOV Organization Activist Organization Foundation GOV Organization Foundation Organization Academic Organization Academic Organization Foundation Organization GOV Blog GOV Foundation Foundation Academic Foundation Foundation Foundation Academic Media Activist Media Organization Academic Institute Media Media Media Organization Organization Media Academic Institute Organization Media Blog Media Blog Organization Institute Organization Academic Academic

CONCLUSIONS & DATASET THE PAPERS

7

environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee

Environm refugee

8

MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE NONE NONE MAX MAX NONE MAX MAX NONE MIN MAX MAX MAX NONE MAX MAX NONE MAX MAX MAX MAX MIN MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE MIN MAX NONE MIN MAX NONE MAX MAX MIN MAX MAX MAX NONE NONE MIN NONE NONE MAX MAX MIN MIN MAX MAX MIN MAX MAX MIN NONE MAX NONE MAX MAX NONE MIN MAX MIN MAX NONE NONE MAX MAX MIN NONE MIN MIN NONE NONE NONE MAX NONE MAX MAX NONE MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE MAX NONE

MAX Media MAX Organization MAX Academic MAX Institute NONE Media NONE Media NONE Media MAX Organization MAX Organization NONE Media MAX Academic MAX Institute NONE Organization MIN Media Blog MAX MAX Media Blog MAX NONE Organization MAX Institute MAX Organization NONE Academic MAX Academic MAX Media MAX Media MAX Academic MIN Academic MAX Organization MAX Media MAX Academic MAX Academic NONE Foundation MIN Academic MAX Media NONE Media MIN Academic MAX Activist NONE Foundation MAX Academic MAX Media MIN Activist MAX Organization MAX Organization MAX Media NONE Academic NONE Organization Blog MIN NONE Media NONE Organization MAX Academic MAX Activist MIN Media MIN Activist MAX Organization MAX Foundation MIN Academic MAX Media MAX Institute MIN Media NONE Media MAX Media NONE Organization MAX Organization MAX Institute Blog NONE MIN Activist MAX Activist Blog MIN MAX Media NONE Organization NONE Organization MAX Organization MAX Organization GOVMIN NONE Activist MIN Media MIN Activist NONE Organization NONE Foundation NONE Foundation MAX Institute NONE Organization MAX Activist MAX Activist GOVNONE MAX Media MAX Media MAX Organization MAX Academic Blog NONE MAX Activist NONE Activist

Media Organization Academic Institute Media Media Media Organization Organization Media Academic Institute Organization Media Blog Media Blog Organization Institute Organization Academic Academic Media Media Academic Academic Organization Media Academic Academic Foundation Academic Media Media Academic Activist Foundation Academic Media Activist Organization Organization Media Academic Organization Blog Media Organization Academic Activist Media Activist Organization Foundation Academic Media Institute Media Media Media Organization Organization Institute Blog Activist Activist Blog Media Organization Organization Organization Organization GOV Activist Media Activist Organization Foundation Foundation Institute Organization Activist Activist GOV Media Media Organization Academic Blog Activist Activist

CONCLUSIONS & DATASET THE PAPERS

mental

9

environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee environmental refugee

10

MAX MAX MIN NONE MIN MIN NONE NONE NONE MAX NONE MAX MAX NONE MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE MAX NONE NONE MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX NONE NONE MAX MAX NONE MAX NONE MAX NONE MAX MAX MAX NONE NONE MAX NONE NONE MAX MAX NONE MAX NONE NONE MAX MIN NONE MAX NONE MAX MAX MAX

MAX Organization MAX Organization GOVMIN NONE Activist MIN Media MIN Activist NONE Organization NONE Foundation NONE Foundation MAX Institute NONE Organization MAX Activist MAX Activist GOVNONE MAX Media MAX Media MAX Organization MAX Academic Blog NONE MAX Activist NONE Activist NONE Organization MAX Organization MAX Activist MAX Media MAX Organization MAX Foundation NONE Media NONE Foundation MAX Activist MAX Media NONE Activist MAX Media NONE Foundation MAX Organization NONE Academic MAX Organization MAX Activist MAX Organization GOVNONE NONE Academic MAX Activist NONE Organization NONE Activist MAX Academic MAX Activist NONE Organization MAX Activist NONE Academic NONE Organization Blog MAX MIN Institute NONE Organization MAX Media Blog NONE MAX Activist MAX Media MAX Organization

Organization Organization GOV Activist Media Activist Organization Foundation Foundation Institute Organization Activist Activist GOV Media Media Organization Academic Blog Activist Activist Organization Organization Activist Media Organization Foundation Media Foundation Activist Media Activist Media Foundation Organization Academic Organization Activist Organization GOV Academic Activist Organization Activist Academic Activist Organization Activist Academic Organization Blog Institute Organization Media Blog Activist Media Organization

