IMMACULATE CONCEPTION availa le available
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION available How does Indian Surrogacy look like?
Politecnico di Milano Scuola del Design L.M. in Design della Comunicazione Laboratorio di Sintesi Finale / Density Design Lab A. A. 2013 / 2014
Students: Sofia Girelli Eleonora Grotto Pietro Lodi Daniele Lupatini Emilio Patuzzo
Docenti: Paolo Ciuccarelli Marco Fattore Stefano Mandato Donato Ricci Salvatore Zingale
Teaching Assistants: Matteo Azzi Giorgio Caviglia Michele Mauri Azzurra Pini Giorgio Uboldi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX
1
2
CONTEXTUALIZATION
FROM TOPIC TO DEBATE
W H AT’S SURROGACY?
13
NEED OF QUER IES
19/21
GOOGLE TRENDS
14/15
TAGCLOUD
22/25
G L O S S A R Y- W I K I R A D I A L T R E E M A P
16/17
3
4
DEBATE ANALYSIS
CATEGORIES IN THE DEBATE
R ESE A RCH QUESTION DEFINITION
27/28
CORPUS GEO-LOCA LIZATION
39/42
QUER IES & DOM A INS
28/29
CATEGORIES DEFINITON
42/43
CORPUS
30/37
CATEGORIES EX PLOR ATION
44/47
TIME & CATEGORIES
48/58
5
6
FROM CATEGORIES TO NETWORK
FROM NETWORK TO COSMOS
LINK TO NET WORK
55/61
T ER MS A NA LYSIS
109/113
CITED ACTORS
62/101
CITED DOCUMENTS
114/118
CLINICS FOCUS
102/107
COSMOGR A PH Y
119/121
DOM A INS POSITIONING
122/123
7
8
FROM COSMOS TO COSMOPOLITICS
RESEARCH FINDINGS
T IME A NA LYSIS
125/127
FINAL REMARKS
129
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX
1
2
CONTEXTUALIZATION
FROM TOPIC TO DEBATE
W H AT’S SURROGACY?
13
NEED OF QUER IES
19/21
GOOGLE TRENDS
14/15
TAGCLOUD
22/25
G L O S S A R Y- W I K I R A D I A L T R E E M A P
16/17
3
4
DEBATE ANALYSIS
CATEGORIES IN THE DEBATE
R ESE A RCH QUESTION DEFINITION
27/28
CORPUS GEO-LOCA LIZATION
39/42
QUER IES & DOM A INS
28/29
CATEGORIES DEFINITON
42/43
CORPUS
30/37
CATEGORIES EX PLOR ATION
44/47
TIME & CATEGORIES
48/58
5
6
FROM CATEGORIES TO NETWORK
FROM NETWORK TO COSMOS
LINK TO NET WORK
55/61
T ER MS A NA LYSIS
109/113
CITED ACTORS
62/101
CITED DOCUMENTS
114/118
CLINICS FOCUS
102/107
COSMOGR A PH Y
119/121
DOM A INS POSITIONING
122/123
7
8
FROM COSMOS TO COSMOPOLITICS
RESEARCH FINDINGS
T IME A NA LYSIS
125/127
FINAL REMARKS
129
Protocol Legenda
01. Preliminary Phase
OU T PU T S
IN STRU M E N TS
TOPI C RESEARCH (SURROGACY)
Wiki
URL list
Corpus Integration
TOPI C DEFI NITION
Tagged Material
«Surrogacy is an arra n ge men t in which a woman carrie s a n d delive rs a child for another cou ple or pe rson» Tools
Manual
Visualization
Network
Glossary
H istorical info and types of surrogacy : • TRADI TI ONAL SURROGACY • GESTATI ONAL SURROGACY
WikiMindMap
TERMS HI ERARCHY
Raw
GLOSSARY Oxforddictionaries.com Who.org
Terms from web and from the Radial Tree map
Protocol Legenda
01. Preliminary Phase
OU T PU T S
IN STRU M E N TS
TOPI C RESEARCH (SURROGACY)
Wiki
URL list
Corpus Integration
TOPI C DEFI NITION
Tagged Material
«Surrogacy is an arra n ge men t in which a woman carrie s a n d delive rs a child for another cou ple or pe rson» Tools
Manual
Visualization
Network
Glossary
H istorical info and types of surrogacy : • TRADI TI ONAL SURROGACY • GESTATI ONAL SURROGACY
WikiMindMap
TERMS HI ERARCHY
Raw
GLOSSARY Oxforddictionaries.com Who.org
Terms from web and from the Radial Tree map
Google Scraper + Harvester
02. From Topic to Debate
03. Debate Analysis
QU ER IES D EF INIT ION
RESEARCH QUESTI ON DEFINITION
Surrogacy
Surrogacy Global
Surrogacy Benefits
Surrogacy Problem
Rent-a-womb
100
100
100
100
100
«H ow do d ifferent countri es look a t surrogacy tourism in I nd i a?»
URLS
SELECTI ON OF COUNTRIES TA G GING Article Title • Website owner • Country • Website Typology Information Typology • Opinion • Author • Publishing date • Notes
.com
.co.in
.co.uk
.it
DEFI NI TI ON OF QUERIES TA G CLOU D Issue Discovery + Tag Cloud Combinator
The tagcloud shows the most used words from the corpus. In our case a lot of words related to Indian situation.
DEBAT E D EF INIT ION Surrogacy as a problem or as a solution?
C ON TR OVER S Y D EF INIT ION (F ERT ILIT Y T OU R IS M F OR S U R R OG A CY )
Surrogacy Tourism
.com
Surrogacy India
.co.in
.co.uk
.it
Google Scraper + Harvester
50
50
50
50
50
CORPUS 4 0 0 urls
50
50
50 URLS
Google Scraper + Harvester
02. From Topic to Debate
03. Debate Analysis
QU ER IES D EF INIT ION
RESEARCH QUESTI ON DEFINITION
Surrogacy
Surrogacy Global
Surrogacy Benefits
Surrogacy Problem
Rent-a-womb
100
100
100
100
100
«H ow do d ifferent countri es look a t surrogacy tourism in I nd i a?»
URLS
SELECTI ON OF COUNTRIES TA G GING Article Title • Website owner • Country • Website Typology Information Typology • Opinion • Author • Publishing date • Notes
.com
.co.in
.co.uk
.it
DEFI NI TI ON OF QUERIES TA G CLOU D Issue Discovery + Tag Cloud Combinator
The tagcloud shows the most used words from the corpus. In our case a lot of words related to Indian situation.
DEBAT E D EF INIT ION Surrogacy as a problem or as a solution?
C ON TR OVER S Y D EF INIT ION (F ERT ILIT Y T OU R IS M F OR S U R R OG A CY )
Surrogacy Tourism
.com
Surrogacy India
.co.in
.co.uk
.it
Google Scraper + Harvester
50
50
50
50
50
CORPUS 4 0 0 urls
50
50
50 URLS
04. Categories in the Debate
05. From Categories to Networks
Categories Network
TA GGING OF T HE COR PU S Excel
Hyphe Publishing date • Article title Website • Country • Cited actors Opinion about surrogacy Opinion about surrogacy tourism
Cited actors • Which are the most cited actors in the whole corpus from categories? • Which ones for each domain?
Gephi
GeoIP
C AT EG OR IES A NA LY S IS Network Analysis
C a t egor i e s Rec ognit io n Government • Clinics & doctors Agencies & lawyers • Activists Magazines• Daily Newspapers• Organizations Scientific communities & universities News aggregator • Encyclopedia • Other
Cited actors Analy sis and Network
How is the relation between categories and web? Who link more than others? How many are more linked?
How do macroactors mention each others? Each macroactor is a geolocalized category.
There are new interesting websites? There are new areas in the network? Which are these areas? Which are the nodes and the connections more important? Are there unexpected node similarities? Where are the journalist in the network? What they link?
Focus: Clinics ‘India clinics & doctors’ is one of the most cited macroactor. It has been analyzed which are the most cited clinics and doctors compared to their business activity in the controversy.
Tim e A na lysi s • When did the webpages in the corpus were created and how do they get positioned on a timeline? • Visualization divided by domains and by macroactors
C a t egor i es A n a l ysi s • How many and which ones for domain and for query? How many and which ones for geolocalization? • Which position do actors occupy? • How do the 10 first results in particular subdivide in these categories?
VI SUALI ZATIONS
04. Categories in the Debate
05. From Categories to Networks
Categories Network
TA GGING OF T HE COR PU S Excel
Hyphe Publishing date • Article title Website • Country • Cited actors Opinion about surrogacy Opinion about surrogacy tourism
Cited actors • Which are the most cited actors in the whole corpus from categories? • Which ones for each domain?
Gephi
GeoIP
C AT EG OR IES A NA LY S IS Network Analysis
C a t egor i e s Rec ognit io n Government • Clinics & doctors Agencies & lawyers • Activists Magazines• Daily Newspapers• Organizations Scientific communities & universities News aggregator • Encyclopedia • Other
Cited actors Analy sis and Network
How is the relation between categories and web? Who link more than others? How many are more linked?
How do macroactors mention each others? Each macroactor is a geolocalized category.
There are new interesting websites? There are new areas in the network? Which are these areas? Which are the nodes and the connections more important? Are there unexpected node similarities? Where are the journalist in the network? What they link?
Focus: Clinics ‘India clinics & doctors’ is one of the most cited macroactor. It has been analyzed which are the most cited clinics and doctors compared to their business activity in the controversy.
Tim e A na lysi s • When did the webpages in the corpus were created and how do they get positioned on a timeline? • Visualization divided by domains and by macroactors
C a t egor i es A n a l ysi s • How many and which ones for domain and for query? How many and which ones for geolocalization? • Which position do actors occupy? • How do the 10 first results in particular subdivide in these categories?
VI SUALI ZATIONS
07. From Cosmos to Cosmopolitics
06. From Networks to Cosmos for every domain
TE RM S A N A LYS IS
TEMPORAL ANALYSIS
PD F A NA LY S IS Scraper for Google Chrome
Raw Text to Tag Cloud Engine
Sven
Ci t e d PD F s
Most used terms divided by domain and category
Who mentioned them? What are the most cited pdf by category and domain?
SVEN
ID E N TIFYIN G IS S U ES
WOR D S F R OM PDFs
Topic Facts
News Trends
Google Trends
L egislation Facts
International and national Facts about and surrogacy surrogacy tourism
How did the newspapers write about topic?
Related to the general topic of surrogacy and localized. For english-speaking domain: Surrogacy For italian domain: Utero in affitto
How did the legislation change during years?
Newspapers are: • THEGUARDIAN • INDIATIMES • LAREPUBBLICA • NEWYORKTIMES
COS MOGR A PHY
VI SUALI ZATION T EXT A NA LY S IS
D OMA INS POS IT IONS MATRIX: How is the perception of the phenomenon in each domain? for each category?
07. From Cosmos to Cosmopolitics
06. From Networks to Cosmos for every domain
TE RM S A N A LYS IS
TEMPORAL ANALYSIS
PD F A NA LY S IS Scraper for Google Chrome
Raw Text to Tag Cloud Engine
Sven
Ci t e d PD F s
Most used terms divided by domain and category
Who mentioned them? What are the most cited pdf by category and domain?
SVEN
ID E N TIFYIN G IS S U ES
WOR D S F R OM PDFs
Topic Facts
News Trends
Google Trends
L egislation Facts
International and national Facts about and surrogacy surrogacy tourism
How did the newspapers write about topic?
Related to the general topic of surrogacy and localized. For english-speaking domain: Surrogacy For italian domain: Utero in affitto
How did the legislation change during years?
Newspapers are: • THEGUARDIAN • INDIATIMES • LAREPUBBLICA • NEWYORKTIMES
COS MOGR A PHY
VI SUALI ZATION T EXT A NA LY S IS
D OMA INS POS IT IONS MATRIX: How is the perception of the phenomenon in each domain? for each category?
14
GOOGLE TRENDS
GOOGLE TRENDS
15
With Google Trends we could visualize that the web interest around the topic has remained constant over time. However, we recorded a peak of interest in the middle of 2013. This was a good sign and it could be interesting for our research because it witnesses that the controversy is still a hot theme.
A
K B J
C
I
GOOGLE TRENDS 'SURROGACY'
G
H
F
E D
K
H
E
B
• Times Daily • Issue of Surrogacy Troubles Many States
• The Australian • Kay Stanley's death starts battle over surrogacy plan for embryos
• LBNstudio • The Surrogacy Lawyer Theresa Erickson Voice America 12/30/2010
• Kansas City Star • Genetic mother wins surrogacy lawsuit in Ireland
J
G
D
A
• Times Online • Surrogacy orphan trapped in red tape after mothers abandon her
• Seattle Times • Parker-Broderick surrogacy case jury breaks
• Forbes • Surrogacy scandal raises question about regulation
• Zee News • Shah Rukh Khan in surrogacy controversy
I
F
C
• ABC Online • NSW surrogacy laws under the spotlight
• NEWS.com.au • MPs sit overnight for surrogacy debate
• Herald Sun • Gay marriage ok but in France surrogacy is unpopular
14
GOOGLE TRENDS
GOOGLE TRENDS
15
With Google Trends we could visualize that the web interest around the topic has remained constant over time. However, we recorded a peak of interest in the middle of 2013. This was a good sign and it could be interesting for our research because it witnesses that the controversy is still a hot theme.
A
K B J
C
I
GOOGLE TRENDS 'SURROGACY'
G
H
F
E D
K
H
E
B
• Times Daily • Issue of Surrogacy Troubles Many States
• The Australian • Kay Stanley's death starts battle over surrogacy plan for embryos
• LBNstudio • The Surrogacy Lawyer Theresa Erickson Voice America 12/30/2010
• Kansas City Star • Genetic mother wins surrogacy lawsuit in Ireland
J
G
D
A
• Times Online • Surrogacy orphan trapped in red tape after mothers abandon her
• Seattle Times • Parker-Broderick surrogacy case jury breaks
• Forbes • Surrogacy scandal raises question about regulation
• Zee News • Shah Rukh Khan in surrogacy controversy
I
F
C
• ABC Online • NSW surrogacy laws under the spotlight
• NEWS.com.au • MPs sit overnight for surrogacy debate
• Herald Sun • Gay marriage ok but in France surrogacy is unpopular
20
NEED OF QUERIES
NEED OF QUERIES
21
PRELIMINARY QUERIES RESULTS GEO-IP Note Circle's Size visualizes the amount of URLs placed in the same area.
URLs located in a same place
20
NEED OF QUERIES
NEED OF QUERIES
21
PRELIMINARY QUERIES RESULTS GEO-IP Note Circle's Size visualizes the amount of URLs placed in the same area.
URLs located in a same place
22
2 Digital Method Initiative https://wiki.digitalmethods.net/ Dmi/
3 “Search as research relies on query design” Richard Rogers
TAG C LOU D
In order to get a closer idea of which could the controversy be, we decided to analyze what the results of the five above queries were mainly talking about, which were the most spoken and treated topics. We used different tools from the DMI2 to have a raw starting point for our research. With the issue crawler we extrapolated 100 urls from each query (queries in English on Google.com domain) while with the issue discovery, we were able to get a tag cloud of the most used words from each corpus of 100 urls. A tag cloud tells which are the words (or sequences of words) that occur more than two times in the given text (or in the text contained in the given urls) and how many times they occur. Thanks to the tag cloud combinator we were able to combine the five tag clouds (one for each query) into one, with the words ordered vby number of occurrences. After cleaning it up from the nonsense words found from the tool (such as “I would”, “I have” or the name of social networks) we started to analyze the result. What suddenly came to note was that the fourth word was “anand”. With a fast research we discovered it was a specific town located in the region of Gujarat (this word could also be found in the tag cloud), India. If results related to the United States were something that we were expecting (the .com domain is the American one), the fact that a small town in India was the first result with a certain specificity and anyway consistently more used than the term surrogacy (present in four of our five queries). This took us to investigate what is currently happening in Anand to be one of the most discussed topics on the web when looking for surrogacy. We quickly understood that what the Internet was debating about was the controversy related to a specific kind of medical tourism in India, the one that sees in surrogacy the answer to infertility or to the incapability to have a child in an ordinary way.