CONCLUSIONS & DATASET THE PAPERS

11

Maximali CITY CITY CITY CITY LATITUDE LATITUDE LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE NUMBER NUMBER OFNUMBER MAX OF MAX NUMBER OF MAXOF MAX -34,9274284 -34,9274284 138,599899 138,599899 138,599899 Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia Adelaide, Australia Adelaide, AustraliaAustralia -34,9274284 -34,9274284 138,599899 49,8941708 2,2956951 2,2956951 2,2956951 1 1 1 1 Amiens, France Amiens, France France49,8941708 49,8941708 Amiens, France Amiens, 49,8941708 2,2956951 Ankara, Turkey Ankara, Turkey Turkey 39,9272237 39,9272237 Ankara, Turkey Ankara, 39,9272237 39,9272237 32,8520491 32,8520491 32,8520491 32,8520491 1 1 1 1 Arlington County, Virginia Virginia (USA) (USA) 38,88078475 38,88078475 38,88078475-77,10771501 -77,10771501 -77,10771501 -77,10771501 Arlington County, Arlington Arlington County, County, Virginia Virginia (USA) (USA) 38,88078475 -6,9220482 -6,9220482 107,6065309 107,6065309 107,6065309 Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia Indonesia -6,9220482 -6,9220482 107,6065309 44,8178787 20,4568089 20,4568089 20,4568089 1 1 1 1 Belgrad, Serbia Belgrad, Serbia Serbia44,8178787 44,8178787 Belgrad, Serbia Belgrad, 44,8178787 20,4568089 Berkeley, California California (USA) (USA)California 37,8708789 37,8708789 37,8708789 -122,2728247 -122,2728247 -122,2728247 -122,2728247 1 1 1 1 Berkeley, Berkeley, Berkeley, California (USA) (USA) 37,8708789 Berlin,Berlin, Germany Berlin, Germany Berlin, Germany52,5170365 52,5170365 Germany 52,5170365 52,5170365 13,3888599 13,3888599 13,3888599 13,3888599 46,9480572 46,9480572 7,4513003 7,4513003 7,4513003 Bern,Bern, Switzerland Switzerland Bern, Switzerland Bern, Switzerland 46,9480572 46,9480572 7,4513003 Bonn, Germany 50,7344839 50,7344839 7,0999274 7,0999274 7,0999274 10 10 10 10 Bonn,Bonn, Germany Bonn, Germany50,7344839 Germany 50,7344839 7,0999274 Boulder, Colorado (USA)Colorado 40,0149856 40,0149856 -105,2705456 -105,2705456 -105,2705456 -105,2705456 2 2 2 2 Boulder, Colorado Boulder, (USA) Boulder, Colorado (USA)40,0149856 (USA) 40,0149856 Brighton, UK Brighton, 50,82221 50,82221 -0,1377534 -0,1377534 -0,1377534 -0,1377534 1 1 1 1 UK UK 50,82221 50,82221 Brighton, UK Brighton, Brno,Brno, Czech Brno, Republic Czech Brno,Republic Czech Republic 49,1922443 Czech Republic 49,1922443 49,1922443 49,1922443 16,6113382 16,6113382 16,6113382 16,6113382 1 1 1 1 Brooklyn, New York (USA) 40,6501038 40,6501038 40,6501038 -73,9495823 -73,9495823 -73,9495823 -73,9495823 1 1 1 1 Brooklyn, New Brooklyn, York (USA) Brooklyn, New York New (USA) York (USA) 40,6501038 Bruxelles, Belgium 50,8465406 50,8465406 50,8465406 4,3516841 4,3516841 4,3516841 4,3516841 1 1 1 1 Bruxelles, Belgium Bruxelles, Bruxelles, BelgiumBelgium 50,8465406 Cairo,Cairo, EgyptEgypt Cairo, Egypt Cairo, Egypt 30,0488185 30,0488185 30,0488185 30,0488185 31,2436663 31,2436663 31,2436663 31,2436663 52,2033051 0,124862 0,124862 0,124862 1 1 1 1 Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Cambridge, UK Cambridge, UK UK52,2033051 52,2033051 52,2033051 0,124862 Cardiff, UK Cardiff, Cardiff, UK UK 51,4835299 Cardiff, UK 51,4835299 51,4835299 51,4835299 -3,1836873 -3,1836873 -3,1836873 -3,1836873 1 1 1 1 Copenhagen, Denmark 55,6867243 55,6867243 55,6867243 12,5700724 12,5700724 12,5700724 12,5700724 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Copenhagen, DenmarkDenmark 55,6867243 23,7282161 23,7282161 90,4098792 90,4098792 90,4098792 1 1 1 1 Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh 23,7282161 23,7282161 90,4098792 Dundee, UK 56,4593653 56,4593653 -2,9735213 -2,9735213 -2,9735213 -2,9735213 Dundee, UK Dundee, Dundee, UK UK 56,4593653 56,4593653 64,8377802 -147,7163952 -147,7163952 -147,7163952 1 1 1 1 Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska (USA) Fairbanks, (USA) Alaska (USA) Alaska 64,8377802 (USA) 64,8377802 64,8377802 -147,7163952 Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida (USA) Florida (USA) 29,6469238 Gainesville, Florida (USA) 29,6469238 Gainesville, Florida (USA) 29,6469238 29,6469238 -82,3476153 -82,3476153 -82,3476153 -82,3476153 1 1 1 1 Gent Gent , Belgium , Belgium 51,0558119 51,0558119 3,7239194 3,7239194 3,7239194 3,7239194 1 1 1 1 Gent , Belgium Gent , Belgium 51,0558119 51,0558119 Göttingen, Germany Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Germany 51,533684 Göttingen, Germany 51,533684 51,533684 51,533684 9,9344982 9,9344982 9,9344982 9,9344982 1 1 1 1 Hamburg, Germany 53,5437641 53,5437641 53,5437641 10,0099133 10,0099133 10,0099133 10,0099133 Hamburg, Germany Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Germany 53,5437641 (USA) 29,9519265 -95,54091698 -95,54091698 -95,54091698 1 1 1 1 Houston, Houston, Texas Houston, Texas Houston, (USA) Texas (USA) Texas 29,9519265 (USA) 29,9519265 29,9519265 -95,54091698 City, Iowa (USA) (USA) 41,6606893 41,6606893 -91,5302214 -91,5302214 -91,5302214 -91,5302214 Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Iowa City, (USA) Iowa 41,6606893 (USA) 41,6606893 (USA) 42,4396039 42,4396039 -76,4968019 -76,4968019 -76,4968019 1 1 1 1 Ithaca, Ithaca, New New York Ithaca, York New Ithaca, (USA) York New (USA) York (USA) 42,4396039 42,4396039 -76,4968019 Kensington, Kensington, Kensington, AustraliaAustralia -34,9230214 Kensington, Australia Australia -34,9230214 -34,9230214 -34,9230214 138,6453344 138,6453344 138,6453344 138,6453344 1 1 1 1 Lisbon, Portugal Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal38,7128995 38,7128995 Lisbon, PortugalPortugal 38,7128995 38,7128995 -9,1328948 -9,1328948 -9,1328948 -9,1328948 1 1 1 1 London, UK 51,5072759 51,5072759 51,5072759 -0,1276597 -0,1276597 -0,1276597 -0,1276597 4 4 4 4 London, UK London, London, UK UK 51,5072759 Louisville, Kentucky Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky (USA) (USA) 38,2542376 Louisville, Kentucky (USA) (USA)Kentucky 38,2542376 38,2542376 38,2542376 -85,759407 -85,759407 -85,759407 -85,759407 1 1 1 1 Louvain-La-Neuve, BelgiumBelgium 50,6682012 50,6682012 4,6128839 4,6128839 4,6128839 4,6128839 1 1 1 Louvain-La-Neuve, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium Louvain-La-Neuve, 50,6682012 Belgium 50,6682012 1 Lund, Sweden Lund, Sweden 55,7029296 55,7029296 Sweden 55,7029296 55,7029296 13,1929449 13,1929449 13,1929449 13,1929449 Lund,Lund, Sweden Lund,Lund, Sweden; Sweden; Lund, Sweden; Lund, Sweden; 55,7029296 55,7029296 55,7029296 13,1929449 55,7029296 13,1929449 13,1929449 13,1929449 42,4250964 -71,066163 -71,066163 -71,066163 Malden, Massachusetts 42,4250964 -71,066163 Malden, Massachusetts Malden, Malden, Massachusetts (USA)(USA) Massachusetts 42,4250964 (USA) (USA) 42,4250964 Mankweng, Mankweng, South Africa South Africa -23,8868647 -23,8868647 29,7314916 29,7314916 29,7314916 Mankweng, South Africa -23,8868647 29,7314916 Mankweng, South Africa -23,8868647 Melbourne, Melbourne, AustraliaAustralia -37,8142176 Melbourne, Australia -37,8142176 144,9631608 -37,8142176 -37,8142176 144,9631608 144,9631608 144,9631608 Melbourne, Australia Mexico City, Mexico 19,4325301 -99,1332102 Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico Mexico City, Mexico 19,4325301 19,4325301 19,4325301 -99,1332102 -99,1332102 -99,1332102 1 1 1 1 Montreal, Canada 45,5224507 45,5224507 45,5224507 -73,5912827 -73,5912827 -73,5912827 -73,5912827 1 1 1 1 Montreal, Canada Montreal, Montreal, CanadaCanada 45,5224507 Neuchâtel, Switzerland Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland Switzerland 46,9895435 Neuchâtel, Switzerland 46,9895435 46,9895435 46,9895435 6,9292679 6,9292679 6,9292679 6,9292679 New New York City, York City, New New York York (USA) City, New York 40,7305991 (USA) -73,9865812 New New York York City, (USA) New York 40,7305991 (USA) 40,7305991 40,7305991 -73,9865812 -73,9865812 -73,9865812 4 4 4 4 Newcastle upon Newcastle Tyne,Newcastle upon upon UK54,9770924 Tyne,54,9770924 UK 54,9770924 Newcastle upon Tyne, UK UKTyne, 54,9770924 -1,6142059 -1,6142059 -1,6142059 -1,6142059 1 1 1 1 Newport, Rhode Newport, Island Newport, Rhode (USA)(USA) Island Rhode(USA) 41,4901024 Island41,4901024 (USA)41,4901024 Newport, Rhode Island 41,4901024 -71,3128285 -71,3128285 -71,3128285 -71,3128285 20,5431241 84,6897321 84,6897321 84,6897321 1 1 1 1 Odisha, IndiaOdisha, Odisha, India Odisha, India India 20,5431241 20,5431241 20,5431241 84,6897321 Oslo,Oslo, Norway Oslo, Norway Oslo, Norway 59,9132694 59,9132694 Norway 59,9132694 59,9132694 10,7391112 10,7391112 10,7391112 10,7391112 1 1 1 1 Ottawa, Canada Ottawa, CanadaCanada45,4210328 45,4210328 Ottawa, CanadaOttawa, 45,4210328 45,4210328 -75,6900219 -75,6900219 -75,6900219 -75,6900219 2 2 2 2 Oxford, England Oxford, EnglandEngland51,7521553 51,7521553 Oxford, EnglandOxford, 51,7521553 51,7521553 -1,2582135 -1,2582135 -1,2582135 -1,2582135 4 4 4 4 Oxford, UK Oxford, Oxford, UK UK 51,7521553 Oxford, UK 51,7521553 51,7521553 51,7521553 -1,2582135 -1,2582135 -1,2582135 -1,2582135 3 3 3 3 France 48,8565056 48,8565056 2,3521334 2,3521334 2,3521334 2,3521334 1 1 1 1 Paris,Paris, France Paris, France Paris, France 48,8565056 48,8565056 Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)(USA) Pennsylvania 39,952335 (USA) (USA) 39,952335 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 39,952335 39,952335 -75,163789 -75,163789 -75,163789 -75,163789 1 1 1 1 Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth, South Africa South Africa -33,9434595 Port Elizabeth, South South Africa Africa -33,9434595 -33,9434595 -33,9434595 25,5327401 25,5327401 25,5327401 25,5327401 1 1 1 1 Prague, Czech Prague, Republic Prague, Czech Republic Czech Republic 50,084819 50,084819 Prague, Czech Republic 50,084819 50,084819 14,4177247 14,4177247 14,4177247 14,4177247 1 1 1 1 Reno,Reno, Nevada (USA) Reno, Nevada Reno, Nevada (USA) (USA) 39,52927 Nevada (USA) 39,52927 39,52927 39,52927 -119,8136744 -119,8136744 -119,8136744 -119,8136744 1 1 1 1 Sacramento, California (USA)California 38,4732259 38,4732259 -121,2980707 -121,2980707 -121,2980707 -121,2980707 Sacramento, Sacramento, California Sacramento, (USA) California (USA) 38,4732259 (USA)38,4732259 San Diego, SanCalifornia Diego, San California Diego, (USA)California (USA) 32,7469869 (USA) 32,7469869 -117,21177 32,7469869 -117,21177 -117,21177 -117,21177 1 1 1 1 San Diego, California (USA) 32,7469869 San Francisco, San Francisco, California (USA) (USA) 37,7789601 San Francisco, California (USA)California 37,7789601 37,7789601 -122,419199 -122,419199 -122,419199 -122,419199 1 1 1 1 San Francisco, California (USA) 37,7789601 Sidney, AustraliaAustralia -33,8548157 Sidney, Australia AustraliaSidney, -33,8548157 -33,8548157 -33,8548157 151,2164539 151,2164539 151,2164539 151,2164539 2 2 2 2 Sidney, Singapore, Singapore Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Singapore 1,2909305 Singapore, Singapore 1,2909305 1,2909305 1,2909305 103,8528878 103,8528878 103,8528878 103,8528878 2 2 2 2 St. Louis, (USA) 38,6272733 38,6272733 -90,1978889 -90,1978889 -90,1978889 -90,1978889 St. Louis, Missouri St.Missouri Louis, (USA) St.Missouri Louis, Missouri (USA)38,6272733 (USA) 38,6272733 Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden Stockholm, SwedenSweden 59,3251172 59,3251172 18,0710935 59,3251172 59,3251172 18,0710935 18,0710935 18,0710935 1 1 1 1 Stockholm, Sweden Swansea, UKSwansea, UK UK 51,6546228 51,6546228 Swansea, UK Swansea, 51,6546228 51,6546228 -4,002729715 -4,002729715 -4,002729715 -4,002729715 1 1 1 1 Sydney, Sydney, Sydney, AustraliaAustralia -33,8548157 Sydney, Australia Australia -33,8548157 -33,8548157 -33,8548157 151,2164539 151,2164539 151,2164539 151,2164539 1 1 1 1 Toronto, Toronto, CanadaCanada 43,6529206 Toronto, Canada CanadaToronto, 43,6529206 43,6529206 43,6529206 -79,3849008 -79,3849008 -79,3849008 -79,3849008 4 4 4 4 Umea, Sweden Umea, Sweden Umea, Sweden 63,8256571 63,8256571 Umea, Sweden 63,8256571 63,8256571 20,2630714 20,2630714 20,2630714 20,2630714 1 1 1 1 University Park, Pennsylvania (USA) 40,8005307 -77,8624447 -77,8624447 University Park, University Pennsylvania University Park, Pennsylvania (USA) Park, 40,8005307 Pennsylvania (USA) 40,8005307 (USA) 40,8005307 -77,8624447 -77,8624447 Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden SwedenSweden 60,1605771 60,1605771 17,62419273 60,1605771 60,1605771 17,62419273 17,62419273 17,62419273 2 2 2 2 Uppsala, Sweden Uppsala, Vancouver, Vancouver, Vancouver, CanadaCanada 49,2499987 Vancouver, Canada Canada 49,2499987 49,2499987 49,2499987 -123,1333301 -123,1333301 -123,1333301 -123,1333301 1 1 1 1 Villanova, Pennsylvania Villanova, Villanova, Pennsylvania (USA)(USA) Pennsylvania (USA) 40,0373323 (USA)40,0373323 Villanova, Pennsylvania 40,0373323 40,0373323 -75,3490769 -75,3490769 -75,3490769 -75,3490769 1 1 1 1 Washington, Washington, Washington, D.C. (USA) D.C.36,2988498 (USA) 36,2988498 Washington, D.C. (USA) D.C. (USA) 36,2988498 36,2988498 -82,35919663 -82,35919663 -82,35919663 -82,35919663 2 2 2 2

M

LATITUDE LONGITUDE NUMBER OF MIN CITY CITY CITY CITY LATITUDE LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE NUMBER OFNUMBER MIN NUMBER OF MINOF MIN Adelaide.

Australia -34.9274284 138.599899 1 Adelaide.

Australia Adelaide.

Adelaide.

AustraliaAustralia -34.9274284 -34.9274284 -34.9274284 138.599899 138.599899 138.599899 1 1 1 Amiens.

France Amiens.

49.8941708 2.2956951 Amiens.

France Amiens.

France France49.8941708 49.8941708 49.8941708 2.2956951 2.2956951 2.2956951 Ankara.

Turkey Ankara.

39.9272237 32.8520491 Ankara.

Turkey Ankara.

Turkey Turkey 39.9272237 39.9272237 39.9272237 32.8520491 32.8520491 32.8520491 Arlington County.

Virginia (USA) 38.88078475 38.88078475 -77.10771501 1 Arlington County.

Arlington Virginia Arlington County.

(USA) County.

Virginia Virginia (USA) (USA) 38.88078475 38.88078475-77.10771501 -77.10771501 -77.10771501 1 1 1 Bandung.

Indonesia -6.9220482 107.6065309 1 Bandung.

Indonesia Bandung.

Bandung.

Indonesia Indonesia -6.9220482 -6.9220482 -6.9220482 107.6065309 107.6065309 107.6065309 1 1 1 Belgrad.

Serbia Belgrad.

44.8178787 20.4568089 Belgrad.

Serbia Belgrad.

Serbia Serbia44.8178787 44.8178787 44.8178787 20.4568089 20.4568089 20.4568089

12

Stockholm, Sweden Stockholm, Stockholm, SwedenSweden 59,3251172 59,3251172 59,3251172 Stockholm, Sweden 59,3251172 Swansea, UKSwansea, UK UK 51,6546228 51,6546228 51,6546228 Swansea, UK Swansea, 51,6546228 Sydney, Australia Sydney, AustraliaAustralia -33,8548157 -33,8548157 -33,8548157 Sydney, AustraliaSydney, -33,8548157 Toronto, Canada Toronto, Canada Canada 43,6529206 43,6529206 43,6529206 Toronto, CanadaToronto, 43,6529206 Umea, Sweden Umea, Sweden Umea, Sweden63,8256571 63,8256571 63,8256571 Umea, Sweden 63,8256571 University Park, University Pennsylvania University Park, Pennsylvania (USA) Park, 40,8005307 Pennsylvania (USA) 40,8005307 (USA) 40,8005307 University Park, Pennsylvania (USA) 40,8005307 Uppsala, Sweden Uppsala, Uppsala, SwedenSweden 60,1605771 60,1605771 60,1605771 Uppsala, Sweden 60,1605771 Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, Vancouver, Canada Canada 49,2499987 49,2499987 49,2499987 Vancouver, Canada 49,2499987 Villanova, Pennsylvania Villanova, Villanova, Pennsylvania (USA) Pennsylvania (USA) 40,0373323 (USA)40,0373323 40,0373323 Villanova, Pennsylvania (USA) 40,0373323 Washington, D.C. Washington, (USA) Washington, D.C. (USA) D.C. 36,2988498 (USA) 36,2988498 36,2988498 Washington, D.C. (USA) 36,2988498

ist

18,0710935 18,0710935 18,0710935 1 18,0710935 1 -4,002729715 -4,002729715 -4,0027297151 -4,002729715 1 151,2164539 151,2164539 151,2164539 1 151,2164539 1 -79,3849008 -79,3849008 -79,3849008 4 -79,3849008 4 20,2630714 20,2630714 20,2630714 1 20,2630714 1 -77,8624447 -77,8624447 -77,8624447 -77,8624447 CONCLUSIONS 17,62419273 17,62419273 17,62419273 2 17,62419273 2 -123,1333301 -123,1333301 -123,13333011 -123,1333301 1 -75,3490769 -75,3490769 -75,3490769 1 -75,3490769 1 -82,35919663 -82,35919663 -82,359196632 -82,35919663 2

1 1 1 4 1

1 1 1 4 1

&2 DATASET 2 1THE HUBS 1 1 2

1 2

LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE NUMBER OFNUMBER MIN NUMBER OF MIN OF MIN CITYCITY CITY CITY LATITUDE LONGITUDE NUMBER OF MIN LATITUDE LONGITUDE Adelaide.

Australia Adelaide.

Adelaide.

AustraliaAustralia -34.9274284 -34.9274284 -34.9274284 138.599899 138.599899 138.599899 1 1 1 Adelaide.

Australia -34.9274284 138.599899 1 Amiens.

France Amiens.

France France49.8941708 49.8941708 49.8941708 2.2956951 2.2956951 2.2956951 Amiens.

France Amiens.

49.8941708 2.2956951 Ankara.

Turkey Ankara. Turkey 39.9272237 Ankara. Turkey 39.9272237 39.9272237 32.8520491 32.8520491 32.8520491 Ankara.

Turkey 39.9272237 32.8520491 Virginia (USA) 38.88078475-77.10771501 -77.10771501 -77.107715011 1 1 Arlington County.

Arlington Arlington County.

County.

Virginia38.88078475 (USA) Virginia (USA) 38.88078475 1 Arlington County.

Virginia (USA) 38.88078475 -77.10771501 Bandung.

Indonesia Bandung.

Bandung.

Indonesia Indonesia -6.9220482 -6.9220482 -6.9220482 107.6065309 107.6065309 107.6065309 1 1 1 Bandung.

Indonesia -6.9220482 107.6065309 1 Belgrad.

Serbia Belgrad.

Serbia Serbia44.8178787 44.8178787 44.8178787 20.4568089 20.4568089 20.4568089 Belgrad.

Serbia Belgrad.

44.8178787 20.4568089 Berkeley.

Berkeley.

Berkeley.

California (USA) (USA) 37.8708789 California (USA) 37.8708789 37.8708789 -122.2728247 -122.2728247 -122.2728247 Berkeley.

California (USA) California 37.8708789 -122.2728247 Berlin.

Germany Berlin. Germany Berlin. Germany52.5170365 52.5170365 52.5170365 13.3888599 13.3888599 13.3888599 2 2 2 Berlin.

Germany 52.5170365 13.3888599 2 Bern.Bern.

Switzerland Bern. Switzerland Bern. Switzerland 46.9480572 46.9480572 46.9480572 7.4513003 7.4513003 7.4513003 1 1 1 Switzerland 46.9480572 7.4513003 1 50.7344839 7.0999274 7.0999274 7.0999274 10 10 10 10 Bonn.Bonn.

Germany Bonn. Germany Bonn. Germany50.7344839 50.7344839 Germany 50.7344839 7.0999274 Boulder.

Colorado Boulder.

(USA) Boulder.

Colorado (USA)40.0149856 (USA) 40.0149856 40.0149856 -105.2705456 -105.2705456 -105.2705456 Boulder.

Colorado (USA) Colorado 40.0149856 -105.2705456 Brighton.

UK Brighton.

Brighton.

UK UK 50.82221 50.82221 50.82221 -0.1377534 -0.1377534 -0.1377534 Brighton.

UK 50.82221 -0.1377534 Brno.Brno.

Czech Republic Brno.Republic Czech Brno.Republic Czech Republic 49.1922443 49.1922443 49.1922443 16.6113382 16.6113382 16.6113382 Czech 49.1922443 16.6113382 Brooklyn.

New Brooklyn.

York York Brooklyn.

New York New (USA) York (USA) 40.6501038 (USA) 40.6501038 40.6501038 -73.9495823 -73.9495823 -73.9495823 Brooklyn.

New (USA) 40.6501038 -73.9495823 50.8465406 50.8465406 4.3516841 4.3516841 4.3516841 Bruxelles.

Belgium Bruxelles.

Bruxelles.

BelgiumBelgium 50.8465406 Bruxelles.

Belgium 50.8465406 4.3516841 Cairo.Cairo.

EgyptEgypt Cairo. Egypt 30.0488185 Cairo. Egypt 30.0488185 30.0488185 31.2436663 31.2436663 31.2436663 1 1 1 30.0488185 31.2436663 1 Cambridge.

UK Cambridge.

UK UK52.2033051 52.2033051 52.2033051 0.124862 0.124862 0.124862 Cambridge.

UK Cambridge.

52.2033051 0.124862 Cardiff.

UK UK Cardiff. UK Cardiff. UK 51.4835299 51.4835299 51.4835299 -3.1836873 -3.1836873 -3.1836873 Cardiff.

51.4835299 -3.1836873 Copenhagen.

Copenhagen.

Denmark Copenhagen.

DenmarkDenmark 55.6867243 55.6867243 55.6867243 12.5700724 12.5700724 12.5700724 1 1 1 Copenhagen.

Denmark 55.6867243 12.5700724 1 23.7282161 23.7282161 90.4098792 90.4098792 90.4098792 Dhaka.

Bangladesh Dhaka. Bangladesh Dhaka. Bangladesh 23.7282161 Dhaka.

Bangladesh 23.7282161 90.4098792 Dundee.

UK Dundee.

Dundee.

UK UK 56.4593653 56.4593653 56.4593653 -2.9735213 -2.9735213 -2.9735213 1 1 1 Dundee.

UK 56.4593653 -2.9735213 1 Fairbanks.

Alaska Fairbanks.

(USA) Fairbanks.

Alaska (USA) Alaska 64.8377802 (USA) 64.8377802 64.8377802 -147.7163952 -147.7163952 -147.7163952 Fairbanks.

Alaska (USA) 64.8377802 -147.7163952 Gainesville.

Florida (USA) 29.6469238 Gainesville.

Gainesville.

Florida (USA) Florida (USA) 29.6469238 29.6469238 -82.3476153 -82.3476153 -82.3476153 Gainesville.

Florida (USA) 29.6469238 -82.3476153 GentGent . Belgium Gent . Belgium Gent . Belgium51.0558119 51.0558119 51.0558119 3.7239194 3.7239194 3.7239194 . Belgium 51.0558119 3.7239194 Göttingen.

Germany Göttingen.

Göttingen.

GermanyGermany 51.533684 51.533684 51.533684 9.9344982 9.9344982 9.9344982 Göttingen.

Germany 51.533684 9.9344982 Hamburg.

GermanyGermany 53.5437641 53.5437641 53.5437641 10.0099133 10.0099133 10.0099133 1 1 1 Hamburg.

Germany Hamburg.

1 Hamburg.

Germany 53.5437641 10.0099133 Houston.

Texas Houston.

Houston.

Texas (USA) Texas29.9519265 (USA) 29.9519265 (USA) 29.9519265 -95.54091698 -95.54091698 -95.54091698 Houston.

Texas (USA) 29.9519265 -95.54091698 Iowa Iowa City. City.

Iowa City.

Iowa Iowa City.

(USA) Iowa41.6606893 (USA) 41.6606893 Iowa (USA) 41.6606893 -91.5302214 -91.5302214 -91.5302214 1 1 1 Iowa (USA) 41.6606893 -91.5302214 1 Ithaca.

New New York Ithaca.

New Ithaca.

York New (USA) York (USA) 42.4396039 (USA) 42.4396039 42.4396039 -76.4968019 -76.4968019 -76.4968019 Ithaca.

York (USA) 42.4396039 -76.4968019 Kensington.

Kensington.

Kensington.

AustraliaAustralia -34.9230214 Australia -34.9230214 -34.9230214 138.6453344 138.6453344 138.6453344 Kensington.

Australia -34.9230214 138.6453344 38.7128995 38.7128995 -9.1328948 -9.1328948 -9.1328948 Lisbon.

Portugal Lisbon. Portugal Lisbon. Portugal 38.7128995 Lisbon.

Portugal 38.7128995 -9.1328948 London.

UK London.

London.

UK UK 51.5072759 51.5072759 51.5072759 -0.1276597 -0.1276597 -0.1276597 5 5 5 5 London.

UK 51.5072759 -0.1276597 Louisville.

Kentucky Louisville.

Louisville.

Kentucky (USA) (USA) 38.2542376 (USA) 38.2542376 38.2542376 -85.759407 -85.759407 -85.759407 Louisville.

Kentucky (USA) Kentucky 38.2542376 -85.759407 Louvain-La-Neuve.

Louvain-La-Neuve.

Belgium Louvain-La-Neuve.

50.6682012 Belgium 50.6682012 50.6682012 4.6128839 4.6128839 4.6128839 Louvain-La-Neuve.

Belgium Belgium 50.6682012 4.6128839 Lund.Lund.

Sweden Lund. Sweden 55.7029296 Lund. Sweden 55.7029296 55.7029296 13.1929449 13.1929449 13.1929449 2 2 2 Sweden 55.7029296 13.1929449 2 42.4250964 -71.066163 -71.066163 -71.066163 1 1 1 Malden.

Massachusetts Malden.

Malden.

Massachusetts (USA) Massachusetts (USA) 42.4250964 (USA)42.4250964 Malden.

Massachusetts (USA) 42.4250964 -71.066163 1 Mankweng.

Mankweng.

South Africa South Africa -23.8868647 -23.8868647 29.7314916 29.7314916 29.7314916 1 1 1 Mankweng.

South Africa -23.8868647 Mankweng.

South Africa -23.8868647 29.7314916 1 Melbourne.

Melbourne.

AustraliaAustralia -37.8142176 -37.8142176 -37.8142176 144.9631608 144.9631608 144.9631608 1 1 1 Melbourne.

Australia Melbourne.

Australia -37.8142176 144.9631608 1 Mexico City. City.

Mexico City.

Mexico Mexico City. Mexico 19.4325301 Mexico 19.4325301 19.4325301 -99.1332102 -99.1332102 -99.1332102 Mexico Mexico 19.4325301 -99.1332102 Montreal.

Canada Montreal.

Montreal.

Canada Canada 45.5224507 45.5224507 45.5224507 -73.5912827 -73.5912827 -73.5912827 Montreal.

Canada 45.5224507 -73.5912827 Neuchâtel.

Switzerland Neuchâtel.

Neuchâtel.

Switzerland Switzerland 46.9895435 46.9895435 46.9895435 6.9292679 6.9292679 6.9292679 2 2 2 Neuchâtel.

Switzerland 46.9895435 6.9292679 2 City.

New York (USA) 40.7305991 40.7305991 -73.9865812 -73.9865812 -73.9865812 2 2 2 New New York York New York New City.

York New City.

York New (USA) York (USA) 40.7305991 City.

New York (USA) 40.7305991 -73.9865812 2 Newcastle upon Newcastle Tyne.Newcastle upon upon UK Tyne.

UK 54.9770924 UK 54.9770924 54.9770924 -1.6142059 -1.6142059 -1.6142059 1 1 1 Newcastle upon Tyne.

UKTyne.

54.9770924 -1.6142059 1 Newport.

Rhode Newport.

Island Newport.

Rhode (USA) Island Rhode(USA) 41.4901024 Island (USA)41.4901024 41.4901024 -71.3128285 -71.3128285 -71.3128285 1 1 1 Newport.

Rhode Island (USA) 41.4901024 -71.3128285 1 Odisha.

India Odisha.

India India 20.5431241 20.5431241 20.5431241 84.6897321 84.6897321 84.6897321 Odisha.

India Odisha.

20.5431241 84.6897321 Oslo.Oslo.

Norway Oslo. Norway Oslo. Norway 59.9132694 59.9132694 59.9132694 10.7391112 10.7391112 10.7391112 Norway 59.9132694 10.7391112 45.4210328 45.4210328 -75.6900219 -75.6900219 -75.6900219 Ottawa.

Canada Ottawa.