TAG C LOU D
At this point we defined our research area as a controversy in the bigger thematic of surrogacy (which is not globally accepted): surrogacy tourism in India. To better understand which were the reasons of the debate we decided to analyze our 500 urls. This was a rough work because the five defined queries were not the definitive ones: they were just generic and their aims was just to investigate the theme and to find the controversy. The analysis consisted in tagging each url for different elements that we found useful: typology of website (blog, newspaper, magazine, governmental, etc.), geolocation, kind of content (article, information, explanation of the practice, etc.) and the opinion about surrogacy. Our results were mainly coming from USA, Canada, UK and India and excluding clinics and agencies’ websites, the articles were effectively talking a lot about the practice of surrogacy tourism in India, therefore the opinion was always taking part about this phenomenon3, not much about surrogacy in general. Reading the articles we figured out that the main topic of discussion is about India because surrogacy is an expensive practice and Indian clinics offer it for a really cheap cost compare to the Americans ones. Commercial surrogacy requires to the surrogate mother and the intended parents to sign an agreement by which the surrogate mother contracts herself to bear and deliver a child (that is not genetically connected to her) in exchange of money. In India some women offer themselves to be surrogates in order to get enough money to change their families’ and their own lives (buy a new house, assure an education to their children).
23
What generates the debate is that for the (foreigner) intended parents Indian surrogacy is a way to save money (and often to get around the legal situation in their original country) while for the Indian surrogates is a much more than what they could expect in years. Thus is creating something often called “surrogacy industry”, in which the surrogates are offering their wombs only as an escape to poverty. The legislation of the Google results’ countries is something that influences the way surrogacy tourism is seen. For example in the USA commercial surrogacy is legal only in some states, in India is legal and it helps the economy of the whole nation, in UK is legal for altruistic purposes only, in the rest of Europe is generally forbidden and because of that surrogacy tourism in a third world country is often seen as exploitation. We faced different opinions: some articles were analyzing the pros and cons, others were radically taking a position.
For someone is “an amazing gift of life”4 while for others “using women’s bodies as bargain-basement incubators is foul and repugnant, no matter how people attempt to dress it up in pretty talk” tigerbeatdown.com5; thus we decided to focus our research on how different countries see the phenomenon of surrogacy tourism in India.
4 www.mayoclinic.org
5 www.tigerbeatdown.com
22
2 Digital Method Initiative https://wiki.digitalmethods.net/ Dmi/
3 “Search as research relies on query design” Richard Rogers
TAG C LOU D
In order to get a closer idea of which could the controversy be, we decided to analyze what the results of the five above queries were mainly talking about, which were the most spoken and treated topics. We used different tools from the DMI2 to have a raw starting point for our research. With the issue crawler we extrapolated 100 urls from each query (queries in English on Google.com domain) while with the issue discovery, we were able to get a tag cloud of the most used words from each corpus of 100 urls. A tag cloud tells which are the words (or sequences of words) that occur more than two times in the given text (or in the text contained in the given urls) and how many times they occur. Thanks to the tag cloud combinator we were able to combine the five tag clouds (one for each query) into one, with the words ordered vby number of occurrences. After cleaning it up from the nonsense words found from the tool (such as “I would”, “I have” or the name of social networks) we started to analyze the result. What suddenly came to note was that the fourth word was “anand”. With a fast research we discovered it was a specific town located in the region of Gujarat (this word could also be found in the tag cloud), India. If results related to the United States were something that we were expecting (the .com domain is the American one), the fact that a small town in India was the first result with a certain specificity and anyway consistently more used than the term surrogacy (present in four of our five queries). This took us to investigate what is currently happening in Anand to be one of the most discussed topics on the web when looking for surrogacy. We quickly understood that what the Internet was debating about was the controversy related to a specific kind of medical tourism in India, the one that sees in surrogacy the answer to infertility or to the incapability to have a child in an ordinary way.
TAG C LOU D
At this point we defined our research area as a controversy in the bigger thematic of surrogacy (which is not globally accepted): surrogacy tourism in India. To better understand which were the reasons of the debate we decided to analyze our 500 urls. This was a rough work because the five defined queries were not the definitive ones: they were just generic and their aims was just to investigate the theme and to find the controversy. The analysis consisted in tagging each url for different elements that we found useful: typology of website (blog, newspaper, magazine, governmental, etc.), geolocation, kind of content (article, information, explanation of the practice, etc.) and the opinion about surrogacy. Our results were mainly coming from USA, Canada, UK and India and excluding clinics and agencies’ websites, the articles were effectively talking a lot about the practice of surrogacy tourism in India, therefore the opinion was always taking part about this phenomenon3, not much about surrogacy in general. Reading the articles we figured out that the main topic of discussion is about India because surrogacy is an expensive practice and Indian clinics offer it for a really cheap cost compare to the Americans ones. Commercial surrogacy requires to the surrogate mother and the intended parents to sign an agreement by which the surrogate mother contracts herself to bear and deliver a child (that is not genetically connected to her) in exchange of money. In India some women offer themselves to be surrogates in order to get enough money to change their families’ and their own lives (buy a new house, assure an education to their children).
23
What generates the debate is that for the (foreigner) intended parents Indian surrogacy is a way to save money (and often to get around the legal situation in their original country) while for the Indian surrogates is a much more than what they could expect in years. Thus is creating something often called “surrogacy industry”, in which the surrogates are offering their wombs only as an escape to poverty. The legislation of the Google results’ countries is something that influences the way surrogacy tourism is seen. For example in the USA commercial surrogacy is legal only in some states, in India is legal and it helps the economy of the whole nation, in UK is legal for altruistic purposes only, in the rest of Europe is generally forbidden and because of that surrogacy tourism in a third world country is often seen as exploitation. We faced different opinions: some articles were analyzing the pros and cons, others were radically taking a position.
For someone is “an amazing gift of life”4 while for others “using women’s bodies as bargain-basement incubators is foul and repugnant, no matter how people attempt to dress it up in pretty talk” tigerbeatdown.com5; thus we decided to focus our research on how different countries see the phenomenon of surrogacy tourism in India.
4 www.mayoclinic.org
5 www.tigerbeatdown.com
24
TAG C LOU D
TAGCLOUD
TAG C LOU D
25
24
TAG C LOU D
TAGCLOUD
TAG C LOU D
25
28
RESEARCH QUESTION DEFINITION / QUERIES & DOMAINS
With the definition of research question we have to define the countries we want to investigate to answer our question. We need countries that are able to represent different opinion and different way to look surrogacy to better map the phenomenon. To represent different countries we decided to use the different domains in google with the idea that when someone approaches a topic they access on Google of their own country. For example when we search something in Italy, Google redirects automatically on Google.it. We chose the following countries: United States, United Kingdom, India, Italy because they have different laws around the surrogacy. United States because in the tagcloud it is one the most occurred word, however the legislation permits the commercial surrogacy in some states as California and Colorado. To represents the United States we chose the domain Google.com. India because as we know in this country surrogacy has been legal since 2002 and more affordable than in other countries. Here many women, who live in poverty, offer themselves as surrogate mothers and this leads to a strong flow of couples from all over the world, generating the fertility tourism. To represent India we used Google.co.in because represents a point of view from an internal perspective. United Kingdom because the law established states surrogacy is legal but only for altruistic purposes. To represent U.k. we used Google.co.uk.
Italy because as a big part of the European country doesn't permit the practice of surrogacy and punishes those who resort to it. We used google.it to represent it. The choice of using the italian domain to represent the european countries where the practice is illegal is also determinate by the language in use, because for us was more simple to read in our mother tongue. Moreover we thought that it could be interesting because we know Italy in particular is influenced by the Catholic religion. To find queries that helped us to search inside the controversy, we once again used Google trends. We searched queries able to generate internet traffic, but at the same time queries able to frame all the different shades in the phenomenon. We tried to insert on Google Trends different queries. Surrogacy India was the one generating more results. In a second time we had to decide between surrogacy in india and surrogacy india. Once again we used GoogleTrends to see how the second one was a more popular query on google.com. So our first query became Surrogacy India. But for better circumscribe the topic we felt the need of another query. This time we decided to search specific words we need. We opted for the query Surrogacy tourism. We used this queries for 3 of the 4 domains previously chosen; while for the .it domain we had to translate them. Those became maternità surrogata india and maternità surrogata turismo. We preferred to use maternità surrogata instead of utero in affitto because we used a scientific terminology for its property of arbitrariness; in fact the second one (which means “womb for rent”), even though it is more used, has a negative acceptation.
QUERIES & DOMAINS
29
100 80
60 40
20
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Surrogacy in India Surrogacy India
100 80 60 40
20
2004
2005
2006
2007
Surrogacy India House of Surrogate Nayna Patel Surrogate Mother India
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
28
RESEARCH QUESTION DEFINITION / QUERIES & DOMAINS
With the definition of research question we have to define the countries we want to investigate to answer our question. We need countries that are able to represent different opinion and different way to look surrogacy to better map the phenomenon. To represent different countries we decided to use the different domains in google with the idea that when someone approaches a topic they access on Google of their own country. For example when we search something in Italy, Google redirects automatically on Google.it. We chose the following countries: United States, United Kingdom, India, Italy because they have different laws around the surrogacy. United States because in the tagcloud it is one the most occurred word, however the legislation permits the commercial surrogacy in some states as California and Colorado. To represents the United States we chose the domain Google.com. India because as we know in this country surrogacy has been legal since 2002 and more affordable than in other countries. Here many women, who live in poverty, offer themselves as surrogate mothers and this leads to a strong flow of couples from all over the world, generating the fertility tourism. To represent India we used Google.co.in because represents a point of view from an internal perspective. United Kingdom because the law established states surrogacy is legal but only for altruistic purposes. To represent U.k. we used Google.co.uk.
Italy because as a big part of the European country doesn't permit the practice of surrogacy and punishes those who resort to it. We used google.it to represent it. The choice of using the italian domain to represent the european countries where the practice is illegal is also determinate by the language in use, because for us was more simple to read in our mother tongue. Moreover we thought that it could be interesting because we know Italy in particular is influenced by the Catholic religion. To find queries that helped us to search inside the controversy, we once again used Google trends. We searched queries able to generate internet traffic, but at the same time queries able to frame all the different shades in the phenomenon. We tried to insert on Google Trends different queries. Surrogacy India was the one generating more results. In a second time we had to decide between surrogacy in india and surrogacy india. Once again we used GoogleTrends to see how the second one was a more popular query on google.com. So our first query became Surrogacy India. But for better circumscribe the topic we felt the need of another query. This time we decided to search specific words we need. We opted for the query Surrogacy tourism. We used this queries for 3 of the 4 domains previously chosen; while for the .it domain we had to translate them. Those became maternità surrogata india and maternità surrogata turismo. We preferred to use maternità surrogata instead of utero in affitto because we used a scientific terminology for its property of arbitrariness; in fact the second one (which means “womb for rent”), even though it is more used, has a negative acceptation.
QUERIES & DOMAINS
29
100 80
60 40
20
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Surrogacy in India Surrogacy India
100 80 60 40
20
2004
2005
2006
2007
Surrogacy India House of Surrogate Nayna Patel Surrogate Mother India
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
30
CORPUS
CORPUS
31
.Com | SURROGACY INDIA
.Com | SURROGACY TOURISM
Page
Category
Country
com81
http://www.trust.org/item/20131004162151-r5i0w/
Organizations
com17
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_tourism
Encylopedia
com77
http://www.ijfab.org/blog/reproductive-tourism-in-India-is-surrogacy-ethical/
Organizations
com89
https://web.duke.edu/kenanethics/CaseStudies/BabyManji.pdf
com78 com28
Rank
ID
London, Uk
1
USA
Rank
Page
Category
Country
com41
http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/India-surrogate-mother-industry/
Daily Newspapers
USA
1
2
com69
http://www.dnaIndia.com/ahmedabad/report-videshi-parents-surrogate-kids-have-desi-names-1922048
Magazines
India
2
New York, USA
3
com24
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/ministries-consulted-on-assisted-reproductive-technology-bill/article5380425.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
3
University & Scientific Community
North Carolina, USA
4
com6
http://surrogacyIndia.com/
Agencies
India
5
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/02/surrogacy-tourism-India-nayna-patel
Organizations
California, USA
5
com25
http://articles.timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/India/43526104_1_surrogacy-tourist-visa-medical-visa
Daily Newspapers
India
6
http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2012/01 /reproductive_tourism_how_surrogacy_provider_planethospital_speeds_up_pregnancies_and_lowers_costs_.html
Daily Newspapers
USA
6
com18
http://www.wikihow.com/Decide-on-Surrogacy-in-India
Encylopedia
Netherland
8
com1
http://www.medical-tourism-India.com/packages-details.php?p_id=30
Agencies
New Delhi, India
7
com42
http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/surrogacy-on-the-rise-in-north-India/article5309126.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
9
com82
https://www.britishcouncil.org.in/debatingmattersIndia/sites/default/files/topics/2013 /Fertility_Tourism_DMITopicguide2011FINAL.doc
Organizations
England
8
com70
http://www.businessinsider.com/India-surrogate-mother-industry-2013-9