Canada Canada 45.4210328 Ottawa.

CanadaOttawa.

45.4210328 -75.6900219 Oxford.

England Oxford. England Oxford. England 51.7521553 51.7521553 51.7521553 -1.2582135 -1.2582135 -1.2582135 Oxford.

England 51.7521553 -1.2582135 Oxford.

UK UK Oxford. UK Oxford. UK 51.7521553 51.7521553 51.7521553 -1.2582135 -1.2582135 -1.2582135 2 2 2 2 Oxford.

51.7521553 -1.2582135 Paris.Paris.

France Paris. France Paris. France 48.8565056 48.8565056 48.8565056 2.3521334 2.3521334 2.3521334 France 48.8565056 2.3521334 Philadelphia.

Pennsylvania Philadelphia.

(USA) Pennsylvania 39.952335 (USA) Philadelphia.

Pennsylvania (USA) 39.952335 39.952335 -75.163789 -75.163789 -75.163789 Philadelphia.

Pennsylvania (USA) 39.952335 -75.163789 South Africa -33.9434595 -33.9434595 25.5327401 25.5327401 25.5327401 Port Elizabeth.

Port Elizabeth.

Port Elizabeth.

South Africa South Africa -33.9434595 Port Elizabeth.

South Africa -33.9434595 25.5327401 Prague.

Czech Prague.

Republic Prague.

Czech Republic Czech Republic 50.084819 50.084819 50.084819 14.4177247 14.4177247 14.4177247 Prague.

Czech Republic 50.084819 14.4177247 Reno.Reno.

Nevada (USA) Reno.

Nevada Reno. Nevada (USA) (USA) 39.52927 39.52927 39.52927 -119.8136744 -119.8136744 -119.8136744 Nevada (USA) 39.52927 -119.8136744 Sacramento.

Sacramento.

California Sacramento.

(USA) California (USA) 38.4732259 (USA)38.4732259 38.4732259 -121.2980707 -121.2980707 -121.29807071 1 1 Sacramento.

California (USA) California 38.4732259 -121.2980707 1 San Diego.

California (USA) 32.7469869 SanCalifornia Diego.

San California Diego.

(USA) (USA) 32.7469869 32.7469869 -117.21177 -117.21177 -117.21177 San Diego.

(USA) California 32.7469869 -117.21177 San Francisco.

California 37.7789601 San Francisco.

San (USA) Francisco.

California (USA) (USA) 37.7789601 37.7789601 -122.419199 -122.419199 -122.419199 2 2 2 San Francisco.

California (USA) California 37.7789601 -122.419199 2 Australia -33.8548157 -33.8548157 151.2164539 151.2164539 151.2164539 Sidney.

Sidney. Australia Sidney. Australia -33.8548157 Sidney.

Australia -33.8548157 151.2164539 Singapore.

Singapore Singapore.

Singapore.

Singapore Singapore 1.2909305 1.2909305 1.2909305 103.8528878 103.8528878 103.8528878 1 1 1 Singapore.

Singapore 1.2909305 103.8528878 1 St. Louis.

Missouri St. Louis.

(USA) St.Missouri Louis. Missouri (USA) 38.6272733 (USA) 38.6272733 38.6272733 -90.1978889 -90.1978889 -90.1978889 1 1 1 St. Louis.

Missouri (USA) 38.6272733 -90.1978889 1 Stockholm.

Sweden Stockholm.

Stockholm.

SwedenSweden 59.3251172 59.3251172 59.3251172 18.0710935 18.0710935 18.0710935 Stockholm.

Sweden 59.3251172 18.0710935 Swansea.

UKSwansea.

UK UK 51.6546228 51.6546228 51.6546228 -4.002729715 -4.002729715 -4.0027297151 1 1 Swansea.

UK Swansea.

51.6546228 -4.002729715 1 Australia -33.8548157 -33.8548157 151.2164539 151.2164539 151.2164539 Sydney.

Sydney.

AustraliaAustralia -33.8548157 Sydney.

AustraliaSydney.

-33.8548157 151.2164539 Toronto.

Toronto.

Canada Canada 43.6529206 Canada 43.6529206 43.6529206 -79.3849008 -79.3849008 -79.3849008 1 1 1 Toronto.

CanadaToronto.

43.6529206 -79.3849008 1 Umea.

Sweden Umea. Sweden Umea. Sweden63.8256571 63.8256571 63.8256571 20.2630714 20.2630714 20.2630714 Umea.

Sweden 63.8256571 20.2630714 University Park.

University Pennsylvania University Park. Pennsylvania (USA) Park.

40.8005307 Pennsylvania (USA) 40.8005307 (USA) 40.8005307 -77.8624447 -77.8624447 1 1 -77.8624447 1 University Park.

Pennsylvania (USA) 40.8005307 -77.8624447 1 Uppsala.

Sweden Uppsala.

Uppsala.

SwedenSweden 60.1605771 60.1605771 60.1605771 17.62419273 17.62419273 17.62419273 1 1 1 Uppsala.

Sweden 60.1605771 17.62419273 1 Canada 49.2499987 49.2499987 -123.1333301 -123.1333301 -123.13333012 2 2 Vancouver.

Vancouver.

Vancouver.

Canada Canada 49.2499987 Vancouver.

Canada 49.2499987 -123.1333301 2 Villanova.

Pennsylvania Villanova.

Villanova.

Pennsylvania (USA) Pennsylvania (USA) 40.0373323 (USA)40.0373323 40.0373323 -75.3490769 -75.3490769 -75.3490769 Villanova.

Pennsylvania (USA) 40.0373323 -75.3490769 Washington.

Washington.

Washington.

D.C. (USA) D.C. (USA) 36.2988498 D.C. (USA) 36.2988498 36.2988498 -82.35919663 -82.35919663 -82.359196635 5 5 Washington.

D.C. (USA) 36.2988498 -82.35919663 5

Minimalist 13

lat lat lat lat 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 51 51 51 51 13 13 13 13 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 -27 -27 -27 -27 40,7357 40,7357 40,7357 40,7357 51,551,551,551,5 51 51 51 51 51,5142 51,5142 51,5142 51,5142 42,7257 42,7257 42,7257 42,7257 38 38 38 38 39,6734 39,6734 39,6734 39,6734 38 38 38 38 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 41,8825 41,8825 41,8825 41,8825 45,4833 45,4833 45,4833 45,4833 40,8006 40,8006 40,8006 40,8006 49,4478 49,4478 49,4478 49,4478 48,6004 48,6004 48,6004 48,6004 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 40,8221 40,8221 40,8221 40,8221 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 47 47 47 47 52,552,552,552,5 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 48,8667 48,8667 48,8667 48,8667 60 60 60 60 52,0938 52,0938 52,0938 52,0938 42,7526 42,7526 42,7526 42,7526 40,7432 40,7432 40,7432 40,7432 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 52,552,552,552,5 40,7553 40,7553 40,7553 40,7553 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 43,639 43,639 43,639 43,639 51,2833 51,2833 51,2833 51,2833 51,551,551,551,5 52,552,552,552,5 39,0032 39,0032 39,0032 39,0032 38 38 38 38 60 60 60 60 47 47 47 47 44,7805 44,7805 44,7805 44,7805 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 52,25 52,25 52,25 52,25 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,7523 29,7523 29,7523 29,7523 27,9178 27,9178 27,9178 27,9178 51,551,551,551,5 39,6237 39,6237 39,6237 39,6237 -27 -27 -27 -27 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 51,551,551,551,5 40,2181 40,2181 40,2181 40,2181 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 51,551,551,551,5 39,9289 39,9289 39,9289 39,9289 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 52,552,552,552,5 40,0548 40,0548 40,0548 40,0548 38 38 38 38 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 49,2857 49,2857 49,2857 49,2857 35,69 35,69 35,69 35,69 39,1532 39,1532 39,1532 39,1532 27,9178 27,9178 27,9178 27,9178 42,7257 42,7257 42,7257 42,7257 52,5167 52,5167 52,5167 52,5167 51,5142 51,5142 51,5142 51,5142 47,6606 47,6606 47,6606 47,6606 38 38 38 38

lon lon lon lon FACTION FACTION FACTION FACTION -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 MAXMAXMAXMAX 9 9 9 9 MAXMAXMAXMAX 122 122122 122 MAXMAXMAXMAX -74,4773 -74,4773 -74,4773 MAXMAXMAXMAX -74,4773 133 133133 133 MAXMAXMAXMAX -74,1724 -74,1724 -74,1724 MAXMAXMAXMAX -74,1724 -0,13-0,13 MAXMAXMAXMAX -0,13-0,13 9 9 9 9 MAXMAXMAXMAX -0,0931 -0,0931 -0,0931 MAXMAXMAXMAX -0,0931 -84,636 -84,636 -84,636 -84,636 MAXMAXMAXMAX -97 -97 -97 -97 MAXMAXMAXMAX -75,7052 -75,7052 -75,7052 MAXMAXMAXMAX -75,7052 -97 -97 -97 -97 MAXMAXMAXMAX -84,3915 -84,3915 -84,3915 MAXMAXMAXMAX -84,3915 -87,6441 -87,6441 -87,6441 -87,6441 MAXMAXMAXMAX -75,65 -75,65 -75,65 MAXMAXMAXMAX -75,65 -73,9653 -73,9653 -73,9653 MAXMAXMAXMAX -73,9653 11,0683 11,0683 11,0683 11,0683 MAXMAXMAXMAX 7,7874 7,7874 7,7874 MAXMAXMAXMAX 7,7874 -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAXMAXMAX -122,4156 -122,4156 -122,4156 MAXMAXMAXMAX -122,4156 -74,4564 -74,4564 -74,4564 -74,4564 MAXMAXMAXMAX -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 MAXMAXMAXMAX 8 8 8 8 MAXMAXMAXMAX 5,755,755,755,75 MAXMAXMAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAXMAXMAX -98,3987 2,3333 2,3333 MAXMAXMAXMAX 2,3333 2,3333 -95 -95 -95 -95 MAXMAXMAXMAX 5,1191 5,1191 5,1191 5,1191 MAXMAXMAXMAX -73,7804 -73,7804 -73,7804 MAXMAXMAXMAX -73,7804 -75,2242 -75,2242 -75,2242 -75,2242 MAXMAXMAXMAX -122,4156 -122,4156 -122,4156 -122,4156 MAXMAXMAXMAX 5,755,755,755,75 MAXMAXMAXMAX -73,9924 -73,9924 -73,9924 -73,9924 MAXMAXMAXMAX -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 MAXMAXMAXMAX -111,8906 -79,4499 -79,4499 -79,4499 -79,4499 MAXMAXMAXMAX -0,2333 -0,2333 -0,2333 -0,2333 MAXMAXMAXMAX -0,13-0,13 MAXMAXMAXMAX -0,13-0,13 MAXMAXMAXMAX 5,755,755,755,75 MAXMAXMAXMAX -77,1602 -77,1602 -77,1602 -77,1602 MAXMAXMAXMAX -97 -97 -97 -97 MAXMAXMAXMAX -95 -95 -95 -95 MAXMAXMAXMAX 8 8 8 8 MAXMAXMAXMAX -85,7289 -85,7289 -85,7289 MAXMAXMAXMAX -85,7289 -77,4875 -77,4875 -77,4875 -77,4875 MAXMAXMAXMAX 21 21 21 21 MAXMAXMAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAXMAXMAX -98,3987 -95,367 -95,367 MAXMAXMAXMAX -95,367 -95,367 -82,3799 -82,3799 -82,3799 MAXMAXMAXMAX -82,3799 -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MAXMAXMAXMAX MAXMAXMAXMAX -104,8738 -104,8738 -104,8738 -104,8738 MAXMAXMAXMAX 133 133133 133 MAXMAXMAXMAX -74,4773 -74,4773 -74,4773 MAXMAXMAXMAX -74,4773 -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MAXMAXMAXMAX -111,6133 -111,6133 -111,6133 MAXMAXMAXMAX -111,6133 -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAXMAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAXMAXMAX -0,13-0,13 MAXMAXMAXMAX -0,13-0,13 116,3883 116,3883 116,3883 116,3883 MAXMAXMAXMAX -122,4156 -122,4156 -122,4156 -122,4156 MAXMAXMAXMAX 5,755,755,755,75 MAXMAXMAXMAX -75,4083 -75,4083 -75,4083 -75,4083 MAXMAXMAXMAX -97 -97 -97 -97 MAXMAXMAXMAX -74,4773 -74,4773 -74,4773 -74,4773 MAXMAXMAXMAX -123,1142 -123,1142 -123,1142 -123,1142 MAXMAXMAXMAX 139,69 139,69 139,69 139,69 MAXMAXMAXMAX -77,0669 MAXMAXMAXMAX -77,0669 -77,0669 -77,0669 -82,3799 MAXMAXMAXMAX -82,3799 -82,3799 -82,3799 -84,636 MAXMAXMAXMAX -84,636 -84,636 -84,636 13,413,413,413,4 MAXMAXMAXMAX -0,0931 MAXMAXMAXMAX -0,0931 -0,0931 -0,0931 -122,2919 MAXMAXMAXMAX -122,2919 -122,2919 -122,2919 -97 -97 -97 -97 MAXMAXMAXMAX