Magazines
USA
10
com29
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1376911 /Surrogacy-tourism-skyrockets-US-wealthy-international-couples-advantage-lax-American-laws.html
Daily Newspapers
England
9
com43
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24670212
Daily Newspapers
UK
11
com30
http://www.Indianexpress.com/news/govt-mouthpiece-bats-for-surrogacy-tourism/951861/
Daily Newspapers
New Delhi, India
10
com44
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/world/asia/10surrogate.html?pagewanted=all
Daily Newspapers
USA
13
com79
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/blog/post/No-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India.aspx
Organizations
Massachusets USA
11
com45
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703493504576007774155273928.html
Daily Newspapers
USA
14
com2
http://www.medicaltourismco.com/assisted-reproduction-fertility/low-cost-surrogacy-India.php
Agencies
USA
12
com46
http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/10/01/canadian-mother-hired-surrogate-at-controversial-baby-factory-in-India-bbc-documentary
Daily Newspapers
Canada
16
com31
http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/gaps-in-surrogacy-bill/article5276062.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
13
com71
http://www.npr.org/2013/11/05/243213647/author-says-surrogacy-is-ancient
Magazines
USA
17
com12
http://tigerbeatdown.com/2012/06/11/let-us-colonise-your-wombs-surrogacy-in-India/
Activists
USA
14
com72
http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/features/womb-rent-surrogate-mothers-India
Magazines
USA
18
com32
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/30/India-surrogate-mothers-law
Daily Newspapers
15
com21
http://amaniandbobsurrogacy.blogspot.com/
Personal Experiences
USA
19
com47
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2439977/ The-baby-factory-In-huge-clinic-India-hundreds-women-paid-5-000-Western-couples-babies.html
Daily Newspapers
USA
20
18
com15
http://surrogacycentreIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
21
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_surrogacy_in_India
Encylopedia
Global
22
ID
England
com33
http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2010/07/31/India-to-regulate-surrogacy-tourism/UPI-60591280612390/
com34
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/India/9811222/India-bans-gay-foreign-couples-from-surrogacy.html
Daily Newspapers
com58
http://www.mymedholiday.com/blog/2013/09/720/will-new-restrictions-on-commercial-surrogacy-effect-fertility-tourism-in-India/
Magazines
California, USA
19
com19
com3
http://www.fertilityauthority.com/treatment/surrogacy/surrogacy-tourism
Agencies
New York, USA
21
com48
http://blogs.reuters.com/photographers-blog/2013/09/30/birth-in-Indias-surrogacy-capital/
Daily Newspapers
USA
23
com83
http://lurepository.lakeheadu.ca:8080/handle/2453/431
University & Scientific Community
23
com7
http://surrogacyIndias.blogspot.com/
Agencies
India
24
com35
http://www.sfchronicle.com/local/bayarea/item/India-surrogacy-Chapter-One-23858.php
Daily Newspapers
San Francisco, USA
25
com73
http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_359997.asp
Magazines
UK
25
com36
http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/tourism/20130928 /abu-dhabi-couple-find-bundle-of-joy-at-Indias-gujarat-surrogacy-clinic
Daily Newspapers
Abu Dahbi, UAE
26
com74
http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/11/04/commercial-surrogacy-booms-India
Daily Newspapers
australia
26
27
com20
http://ourjourneytosurrogacyinIndia.blogspot.com/
Personal Experiences
USA
27
http://www.delhi-ivf.com/India_surrogacy.html
Clinics & Doctors
Canada
28
Magazines
Washington DC, USA England
Canada
17
com13
http://www.ivf-clinics-India.com
com84
http://www.academia.edu/1768877/Surrogate_Tourism_and_Reproductive_Rights
University & Scientific Community
Toronto, Canada
28
com16
com37
http://timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/topic/surrogacy
Daily Newspapers
India
29
com49
http://newIndianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-shrugs-off-surrogacy-stigma/2013/11/10/article1882417.ece
Daily Newspapers
USA
29
30
com26
http://www.India.embassy.gov.au/ndli/vm_surrogacy.html
Government
australia
30
http://boi.gov.in/content/surrogacy
Government
New Delhi, India
31
Clinics & Doctors
Perambur, India
com38
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/infertile-americans-India-gestational-surrogates/story?id=20808125
com59
http://www.utne.com/politics/surrogacy-as-medical-tourism-5435.aspx
Magazines
Kansas, USA
31
com27
com14
http://www.joychenputhukulam.com/newsMore.php?newsId=33302
Clinics & Doctors
USA
32
com50
http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-26/world/40862935_1_surrogacy-surrogate-mother-poor-women
Daily Newspapers
USA
32
33
com51
http://www.telegraphIndia.com/1131031/jsp/nation/story_17514940.jsp
Daily Newspapers
Calcutta, India
33
34
com52
http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PO2th3aLwrclVEhFWQ7g1L/Foreigners-seeking-surrogate-mothers-wont-be-allowed-on-tou.html
Daily Newspapers
New Delhi, India
34
com53
http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/newdelhi/court-rejects-plea-to-choose-sex-of-kids-through-surrogacy/ article1-1147224.aspx
Daily Newspapers
India
35
36
com75
http://metro.co.uk/2013/10/01/worlds-first-baby-factory-inside-Indias-home-for-surrogate-mothers-4130692/
Daily Newspapers
UK
36
http://www.globaldoctoroptions.com/surrogacy-in-India-guide
Agencies
Las Vegas
37
com39
http://www.thestatesman.net/news/24888-mixed-response-to-new-surrogacy-rule.html
com60
http://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2012/10/08/medethics-2012-100551.abstract
com80
http://www.samawomenshealth.org/downloads/Birthing%20A%20Market.pdf
Daily Newspapers
Daily Newspapers Magazines Organizations
New York, USA
Delhi, India London, UK India
35
com61
http://www.imtj.com/news/?entryid82=303274
com4
http://fertility.treatmentabroad.com/going-abroad-for-treatment/surrogacy-issues
Agencies
London, UK
37
com8
com40
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/world/asia/05iht-letter05.html
Daily Newspapers
New York, USA
38
com9
http://www.surrogateIndia.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
38
39
com54
http://tribune.com.pk/story/620923/shahrukh-khan-and-surrogacy-in-India/
Daily Newspapers
USA
39
http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115201/leslie-morgan-steiners-baby-chase-reviewed-jessica-grose
Magazines
Columbia, USA
40
Magazines
London, UK
com5
http://www.surrogacyclinics.com/
#N/D
http://www.nature.com/nIndia/2012/120326/full/nIndia.2012.41.html
Magazines
India
40
com76
com62
http://mlj.sagepub.com/content/79/4/135.abstract
Magazines
USA
41
com10
http://www.newlifeIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
41
42
com55
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India-home-ministry/431374-3.html
Daily Newspapers
India
42
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/are-Indian-surrogacy-programs-exploiting-impoverished-women/
Daily Newspapers
New York, USA
43
Agencies
USA
com85
http://www.aglobalvillage.org/journal/issue7/globalhealth/surrogacy/
com63
http://www.dailylife.com.au/life-and-love/real-life/protecting-women-from-fertility-tourists-20130204-2dtwj.html
Magazines
Sidney, Australia
43
com56
com64
http://globalivf.com/2013/05/25/surrogacy-in-India/
Magazines
USA
44
com11
http://www.surrogacyservices.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
44
45
com22
http://oursurrogacy.wordpress.com/
Personal Experiences
California, USA
45
http://Indiatoday.intoday.in/story/surrogacy-commissioning-tourist-visa-India/1/320911.html
Daily Newspapers
India
48
University & Scientific Community
London, UK
com86
http://ncbio.org/nordisk/arkiv/macklin-ppt.pdf
com65
http://www.jacksonvilleboating.info/how-medical-tourism-is-changing-surrogacy-options/
Magazines
USA
46
com57
com66
http://voices.yahoo.com/surrogacy-abroad-medical-tourism-bringing-home-1304003.html
Magazines
USA
47
com88
http://www.stanford.edu/group/womenscourage/Surrogacy/
University & Scientific Community
California, USA
49
com23
http://michaels-surrogacy.blogspot.com/
Personal Experiences
California, USA
50
University & Scientific Community
sweden
com67
http://www.ecoworld.com/other/India-regulate-surrogacy-tourism.html
Magazines
USA
48
com68
http://cloudninefertility.wordpress.com/2012/02/09/the-rise-of-surrogacy-tourism-in-India/
Magazines
India
49
com87
http://www.familylawiclip.co.uk/articles/India-new-medical-visa-laws-to-regulate-surrogacy
University & Scientific Community
UK
50
30
CORPUS
CORPUS
31
.Com | SURROGACY INDIA
.Com | SURROGACY TOURISM
Page
Category
Country
com81
http://www.trust.org/item/20131004162151-r5i0w/
Organizations
com17
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_tourism
Encylopedia
com77
http://www.ijfab.org/blog/reproductive-tourism-in-India-is-surrogacy-ethical/
Organizations
com89
https://web.duke.edu/kenanethics/CaseStudies/BabyManji.pdf
com78 com28
Rank
ID
London, Uk
1
USA
Rank
Page
Category
Country
com41
http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/India-surrogate-mother-industry/
Daily Newspapers
USA
1
2
com69
http://www.dnaIndia.com/ahmedabad/report-videshi-parents-surrogate-kids-have-desi-names-1922048
Magazines
India
2
New York, USA
3
com24
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/ministries-consulted-on-assisted-reproductive-technology-bill/article5380425.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
3
University & Scientific Community
North Carolina, USA
4
com6
http://surrogacyIndia.com/
Agencies
India
5
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/02/surrogacy-tourism-India-nayna-patel
Organizations
California, USA
5
com25
http://articles.timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/India/43526104_1_surrogacy-tourist-visa-medical-visa
Daily Newspapers
India
6
http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2012/01 /reproductive_tourism_how_surrogacy_provider_planethospital_speeds_up_pregnancies_and_lowers_costs_.html
Daily Newspapers
USA
6
com18
http://www.wikihow.com/Decide-on-Surrogacy-in-India
Encylopedia
Netherland
8
com1
http://www.medical-tourism-India.com/packages-details.php?p_id=30
Agencies
New Delhi, India
7
com42
http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/surrogacy-on-the-rise-in-north-India/article5309126.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
9
com82
https://www.britishcouncil.org.in/debatingmattersIndia/sites/default/files/topics/2013 /Fertility_Tourism_DMITopicguide2011FINAL.doc
Organizations
England
8
com70
http://www.businessinsider.com/India-surrogate-mother-industry-2013-9
Magazines
USA
10
com29
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1376911 /Surrogacy-tourism-skyrockets-US-wealthy-international-couples-advantage-lax-American-laws.html
Daily Newspapers
England
9
com43
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24670212
Daily Newspapers
UK
11
com30
http://www.Indianexpress.com/news/govt-mouthpiece-bats-for-surrogacy-tourism/951861/
Daily Newspapers
New Delhi, India
10
com44
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/world/asia/10surrogate.html?pagewanted=all
Daily Newspapers
USA
13
com79
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/blog/post/No-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India.aspx
Organizations
Massachusets USA
11
com45
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703493504576007774155273928.html
Daily Newspapers
USA
14
com2
http://www.medicaltourismco.com/assisted-reproduction-fertility/low-cost-surrogacy-India.php
Agencies
USA
12
com46
http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/10/01/canadian-mother-hired-surrogate-at-controversial-baby-factory-in-India-bbc-documentary
Daily Newspapers
Canada
16
com31
http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/gaps-in-surrogacy-bill/article5276062.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
13
com71
http://www.npr.org/2013/11/05/243213647/author-says-surrogacy-is-ancient
Magazines
USA
17
com12
http://tigerbeatdown.com/2012/06/11/let-us-colonise-your-wombs-surrogacy-in-India/
Activists
USA
14
com72
http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/features/womb-rent-surrogate-mothers-India
Magazines
USA
18
com32
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/30/India-surrogate-mothers-law
Daily Newspapers
15
com21
http://amaniandbobsurrogacy.blogspot.com/
Personal Experiences
USA
19
com47
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2439977/ The-baby-factory-In-huge-clinic-India-hundreds-women-paid-5-000-Western-couples-babies.html
Daily Newspapers
USA
20
18
com15
http://surrogacycentreIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
21
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_surrogacy_in_India
Encylopedia
Global
22
ID
England
com33
http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2010/07/31/India-to-regulate-surrogacy-tourism/UPI-60591280612390/
com34
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/India/9811222/India-bans-gay-foreign-couples-from-surrogacy.html
Daily Newspapers
com58
http://www.mymedholiday.com/blog/2013/09/720/will-new-restrictions-on-commercial-surrogacy-effect-fertility-tourism-in-India/
Magazines
California, USA
19
com19
com3
http://www.fertilityauthority.com/treatment/surrogacy/surrogacy-tourism
Agencies
New York, USA
21
com48
http://blogs.reuters.com/photographers-blog/2013/09/30/birth-in-Indias-surrogacy-capital/
Daily Newspapers
USA
23
com83
http://lurepository.lakeheadu.ca:8080/handle/2453/431
University & Scientific Community
23
com7
http://surrogacyIndias.blogspot.com/
Agencies
India
24
com35
http://www.sfchronicle.com/local/bayarea/item/India-surrogacy-Chapter-One-23858.php
Daily Newspapers
San Francisco, USA
25
com73
http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_359997.asp
Magazines
UK
25
com36
http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/tourism/20130928 /abu-dhabi-couple-find-bundle-of-joy-at-Indias-gujarat-surrogacy-clinic
Daily Newspapers
Abu Dahbi, UAE
26
com74
http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/11/04/commercial-surrogacy-booms-India
Daily Newspapers
australia
26
27
com20
http://ourjourneytosurrogacyinIndia.blogspot.com/
Personal Experiences
USA
27
http://www.delhi-ivf.com/India_surrogacy.html
Clinics & Doctors
Canada
28
Magazines
Washington DC, USA England
Canada
17
com13
http://www.ivf-clinics-India.com
com84
http://www.academia.edu/1768877/Surrogate_Tourism_and_Reproductive_Rights
University & Scientific Community
Toronto, Canada
28
com16
com37
http://timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/topic/surrogacy
Daily Newspapers
India
29
com49
http://newIndianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-shrugs-off-surrogacy-stigma/2013/11/10/article1882417.ece
Daily Newspapers
USA
29
30
com26
http://www.India.embassy.gov.au/ndli/vm_surrogacy.html
Government
australia
30
http://boi.gov.in/content/surrogacy
Government
New Delhi, India
31
Clinics & Doctors
Perambur, India
com38
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/infertile-americans-India-gestational-surrogates/story?id=20808125
com59
http://www.utne.com/politics/surrogacy-as-medical-tourism-5435.aspx
Magazines
Kansas, USA
31
com27
com14
http://www.joychenputhukulam.com/newsMore.php?newsId=33302
Clinics & Doctors
USA
32
com50
http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-26/world/40862935_1_surrogacy-surrogate-mother-poor-women
Daily Newspapers
USA
32
33
com51
http://www.telegraphIndia.com/1131031/jsp/nation/story_17514940.jsp
Daily Newspapers
Calcutta, India
33
34
com52
http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PO2th3aLwrclVEhFWQ7g1L/Foreigners-seeking-surrogate-mothers-wont-be-allowed-on-tou.html
Daily Newspapers
New Delhi, India
34
com53
http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/newdelhi/court-rejects-plea-to-choose-sex-of-kids-through-surrogacy/ article1-1147224.aspx
Daily Newspapers
India
35
36
com75
http://metro.co.uk/2013/10/01/worlds-first-baby-factory-inside-Indias-home-for-surrogate-mothers-4130692/
Daily Newspapers
UK
36
http://www.globaldoctoroptions.com/surrogacy-in-India-guide
Agencies
Las Vegas
37
com39
http://www.thestatesman.net/news/24888-mixed-response-to-new-surrogacy-rule.html
com60
http://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2012/10/08/medethics-2012-100551.abstract
com80
http://www.samawomenshealth.org/downloads/Birthing%20A%20Market.pdf
Daily Newspapers
Daily Newspapers Magazines Organizations
New York, USA
Delhi, India London, UK India
35
com61
http://www.imtj.com/news/?entryid82=303274
com4
http://fertility.treatmentabroad.com/going-abroad-for-treatment/surrogacy-issues
Agencies
London, UK
37
com8
com40
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/world/asia/05iht-letter05.html
Daily Newspapers
New York, USA
38
com9
http://www.surrogateIndia.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
38
39
com54
http://tribune.com.pk/story/620923/shahrukh-khan-and-surrogacy-in-India/
Daily Newspapers
USA
39
http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115201/leslie-morgan-steiners-baby-chase-reviewed-jessica-grose
Magazines
Columbia, USA
40
Magazines
London, UK
com5
http://www.surrogacyclinics.com/
#N/D
http://www.nature.com/nIndia/2012/120326/full/nIndia.2012.41.html
Magazines
India
40
com76
com62
http://mlj.sagepub.com/content/79/4/135.abstract
Magazines
USA
41
com10
http://www.newlifeIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
41
42
com55
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India-home-ministry/431374-3.html
Daily Newspapers
India
42
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/are-Indian-surrogacy-programs-exploiting-impoverished-women/
Daily Newspapers
New York, USA
43
Agencies
USA
com85
http://www.aglobalvillage.org/journal/issue7/globalhealth/surrogacy/
com63
http://www.dailylife.com.au/life-and-love/real-life/protecting-women-from-fertility-tourists-20130204-2dtwj.html
Magazines
Sidney, Australia
43
com56
com64
http://globalivf.com/2013/05/25/surrogacy-in-India/
Magazines
USA
44
com11
http://www.surrogacyservices.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
44
45
com22
http://oursurrogacy.wordpress.com/
Personal Experiences
California, USA
45
http://Indiatoday.intoday.in/story/surrogacy-commissioning-tourist-visa-India/1/320911.html
Daily Newspapers
India
48
University & Scientific Community
London, UK
com86
http://ncbio.org/nordisk/arkiv/macklin-ppt.pdf
com65
http://www.jacksonvilleboating.info/how-medical-tourism-is-changing-surrogacy-options/
Magazines
USA
46
com57
com66
http://voices.yahoo.com/surrogacy-abroad-medical-tourism-bringing-home-1304003.html
Magazines
USA
47
com88
http://www.stanford.edu/group/womenscourage/Surrogacy/
University & Scientific Community
California, USA
49
com23
http://michaels-surrogacy.blogspot.com/
Personal Experiences
California, USA
50
University & Scientific Community
sweden
com67
http://www.ecoworld.com/other/India-regulate-surrogacy-tourism.html
Magazines
USA
48
com68
http://cloudninefertility.wordpress.com/2012/02/09/the-rise-of-surrogacy-tourism-in-India/
Magazines
India
49
com87
http://www.familylawiclip.co.uk/articles/India-new-medical-visa-laws-to-regulate-surrogacy
University & Scientific Community
UK
50
32
CORPUS
CORPUS
.Co.Uk | SURROGACY TOURISM
33
.Co.Uk | SURROGACY INDIA
ID
Page
Category
Country
uk78
http://www.trust.org/item/20131004162151-r5i0w/
Organizations
UK
Rank
ID
Page
Category
Country
1
uk30
http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/India-surrogate-mother-industry/
Daily Newspapers
USA
1
Rank
uk17
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_tourism
Encylopedia
global
2
uk10
http://surrogacyIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
UK/India
2
uk84
https://web.duke.edu/kenanethics/CaseStudies/BabyManji.pdf
University & Scientific Community
USA
3
uk31
http://www.businessinsider.com/India-surrogate-mother-industry-2013-9
Magazines
New York, USA
3
uk8
http://www.ijfab.org/blog/reproductive-tourism-in-India-is-surrogacy-ethical/
Organizations
New York, USA
4
uk32
http://www.sfchronicle.com/local/bayarea/item/India-surrogacy-Chapter-One-23858.php
Daily Newspapers
California, USA
4
uk79
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/02/surrogacy-tourism-India-nayna-patel
Organizations
California, USA
5
uk18
http://www.wikihow.com/Decide-on-Surrogacy-in-India
Encylopedia
USA
5
uk61
http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2012/01 /reproductive_tourism_how_surrogacy_provider_planethospital_speeds_up_pregnancies_and_lowers_costs_.html
Daily Newspapers
USA
6
uk33
http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/surrogacy-on-the-rise-in-north-India/article5309126.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
6
uk68
http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/features/womb-rent-surrogate-mothers-India
Magazines
New York, USA
7
uk34
http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/10/01/canadian-mother-hired-surrogate-at-controversial-baby-factory-in-India-bbc-documentary/
Daily Newspapers
Canada
7
uk1
http://www.medical-tourism-India.com/packages-details.php?p_id=30
Agencies
India
8
uk35
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/infertile-americans-India-gestational-surrogates/story?id=20808125
Daily Newspapers
New York, USA
8
uk2
http://www.medicaltourismco.com/assisted-reproduction-fertility/low-cost-surrogacy-India.php
Agencies
Texas, USA
9
uk19
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_surrogacy_in_India
Encylopedia
USA
9
uk48
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1376911 /Surrogacy-tourism-skyrockets-US-wealthy-international-couples-advantage-lax-American-laws.html
Daily Newspapers
UK
10
uk36
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2439977 /The-baby-factory-In-huge-clinic-India-hundreds-women-paid-5-000-Western-couples-babies.html
Daily Newspapers
UK
10
uk49
http://www.Indianexpress.com/news/govt-mouthpiece-bats-for-surrogacy-tourism/951861/0
Daily Newspapers
India
11
uk37
http://blogs.reuters.com/photographers-blog/2013/09/30/birth-in-Indias-surrogacy-capital/
Daily Newspapers
USA
11
uk50
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/30/India-surrogate-mothers-law
Daily Newspapers
UK
12
uk21
http://ourjourneytosurrogacyinIndia.blogspot.com/
Personal Experiences
Canada
12
uk24
https://www.britishcouncil.org.in/debatingmattersIndia/sites/default/files/topics/2013 /Fertility_Tourism_DMITopicguide2011FINAL.doc
Organizations
UK
14
uk20
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy
Encylopedia
USA
13
uk73
http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2010/07/31/India-to-regulate-surrogacy-tourism/UPI-60591280612390/
Magazines
USA
15
uk38
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24275373
Daily Newspapers
UK
14
uk85
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hypa.12005/pdf
University & Scientific Community
USA
16
uk39
http://articles.timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/India/43526104_1_surrogacy-tourist-visa-medical-visa
Daily Newspapers
India
15
uk51
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/world/asia/05iht-letter05.html
Daily Newspapers
Ney York, USA
17
uk40
http://www.sfgate.com/local/bayarea/item/India-surrogacy-Chapter-One-23858.php
Daily Newspapers
California, USA
16
uk63
http://tigerbeatdown.com/2012/06/11/let-us-colonise-your-wombs-surrogacy-in-India/
Activists
USA
18
uk65
http://surrogacyIndias.blogspot.com/
Magazines
California, USA
17
uk29
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22156300
Government
Maryland, USA
19
uk11
http://www.delhi-ivf.com/surogacy.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
18
uk52
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/India/9811222/India-bans-gay-foreign-couples-from-surrogacy.html
Daily Newspapers
UK
20
uk12
http://surrogacycentreIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
19
uk80
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/blog/post/No-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India.aspx
Organizations
Massachusetts, USA
21
uk13
http://www.surrogacyservices.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
20
uk69
http://www.fertilityauthority.com/treatment/surrogacy/surrogacy-tourism
agenzia
New York, USA
22
uk41
http://www.npr.org/2013/11/05/243213647/author-says-surrogacy-is-ancient
Magazines
Virginia, USA
21
uk66
http://www.mymedholiday.com/blog/2013/09/720/will-new-restrictions-on-commercial-surrogacy-effect-fertility-tourism-in-India/
Magazines
California
24
uk14
http://www.surrogacyservices.net/why-surrogacy-services-India.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
22
uk86
http://lurepository.lakeheadu.ca:8080/handle/2453/431
University & Scientific Community
Canada
26
uk68
http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/features/womb-rent-surrogate-mothers-India
Magazines
New York, USA
23
uk53
http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/gaps-in-surrogacy-bill/article5276062.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
28
uk25
http://boi.gov.in/content/surrogacy
Government
India
24
uk54
http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/tourism/20130928 /abu-dhabi-couple-find-bundle-of-joy-at-Indias-gujarat-surrogacy-clinic#full
Daily Newspapers
United Arab Emirates
29
uk26
http://www.India.embassy.gov.au/ndli/vm_surrogacy.html
Government
Australia
27
uk9
http://www.joychenputhukulam.com/newsMore.php?newsId=33302
Clinics & Doctors
Illinois, USA
30
uk15
http://www.newlifeIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
28
uk5
https://twitter.com/mandyvandeven/status/388437595363229698
Other
global
31
uk83
http://www.stanford.edu/group/womenscourage/Surrogacy/
University & Scientific Community
California, USA
30
uk6
https://twitter.com/trustlawconnect/status/386177331456671744
Other
global
33
uk4
http://www.globaldoctoroptions.com/
Agencies
Nevada, USA
31
uk55
http://timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/topic/surrogacy
Daily Newspapers
India
35
uk67
http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_359997.asp
Magazines
UK
32
uk32
http://www.sfchronicle.com/local/bayarea/item/India-surrogacy-Chapter-One-23858.php
Daily Newspapers
California, USA
36
uk71
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India-home-ministry/431374-3.html
Daily Newspapers
India
33
uk56
http://www.stasiareport.com/the-big-story/asia-report/India/story /India-seeks-regulate-its-booming-%E2%80%9Crent-womb%E2%80%9D-industry-20131001
Daily Newspapers
Singapore
37
uk42
http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-26/world/40862935_1_surrogacy-surrogate-mother-poor-women
Daily Newspapers
District of Columbia, USA
34
uk74
http://www.utne.com/politics/surrogacy-as-medical-tourism-5435.aspx
Magazines
Kansans, USA
38
uk16
http://www.surrogateIndia.net/
Clinics & Doctors
Mumbai, India
35
uk57
http://www.dailylife.com.au/life-and-love/real-life/protecting-women-from-fertility-tourists-20130204-2dtwj.html
Magazines
Australia
39
uk77
http://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2013/10/Indias-400-million-surrogacy-industry-considers-prohibiting-gay-clients/
Magazines
Pennsylvania, USA
36
uk58
http://www.pbs.org/program/made-India/
Daily Newspapers
Virginia, USA
40
uk78
http://www.trust.org/item/20131004162151-r5i0w/
Organizations
London, UK
37
uk59
http://www.news.com.au/national/Indian-surrogacy-tourism-curtailed-for-gay-couples-and-unmarried-parents /story-e6frfkp9-1226557135058 http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131103/news-current-affairs/article /tougher-%E2%80%98surrogate%E2%80%99-rules-may-hit-medical-tourism
uk60 uk75
http://www.imtj.com/news/?entryid82=303274
Daily Newspapers
Australia
41
uk22
http://oursurrogacy.wordpress.com/
Personal Experiences
California, USA
38
Daily Newspapers
India
42
uk43
http://metro.co.uk/2013/10/01/worlds-first-baby-factory-inside-Indias-home-for-surrogate-mothers-4130692/
Daily Newspapers
UK
39
Magazines
UK
43
uk44
http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/tourism/20130928 /abu-dhabi-couple-find-bundle-of-joy-at-Indias-gujarat-surrogacy-clinic
Daily Newspapers
India
40
http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/11/04/commercial-surrogacy-booms-India
uk82
http://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2012/10/08/medethics-2012-100551.abstract
Magazines
UK
44
uk45
Daily Newspapers
Australia
42
uk7
http://www.worldlawdirect.com/forum/medical-malpractice/76107-case-against-medical-tourism-operator-surrogacy.html
Other
Colorado, USA
45
uk27
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/229983/Surrogacy_guidance_PDF_version.pdf
Government
UK
43
uk3
http://fertility.treatmentabroad.com/going-abroad-for-treatment/surrogacy-issues
Agencies
UK
46
uk2
http://www.medicaltourismco.com/assisted-reproduction-fertility/low-cost-surrogacy-India.php
Agencies
Texas, USA
44
http://tribune.com.pk/story/620923/shahrukh-khan-and-surrogacy-in-India/
uk87
http://www2.carleton.ca/philosophy/ccms/wp-content/ccms-files/V.-Panitch-Feb.-3.12.pdf
University & Scientific Community
Canada
47
uk46
Daily Newspapers
California, USA
45
uk81
http://www.samawomenshealth.org/downloads/Birthing%20A%20Market.pdf
Organizations
India
48
uk58
http://www.pbs.org/program/made-India/
Daily Newspapers
USA
46
uk64
http://medical-abroad.blogspot.com/2012/03/surrogacy-tourism.html
agenzia
India
49
uk28
http://www.safetravel.govt.nz/children/Information%20Sheet%20-%20India.pdf
Government
New Zealand
47
50
uk47
http://www.theage.com.au/national/australians-flock-to-India-to-find-surrogate-mothers-20130913-2tqbx.html
Daily Newspapers
Australia
48
51
uk23
http://Indiansurrogacywithfred.blogspot.com/
Personal Experiences
District of Columbia, USA
49
uk72
http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/parenting/India-to-get-one-stop-surrogacy-shop-1.1585906
Magazines
South Africa
50
uk76
http://www.eturbonews.com/16610/tourists-flocking-India-hire-surrogate-mothers
Magazines
New York, USA
uk70
http://globalivf.com/2013/01/27/surrogacy-process-in-one-of-Indias-clinics/
Magazines
Texas, USA
32
CORPUS
CORPUS
.Co.Uk | SURROGACY TOURISM
33
.Co.Uk | SURROGACY INDIA
ID
Page
Category
Country
uk78
http://www.trust.org/item/20131004162151-r5i0w/
Organizations
UK
Rank
ID
Page
Category
Country
1
uk30
http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/India-surrogate-mother-industry/
Daily Newspapers
USA
1
Rank
uk17
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_tourism
Encylopedia
global
2
uk10
http://surrogacyIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
UK/India
2
uk84
https://web.duke.edu/kenanethics/CaseStudies/BabyManji.pdf
University & Scientific Community
USA
3
uk31
http://www.businessinsider.com/India-surrogate-mother-industry-2013-9
Magazines
New York, USA
3
uk8
http://www.ijfab.org/blog/reproductive-tourism-in-India-is-surrogacy-ethical/
Organizations
New York, USA
4
uk32
http://www.sfchronicle.com/local/bayarea/item/India-surrogacy-Chapter-One-23858.php
Daily Newspapers
California, USA
4
uk79
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/02/surrogacy-tourism-India-nayna-patel
Organizations
California, USA
5
uk18
http://www.wikihow.com/Decide-on-Surrogacy-in-India
Encylopedia
USA
5
uk61
http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2012/01 /reproductive_tourism_how_surrogacy_provider_planethospital_speeds_up_pregnancies_and_lowers_costs_.html
Daily Newspapers
USA
6
uk33
http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/surrogacy-on-the-rise-in-north-India/article5309126.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
6
uk68
http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/features/womb-rent-surrogate-mothers-India
Magazines
New York, USA
7
uk34
http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/10/01/canadian-mother-hired-surrogate-at-controversial-baby-factory-in-India-bbc-documentary/
Daily Newspapers
Canada
7
uk1
http://www.medical-tourism-India.com/packages-details.php?p_id=30
Agencies
India
8
uk35
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/infertile-americans-India-gestational-surrogates/story?id=20808125
Daily Newspapers
New York, USA
8
uk2
http://www.medicaltourismco.com/assisted-reproduction-fertility/low-cost-surrogacy-India.php
Agencies
Texas, USA
9
uk19
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_surrogacy_in_India
Encylopedia
USA
9
uk48
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1376911 /Surrogacy-tourism-skyrockets-US-wealthy-international-couples-advantage-lax-American-laws.html
Daily Newspapers
UK
10
uk36
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2439977 /The-baby-factory-In-huge-clinic-India-hundreds-women-paid-5-000-Western-couples-babies.html
Daily Newspapers
UK
10
uk49
http://www.Indianexpress.com/news/govt-mouthpiece-bats-for-surrogacy-tourism/951861/0
Daily Newspapers
India
11
uk37
http://blogs.reuters.com/photographers-blog/2013/09/30/birth-in-Indias-surrogacy-capital/
Daily Newspapers
USA
11
uk50
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/30/India-surrogate-mothers-law
Daily Newspapers
UK
12
uk21
http://ourjourneytosurrogacyinIndia.blogspot.com/
Personal Experiences
Canada
12
uk24
https://www.britishcouncil.org.in/debatingmattersIndia/sites/default/files/topics/2013 /Fertility_Tourism_DMITopicguide2011FINAL.doc
Organizations
UK
14
uk20
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy
Encylopedia
USA
13
uk73
http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2010/07/31/India-to-regulate-surrogacy-tourism/UPI-60591280612390/
Magazines
USA
15
uk38
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24275373
Daily Newspapers
UK
14
uk85
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hypa.12005/pdf
University & Scientific Community
USA
16
uk39
http://articles.timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/India/43526104_1_surrogacy-tourist-visa-medical-visa
Daily Newspapers
India
15
uk51
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/world/asia/05iht-letter05.html
Daily Newspapers
Ney York, USA