host hosthost host towardsrecognition.org towardsrecognition.org towardsrecognition.org towardsrecognition.org berlin-institut.org berlin-institut.org berlin-institut.org berlin-institut.org iom.int iom.int iom.int iom.int greenconduct.com greenconduct.com greenconduct.com greenconduct.com lowyinstitute.org lowyinstitute.org lowyinstitute.org lowyinstitute.org profiles.arts.monash.edu.au profiles.arts.monash.edu.au profiles.arts.monash.edu.au profiles.arts.monash.edu.au worldphoto.org worldphoto.org worldphoto.org worldphoto.org migrationeducation.de migrationeducation.de migrationeducation.de migrationeducation.de striking-women.org striking-women.org striking-women.org striking-women.org education.nationalgeographic.com education.nationalgeographic.com education.nationalgeographic.com education.nationalgeographic.com climate.org climate.org climate.org climate.org cpreview.org cpreview.org cpreview.org cpreview.org ideas.repec.org ideas.repec.org ideas.repec.org ideas.repec.org ovguide.com ovguide.com ovguide.com ovguide.com equatorinitiative.org equatorinitiative.org equatorinitiative.org equatorinitiative.org parl.gc.ca parl.gc.ca parl.gc.ca parl.gc.ca blogs.ei.columbia.edu blogs.ei.columbia.edu blogs.ei.columbia.edu blogs.ei.columbia.edu in.reset.org in.reset.org in.reset.org in.reset.org assembly.coe.int assembly.coe.int assembly.coe.int assembly.coe.int icmhd.wordpress.com icmhd.wordpress.com icmhd.wordpress.com icmhd.wordpress.com refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com policyinnovations.org policyinnovations.org policyinnovations.org policyinnovations.org blogs.worldwatch.org blogs.worldwatch.org blogs.worldwatch.org blogs.worldwatch.org africaportal.org africaportal.org africaportal.org africaportal.org hcss.nl hcss.nl hcss.nl hcss.nl arcticshield.wordpress.com arcticshield.wordpress.com arcticshield.wordpress.com arcticshield.wordpress.com barthes.ens.fr barthes.ens.fr barthes.ens.fr barthes.ens.fr iisd.org iisd.org iisd.org iisd.org rnw.nl rnw.nl rnw.nl rnw.nl climaterefugeesbd.org climaterefugeesbd.org climaterefugeesbd.org climaterefugeesbd.org ecoagriculture.org ecoagriculture.org ecoagriculture.org ecoagriculture.org macstudentsonhealthandclimate.wordpress.com macstudentsonhealthandclimate.wordpress.com macstudentsonhealthandclimate.wordpress.com macstudentsonhealthandclimate.wordpress.com youtube.com youtube.com youtube.com youtube.com nytimes.com nytimes.com nytimes.com nytimes.com asutriplehelix.org asutriplehelix.org asutriplehelix.org asutriplehelix.org thestar.com thestar.com thestar.com thestar.com bbc.co.uk bbc.co.uk bbc.co.uk bbc.co.uk environmentalresearchweb.org environmentalresearchweb.org environmentalresearchweb.org environmentalresearchweb.org link.springer.com link.springer.com link.springer.com link.springer.com books.google.com books.google.com books.google.com books.google.com ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ncbi.nlm.nih.gov blogs.adb.org blogs.adb.org blogs.adb.org blogs.adb.org iisd.ca iisd.ca iisd.ca iisd.ca unhcr.org unhcr.org unhcr.org unhcr.org infochangeindia.org infochangeindia.org infochangeindia.org infochangeindia.org motherjones.com motherjones.com motherjones.com motherjones.com yadda.icm.edu.pl yadda.icm.edu.pl yadda.icm.edu.pl yadda.icm.edu.pl refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com cccm.iom.org.bd cccm.iom.org.bd cccm.iom.org.bd cccm.iom.org.bd earth-policy.org earth-policy.org earth-policy.org earth-policy.org iopscience.iop.org iopscience.iop.org iopscience.iop.org iopscience.iop.org climate-service-center.de climate-service-center.de climate-service-center.de climate-service-center.de worldwewant2015.org worldwewant2015.org worldwewant2015.org worldwewant2015.org environment.gov.au environment.gov.au environment.gov.au environment.gov.au coha.org coha.org coha.org coha.org ejfoundation.org ejfoundation.org ejfoundation.org ejfoundation.org publications.ossrea.net publications.ossrea.net publications.ossrea.net publications.ossrea.net ens-newswire.com ens-newswire.com ens-newswire.com ens-newswire.com dadehealth.org dadehealth.org dadehealth.org dadehealth.org policy.greenparty.org.uk policy.greenparty.org.uk policy.greenparty.org.uk policy.greenparty.org.uk genyuya.org.cn genyuya.org.cn genyuya.org.cn genyuya.org.cn climateandsecurity.org climateandsecurity.org climateandsecurity.org climateandsecurity.org liser.eu liser.eu liser.eu liser.eu globalization101.org globalization101.org globalization101.org globalization101.org huffingtonpost.com huffingtonpost.com huffingtonpost.com huffingtonpost.com greenconduct.com greenconduct.com greenconduct.com greenconduct.com thetyee.ca thetyee.ca thetyee.ca thetyee.ca ourworld.unu.edu ourworld.unu.edu ourworld.unu.edu ourworld.unu.edu csa.com csa.com csa.com csa.com earth-policy.org earth-policy.org earth-policy.org earth-policy.org education.nationalgeographic.com education.nationalgeographic.com education.nationalgeographic.com education.nationalgeographic.com dw.de dw.de dw.de dw.de globalfootprints.org globalfootprints.org globalfootprints.org globalfootprints.org conservationmagazine.org conservationmagazine.org conservationmagazine.org conservationmagazine.org climate.org climate.org climate.org climate.org

Maximali 14

39,6237 39,6237 39,6237 -27 -27-27 -27 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 51,5 51,551,551,5 40,2181 40,2181 40,2181 40,2181 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 51,5 51,551,551,5 39,9289 39,9289 39,9289 39,9289 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 52,5 52,552,552,5 40,0548 40,0548 40,0548 40,0548 38 38 38 38 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 49,2857 49,2857 49,2857 49,2857 35,69 35,6935,69 35,69 39,1532 39,1532 39,1532 39,1532 27,9178 27,9178 27,9178 27,9178 42,7257 42,7257 42,7257 42,7257 52,5167 52,5167 52,5167 52,5167 51,5142 51,5142 51,5142 51,5142 47,6606 47,6606 47,6606 47,6606 38 38 38 38 -27 -27-27 -27 -27 -27-27 -27 40,7082 40,7082 40,7082 40,7082 51 51 51 51 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 42,2734 42,2734 42,2734 42,2734 40,7553 40,7553 40,7553 40,7553 20 20 20 20 32,9299 32,9299 32,9299 32,9299 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 42,5051 42,5051 42,5051 42,5051 41,0291 41,0291 41,0291 41,0291 51,45 51,4551,45 51,45 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 33,9269 33,9269 33,9269 33,9269 51,2833 51,2833 51,2833 51,2833 -41,2362 -41,2362 -41,2362 -41,2362 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 40,7449 40,7449 40,7449 40,7449 43,6441 43,6441 43,6441 43,6441 52,8167 52,8167 52,8167 52,8167 51,5 51,551,551,5 43,639 43,639 43,639 43,639 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 52,0938 52,0938 52,0938 52,0938 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 51,5 51,551,551,5 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 41,8876 41,8876 41,8876 41,8876 43,4427 43,4427 43,4427 43,4427 62 62 62 62 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 38,65 38,6538,65 38,65 38 38 38 38 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 43,7496 43,7496 43,7496 43,7496 40,7214 40,7214 40,7214 40,7214 40,0548 40,0548 40,0548 40,0548 29,7523 29,7523 29,7523 29,7523 37,4192 37,4192 37,4192 37,4192 45,549 45,549 45,549 45,549 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 14,1263 14,1263 14,1263 14,1263 42,5051 42,5051 42,5051 42,5051 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 35,59 35,5935,59 35,59 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 33,7257 33,7257 33,7257 33,7257 51 51 51 51 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,9164 33,9164 33,9164 33,9164 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 29,7523 29,7523 29,7523 29,7523 51,8333 51,8333 51,8333 51,8333 39,2642 39,2642 39,2642 39,2642 37,5155 37,5155 37,5155 37,5155 51,5 51,551,551,5 40,8221 40,8221 40,8221 40,8221 51,5 51,551,551,5 38,9266 38,9266 38,9266 38,9266 51,5 51,551,551,5 32,8148 32,8148 32,8148 32,8148 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 35,59 35,5935,59 35,59 -27 -27-27 -27 39,2952 39,2952 39,2952 39,2952

ist

-104,8738 -104,8738 -104,8738 MAXMAX MAX 133 133133 133 MAXMAX MAXMAX -74,4773 -74,4773 -74,4773 -74,4773 MAXMAX MAXMAX -0,13 -0,13-0,13 -0,13 MAXMAX MAXMAX -111,6133 MAXMAX -111,6133 -111,6133 -111,6133 MAXMAX -98,3987 MAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAX -98,3987 MAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAX -0,13 -0,13-0,13 -0,13 MAXMAX MAXMAX 116,3883 MAXMAX 116,3883 116,3883 116,3883 MAXMAX -122,4156 MAXMAX -122,4156 -122,4156 -122,4156 MAXMAX 5,75 5,755,755,75 MAXMAX MAXMAX -75,4083 MAXMAX -75,4083 -75,4083 -75,4083 MAXMAX -97 -97-97 -97 MAXMAX MAXMAX -74,4773 MAXMAX -74,4773 -74,4773 -74,4773 MAXMAX -123,1142 MAXMAX -123,1142 -123,1142 -123,1142 MAXMAX 139,69 139,69 139,69 139,69 MAXMAX MAXMAX -77,0669 MAXMAX -77,0669 -77,0669 -77,0669 MAXMAX -82,3799 MAXMAX -82,3799 -82,3799 MAXMAX -82,3799 -84,636 MAXMAX -84,636 -84,636 -84,636 MAXMAX 13,4 13,413,413,4 MAXMAX MAXMAX -0,0931 MAXMAX -0,0931 -0,0931 MAXMAX -0,0931 -122,2919 MAXMAX -122,2919 -122,2919 -122,2919 MAXMAX -97 -97-97 -97 MAXMAX MAXMAX 133 133133 133 MAXMAX MAXMAX 133 133133 133 MAXMAX MAXMAX -74,0132 MAXMAX -74,0132 -74,0132 -74,0132 MAXMAX 9 9 9 9 MAXMAX MAXMAX -84,3915 MAXMAX -84,3915 -84,3915 -84,3915 MAXMAX -83,7133 MAXMAX -83,7133 -83,7133 MAXMAX -83,7133 -73,9924 MAXMAX -73,9924 -73,9924 -73,9924 MAXMAX 77 77 77 77 MAXMAX MAXMAX -96,8353 MAXMAX -96,8353 -96,8353 MAXMAX -96,8353 -77,4875 MAXMAX -77,4875 -77,4875 -77,4875 MAXMAX -111,8906 MAXMAX -111,8906 -111,8906 MAXMAX -111,8906 -71,2047 MAXMAX -71,2047 -71,2047 -71,2047 MAXMAX -73,758 MAXMAX -73,758 -73,758 -73,758 MAXMAX -2,5833 MAXMAX -2,5833 -2,5833 MAXMAX -2,5833 -122,4156 MAXMAX -122,4156 -122,4156 -122,4156 MAXMAX -117,8612 MAXMAX -117,8612 -117,8612 -117,8612 MAXMAX -0,2333 MAXMAX -0,2333 -0,2333 MAXMAX -0,2333 146,4172 MAXMAX 146,4172 146,4172 146,4172 MAXMAX -122,4156 MAXMAX -122,4156 -122,4156 -122,4156 MAXMAX -73,9782 MAXMAX -73,9782 -73,9782 MAXMAX -73,9782 -79,3801 MAXMAX -79,3801 -79,3801 -79,3801 MAXMAX -1,4333 MAXMAX -1,4333 -1,4333 MAXMAX -1,4333 -0,13 -0,13 -0,13-0,13 MAXMAX MAXMAX -79,4499 MAXMAX -79,4499 -79,4499 -79,4499 MAXMAX -74,4773 MAXMAX -74,4773 -74,4773 MAXMAX -74,4773 5,1191 5,1191 5,1191 5,1191 MAXMAX MAXMAX -98,3987 MAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAX -98,3987 -0,13 -0,13 -0,13-0,13 MAXMAX MAXMAX -84,3915 MAXMAX -84,3915 -84,3915 -84,3915 MAXMAX -87,6368 MAXMAX -87,6368 -87,6368 MAXMAX -87,6368 -79,6664 MAXMAX -79,6664 -79,6664 -79,6664 MAXMAX 10 10 10 10 MAXMAX MAXMAX -98,3987 MAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAX -77,4875 MAXMAX -77,4875 -77,4875 -77,4875 MAXMAX -90,5334 MAXMAX -90,5334 -90,5334 MAXMAX -90,5334 -97 -97-97 -97 MAXMAX MAXMAX -122,4156 MAXMAX -122,4156 -122,4156 MAXMAX -122,4156 -79,4886 MAXMAX -79,4886 -79,4886 -79,4886 MAXMAX -74,0052 MAXMAX -74,0052 -74,0052 -74,0052 MAXMAX -75,4083 MAXMAX -75,4083 -75,4083 MAXMAX -75,4083 -95,367 MAXMAX -95,367 -95,367 -95,367 MAXMAX -122,0574 MAXMAX -122,0574 -122,0574 MAXMAX -122,0574 -73,7641 MAXMAX -73,7641 -73,7641 -73,7641 MAXMAX -122,4156 MAXMAX -122,4156 -122,4156 -122,4156 MAXMAX 121,4407 MAXMAX 121,4407 121,4407 MAXMAX 121,4407 -71,2047 MAXMAX -71,2047 -71,2047 -71,2047 MAXMAX -98,3987 MAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 MAXMAX -82,5581 MAXMAX -82,5581 -82,5581 MAXMAX -82,5581 -84,3915 MAXMAX -84,3915 -84,3915 -84,3915 MAXMAX -84,4309 MAXMAX -84,4309 -84,4309 -84,4309 MAXMAX 9 9 9 9 MAXMAX MAXMAX -111,8906 MAXMAX -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 MAXMAX -118,4041 MAXMAX -118,4041 -118,4041 MAXMAX -118,4041 -111,8906 MAXMAX -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 MAXMAX -95,367 MAXMAX -95,367 -95,367 -95,367 MAXMAX -2,25 -2,25-2,25 MAXMAX MAXMAX -2,25 -76,5894 MAXMAX -76,5894 -76,5894 -76,5894 MAXMAX -121,8962 MAXMAX -121,8962 -121,8962 MAXMAX -121,8962 -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MAXMAX MAXMAX -74,4564 MAXMAX -74,4564 -74,4564 -74,4564 MAXMAX -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MIN MINMIN MIN -77,3936 MIN MINMIN MIN -77,3936 -77,3936 -77,3936 -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MIN MINMIN MIN -96,8705 MIN MINMIN MIN -96,8705 -96,8705 -96,8705 -98,3987 MIN MINMIN MIN -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 -82,5581 MIN MINMIN MIN -82,5581 -82,5581 -82,5581 133 133133 133 MIN MINMIN MIN -76,6231 MIN MINMIN MIN -76,6231 -76,6231 -76,6231

worldwewant2015.org worldwewant2015.org worldwewant2015.org environment.gov.au environment.gov.au environment.gov.au environment.gov.au coha.org coha.org coha.org coha.org ejfoundation.org ejfoundation.org ejfoundation.org ejfoundation.org publications.ossrea.net publications.ossrea.net publications.ossrea.net publications.ossrea.net ens-newswire.com ens-newswire.com ens-newswire.com ens-newswire.com dadehealth.org dadehealth.org dadehealth.org dadehealth.org CONCLUSIONS policy.greenparty.org.uk policy.greenparty.org.uk policy.greenparty.org.uk policy.greenparty.org.uk genyuya.org.cn genyuya.org.cn genyuya.org.cn genyuya.org.cn climateandsecurity.org climateandsecurity.org climateandsecurity.org climateandsecurity.org liser.eu liser.eu liser.eu liser.eu globalization101.org globalization101.org globalization101.org globalization101.org huffingtonpost.com huffingtonpost.com huffingtonpost.com huffingtonpost.com greenconduct.com greenconduct.com greenconduct.com greenconduct.com thetyee.ca thetyee.ca thetyee.ca thetyee.ca ourworld.unu.edu ourworld.unu.edu ourworld.unu.edu ourworld.unu.edu csa.com csa.com csa.com csa.com earth-policy.org earth-policy.org earth-policy.org earth-policy.org education.nationalgeographic.com education.nationalgeographic.com education.nationalgeographic.com education.nationalgeographic.com dw.de dw.de dw.de dw.de globalfootprints.org globalfootprints.org globalfootprints.org globalfootprints.org conservationmagazine.org conservationmagazine.org conservationmagazine.org conservationmagazine.org climate.org climate.org climate.org climate.org abc.net.au abc.net.au abc.net.au abc.net.au smh.com.au smh.com.au smh.com.au smh.com.au phys.org phys.org phys.org phys.org berlin-institut.org berlin-institut.org berlin-institut.org berlin-institut.org saawinternational.org saawinternational.org saawinternational.org saawinternational.org jstor.org jstor.org jstor.org jstor.org nytimes.com nytimes.com nytimes.com nytimes.com gobartimes.org gobartimes.org gobartimes.org gobartimes.org praer.org praer.org praer.org praer.org treehugger.com treehugger.com treehugger.com treehugger.com towardsrecognition.org towardsrecognition.org towardsrecognition.org towardsrecognition.org telegraphnepal.com telegraphnepal.com telegraphnepal.com telegraphnepal.com vimeo.com vimeo.com vimeo.com vimeo.com eprints.uwe.ac.uk eprints.uwe.ac.uk eprints.uwe.ac.uk eprints.uwe.ac.uk climate-connections.org climate-connections.org climate-connections.org climate-connections.org loe.org loe.org loe.org loe.org bbc.co.uk bbc.co.uk bbc.co.uk bbc.co.uk latrobe.edu.au latrobe.edu.au latrobe.edu.au latrobe.edu.au stevehynd.com stevehynd.com stevehynd.com stevehynd.com insideclimatenews.org insideclimatenews.org insideclimatenews.org insideclimatenews.org harmonyfdn.ca harmonyfdn.ca harmonyfdn.ca harmonyfdn.ca thelocal.no thelocal.no thelocal.no thelocal.no odihpn.org odihpn.org odihpn.org odihpn.org thestar.com thestar.com thestar.com thestar.com guernicamag.com guernicamag.com guernicamag.com guernicamag.com rnw.nl rnw.nlrnw.nl rnw.nl ens-newswire.com ens-newswire.com ens-newswire.com ens-newswire.com iied.org iied.org iied.org iied.org mnn.com mnn.com mnn.com mnn.com ecojesuit.com ecojesuit.com ecojesuit.com ecojesuit.com act-adapt.org act-adapt.org act-adapt.org act-adapt.org grida.no grida.no grida.no grida.no wattsupwiththat.com wattsupwiththat.com wattsupwiththat.com wattsupwiththat.com rashidfaridi.com rashidfaridi.com rashidfaridi.com rashidfaridi.com hindawi.com hindawi.com hindawi.com hindawi.com reuters.com reuters.com reuters.com reuters.com equitybd.org equitybd.org equitybd.org equitybd.org eufin.wordpress.com eufin.wordpress.com eufin.wordpress.com eufin.wordpress.com refugeeresearch.net refugeeresearch.net refugeeresearch.net refugeeresearch.net globalpost.com globalpost.com globalpost.com globalpost.com theenvironmentalblog.org theenvironmentalblog.org theenvironmentalblog.org theenvironmentalblog.org newsblaze.com newsblaze.com newsblaze.com newsblaze.com intlawgrrls.com intlawgrrls.com intlawgrrls.com intlawgrrls.com artthreat.net artthreat.net artthreat.net artthreat.net climatenoborders.wordpress.com climatenoborders.wordpress.com climatenoborders.wordpress.com climatenoborders.wordpress.com interaksyon.com interaksyon.com interaksyon.com interaksyon.com climaterefugees.com climaterefugees.com climaterefugees.com climaterefugees.com ecology.com ecology.com ecology.com ecology.com thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com indiatogether.org indiatogether.org indiatogether.org indiatogether.org enn.com enn.com enn.com enn.com migrationeducation.de migrationeducation.de migrationeducation.de migrationeducation.de revista-amauta.org revista-amauta.org revista-amauta.org revista-amauta.org inhabitat.com inhabitat.com inhabitat.com inhabitat.com erefugees.org erefugees.org erefugees.org erefugees.org gopetition.com gopetition.com gopetition.com gopetition.com jeanlambertmep.org.uk jeanlambertmep.org.uk jeanlambertmep.org.uk jeanlambertmep.org.uk environmentmagazine.org environmentmagazine.org environmentmagazine.org environmentmagazine.org environment911.org environment911.org environment911.org environment911.org ecologist.testing.net-genie.co.uk ecologist.testing.net-genie.co.uk ecologist.testing.net-genie.co.uk ecologist.testing.net-genie.co.uk policyinnovations.org policyinnovations.org policyinnovations.org policyinnovations.org theguardian.com theguardian.com theguardian.com theguardian.com newsecuritybeat.org newsecuritybeat.org newsecuritybeat.org newsecuritybeat.org ft.com ft.com ft.com ft.com theconversation.com theconversation.com theconversation.com theconversation.com refugeesinternational.org refugeesinternational.org refugeesinternational.org refugeesinternational.org thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com econews.com.au econews.com.au econews.com.au econews.com.au prb.org prb.org prb.org prb.org

15

& DATASET THE WEB

29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 35,59 35,59 35,59 35,59 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 33,7257 33,7257 33,7257 33,7257 51 51 51 51 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,9164 33,9164 33,9164 33,9164 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 29,7523 29,7523 29,7523 29,7523 51,8333 51,8333 51,8333 51,8333 39,2642 39,2642 39,2642 39,2642 37,5155 37,5155 37,5155 37,5155 51,551,551,551,5 40,8221 40,8221 40,8221 40,8221 51,551,551,551,5 38,9266 38,9266 38,9266 38,9266 51,551,551,551,5 32,8148 32,8148 32,8148 32,8148 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 35,59 35,59 35,59 35,59 -27 -27 -27 -27 39,2952 39,2952 39,2952 39,2952 51,551,551,551,5 38 38 38 38 51,551,551,551,5 51,2833 51,2833 51,2833 51,2833 40,7214 40,7214 40,7214 40,7214 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 39,2952 39,2952 39,2952 39,2952 42,3179 42,3179 42,3179 42,3179 40,7391 40,7391 40,7391 40,7391 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 51,551,551,551,5 38 38 38 38 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 -27 -27 -27 -27 40,2181 40,2181 40,2181 40,2181 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 39,4899 59,9167 59,9167 59,9167 59,9167 37,4429 37,4429 37,4429 37,4429 38,9266 38,9266 38,9266 38,9266 38,9358 38,9358 38,9358 38,9358 38 38 38 38 47 47 47 47 37,459 37,459 37,459 37,459 51 51 51 51 48,8667 48,8667 48,8667 48,8667 38,9266 38,9266 38,9266 38,9266 52,5167 52,5167 52,5167 52,5167 47,3667 47,3667 47,3667 47,3667 -33,8615 -33,8615 -33,8615 -33,8615 51,351,351,351,3 51,551,551,551,5 45,4207 45,4207 45,4207 45,4207 39,7157 39,7157 39,7157 39,7157 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 32,9299 32,9299 32,9299 32,9299 38 38 38 38 48,86 48,86 48,86 48,86 39,2952 39,2952 39,2952 39,2952 47,3333 47,3333 47,3333 47,3333 51 51 51 51 37,4249 37,4249 37,4249 37,4249 37,4178 37,4178 37,4178 37,4178 52,0333 52,0333 52,0333 52,0333 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 40,0548 40,0548 40,0548 40,0548 47 47 47 47 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 29,4889 48,86 48,86 48,86 48,86 30,4494 30,4494 30,4494 30,4494 48,248,248,248,2 39,961 39,961 39,961 39,961 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 52,252,252,252,2 33,9269 33,9269 33,9269 33,9269 36,0525 36,0525 36,0525 36,0525 42,2734 42,2734 42,2734 42,2734 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 -35,2167 -35,2167 -35,2167 -35,2167 38,4829 38,4829 38,4829 38,4829 40,7421 40,7421 40,7421 40,7421 51,551,551,551,5 51,551,551,551,5 52,552,552,552,5 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 43,7496 43,7496 43,7496 43,7496 48,86 48,86 48,86 48,86 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 52,552,552,552,5 32,9299 32,9299 32,9299 32,9299 40,6888