17
uk40
http://www.sfgate.com/local/bayarea/item/India-surrogacy-Chapter-One-23858.php
Daily Newspapers
California, USA
16
uk63
http://tigerbeatdown.com/2012/06/11/let-us-colonise-your-wombs-surrogacy-in-India/
Activists
USA
18
uk65
http://surrogacyIndias.blogspot.com/
Magazines
California, USA
17
uk29
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22156300
Government
Maryland, USA
19
uk11
http://www.delhi-ivf.com/surogacy.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
18
uk52
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/India/9811222/India-bans-gay-foreign-couples-from-surrogacy.html
Daily Newspapers
UK
20
uk12
http://surrogacycentreIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
19
uk80
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/blog/post/No-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India.aspx
Organizations
Massachusetts, USA
21
uk13
http://www.surrogacyservices.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
20
uk69
http://www.fertilityauthority.com/treatment/surrogacy/surrogacy-tourism
agenzia
New York, USA
22
uk41
http://www.npr.org/2013/11/05/243213647/author-says-surrogacy-is-ancient
Magazines
Virginia, USA
21
uk66
http://www.mymedholiday.com/blog/2013/09/720/will-new-restrictions-on-commercial-surrogacy-effect-fertility-tourism-in-India/
Magazines
California
24
uk14
http://www.surrogacyservices.net/why-surrogacy-services-India.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
22
uk86
http://lurepository.lakeheadu.ca:8080/handle/2453/431
University & Scientific Community
Canada
26
uk68
http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/features/womb-rent-surrogate-mothers-India
Magazines
New York, USA
23
uk53
http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/gaps-in-surrogacy-bill/article5276062.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
28
uk25
http://boi.gov.in/content/surrogacy
Government
India
24
uk54
http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/tourism/20130928 /abu-dhabi-couple-find-bundle-of-joy-at-Indias-gujarat-surrogacy-clinic#full
Daily Newspapers
United Arab Emirates
29
uk26
http://www.India.embassy.gov.au/ndli/vm_surrogacy.html
Government
Australia
27
uk9
http://www.joychenputhukulam.com/newsMore.php?newsId=33302
Clinics & Doctors
Illinois, USA
30
uk15
http://www.newlifeIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
28
uk5
https://twitter.com/mandyvandeven/status/388437595363229698
Other
global
31
uk83
http://www.stanford.edu/group/womenscourage/Surrogacy/
University & Scientific Community
California, USA
30
uk6
https://twitter.com/trustlawconnect/status/386177331456671744
Other
global
33
uk4
http://www.globaldoctoroptions.com/
Agencies
Nevada, USA
31
uk55
http://timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/topic/surrogacy
Daily Newspapers
India
35
uk67
http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_359997.asp
Magazines
UK
32
uk32
http://www.sfchronicle.com/local/bayarea/item/India-surrogacy-Chapter-One-23858.php
Daily Newspapers
California, USA
36
uk71
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India-home-ministry/431374-3.html
Daily Newspapers
India
33
uk56
http://www.stasiareport.com/the-big-story/asia-report/India/story /India-seeks-regulate-its-booming-%E2%80%9Crent-womb%E2%80%9D-industry-20131001
Daily Newspapers
Singapore
37
uk42
http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-26/world/40862935_1_surrogacy-surrogate-mother-poor-women
Daily Newspapers
District of Columbia, USA
34
uk74
http://www.utne.com/politics/surrogacy-as-medical-tourism-5435.aspx
Magazines
Kansans, USA
38
uk16
http://www.surrogateIndia.net/
Clinics & Doctors
Mumbai, India
35
uk57
http://www.dailylife.com.au/life-and-love/real-life/protecting-women-from-fertility-tourists-20130204-2dtwj.html
Magazines
Australia
39
uk77
http://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2013/10/Indias-400-million-surrogacy-industry-considers-prohibiting-gay-clients/
Magazines
Pennsylvania, USA
36
uk58
http://www.pbs.org/program/made-India/
Daily Newspapers
Virginia, USA
40
uk78
http://www.trust.org/item/20131004162151-r5i0w/
Organizations
London, UK
37
uk59
http://www.news.com.au/national/Indian-surrogacy-tourism-curtailed-for-gay-couples-and-unmarried-parents /story-e6frfkp9-1226557135058 http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131103/news-current-affairs/article /tougher-%E2%80%98surrogate%E2%80%99-rules-may-hit-medical-tourism
uk60 uk75
http://www.imtj.com/news/?entryid82=303274
Daily Newspapers
Australia
41
uk22
http://oursurrogacy.wordpress.com/
Personal Experiences
California, USA
38
Daily Newspapers
India
42
uk43
http://metro.co.uk/2013/10/01/worlds-first-baby-factory-inside-Indias-home-for-surrogate-mothers-4130692/
Daily Newspapers
UK
39
Magazines
UK
43
uk44
http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/tourism/20130928 /abu-dhabi-couple-find-bundle-of-joy-at-Indias-gujarat-surrogacy-clinic
Daily Newspapers
India
40
http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/11/04/commercial-surrogacy-booms-India
uk82
http://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2012/10/08/medethics-2012-100551.abstract
Magazines
UK
44
uk45
Daily Newspapers
Australia
42
uk7
http://www.worldlawdirect.com/forum/medical-malpractice/76107-case-against-medical-tourism-operator-surrogacy.html
Other
Colorado, USA
45
uk27
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/229983/Surrogacy_guidance_PDF_version.pdf
Government
UK
43
uk3
http://fertility.treatmentabroad.com/going-abroad-for-treatment/surrogacy-issues
Agencies
UK
46
uk2
http://www.medicaltourismco.com/assisted-reproduction-fertility/low-cost-surrogacy-India.php
Agencies
Texas, USA
44
http://tribune.com.pk/story/620923/shahrukh-khan-and-surrogacy-in-India/
uk87
http://www2.carleton.ca/philosophy/ccms/wp-content/ccms-files/V.-Panitch-Feb.-3.12.pdf
University & Scientific Community
Canada
47
uk46
Daily Newspapers
California, USA
45
uk81
http://www.samawomenshealth.org/downloads/Birthing%20A%20Market.pdf
Organizations
India
48
uk58
http://www.pbs.org/program/made-India/
Daily Newspapers
USA
46
uk64
http://medical-abroad.blogspot.com/2012/03/surrogacy-tourism.html
agenzia
India
49
uk28
http://www.safetravel.govt.nz/children/Information%20Sheet%20-%20India.pdf
Government
New Zealand
47
50
uk47
http://www.theage.com.au/national/australians-flock-to-India-to-find-surrogate-mothers-20130913-2tqbx.html
Daily Newspapers
Australia
48
51
uk23
http://Indiansurrogacywithfred.blogspot.com/
Personal Experiences
District of Columbia, USA
49
uk72
http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/parenting/India-to-get-one-stop-surrogacy-shop-1.1585906
Magazines
South Africa
50
uk76
http://www.eturbonews.com/16610/tourists-flocking-India-hire-surrogate-mothers
Magazines
New York, USA
uk70
http://globalivf.com/2013/01/27/surrogacy-process-in-one-of-Indias-clinics/
Magazines
Texas, USA
34
CORPUS
CORPUS
.It | MaternitĂ surrogata turismo
ID
Page
35
.It | MaternitĂ Surrogata India
Country
Rank
Category
Country
it45
http://it.paperblog.com/un-viaggio-ad-anand-in-India-chiamata-la-culla-del-mondo -dove-centinaia-di-coppie-dall-estero-affittano-una-madre-surrogata-con-la-speranza-di-avere-un-figlio-21534/
Magazines
France
1
2
it46
http://www.avvenire.it
Daily Newspapers
Italia
2
Italia
3
it14
http://www.avvenire.it/Vita/Pagine/Indiamadrisurrogate.aspx
Daily Newspapers
Italia
3
Magazines
Italia
4
it47
http://www.oneofus.eu/it/indagine-sulla-maternita-surrogata-in-India-rivela-abusi-scioccanti/
Activists
Italia
4
http://www.iarc-italy.com/index.php/pdf/faq-sui-programmi-di-maternita-surrogata.pdf
Agencies
Italia/USA
5
it48
http://www.eidonpress.com/shoot/show/id/36544
Magazines
Italia
5
http://www.quotidianosanita.it/studi-e-analisi/articolo.php?articolo_id=8170
Magazines
Italia
6
it49
http://www.prolifenews.it/notizie-dal-mondo/India-lorrore-della-maternita-surrogata/
Activists
Italia
6
it7
http://www.quotidianosanita.it/allegati/allegato5590482.pdf
Magazines
Italia
7
it50
http://blog.libero.it/BioTexCom/12457110.html
Clinics & Doctors
Ucraina
7
it8
http://rassegnastampa.cittadinanzattiva.it/131115/29jn5p.pdf
Daily Newspapers
Italia
8
it51
http://uteroinaffitto.com/maternita-surrogata-cose/
Clinics & Doctors
Ucraina
8
it9
http://tv.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2013/11/05/etica-roccella-pd-no-allutero-in-affitto-di-mamma-ce-ne-sola/252221/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
9
it32
http://www.ilfoglio.it/soloqui/19205
Daily Newspapers
Italia
9
it46
http://www.avvenire.it
Daily Newspapers
Italia
10
it52
http://www.maternitasurrogata.info/maternita-surrogata-dove
Magazines
Italia
10
it10
http://www.avvenire.it/Vita/Pagine/India-madri-surrogate-tra-regole-e-business.aspx
Daily Newspapers
Italia
11
it53
http://www.maternitasurrogata.info/paesi-in-cui-la-maternita-assistita-e-permessa
Magazines
Italia
11
it11
http://uteroinaffitto.com/fecondazione-assistita-allestero/
Agencies
Washington, USA
12
it54
http://www.novaeterrae.eu/fondazione-novae-terrae/Italian-news/in-India-si-fa-strada-la-doppia-maternita-surrogata.html
Activists
Italia
12
it12
http://www.mammedomani.it/pma/articoli/3101-turismo-riproduttivo-dalla-russia-alla-svizzera.html
Magazines
Italia
13
it55
http://www.iniziativalaica.it/?p=17780
Activists
Italia
13
it13
http://www.studiocataldi.it/news_giuridiche_asp/news_giuridica_11416.asp
Magazines
Italia
14
it56
http://www.marinacastellaneta.it/tag/maternita-surrogata
University & Scientific Community
Italia
14
it14
http://www.avvenire.it/Vita/Pagine/Indiamadrisurrogate.aspx
Daily Newspapers
Italia
15
it57
http://www.tempi.it/ora-sara-piu-difficile-per-gli-occidentali-schiavizzare-le-Indiane-e-trasformarle-in-madri-surrogate
Magazines
Italia
15
it73
http://www.liquida.it/madre-surrogata/
Magazines
Italia
17
it58
http://infertilita.forumfree.it/?t=48254300
Magazines
Italia
17
it1
Daily Newspapers
Italia
1
it2
http://www.dolceattesa.rcs.it/2012/04/turismo-procreativo-4000-coppie-in-fuga-per-fare-un-figlio/
Magazines
Italia
it3
http://www.lanuovabq.it/it/articoli-maternit-surrogata-il-mercato-tra-Italia-e-ucraina-6925.htm
Magazines
it4
http://www.associazionelatorre.com/2013/11/fecondazione-no-a-utero-in-affitto-firme-contro-il-turismo-riproduttivo/
it5 it6
ID
Rank
Page
Category
http://www.lastampa.it/2013/11/15/Italia/cronache/maternit-surrogata-un-sogno-all-inclusive-da-mila-euroItXgZ3utYtp1aybe1St6eN/pagina.html
it15
http://www.ingenere.it/vignette/maternit-surrogata-0
Magazines
Italia
18
it1
http://www.lastampa.it/2013/11/15/Italia/cronache /maternit-surrogata-un-sogno-all-inclusive-da-mila-euro-ItXgZ3utYtp1aybe1St6eN/pagina.html
Daily Newspapers
Italia
18
it16
http://qn.quotidiano.net/salute/2012/03/28/688254-migliaia-coppie-estero-per-fecondazione.shtml
Daily Newspapers
Italia
19
it59
http://www.lanuovabq.it/it/articoli-India-la-schiavitu-della-maternita-surrogata-6950.htm
Magazines
Italia
20
it17
http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/11/15/news/nato_con_utero_in_affitto_tolto_a_genitori-71044183/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
20
it60
http://www.stradaperunsogno.com/t20061-maternita-surrogata-in-India-qualcuno-ne-sa-qualcosa
Personal Experiences
Italia
21
it18
http://blog.chatta.it/delia_selly/post/turismo-procreativo-o-alla-ricerca-dell-utero-in-affitto.aspx
Other
Italia
21
it61
http://viasolferino.eu/ultimora/la-maternita-surrogata-in-India/
Magazines
Italia
22
it19
http://www.paginemamma.it/it/572/concepimento/speciale-concepimento /detail_177840_fecondazione-assistita-allestero.aspx?c1=39&c3=8483
Magazines
Italia
22
it31
http://www.vogliadisalute.it/articolo-utero-in-affitto-unavventura-lunga-e-rischiosa-3153.html
Magazines
Italia
23
it20
http://247.libero.it/focus/21439266/22956/ufficiale-borussia-dortmund-il-gioiello-g-tze-rinnova-sino-al-2016/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
23
it62
http://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2013/09/30/foto/India_madri_in_affitto-67584666/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
24
it21
http://uteroinaffitto.org/stati/affittasi.html
Clinics & Doctors
UK
24
it38
http://www.famigliacristiana.it/articolo/uteri-in-affitto-l-India-e-la-nuova-mecca.aspx
Magazines
Italia
25
it22
http://6donna.com/articoli/in-poche-parole/194/turismo-procreativo/
Magazines
Italia
25
it63
http://reazionecattolica.wordpress.com/2013/08/06/francia-si-legalizzera-la-maternita-surrogata-per-i-gay/
Activists
Italia
26
it23
http://www.vitadidonna.it/gravidanza/maternita/riconoscimento-in-Italia-di-maternita-surrogata-valida-all-estero.html
Magazines
Italia
26
it64
http://it.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130115072331AATz8fs
Other
global
28
it24
http://www.fertilitycrete.it/trattamenti-dinfertilita/surrogazione-di-maternita-o-maternita-su-commissione
Clinics & Doctors
Grecia
27
it65
http://www.donnacharme.com/India-nuova-patria-per-la-maternita-surrogata/
Magazines
Italia
29
it1
http://www.lastampa.it/2013/11/15/Italia/cronache/ maternit-surrogata-un-sogno-all-inclusive-da-mila-euro-ItXgZ3utYtp1aybe1St6eN/pagina.html
Daily Newspapers
Italia
28
it66
http://www.gay.it/channel/attualita/27343/Se-la-maternita-surrogata-puo-dare-un-figlio-alle-coppie-gay.html
Magazines
Italia
30
it25
http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/maggio/11/Fecondazione_nasce_turismo_delle_provette_co_9_040511016.shtml
Daily Newspapers
Italia
29
it67
http://www.oasidellemamme.it/2013/02/madri-surrogate-Indiane-un-business-al-limite-della-legalita/
Magazines
Italia
31
http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/interni/tolto-figlio-coppia-affitt-utero-mail-967468.html
Daily Newspapers
Italia
30
it68
http://www.vita.it/mondo/fecondazione-India-nuova-meta-per-gli-uteri-in-affitto.html
Magazines
Italia
32
it27
http://frontierenews.it/2012/04/usa-e-India-mete-del-turismo-procreativo-specializzate-in-fecondazione-assistita/
Magazines
Italia
31
it69
http://terzotriennio.blogspot.com/2013/08/India-madri-surrogate-tra-regole-e.html
Magazines
Italia
33
it28
http://centrogenesi.com/turismo-procreativouna-piaga-tutta-Italiana/
Clinics & Doctors
Italia
32
it70
http://francolisi.wordpress.com/2013/06/13/453/
Clinics & Doctors
Italia
34
it26
http://www.cercounbimbo.net/index.php?pid=261
Other
Italia
33
it71
http://www.signoraggio.it/maternita-surrogata-il-mercato-tra-Italia-e-ucraina-i-metodi-malati-per-avere-un-figlio/
Magazines
Italia
35
it30
http://www.intopic.it/notizia/5663126/
Magazines
Italia
34
it72
http://www.uccronline.it/2013/02/19/madri-Indiane-surrogate-una-storia-di-schiavismo-post-moderno/
Activists
Italia
36
it31
http://www.vogliadisalute.it/articolo-utero-in-affitto-unavventura-lunga-e-rischiosa-3153.html
Magazines
Italia
35
it73
http://www.liquida.it/madre-surrogata/
Other
Italia
37
it29
http://www.ilfoglio.it/soloqui/19205
Daily Newspapers
Italia
36
it74
http://www.aleteia.org/it/salute/news/maternita-surrogata-un-comitato-per-le-ragioni-del-no-10294006
Activists
Italia
38
it33
http://www.staibene.it/salute/articoli/single_news/article/utero_in_affitto_le_coppie_vanno_allestero/
Magazines
Italia
37
it75
http://www.mamme24.it/maternita-surrogata-2_594
Magazines
Italia
39
it34
http://www.bulgariaoggi.com/it/20111026789/Politica/Legislazione /La-maternit%C3%A0-surrogata-in-Bulgaria-sar%C3%A0-gratuita.html
Magazines
Italia
38
it76
http://www.unItalianoinIndia.com/2012/05/madri-surrogate-del-secondo-mondo.html
Other
Italia
40
it32
http://www.adnkronos.com/Salute/Sanita/?id=3.2.428373501
Magazines
Italia
39
it77
http://www.pinkdna.it/la-fabbrica-di-bambini-in-India-centinaia-di-donne-pagate-per-essere-madri-surrogate/
Magazines
Italia
41
it36
http://legge40toccala.blogspot.com/2010_01_01_archive.html
Other
Italia
40
it78
http://www.gaywave.it/articolo/fecondazione-assistita-in-India-negata-alle-coppie-gay/28571/
Magazines
itlia
42
it37
http://infertilita.forumfree.it/?t=61022282
Magazines
Italia
41
it79
http://www.internazionale.it/portfolio/madri-per-gli-altri/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
43
#N/D
http://www.ondaosservatorio.it/elementipagine/29/it/articoli-divulgativi/2431 /fecondazione-4000-coppie-in-fuga-e-una-volta-su-due-senza-moti
Organizations
Italia
42
it80
http://www.mondialisti.net/mediaworld/2013/2013-07-27-mercato-affitto-utero-in-India-nuova-schiavitu-(Tiliacos-Foglio).pdf
Daily Newspapers
Italia
44
it38
http://www.famigliacristiana.it/articolo/uteri-in-affitto-l-India-e-la-nuova-mecca.aspx
Daily Newspapers
Italia
43
it81
http://www.familiam.org/pls/pcpf/v3_s2ew_consultazione.mostra_paginawap?id_pagina=5209&attiva_menu=0&nohtml=0
Organizations
Italia
45
it39
http://www.newsit24.com/notizie/maternita-surrogata-un-sogno-all-inclusive-30-mila-euro/correlate
Daily Newspapers
Italia
44
it82
http://unacasasullaroccia.wordpress.com/2013/08/07/India-la-nuova-schiavitu-delle-gravidanze-in-affitto/
Activists
Italia
46
it35
it40 it41
http://pensaallasalute.blogspot.com/2013/11/quanto-costa-un-utero-in-affitto-per.html
Other
http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/1035425/Uteri-in-affitto-sul-web-a-20mila-euro---I-pm-indagano-le-madri-a-ogni-costo-.html
Daily Newspapers
it42
http://forum.russurrogate.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=55
it43
http://www.pianetamamma.it/rimanere-incinta/fertilita-ed-infertilita /fecondazione-assistita-impossibile-in-Italia-tutti-vanno-all-estero.html
Magazines
http://www.massacritica.eu/bambini-in-saldo-nelle-fabbriche-delle-madri-surrogate/6172/
Magazines
it44
Agencies
Italia
45
it83
http://www.il-blog-della-fertilita.com/2013/09/
Clinics & Doctors
Spain
47
Italia
46
it84
http://culturariproduttiva.wordpress.com/2009/02/17/India-il-boom-della-maternita-con-utero-in-affitto/
University & Scientific Community
Italia
48
47
it85
http://ip155.ittmazzotti.it/sites/spazio/religione/Documenti%20condivisi/Concorso%20Movimento%20per%20la%20vita%202013/ Maternit%C3%A0%20surrogata%20-%20mamme%20in%20affitto.doc
Government
Italia
49
Italia
48
it86
http://bibliotecaneval.altervista.org/arriva-anche-la-maternita-surrogata/
Activists
Italia
50
Italia
49
it87
http://vivalamamma.tgcom24.it/wpmu/2011/01/la-madre-surrogata/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
51
Italia
34
CORPUS
CORPUS
.It | MaternitĂ surrogata turismo
ID
Page
35
.It | MaternitĂ Surrogata India
Country
Rank
Category
Country
it45
http://it.paperblog.com/un-viaggio-ad-anand-in-India-chiamata-la-culla-del-mondo -dove-centinaia-di-coppie-dall-estero-affittano-una-madre-surrogata-con-la-speranza-di-avere-un-figlio-21534/
Magazines
France
1
2
it46
http://www.avvenire.it
Daily Newspapers
Italia
2
Italia
3
it14
http://www.avvenire.it/Vita/Pagine/Indiamadrisurrogate.aspx
Daily Newspapers
Italia
3
Magazines
Italia
4
it47
http://www.oneofus.eu/it/indagine-sulla-maternita-surrogata-in-India-rivela-abusi-scioccanti/
Activists
Italia
4
http://www.iarc-italy.com/index.php/pdf/faq-sui-programmi-di-maternita-surrogata.pdf
Agencies
Italia/USA
5
it48
http://www.eidonpress.com/shoot/show/id/36544
Magazines
Italia
5
http://www.quotidianosanita.it/studi-e-analisi/articolo.php?articolo_id=8170
Magazines
Italia
6
it49
http://www.prolifenews.it/notizie-dal-mondo/India-lorrore-della-maternita-surrogata/
Activists
Italia
6
it7
http://www.quotidianosanita.it/allegati/allegato5590482.pdf
Magazines
Italia
7
it50
http://blog.libero.it/BioTexCom/12457110.html
Clinics & Doctors
Ucraina
7
it8
http://rassegnastampa.cittadinanzattiva.it/131115/29jn5p.pdf
Daily Newspapers
Italia
8
it51
http://uteroinaffitto.com/maternita-surrogata-cose/
Clinics & Doctors
Ucraina
8
it9
http://tv.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2013/11/05/etica-roccella-pd-no-allutero-in-affitto-di-mamma-ce-ne-sola/252221/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
9
it32
http://www.ilfoglio.it/soloqui/19205
Daily Newspapers
Italia
9
it46
http://www.avvenire.it
Daily Newspapers
Italia
10
it52
http://www.maternitasurrogata.info/maternita-surrogata-dove
Magazines
Italia
10
it10
http://www.avvenire.it/Vita/Pagine/India-madri-surrogate-tra-regole-e-business.aspx
Daily Newspapers
Italia
11
it53
http://www.maternitasurrogata.info/paesi-in-cui-la-maternita-assistita-e-permessa
Magazines
Italia
11
it11
http://uteroinaffitto.com/fecondazione-assistita-allestero/
Agencies
Washington, USA
12
it54
http://www.novaeterrae.eu/fondazione-novae-terrae/Italian-news/in-India-si-fa-strada-la-doppia-maternita-surrogata.html
Activists
Italia
12
it12
http://www.mammedomani.it/pma/articoli/3101-turismo-riproduttivo-dalla-russia-alla-svizzera.html
Magazines
Italia
13
it55
http://www.iniziativalaica.it/?p=17780
Activists
Italia
13
it13
http://www.studiocataldi.it/news_giuridiche_asp/news_giuridica_11416.asp
Magazines
Italia
14
it56
http://www.marinacastellaneta.it/tag/maternita-surrogata
University & Scientific Community
Italia
14
it14
http://www.avvenire.it/Vita/Pagine/Indiamadrisurrogate.aspx
Daily Newspapers
Italia
15
it57
http://www.tempi.it/ora-sara-piu-difficile-per-gli-occidentali-schiavizzare-le-Indiane-e-trasformarle-in-madri-surrogate
Magazines
Italia
15
it73
http://www.liquida.it/madre-surrogata/
Magazines
Italia
17
it58
http://infertilita.forumfree.it/?t=48254300
Magazines
Italia
17
it1
Daily Newspapers
Italia
1
it2
http://www.dolceattesa.rcs.it/2012/04/turismo-procreativo-4000-coppie-in-fuga-per-fare-un-figlio/
Magazines
Italia
it3
http://www.lanuovabq.it/it/articoli-maternit-surrogata-il-mercato-tra-Italia-e-ucraina-6925.htm
Magazines
it4
http://www.associazionelatorre.com/2013/11/fecondazione-no-a-utero-in-affitto-firme-contro-il-turismo-riproduttivo/
it5 it6
ID
Rank
Page
Category
http://www.lastampa.it/2013/11/15/Italia/cronache/maternit-surrogata-un-sogno-all-inclusive-da-mila-euroItXgZ3utYtp1aybe1St6eN/pagina.html
it15
http://www.ingenere.it/vignette/maternit-surrogata-0
Magazines
Italia
18
it1
http://www.lastampa.it/2013/11/15/Italia/cronache /maternit-surrogata-un-sogno-all-inclusive-da-mila-euro-ItXgZ3utYtp1aybe1St6eN/pagina.html
Daily Newspapers
Italia
18
it16
http://qn.quotidiano.net/salute/2012/03/28/688254-migliaia-coppie-estero-per-fecondazione.shtml
Daily Newspapers
Italia
19
it59
http://www.lanuovabq.it/it/articoli-India-la-schiavitu-della-maternita-surrogata-6950.htm
Magazines
Italia
20
it17
http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/11/15/news/nato_con_utero_in_affitto_tolto_a_genitori-71044183/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
20
it60
http://www.stradaperunsogno.com/t20061-maternita-surrogata-in-India-qualcuno-ne-sa-qualcosa
Personal Experiences
Italia
21
it18
http://blog.chatta.it/delia_selly/post/turismo-procreativo-o-alla-ricerca-dell-utero-in-affitto.aspx
Other
Italia
21
it61
http://viasolferino.eu/ultimora/la-maternita-surrogata-in-India/
Magazines
Italia
22
it19
http://www.paginemamma.it/it/572/concepimento/speciale-concepimento /detail_177840_fecondazione-assistita-allestero.aspx?c1=39&c3=8483
Magazines
Italia
22
it31
http://www.vogliadisalute.it/articolo-utero-in-affitto-unavventura-lunga-e-rischiosa-3153.html
Magazines
Italia
23
it20
http://247.libero.it/focus/21439266/22956/ufficiale-borussia-dortmund-il-gioiello-g-tze-rinnova-sino-al-2016/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
23
it62
http://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2013/09/30/foto/India_madri_in_affitto-67584666/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
24
it21
http://uteroinaffitto.org/stati/affittasi.html
Clinics & Doctors
UK
24
it38
http://www.famigliacristiana.it/articolo/uteri-in-affitto-l-India-e-la-nuova-mecca.aspx
Magazines
Italia
25
it22
http://6donna.com/articoli/in-poche-parole/194/turismo-procreativo/
Magazines
Italia
25
it63
http://reazionecattolica.wordpress.com/2013/08/06/francia-si-legalizzera-la-maternita-surrogata-per-i-gay/
Activists
Italia
26
it23
http://www.vitadidonna.it/gravidanza/maternita/riconoscimento-in-Italia-di-maternita-surrogata-valida-all-estero.html
Magazines
Italia
26
it64
http://it.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130115072331AATz8fs
Other
global
28
it24
http://www.fertilitycrete.it/trattamenti-dinfertilita/surrogazione-di-maternita-o-maternita-su-commissione
Clinics & Doctors
Grecia
27
it65
http://www.donnacharme.com/India-nuova-patria-per-la-maternita-surrogata/
Magazines
Italia
29
it1
http://www.lastampa.it/2013/11/15/Italia/cronache/ maternit-surrogata-un-sogno-all-inclusive-da-mila-euro-ItXgZ3utYtp1aybe1St6eN/pagina.html
Daily Newspapers
Italia
28
it66
http://www.gay.it/channel/attualita/27343/Se-la-maternita-surrogata-puo-dare-un-figlio-alle-coppie-gay.html
Magazines
Italia
30
it25
http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/maggio/11/Fecondazione_nasce_turismo_delle_provette_co_9_040511016.shtml
Daily Newspapers
Italia
29
it67
http://www.oasidellemamme.it/2013/02/madri-surrogate-Indiane-un-business-al-limite-della-legalita/
Magazines
Italia
31
http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/interni/tolto-figlio-coppia-affitt-utero-mail-967468.html
Daily Newspapers
Italia
30
it68
http://www.vita.it/mondo/fecondazione-India-nuova-meta-per-gli-uteri-in-affitto.html
Magazines
Italia
32
it27
http://frontierenews.it/2012/04/usa-e-India-mete-del-turismo-procreativo-specializzate-in-fecondazione-assistita/
Magazines
Italia
31
it69
http://terzotriennio.blogspot.com/2013/08/India-madri-surrogate-tra-regole-e.html
Magazines
Italia
33
it28
http://centrogenesi.com/turismo-procreativouna-piaga-tutta-Italiana/
Clinics & Doctors
Italia
32
it70
http://francolisi.wordpress.com/2013/06/13/453/
Clinics & Doctors
Italia
34
it26
http://www.cercounbimbo.net/index.php?pid=261
Other
Italia
33
it71
http://www.signoraggio.it/maternita-surrogata-il-mercato-tra-Italia-e-ucraina-i-metodi-malati-per-avere-un-figlio/
Magazines
Italia
35
it30
http://www.intopic.it/notizia/5663126/
Magazines
Italia
34
it72
http://www.uccronline.it/2013/02/19/madri-Indiane-surrogate-una-storia-di-schiavismo-post-moderno/
Activists
Italia
36
it31
http://www.vogliadisalute.it/articolo-utero-in-affitto-unavventura-lunga-e-rischiosa-3153.html
Magazines
Italia
35
it73
http://www.liquida.it/madre-surrogata/
Other
Italia
37
it29
http://www.ilfoglio.it/soloqui/19205
Daily Newspapers
Italia
36
it74
http://www.aleteia.org/it/salute/news/maternita-surrogata-un-comitato-per-le-ragioni-del-no-10294006
Activists
Italia
38
it33
http://www.staibene.it/salute/articoli/single_news/article/utero_in_affitto_le_coppie_vanno_allestero/
Magazines
Italia
37
it75
http://www.mamme24.it/maternita-surrogata-2_594
Magazines
Italia
39
it34
http://www.bulgariaoggi.com/it/20111026789/Politica/Legislazione /La-maternit%C3%A0-surrogata-in-Bulgaria-sar%C3%A0-gratuita.html
Magazines
Italia
38
it76
http://www.unItalianoinIndia.com/2012/05/madri-surrogate-del-secondo-mondo.html
Other
Italia
40
it32
http://www.adnkronos.com/Salute/Sanita/?id=3.2.428373501
Magazines
Italia
39
it77
http://www.pinkdna.it/la-fabbrica-di-bambini-in-India-centinaia-di-donne-pagate-per-essere-madri-surrogate/
Magazines
Italia
41
it36
http://legge40toccala.blogspot.com/2010_01_01_archive.html
Other
Italia
40
it78
http://www.gaywave.it/articolo/fecondazione-assistita-in-India-negata-alle-coppie-gay/28571/
Magazines
itlia
42
it37
http://infertilita.forumfree.it/?t=61022282
Magazines
Italia
41
it79
http://www.internazionale.it/portfolio/madri-per-gli-altri/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
43
#N/D
http://www.ondaosservatorio.it/elementipagine/29/it/articoli-divulgativi/2431 /fecondazione-4000-coppie-in-fuga-e-una-volta-su-due-senza-moti
Organizations
Italia
42
it80
http://www.mondialisti.net/mediaworld/2013/2013-07-27-mercato-affitto-utero-in-India-nuova-schiavitu-(Tiliacos-Foglio).pdf
Daily Newspapers
Italia
44
it38
http://www.famigliacristiana.it/articolo/uteri-in-affitto-l-India-e-la-nuova-mecca.aspx
Daily Newspapers
Italia
43
it81
http://www.familiam.org/pls/pcpf/v3_s2ew_consultazione.mostra_paginawap?id_pagina=5209&attiva_menu=0&nohtml=0
Organizations
Italia
45
it39
http://www.newsit24.com/notizie/maternita-surrogata-un-sogno-all-inclusive-30-mila-euro/correlate
Daily Newspapers
Italia
44
it82
http://unacasasullaroccia.wordpress.com/2013/08/07/India-la-nuova-schiavitu-delle-gravidanze-in-affitto/
Activists
Italia
46
it35
it40 it41
http://pensaallasalute.blogspot.com/2013/11/quanto-costa-un-utero-in-affitto-per.html
Other
http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/1035425/Uteri-in-affitto-sul-web-a-20mila-euro---I-pm-indagano-le-madri-a-ogni-costo-.html
Daily Newspapers
it42
http://forum.russurrogate.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=55
it43
http://www.pianetamamma.it/rimanere-incinta/fertilita-ed-infertilita /fecondazione-assistita-impossibile-in-Italia-tutti-vanno-all-estero.html
Magazines
http://www.massacritica.eu/bambini-in-saldo-nelle-fabbriche-delle-madri-surrogate/6172/
Magazines
it44
Agencies
Italia
45
it83
http://www.il-blog-della-fertilita.com/2013/09/
Clinics & Doctors
Spain
47
Italia
46
it84
http://culturariproduttiva.wordpress.com/2009/02/17/India-il-boom-della-maternita-con-utero-in-affitto/
University & Scientific Community
Italia
48
47
it85
http://ip155.ittmazzotti.it/sites/spazio/religione/Documenti%20condivisi/Concorso%20Movimento%20per%20la%20vita%202013/ Maternit%C3%A0%20surrogata%20-%20mamme%20in%20affitto.doc
Government
Italia
49
Italia
48
it86
http://bibliotecaneval.altervista.org/arriva-anche-la-maternita-surrogata/
Activists
Italia
50
Italia
49
it87
http://vivalamamma.tgcom24.it/wpmu/2011/01/la-madre-surrogata/
Daily Newspapers
Italia
51
Italia
36
CORPUS
CORPUS
.Co.In | SURROGACY INDIA
.Co.In | SURROGACY TOURISM
ID
37
Rank
Category
Country
in13
http://surrogacyIndia.com/
Agencies
India
1
2
in51
http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/surrogacy-on-the-rise-in-north-India/article5309126.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
2
3
in52
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/ministries-consulted-on-assisted-reproductive-technology-bill/article5380425.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
3
4
in53
http://articles.timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/India/43526104_1_surrogacy-tourist-visa-medical-visa
Daily Newspapers
India
4
5
in47
http://boi.gov.in/content/surrogacy
Government
India
5
India
6
in25
http://www.delhi-ivf.com/surogacy.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
6
India
7
in26
http://surrogacycentreIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
7
UK/India
9
in27
http://www.surrogateIndia.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
8
Colorado, USA
10
in54
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India-home-ministry/431374-3.html
Daily Newspapers
India
9
India
11
in46
http://www.globaldoctoroptions.com/surrogacy-in-India-guide
Agencies
India
10
Arizona, USA
12
in28
http://www.surrogacyservices.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
11
Arizona, USA
13
in48
http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/medical_visas_surrogacy.html
Government
USA
12
Arizona, USA
14
in49
http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/service/reporting-births-and-citizenship-questions/surrogacy-a.r.t.-and-dna-testing
Government
USA
13
Las Vegas, USA
15
in29
http://www.newlifeIndia.com/Surrogacy
Clinics & Doctors
India
14
USA
16
in30
http://www.newlifeIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
15
Mumbai, India
17
in55
http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/newdelhi /court-rejects-plea-to-choose-sex-of-kids-through-surrogacy/article1-1147224.aspx
Daily Newspapers
India
16
global
18
in56
http://newIndianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-shrugs-off-surrogacy-stigma/2013/11/10/article1882417.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
17
India
19
in57
http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PO2th3aLwrclVEhFWQ7g1L/Foreigners-seeking-surrogate-mothers-wont-be-allowed-on-tou.html
Daily Newspapers
India
18
USA
20
in58
http://www.telegraphIndia.com/1131031/jsp/nation/story_17514940.jsp
Daily Newspapers
India
19
India
21
in59
http://www.ndtv.com/topic/surrogacy-India
Daily Newspapers
India
21
India
23
in60
http://www.Indianexpress.com/news/no-surrogacy-for-foreigners-tough-new-rules-planned/1152699/
Daily Newspapers
India
22
Mumbai, India
24
in69
http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/market-section/2139-surrogacy-in-India-shedding-its-secrecy
Daily Newspapers
India
23
India
25
in31
http://www.idealfertility.com/surrogacy-India.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
24
India
26
in61
http://Indiatoday.intoday.in/story/surrogacy-commissioning-tourist-visa-India/1/320911.html
Daily Newspapers
India
25
India
27
in62
http://in.reuters.com/news/pictures/slideshow?articleId=INRTR3FFQS
Daily Newspapers
Colorado, USA
26
India
28
in32
http://www.surrogacyIndia.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
27
http://www.globalsurrogacyIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
28
Category
Country
in9
http://www.medical-tourism-India.com/packages-details.php?p_id=30
Agencies
India
1
in10
https://www.britishcouncil.org.in/debatingmattersIndia/sites/default/files/topics/2013 /Fertility_Tourism_DMITopicguide2011FINAL.doc
Organizations
India
in11
http://articles.timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/hyderabad/36504785_1_surrogacy-samit-sekhar-reproductive-tourism
Daily Newspapers
India
in12
http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/gaps-in-surrogacy-bill/article5276062.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
in13
http://www.Indianexpress.com/news/govt-mouthpiece-bats-for-surrogacy-tourism/951861/
Daily Newspapers
India
in14
http://www.nature.com/nIndia/2012/120326/full/nIndia.2012.41.html
Magazines
in15
http://www.samawomenshealth.org/downloads/Birthing%20A%20Market.pdf
Organizations
in16
http://www.asianage.com/India/allow-surrogacy-all-ministry-098
Daily Newspapers
in17
http://in.reuters.com/news/pictures/slideshow?articleId=INRTR3FFQS
Daily Newspapers
in18
http://www.ndtv.com/article/India/India-bars-foreign-gay-couples-singles-from-surrogacy-319388
Daily Newspapers
in19
http://www.surrogacyclinics.com/
Agencies
in20