-98,3987 MAXMAXMAXMAX -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 -82,5581 MAXMAXMAXMAX -82,5581 -82,5581 -82,5581 -84,3915 MAXMAXMAXMAX -84,3915 -84,3915 -84,3915 -84,4309 MAXMAXMAXMAX -84,4309 -84,4309 -84,4309 9 9 9 9 MAXMAXMAXMAX -111,8906 MAXMAXMAXMAX -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 -118,4041 MAXMAXMAXMAX -118,4041 -118,4041 -118,4041 -111,8906 MAXMAXMAXMAX -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 -95,367 MAXMAXMAXMAX -95,367 -95,367 -95,367 -2,25-2,25 -2,25-2,25 MAXMAXMAXMAX -76,5894 MAXMAXMAXMAX -76,5894 -76,5894 -76,5894 -121,8962 MAXMAXMAXMAX -121,8962 -121,8962 -121,8962 -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MAXMAXMAXMAX -74,4564 MAXMAXMAXMAX -74,4564 -74,4564 -74,4564 -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MIN MINMIN MIN -77,3936 MIN MINMIN MIN -77,3936 -77,3936 -77,3936 -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MIN MINMIN MIN -96,8705 MIN MINMIN MIN -96,8705 -96,8705 -96,8705 -98,3987 MIN MINMIN MIN -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 -82,5581 MIN MINMIN MIN -82,5581 -82,5581 -82,5581 133 133133 133 MIN MINMIN MIN -76,6231 MIN MINMIN MIN -76,6231 -76,6231 -76,6231 -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MIN MINMIN MIN -97 -97 -97 -97 MIN MINMIN MIN -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MIN MINMIN MIN -0,2333 MIN MINMIN MIN -0,2333 -0,2333 -0,2333 -74,0052 MIN MINMIN MIN -74,0052 -74,0052 -74,0052 -77,4875 MIN MINMIN MIN -77,4875 -77,4875 -77,4875 -76,6231 MIN MINMIN MIN -76,6231 -76,6231 -76,6231 -72,6402 MIN MINMIN MIN -72,6402 -72,6402 -72,6402 -73,9826 MIN MINMIN MIN -73,9826 -73,9826 -73,9826 -74,4773 MIN MINMIN MIN -74,4773 -74,4773 -74,4773 -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MIN MINMIN MIN -97 -97 -97 -97 MIN MINMIN MIN -98,3987 MIN MINMIN MIN -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 133 133133 133 MIN MINMIN MIN -111,6133 MIN MINMIN MIN -111,6133 -111,6133 -111,6133 -74,4773 MIN MINMIN MIN -74,4773 -74,4773 -74,4773 10,75 10,75 10,75 10,75 MIN MINMIN MIN -122,1514 MIN MINMIN MIN -122,1514 -122,1514 -122,1514 -77,3936 MIN MINMIN MIN -77,3936 -77,3936 -77,3936 -77,1621 MIN MINMIN MIN -77,1621 -77,1621 -77,1621 -97 -97 -97 -97 MIN MINMIN MIN 20 20 20 20 MIN MINMIN MIN -122,1781 MIN MINMIN MIN -122,1781 -122,1781 -122,1781 9 9 9 9 MIN MINMIN MIN 2,3333 2,3333 2,3333 2,3333 MIN MINMIN MIN -77,3936 MIN MINMIN MIN -77,3936 -77,3936 -77,3936 13,413,413,413,4 MIN MINMIN MIN 8,558,558,558,55 MIN MINMIN MIN 151,2055 MIN MINMIN MIN 151,2055 151,2055 151,2055 12,3333 MIN MINMIN MIN 12,3333 12,3333 12,3333 -0,13-0,13 -0,13-0,13 MIN MINMIN MIN -75,7023 MIN MINMIN MIN -75,7023 -75,7023 -75,7023 -75,5281 MIN MINMIN MIN -75,5281 -75,5281 -75,5281 -98,3987 MIN MINMIN MIN -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 -96,8353 MIN MINMIN MIN -96,8353 -96,8353 -96,8353 -97 -97 -97 -97 MIN MINMIN MIN 2,352,352,352,35 MIN MINMIN MIN -76,6231 MIN MINMIN MIN -76,6231 -76,6231 -76,6231 13,3333 MIN MINMIN MIN 13,3333 13,3333 13,3333 9 9 9 9 MIN MINMIN MIN -122,0074 MIN MINMIN MIN -122,0074 -122,0074 -122,0074 -122,172 MIN MINMIN MIN -122,172 -122,172 -122,172 8,5333 8,5333 8,5333 8,5333 MIN MINMIN MIN -98,3987 MIN MINMIN MIN -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 -75,4083 MIN MINMIN MIN -75,4083 -75,4083 -75,4083 8 8 8 8 MIN MINMIN MIN -98,3987 MIN MINMIN MIN -98,3987 -98,3987 -98,3987 2,352,352,352,35 MIN MINMIN MIN -84,2909 MIN MINMIN MIN -84,2909 -84,2909 -84,2909 16,3667 MIN MINMIN MIN 16,3667 16,3667 16,3667 -85,9837 MIN MINMIN MIN -85,9837 -85,9837 -85,9837 -84,3915 NONE NONE NONE -84,3915 -84,3915 -84,3915 NONE 0,1167 NONE 0,1167 NONE 0,1167 0,1167 NONE NONE -117,8612 NONE NONE NONE -117,8612 -117,8612 -117,8612 NONE -79,1077 NONE NONE -79,1077 NONE -79,1077 -79,1077 NONE -83,7133 NONE NONE -83,7133 NONE -83,7133 -83,7133 NONE -111,8906 NONE NONE NONE -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 NONE 149,0833 NONE NONE 149,0833 NONE 149,0833 149,0833 NONE -121,6398 NONE NONE -121,6398 NONE -121,6398 -121,6398 NONE -74,0018 NONE NONE NONE -74,0018 -74,0018 -74,0018 NONE NONE -0,13-0,13 NONE -0,13-0,13 NONE NONE NONE -0,13-0,13 NONE -0,13-0,13 NONE NONE NONE NONE 5,755,755,755,75 NONE NONE -77,4875 NONE NONE -77,4875 NONE -77,4875 -77,4875 NONE -79,4886 NONE NONE -79,4886 NONE -79,4886 -79,4886 NONE NONE NONE 2,352,352,352,35 NONE NONE -77,4875 NONE NONE -77,4875 NONE -77,4875 -77,4875 NONE NONE NONE 5,755,755,755,75 NONE NONE -96,8353 NONE NONE -96,8353 NONE -96,8353 -96,8353 NONE -74,0203 NONE

ecology.com ecology.com ecology.com ecology.com thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com indiatogether.org indiatogether.org indiatogether.org indiatogether.org enn.com enn.com enn.com enn.com migrationeducation.de migrationeducation.de migrationeducation.de migrationeducation.de revista-amauta.org revista-amauta.org revista-amauta.org revista-amauta.org inhabitat.com inhabitat.com inhabitat.com inhabitat.com erefugees.org erefugees.org erefugees.org erefugees.org gopetition.com gopetition.com gopetition.com gopetition.com jeanlambertmep.org.uk jeanlambertmep.org.uk jeanlambertmep.org.uk jeanlambertmep.org.uk environmentmagazine.org environmentmagazine.org environmentmagazine.org environmentmagazine.org environment911.org environment911.org environment911.org environment911.org ecologist.testing.net-genie.co.uk ecologist.testing.net-genie.co.uk ecologist.testing.net-genie.co.uk ecologist.testing.net-genie.co.uk policyinnovations.org policyinnovations.org policyinnovations.org policyinnovations.org theguardian.com theguardian.com theguardian.com theguardian.com newsecuritybeat.org newsecuritybeat.org newsecuritybeat.org newsecuritybeat.org ft.com ft.com ft.com ft.com theconversation.com theconversation.com theconversation.com theconversation.com refugeesinternational.org refugeesinternational.org refugeesinternational.org refugeesinternational.org thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com thinkafricapress.com econews.com.au econews.com.au econews.com.au econews.com.au prb.org prb.org prb.org prb.org climatemigration.org.uk climatemigration.org.uk climatemigration.org.uk climatemigration.org.uk global-greenhouse-warming.com global-greenhouse-warming.com global-greenhouse-warming.com global-greenhouse-warming.com iied.org iied.org iied.org iied.org bbc.co.uk bbc.co.uk bbc.co.uk bbc.co.uk nature.com nature.com nature.com nature.com sciencedaily.com sciencedaily.com sciencedaily.com sciencedaily.com prb.org prb.org prb.org prb.org smith.edu smith.edu smith.edu smith.edu frlan.tumblr.com frlan.tumblr.com frlan.tumblr.com frlan.tumblr.com alfonzorachel.com alfonzorachel.com alfonzorachel.com alfonzorachel.com bnp.org.uk bnp.org.uk bnp.org.uk bnp.org.uk thesocialcontract.com thesocialcontract.com thesocialcontract.com thesocialcontract.com boilingthefrogs.wordpress.com boilingthefrogs.wordpress.com boilingthefrogs.wordpress.com boilingthefrogs.wordpress.com radioaustralia.net.au radioaustralia.net.au radioaustralia.net.au radioaustralia.net.au olbroad.com olbroad.com olbroad.com olbroad.com patriotupdate.com patriotupdate.com patriotupdate.com patriotupdate.com nrc.no nrc.no nrc.no nrc.no patriotaction.net patriotaction.net patriotaction.net patriotaction.net newsecuritybeat.org newsecuritybeat.org newsecuritybeat.org newsecuritybeat.org ipcs.org ipcs.org ipcs.org ipcs.org huffingtonpost.com huffingtonpost.com huffingtonpost.com huffingtonpost.com each-for.eu each-for.eu each-for.eu each-for.eu facebook.com facebook.com facebook.com facebook.com spiegel.de spiegel.de spiegel.de spiegel.de controverses.sciences-po.fr controverses.sciences-po.fr controverses.sciences-po.fr controverses.sciences-po.fr reliefweb.int reliefweb.int reliefweb.int reliefweb.int m.dw.de m.dw.de m.dw.de m.dw.de isn.ethz.ch isn.ethz.ch isn.ethz.ch isn.ethz.ch refugeecouncil.org.au refugeecouncil.org.au refugeecouncil.org.au refugeecouncil.org.au live.dbpedia.org live.dbpedia.org live.dbpedia.org live.dbpedia.org bis.ecgroup.net bis.ecgroup.net bis.ecgroup.net bis.ecgroup.net btb.termiumplus.gc.ca btb.termiumplus.gc.ca btb.termiumplus.gc.ca btb.termiumplus.gc.ca democraticunderground.com democraticunderground.com democraticunderground.com democraticunderground.com migrantclinician.org migrantclinician.org migrantclinician.org migrantclinician.org slideshare.net slideshare.net slideshare.net slideshare.net geographytsu.freehomepage.com geographytsu.freehomepage.com geographytsu.freehomepage.com geographytsu.freehomepage.com reseau-terra.eu reseau-terra.eu reseau-terra.eu reseau-terra.eu migrationinformation.org migrationinformation.org migrationinformation.org migrationinformation.org humanrights.at humanrights.at humanrights.at humanrights.at focus-migration.hwwi.de focus-migration.hwwi.de focus-migration.hwwi.de focus-migration.hwwi.de flickr.com flickr.com flickr.com flickr.com rsq.oxfordjournals.org rsq.oxfordjournals.org rsq.oxfordjournals.org rsq.oxfordjournals.org uni-bielefeld.de uni-bielefeld.de uni-bielefeld.de uni-bielefeld.de powerrangereon.wordpress.com powerrangereon.wordpress.com powerrangereon.wordpress.com powerrangereon.wordpress.com globalization101.org globalization101.org globalization101.org globalization101.org ipcc.ch ipcc.ch ipcc.ch ipcc.ch selvavidasinfronteras.wordpress.com selvavidasinfronteras.wordpress.com selvavidasinfronteras.wordpress.com selvavidasinfronteras.wordpress.com esf.org esf.org esf.org esf.org floridahealth.gov floridahealth.gov floridahealth.gov floridahealth.gov osce.org osce.org osce.org osce.org onslowcountync.gov onslowcountync.gov onslowcountync.gov onslowcountync.gov carnegieendowment.org carnegieendowment.org carnegieendowment.org carnegieendowment.org cambridge.org cambridge.org cambridge.org cambridge.org worldsavvy.org worldsavvy.org worldsavvy.org worldsavvy.org cpc.unc.edu cpc.unc.edu cpc.unc.edu cpc.unc.edu jstor.org jstor.org jstor.org jstor.org carteretcountyhealth.org carteretcountyhealth.org carteretcountyhealth.org carteretcountyhealth.org immi.gov.au immi.gov.au immi.gov.au immi.gov.au migration.ucdavis.edu migration.ucdavis.edu migration.ucdavis.edu migration.ucdavis.edu geography.about.com geography.about.com geography.about.com geography.about.com independent.co.uk independent.co.uk independent.co.uk independent.co.uk theguardian.com theguardian.com theguardian.com theguardian.com youtube.com youtube.com youtube.com youtube.com stopvaw.org stopvaw.org stopvaw.org stopvaw.org rfmsot.apps01.yorku.ca rfmsot.apps01.yorku.ca rfmsot.apps01.yorku.ca rfmsot.apps01.yorku.ca reseau-terra.eu reseau-terra.eu reseau-terra.eu reseau-terra.eu worldchanging.com worldchanging.com worldchanging.com worldchanging.com urbandictionary.com urbandictionary.com urbandictionary.com urbandictionary.com slideshare.net slideshare.net slideshare.net slideshare.net indialawjournal.com