http://www.surrogacyclinics.com/tag/surrogacy-tourism-India/
Agencies
in21
http://www.surrogacyclinics.com/tag/surrogacy-tourism-gujarat-India/
Agencies
in3
http://www.globaldoctoroptions.com/reproductive-tourism-rob-and-gregs-pursuit-of-surrogacy/973
Agencies
in45
http://www.theweekendleader.com/Culture/1389/Wombs-on-rent.html
Daily Newspapers
in4
http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/market-section/2139-surrogacy-in-India-shedding-its-secrecy
Daily Newspapers
in89
http://in.linkedin.com/pub/surrogacy-surrogacy-north-India/62/b1b/802/ja
Clinics & Doctors
in44
http://surrogacyIndia.com/
Agencies
in23
http://goarticles.com/article/Surrogacy-in-India-Boon-for-Medical-Tourism/7901112/
aggregatore di notizie
in83
http://www.isca.in/IJSS/Archive/v2/i10/4.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-124.pdf
Organizations
in64
http://blog.Indiansurrogacylaw.com/tag/reproductive-tourism/
Agencies
in65
http://surrogacymumbai.wordpress.com/same-sex-couple-surrogacy-surrogacy-for-gay-couples/
Clinics & Doctors
in66
http://www.medicalIndiatourism.com/infertility-treatment/surrogacy-in-India.html
Agencies
in67
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/s-murlidharan/surrogacy-law-or-miscarriage-of-justice/article3353133.ece
Daily Newspapers
in62
http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131103/news-current-affairs/article /tougher-%E2%80%98surrogate%E2%80%99-rules-may-hit-medical-tourism
Daily Newspapers
in68
http://Indiatoday.intoday.in/story/surrogacy-blooming-business-in-gujarat-shah-rukh-aamir-khan/1/301026.html
Daily Newspapers
ID
Rank
Page
Page
in80
http://csrIndia.org/blog/2013/07/18/surrogacy-ethical-or-commercial/
Organizations
India
29
in33
in69
http://selectsurrogacyIndia.com/Surrogacy_medical_tourism_India.html
Agencies
India
30
in77
http://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-truth-about-surrogacy-in-India/20130713.htm
Magazines
India
29
in81
http://shifamedicaltourism.com/ivf.php
Agencies
India
31
in78
http://www.rediff.com/news/report/no-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India/20131030.htm
Magazines
India
30
http://blog.Indiansurrogacylaw.com/
Agencies
India
31
in70
http://www.medicaltourismnews.com/2013/09/30/Indias-gujarat-surrogacy-clinic-help-abu-dhabi-couple-to-find-their-bundle-of-joy/
Agencies
India
32
in2
in71
http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/film/features/labour-union
Magazines
India
33
in5
http://www.surrogacylawsIndia.com/index_inner.php
Agencies
India
32
in72
http://www.surrogacyIndiadelhi.com/
Agencies
New Delhi, India
34
in6
http://www.ivfsurrogacy.com/surrogacy/surrogacy_anand_India.htm
Agencies
India
33
http://www.surrogacyIndiadelhi.com/articles/surrogacy-home.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
34
in73
http://www.firstpost.com/living/India-must-enact-strict-laws-to-monitor-surrogacy-say-experts-936137.html
Daily Newspapers
India
35
in34
in82
http://www.gktoday.in/reproductive-tourism-in-India/
Magazines
India
36
in35
http://ivfsurrogacy.in/surrogacy/Type_of_Surrogacy.php
Clinics & Doctors
India
35
in74
http://www.medicaltourismco.com/India-hospitals/testimonials/carlton-surrogacy-India-testimonial.php
Agencies
USA
37
in63
http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131030/news-current-affairs/article/no-more-tourist-visa-commissioning-surrogacy-India
Daily Newspapers
India
36
http://www.surrogacyIndiacentre.com/surrogacy_package.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
37
in79
http://www.Indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/02/03/ethics-surrogacy
Magazines
Texas, USA
38
in36
in88
http://theglobaljournals.com/paripex/file.php?val=NjE4
University & Scientific Community
India
39
in37
http://www.internationalfertilitycentre.com/surrogacy/who-can-take-surrogacy.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
38
in87
http://www.mightylaws.in/643/India-promoting-reproductive-tourism
Other
India
40
in38
http://www.selectsurrogacyIndia.com/surrogacy/surrogacy_fee_cost_schedule_India.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
39
http://www.motherababy.com/Surrogacy.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
40
in86
http://www.onlinemedicaltourism.com/index.php?id=83&procedure=Surrogacy&city=Pune&country=India
Agencies
USA
41
in39
in76
http://www.ijoart.org/docs/Is-Legalising-Surrogacy-An-Outsourcing-Motherhood.pdf
Organizations
USA
42
in40
http://novaivifertility.com/surrogacy/
Clinics & Doctors
India
41
43
in88
http://www.britishcouncil.org.in/debatingmattersIndia/sites/default/files/topics/2013 /Fertility_Tourism_DMITopicguide2011FINAL.doc
Organizations
UK
42
http://ivfinIndia.in/cost-of-surrogacy-in-India
Clinics & Doctors
India
43
in24
http://www.ivfsurrogacy.com/surrogacy.htm
Agencies
India
in84
http://www.progenyivf.com/Surrogacy_medical_tourism_India.php
Clinics & Doctors
New Delhi, India
44
in41
in22
http://zeenews.India.com/news/health/health-news/India-must-enact-strict-surrogacy-monitoring-law-say-experts_22811.html
Magazines
India
46
in42
http://www.motherslapivf.com/why_surrogacy.asp
Clinics & Doctors
India
44
in85
http://www.pressabout.com/surrogacy-rotunda-low-cost-gay-425408/
Magazines
California, USA
47
in7
http://www.kaylegalsurrogacy.com/IVF-Clinics-in-India/surrogacy-laws-in-India.html
Agencies
India
45
http://www.surrogacyexperts.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
46
in92
http://www.caremedicaltourism.com/procedures/ivf-and-surrogacy.html
Agencies
India
48
in43
in90
http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X
Organizations
India
49
in1
http://www.bestsurrogacyinIndia.com/
Agencies
India
47
in91
http://indsurrogacy.com/blog/
Agencies
USA
50
in50
http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/CS-GrntVISA-291112.pdf
Government
India
48
in8
http://www.pagl.in/surrogacy-assitance-India.html
Agencies
India
49
in75
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/366144/no-more-tourist-visa-commissioning.html
Daily Newspapers
India
50
36
CORPUS
CORPUS
.Co.In | SURROGACY INDIA
.Co.In | SURROGACY TOURISM
ID
37
Rank
Category
Country
in13
http://surrogacyIndia.com/
Agencies
India
1
2
in51
http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/surrogacy-on-the-rise-in-north-India/article5309126.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
2
3
in52
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/ministries-consulted-on-assisted-reproductive-technology-bill/article5380425.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
3
4
in53
http://articles.timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/India/43526104_1_surrogacy-tourist-visa-medical-visa
Daily Newspapers
India
4
5
in47
http://boi.gov.in/content/surrogacy
Government
India
5
India
6
in25
http://www.delhi-ivf.com/surogacy.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
6
India
7
in26
http://surrogacycentreIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
7
UK/India
9
in27
http://www.surrogateIndia.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
8
Colorado, USA
10
in54
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India-home-ministry/431374-3.html
Daily Newspapers
India
9
India
11
in46
http://www.globaldoctoroptions.com/surrogacy-in-India-guide
Agencies
India
10
Arizona, USA
12
in28
http://www.surrogacyservices.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
11
Arizona, USA
13
in48
http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/medical_visas_surrogacy.html
Government
USA
12
Arizona, USA
14
in49
http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/service/reporting-births-and-citizenship-questions/surrogacy-a.r.t.-and-dna-testing
Government
USA
13
Las Vegas, USA
15
in29
http://www.newlifeIndia.com/Surrogacy
Clinics & Doctors
India
14
USA
16
in30
http://www.newlifeIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
15
Mumbai, India
17
in55
http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/newdelhi /court-rejects-plea-to-choose-sex-of-kids-through-surrogacy/article1-1147224.aspx
Daily Newspapers
India
16
global
18
in56
http://newIndianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-shrugs-off-surrogacy-stigma/2013/11/10/article1882417.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
17
India
19
in57
http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PO2th3aLwrclVEhFWQ7g1L/Foreigners-seeking-surrogate-mothers-wont-be-allowed-on-tou.html
Daily Newspapers
India
18
USA
20
in58
http://www.telegraphIndia.com/1131031/jsp/nation/story_17514940.jsp
Daily Newspapers
India
19
India
21
in59
http://www.ndtv.com/topic/surrogacy-India
Daily Newspapers
India
21
India
23
in60
http://www.Indianexpress.com/news/no-surrogacy-for-foreigners-tough-new-rules-planned/1152699/
Daily Newspapers
India
22
Mumbai, India
24
in69
http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/market-section/2139-surrogacy-in-India-shedding-its-secrecy
Daily Newspapers
India
23
India
25
in31
http://www.idealfertility.com/surrogacy-India.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
24
India
26
in61
http://Indiatoday.intoday.in/story/surrogacy-commissioning-tourist-visa-India/1/320911.html
Daily Newspapers
India
25
India
27
in62
http://in.reuters.com/news/pictures/slideshow?articleId=INRTR3FFQS
Daily Newspapers
Colorado, USA
26
India
28
in32
http://www.surrogacyIndia.net/
Clinics & Doctors
India
27
http://www.globalsurrogacyIndia.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
28
Category
Country
in9
http://www.medical-tourism-India.com/packages-details.php?p_id=30
Agencies
India
1
in10
https://www.britishcouncil.org.in/debatingmattersIndia/sites/default/files/topics/2013 /Fertility_Tourism_DMITopicguide2011FINAL.doc
Organizations
India
in11
http://articles.timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/hyderabad/36504785_1_surrogacy-samit-sekhar-reproductive-tourism
Daily Newspapers
India
in12
http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/gaps-in-surrogacy-bill/article5276062.ece
Daily Newspapers
India
in13
http://www.Indianexpress.com/news/govt-mouthpiece-bats-for-surrogacy-tourism/951861/
Daily Newspapers
India
in14
http://www.nature.com/nIndia/2012/120326/full/nIndia.2012.41.html
Magazines
in15
http://www.samawomenshealth.org/downloads/Birthing%20A%20Market.pdf
Organizations
in16
http://www.asianage.com/India/allow-surrogacy-all-ministry-098
Daily Newspapers
in17
http://in.reuters.com/news/pictures/slideshow?articleId=INRTR3FFQS
Daily Newspapers
in18
http://www.ndtv.com/article/India/India-bars-foreign-gay-couples-singles-from-surrogacy-319388
Daily Newspapers
in19
http://www.surrogacyclinics.com/
Agencies
in20
http://www.surrogacyclinics.com/tag/surrogacy-tourism-India/
Agencies
in21
http://www.surrogacyclinics.com/tag/surrogacy-tourism-gujarat-India/
Agencies
in3
http://www.globaldoctoroptions.com/reproductive-tourism-rob-and-gregs-pursuit-of-surrogacy/973
Agencies
in45
http://www.theweekendleader.com/Culture/1389/Wombs-on-rent.html
Daily Newspapers
in4
http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/market-section/2139-surrogacy-in-India-shedding-its-secrecy
Daily Newspapers
in89
http://in.linkedin.com/pub/surrogacy-surrogacy-north-India/62/b1b/802/ja
Clinics & Doctors
in44
http://surrogacyIndia.com/
Agencies
in23
http://goarticles.com/article/Surrogacy-in-India-Boon-for-Medical-Tourism/7901112/
aggregatore di notizie
in83
http://www.isca.in/IJSS/Archive/v2/i10/4.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-124.pdf
Organizations
in64
http://blog.Indiansurrogacylaw.com/tag/reproductive-tourism/
Agencies
in65
http://surrogacymumbai.wordpress.com/same-sex-couple-surrogacy-surrogacy-for-gay-couples/
Clinics & Doctors
in66
http://www.medicalIndiatourism.com/infertility-treatment/surrogacy-in-India.html
Agencies
in67
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/s-murlidharan/surrogacy-law-or-miscarriage-of-justice/article3353133.ece
Daily Newspapers
in62
http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131103/news-current-affairs/article /tougher-%E2%80%98surrogate%E2%80%99-rules-may-hit-medical-tourism
Daily Newspapers
in68
http://Indiatoday.intoday.in/story/surrogacy-blooming-business-in-gujarat-shah-rukh-aamir-khan/1/301026.html
Daily Newspapers
ID
Rank
Page
Page
in80
http://csrIndia.org/blog/2013/07/18/surrogacy-ethical-or-commercial/
Organizations
India
29
in33
in69
http://selectsurrogacyIndia.com/Surrogacy_medical_tourism_India.html
Agencies
India
30
in77
http://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-truth-about-surrogacy-in-India/20130713.htm
Magazines
India
29
in81
http://shifamedicaltourism.com/ivf.php
Agencies
India
31
in78
http://www.rediff.com/news/report/no-more-tourist-visa-for-commissioning-surrogacy-in-India/20131030.htm
Magazines
India
30
http://blog.Indiansurrogacylaw.com/
Agencies
India
31
in70
http://www.medicaltourismnews.com/2013/09/30/Indias-gujarat-surrogacy-clinic-help-abu-dhabi-couple-to-find-their-bundle-of-joy/
Agencies
India
32
in2
in71
http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/film/features/labour-union
Magazines
India
33
in5
http://www.surrogacylawsIndia.com/index_inner.php
Agencies
India
32
in72
http://www.surrogacyIndiadelhi.com/
Agencies
New Delhi, India
34
in6
http://www.ivfsurrogacy.com/surrogacy/surrogacy_anand_India.htm
Agencies
India
33
http://www.surrogacyIndiadelhi.com/articles/surrogacy-home.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
34
in73
http://www.firstpost.com/living/India-must-enact-strict-laws-to-monitor-surrogacy-say-experts-936137.html
Daily Newspapers
India
35
in34
in82
http://www.gktoday.in/reproductive-tourism-in-India/
Magazines
India
36
in35
http://ivfsurrogacy.in/surrogacy/Type_of_Surrogacy.php
Clinics & Doctors
India
35
in74
http://www.medicaltourismco.com/India-hospitals/testimonials/carlton-surrogacy-India-testimonial.php
Agencies
USA
37
in63
http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131030/news-current-affairs/article/no-more-tourist-visa-commissioning-surrogacy-India
Daily Newspapers
India
36
http://www.surrogacyIndiacentre.com/surrogacy_package.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
37
in79
http://www.Indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/02/03/ethics-surrogacy
Magazines
Texas, USA
38
in36
in88
http://theglobaljournals.com/paripex/file.php?val=NjE4
University & Scientific Community
India
39
in37
http://www.internationalfertilitycentre.com/surrogacy/who-can-take-surrogacy.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
38
in87
http://www.mightylaws.in/643/India-promoting-reproductive-tourism
Other
India
40
in38
http://www.selectsurrogacyIndia.com/surrogacy/surrogacy_fee_cost_schedule_India.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
39
http://www.motherababy.com/Surrogacy.html
Clinics & Doctors
India
40
in86
http://www.onlinemedicaltourism.com/index.php?id=83&procedure=Surrogacy&city=Pune&country=India
Agencies
USA
41
in39
in76
http://www.ijoart.org/docs/Is-Legalising-Surrogacy-An-Outsourcing-Motherhood.pdf
Organizations
USA
42
in40
http://novaivifertility.com/surrogacy/
Clinics & Doctors
India
41
43
in88
http://www.britishcouncil.org.in/debatingmattersIndia/sites/default/files/topics/2013 /Fertility_Tourism_DMITopicguide2011FINAL.doc
Organizations
UK
42
http://ivfinIndia.in/cost-of-surrogacy-in-India
Clinics & Doctors
India
43
in24
http://www.ivfsurrogacy.com/surrogacy.htm
Agencies
India
in84
http://www.progenyivf.com/Surrogacy_medical_tourism_India.php
Clinics & Doctors
New Delhi, India
44
in41
in22
http://zeenews.India.com/news/health/health-news/India-must-enact-strict-surrogacy-monitoring-law-say-experts_22811.html
Magazines
India
46
in42
http://www.motherslapivf.com/why_surrogacy.asp
Clinics & Doctors
India
44
in85
http://www.pressabout.com/surrogacy-rotunda-low-cost-gay-425408/
Magazines
California, USA
47
in7
http://www.kaylegalsurrogacy.com/IVF-Clinics-in-India/surrogacy-laws-in-India.html
Agencies
India
45
http://www.surrogacyexperts.com/
Clinics & Doctors
India
46
in92
http://www.caremedicaltourism.com/procedures/ivf-and-surrogacy.html
Agencies
India
48
in43
in90
http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X
Organizations
India
49
in1
http://www.bestsurrogacyinIndia.com/
Agencies
India
47
in91
http://indsurrogacy.com/blog/
Agencies
USA
50
in50
http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/CS-GrntVISA-291112.pdf
Government
India
48
in8
http://www.pagl.in/surrogacy-assitance-India.html
Agencies
India
49
in75
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/366144/no-more-tourist-visa-commissioning.html
Daily Newspapers
India
50
40
C O R P U S G E O - LO C A L I Z AT I O N
C O R P U S G E O - LO C A L I Z AT I O N
GEO-LOCALIZED CORPUS
41
5 10 5 8
Australia Canada
15 50
India
50 79
Italy
12 1
Singapore
14 28
UK
124 76
United States
47 20
Others
Automatic-GEOip Manual tagging URLs located in a same place
The clearest differences we find by overlapping these two visualizations is that most of the websites physically located in India are actually set on elsewhere servers. For some of the URLs the tool was not able to find the relative IP, and for that reason neither the geo-location.