Minimali

16

30,4494 30,4494 30,4494 30,4494 48,248,2 48,2 48,2 39,961 39,961 39,961 39,961 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 52,252,2 52,2 52,2 33,9269 33,9269 33,9269 33,9269 36,0525 36,0525 36,0525 36,0525 42,2734 42,2734 42,2734 42,2734 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 33,6119 -35,2167 -35,2167 -35,2167 -35,2167 38,4829 38,4829 38,4829 38,4829 40,7421 40,7421 40,7421 40,7421 51,551,5 51,5 51,5 51,551,5 51,5 51,5 52,552,5 52,5 52,5 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 43,7496 43,7496 43,7496 43,7496 48,86 48,8648,86 48,86 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 39,0437 52,5 52,552,552,5 32,9299 32,9299 32,9299 32,9299 40,6888 40,6888 40,6888 40,6888 60 60 60 60 50,8333 50,8333 50,8333 50,8333 38,9358 38,9358 38,9358 38,9358 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 33,7516 51 51 51 51 46,1956 46,1956 46,1956 46,1956 -35,276 -35,276 -35,276 -35,276 33,9269 33,9269 33,9269 33,9269 47,6103 47,6103 47,6103 47,6103 52,5 52,552,552,5 34,1173 34,1173 34,1173 34,1173 51,5 51,551,551,5 39,7427 39,7427 39,7427 39,7427 52,5 52,552,552,5 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 37,7484 -29 -29-29 -29 38 38 38 38 38,9376 38,9376 38,9376 38,9376 38,9311 38,9311 38,9311 38,9311 -6,1744 -6,1744 -6,1744 -6,1744 52,252,2 52,2 52,2 51,5142 51,5142 51,5142 51,5142 40,2181 40,2181 40,2181 40,2181 38 38 38 38 -33,8615 -33,8615 -33,8615 -33,8615 35,69 35,6935,69 35,69

ist

-84,2909 -84,2909 -84,2909 -84,2909 MIN MINMIN MIN 16,3667 16,3667 16,3667 16,3667 MIN MINMIN MIN -85,9837 -85,9837 -85,9837 -85,9837 MIN MINMIN MIN -84,3915 NONE -84,3915 -84,3915 -84,3915 NONE NONE NONE 0,1167 NONE 0,1167 0,1167 0,1167 NONE NONE NONE -117,8612 NONE -117,8612 -117,8612 -117,8612 NONE NONE NONE -79,1077 NONE -79,1077 -79,1077 -79,1077 NONE NONE NONE -83,7133 NONE -83,7133 -83,7133 -83,7133 NONE NONE NONE -111,8906 NONE -111,8906 -111,8906 -111,8906 NONE NONE NONE 149,0833 NONE 149,0833 149,0833 149,0833 NONE NONE NONE -121,6398 NONE -121,6398 -121,6398 -121,6398 NONE NONE NONE -74,0018 NONE -74,0018 -74,0018 -74,0018 NONE NONE NONE -0,13-0,13 NONE -0,13-0,13 NONE NONE NONE -0,13-0,13 NONE -0,13-0,13 NONE NONE NONE 5,755,75 NONE 5,75 5,75 NONE NONE NONE -77,4875 NONE -77,4875 NONE NONE -77,4875 -77,4875 NONE -79,4886 NONE -79,4886 -79,4886 -79,4886 NONE NONE NONE NONE 2,35 2,352,352,35 NONE NONE NONE -77,4875 NONE -77,4875 -77,4875 -77,4875 NONE NONE NONE NONE 5,75 5,755,755,75 NONE NONE NONE -96,8353 NONE -96,8353 -96,8353 -96,8353 NONE NONE NONE -74,0203 NONE -74,0203 -74,0203 -74,0203 NONE NONE NONE NONE -95 -95-95 -95 NONE NONE NONE NONE 4 4 4 4 NONE NONE NONE -77,1621 NONE -77,1621 -77,1621 -77,1621 NONE NONE NONE -84,3915 NONE -84,3915 -84,3915 -84,3915 NONE NONE NONE NONE 9 9 9 9 NONE NONE NONE 6,1481 NONE 6,1481 6,1481 6,1481 NONE NONE NONE 149,1344 NONE 149,1344 149,1344 149,1344 NONE NONE NONE -117,8612 NONE -117,8612 -117,8612 -117,8612 NONE NONE NONE -122,3341 NONE -122,3341 -122,3341 -122,3341 NONE NONE NONE NONE 5,75 5,755,755,75 NONE NONE NONE -118,26 NONE -118,26 -118,26 -118,26 NONE NONE NONE -0,13-0,13 NONE -0,13-0,13 NONE NONE NONE -105,1187 NONE -105,1187 -105,1187 -105,1187 NONE NONE NONE 5,755,75 NONE 5,75 5,75 NONE NONE NONE -122,4156 NONE -122,4156 -122,4156 -122,4156 NONE NONE NONE NONE 24 24 24 24 NONE NONE NONE NONE -97 -97-97 -97 NONE NONE NONE -77,0928 NONE -77,0928 -77,0928 -77,0928 NONE NONE NONE -77,3489 NONE -77,3489 -77,3489 -77,3489 NONE NONE NONE 106,8294 NONE 106,8294 106,8294 106,8294 NONE NONE NONE 0,1167 NONE 0,1167 0,1167 0,1167 NONE NONE NONE -0,0931 NONE -0,0931 -0,0931 -0,0931 NONE NONE NONE -111,6133 NONE -111,6133 -111,6133 -111,6133 NONE NONE NONE NONE -97 -97-97 -97 NONE NONE NONE 151,2055 NONE 151,2055 151,2055 151,2055 NONE NONE NONE 139,69 NONE 139,69 139,69 139,69 NONE NONE NONE

floridahealth.gov floridahealth.gov floridahealth.gov floridahealth.gov osce.org osce.org osce.org osce.org onslowcountync.gov onslowcountync.gov onslowcountync.gov onslowcountync.gov carnegieendowment.org carnegieendowment.org carnegieendowment.org carnegieendowment.org cambridge.org cambridge.org cambridge.org cambridge.org worldsavvy.org worldsavvy.org worldsavvy.org worldsavvy.org cpc.unc.edu cpc.unc.edu cpc.unc.edu cpc.unc.eduCONCLUSIONS jstor.org jstor.org jstor.org jstor.org carteretcountyhealth.org carteretcountyhealth.org carteretcountyhealth.org carteretcountyhealth.org immi.gov.au immi.gov.au immi.gov.au immi.gov.au migration.ucdavis.edu migration.ucdavis.edu migration.ucdavis.edu migration.ucdavis.edu geography.about.com geography.about.com geography.about.com geography.about.com independent.co.uk independent.co.uk independent.co.uk independent.co.uk theguardian.com theguardian.com theguardian.com theguardian.com youtube.com youtube.com youtube.com youtube.com stopvaw.org stopvaw.org stopvaw.org stopvaw.org rfmsot.apps01.yorku.ca rfmsot.apps01.yorku.ca rfmsot.apps01.yorku.ca rfmsot.apps01.yorku.ca reseau-terra.eu reseau-terra.eu reseau-terra.eu reseau-terra.eu worldchanging.com worldchanging.com worldchanging.com worldchanging.com urbandictionary.com urbandictionary.com urbandictionary.com urbandictionary.com slideshare.net slideshare.net slideshare.net slideshare.net indialawjournal.com indialawjournal.com indialawjournal.com indialawjournal.com forests-l.iisd.org forests-l.iisd.org forests-l.iisd.org forests-l.iisd.org greenfudge.org greenfudge.org greenfudge.org greenfudge.org sej.org sej.org sej.org sej.org redorbit.com redorbit.com redorbit.com redorbit.com spiegel.de spiegel.de spiegel.de spiegel.de preventionweb.net preventionweb.net preventionweb.net preventionweb.net manningclark.org.au manningclark.org.au manningclark.org.au manningclark.org.au countercurrents.org countercurrents.org countercurrents.org countercurrents.org coastalcare.org coastalcare.org coastalcare.org coastalcare.org wolfpublishers.com wolfpublishers.com wolfpublishers.com wolfpublishers.com southasiabooks.com southasiabooks.com southasiabooks.com southasiabooks.com theecologist.org theecologist.org theecologist.org theecologist.org colorado.gov colorado.gov colorado.gov colorado.gov books.google.com books.google.com books.google.com books.google.com biasworldview.wordpress.com biasworldview.wordpress.com biasworldview.wordpress.com biasworldview.wordpress.com news24.com news24.com news24.com news24.com worldpreservationfoundation.org worldpreservationfoundation.org worldpreservationfoundation.org worldpreservationfoundation.org www1.american.edu www1.american.edu www1.american.edu www1.american.edu wordreference.com wordreference.com wordreference.com wordreference.com repository.unhas.ac.id repository.unhas.ac.id repository.unhas.ac.id repository.unhas.ac.id journals.cambridge.org journals.cambridge.org journals.cambridge.org journals.cambridge.org danacentre.org.uk danacentre.org.uk danacentre.org.uk danacentre.org.uk elementshealthspace.com elementshealthspace.com elementshealthspace.com elementshealthspace.com greenmuze.com greenmuze.com greenmuze.com greenmuze.com refugeecouncil.org.au refugeecouncil.org.au refugeecouncil.org.au refugeecouncil.org.au sansai.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp sansai.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp sansai.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp sansai.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp

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