The clearest differences we find by overlapping these two visualizations is that most of the websites physically located in India are actually set on elsewhere servers. The same thing happens also for Italy and UK cases: the results on Google.it are almost all physically located in Italy.
40
C O R P U S G E O - LO C A L I Z AT I O N
C O R P U S G E O - LO C A L I Z AT I O N
GEO-LOCALIZED CORPUS
41
5 10 5 8
Australia Canada
15 50
India
50 79
Italy
12 1
Singapore
14 28
UK
124 76
United States
47 20
Others
Automatic-GEOip Manual tagging URLs located in a same place
The clearest differences we find by overlapping these two visualizations is that most of the websites physically located in India are actually set on elsewhere servers. For some of the URLs the tool was not able to find the relative IP, and for that reason neither the geo-location.
The clearest differences we find by overlapping these two visualizations is that most of the websites physically located in India are actually set on elsewhere servers. The same thing happens also for Italy and UK cases: the results on Google.it are almost all physically located in Italy.
42
C O R P U S G E O - LO C A L I Z AT I O N / C AT E G O R I E S D E F I N I T I O N
We also notices that a third of the websites with the server in USA are located somewhere else. Probably some of the Indian URLs have their servers in the States. Australian’s URLs double after the manual tagging and this is interesting because Australia was not one of our research countries, but it is anyway present in the corpus. Singapore is significantly present in the geo-ip results just because servers are located there.
Meanwhile tagging and checking out every website location, it has also been investigated what kind of actor they were, refer to the controversy. After a brief look at the websites we were working on, we laid down a list of categories among which there were:
AGENCIES
C AT E G O R I E S D E F I N I T I O N
43
D A I LY N E W S PA P E R S
GOVERNMENT
Every media (no matter if radio, television or newspapers) that daily produces information. This tag has often been associated to the online websites of printed newspapers; however the category comprehends all the medias in its wider meaning.
Ministries and governs, embassies and parliaments.
ACTIVISTS
MAGAZINES
O R G A N I Z AT I O N S
Or any kind of company that was getting money out of surrogacy. Most of the agencies we found were linked or even owned by the same actors who practice surrogacy. The main difference between agencies and clinics is that clinics create profit by directly practicing surrogacy, agencies base their business on undirected activities such as organizing stays in India, flying, finding clinics and so on. Lawyers’ studios have been included in this category as well.
Non-official group of people united by the same values to achieve the same goals.
All the medias that do not produce information daily.
Social entity officially recognized, that has a collective goal. As well as the activists they share a common credo on a specific view.
CLINICS & DOCTORS
ENCYCLOPEDIA
PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
Whoever is involved in the controversy that inseminates, implants or generally practices the surrogacy.
Entity that neutrally describes, usually from a medical and historical point of view, the surrogacy practice.
All people who avail themselves of the surrogacy practice and shared their experiences with other people. These people usually did it.
UNIVERSITY & SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY Universities and all the academic environments linked to it. Scientific organizations mainly led by research and scientific purposes.
42
C O R P U S G E O - LO C A L I Z AT I O N / C AT E G O R I E S D E F I N I T I O N
We also notices that a third of the websites with the server in USA are located somewhere else. Probably some of the Indian URLs have their servers in the States. Australian’s URLs double after the manual tagging and this is interesting because Australia was not one of our research countries, but it is anyway present in the corpus. Singapore is significantly present in the geo-ip results just because servers are located there.
Meanwhile tagging and checking out every website location, it has also been investigated what kind of actor they were, refer to the controversy. After a brief look at the websites we were working on, we laid down a list of categories among which there were:
AGENCIES
C AT E G O R I E S D E F I N I T I O N
43
D A I LY N E W S PA P E R S
GOVERNMENT
Every media (no matter if radio, television or newspapers) that daily produces information. This tag has often been associated to the online websites of printed newspapers; however the category comprehends all the medias in its wider meaning.
Ministries and governs, embassies and parliaments.
ACTIVISTS
MAGAZINES
O R G A N I Z AT I O N S
Or any kind of company that was getting money out of surrogacy. Most of the agencies we found were linked or even owned by the same actors who practice surrogacy. The main difference between agencies and clinics is that clinics create profit by directly practicing surrogacy, agencies base their business on undirected activities such as organizing stays in India, flying, finding clinics and so on. Lawyers’ studios have been included in this category as well.
Non-official group of people united by the same values to achieve the same goals.
All the medias that do not produce information daily.
Social entity officially recognized, that has a collective goal. As well as the activists they share a common credo on a specific view.
CLINICS & DOCTORS
ENCYCLOPEDIA
PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
Whoever is involved in the controversy that inseminates, implants or generally practices the surrogacy.
Entity that neutrally describes, usually from a medical and historical point of view, the surrogacy practice.
All people who avail themselves of the surrogacy practice and shared their experiences with other people. These people usually did it.
UNIVERSITY & SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY Universities and all the academic environments linked to it. Scientific organizations mainly led by research and scientific purposes.
44
C AT E G O R I E S E X P LO R AT I O N
C AT E G O R I E S E X P LO R AT I O N
This visualization shows all the websites that appeared on multiple domains. What is rather clear from a first view, is how the domains com, co uk & co in share a substantial amount of websites. Actually, this phenomenon was quite predictable and the reason why has to be searched looking at the most spoken language in these domains, which is English. This hypothesis also explains how
Italian websites are so marginalized in the structure, not sharing any websites with the other domains. Digging in the Venn diagram and taking a look at the categories of the most shared websites, it quickly comes out that they all belong to the same category “daily newspapers�. This is an interesting outcome that brought us to consider Medias importance in the controversy.
SURROGACY
1 Co Uk
19
Com & Co Uk
2
19
46
3 Com & Co In
4
6
Com, Co Uk & Co In
Co In 59
It
87
5
13
6 Co Uk Co In
7
12
8 9
Another representation we thought would have been quite useful and meaningful about the controversy is the one showing the first websites coming out from Google, typing the queries we chose on the four domains.
SURROGACY
SURROGACY I N D I A INDIA
.Com
Com
45
10
co.In
co.Uk
SURROGACY T O U R I STOURISM M
.It
.Com
co.In
co.Uk
.It
44
C AT E G O R I E S E X P LO R AT I O N
C AT E G O R I E S E X P LO R AT I O N
This visualization shows all the websites that appeared on multiple domains. What is rather clear from a first view, is how the domains com, co uk & co in share a substantial amount of websites. Actually, this phenomenon was quite predictable and the reason why has to be searched looking at the most spoken language in these domains, which is English. This hypothesis also explains how
Italian websites are so marginalized in the structure, not sharing any websites with the other domains. Digging in the Venn diagram and taking a look at the categories of the most shared websites, it quickly comes out that they all belong to the same category “daily newspapers�. This is an interesting outcome that brought us to consider Medias importance in the controversy.
SURROGACY
1 Co Uk
19
Com & Co Uk
2
19
46
3 Com & Co In
4
6
Com, Co Uk & Co In
Co In 59
It
87
5
13
6 Co Uk Co In
7
12
8 9
Another representation we thought would have been quite useful and meaningful about the controversy is the one showing the first websites coming out from Google, typing the queries we chose on the four domains.
SURROGACY
SURROGACY I N D I A INDIA
.Com
Com
45
10
co.In
co.Uk
SURROGACY T O U R I STOURISM M
.It
.Com
co.In
co.Uk
.It
40 46
C AT E G O R I E S E X P LO R AT I O N
C AT E G O R I E S E X P LO R AT I O N
30
Google’s algorithms are very complex and we are not20 meant to know them, but still we are allowed to suppose how these results are a sort of mirror of what people find relevant, important 10 and above all what they look for. Looking at the radar graphs, that show the amount of websites per domains classified by category, it is rather visible how in the co uk, com and it there is a peak tending to magazines
47
and daily newspapers. On the other hand, on the co in there is a predominant presence of agencies and clinics. As it has already been written, this visualization shows the importance of the medias in the controversy but also what is relevant concerning the topic in the different domains (therefore countries, and cultures).
Agencies
Clinics & Doctors
University & Scientific community
Com
Co.In 40
40
40 30
30
Organizations
Activists
30 20
20 10
20
10
10
40
30
20
10
Co.Uk
It Magazines
Encyclopedia
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
40
Daily Newspapers
30
Personal Experiences
Government
20 10
40 46
C AT E G O R I E S E X P LO R AT I O N
C AT E G O R I E S E X P LO R AT I O N
30
Google’s algorithms are very complex and we are not20 meant to know them, but still we are allowed to suppose how these results are a sort of mirror of what people find relevant, important 10 and above all what they look for. Looking at the radar graphs, that show the amount of websites per domains classified by category, it is rather visible how in the co uk, com and it there is a peak tending to magazines
47
and daily newspapers. On the other hand, on the co in there is a predominant presence of agencies and clinics. As it has already been written, this visualization shows the importance of the medias in the controversy but also what is relevant concerning the topic in the different domains (therefore countries, and cultures).
Agencies
Clinics & Doctors
University & Scientific community
Com
Co.In 40
40
40 30
30
Organizations
Activists
30 20
20 10
20
10
10
40
30
20
10
Co.Uk
It Magazines
Encyclopedia
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
40
Daily Newspapers
30
Personal Experiences
Government
20 10
48
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
CORPUS TIMELINE
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
49
2
First thing that was done after creating the corpus was to analyse the timespan covered by it. It would have been useful to understand firstly what kind of temporal idea was conveyed by the results coming from Google and secondly it would have been a good way to perform a double check on whether the topic of surrogacy tourism in India was hot at the moment or not. We found this work significant also because we stated that what we obtained through the scraping process had to be the general idea a random user may obtain about the topic when searching on Google in different countries, which nowadays is probably the first way of finding info and
thoughts about anything, among average people; so, knowing the complexity of the phenomenon (and its long history) it was important to understand the temporal dimension of the results.
Source Digital Methods Initiative (https://tools.digitalmethods.net/ beta/scrapeGoogle/)
This gathering data work was done by scraping Google through the use of the DMI tool Google Scraper2 to obtain 100 results in total from each domain (2 queries per domain, 50 results taken per query), integrated then with a detailed work of reading and understanding, in order to create a trustworthy base for the further work.
Number of URLs
OM
Com
.IN
Co.In
UK
Co.Uk
.IT
It
48
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
CORPUS TIMELINE
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
49
2
First thing that was done after creating the corpus was to analyse the timespan covered by it. It would have been useful to understand firstly what kind of temporal idea was conveyed by the results coming from Google and secondly it would have been a good way to perform a double check on whether the topic of surrogacy tourism in India was hot at the moment or not. We found this work significant also because we stated that what we obtained through the scraping process had to be the general idea a random user may obtain about the topic when searching on Google in different countries, which nowadays is probably the first way of finding info and
thoughts about anything, among average people; so, knowing the complexity of the phenomenon (and its long history) it was important to understand the temporal dimension of the results.
Source Digital Methods Initiative (https://tools.digitalmethods.net/ beta/scrapeGoogle/)
This gathering data work was done by scraping Google through the use of the DMI tool Google Scraper2 to obtain 100 results in total from each domain (2 queries per domain, 50 results taken per query), integrated then with a detailed work of reading and understanding, in order to create a trustworthy base for the further work.
Number of URLs
OM
Com
.IN
Co.In
UK
Co.Uk
.IT
It
50
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
51
University & Scientific Community
Organizations
Magazines
Daily Newspapers
Government
Personal Experiences
Encyclopedia
Clinics & Doctors
Agencies
Activists
50
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
51
University & Scientific Community
Organizations
Magazines
Daily Newspapers
Government
Personal Experiences
Encyclopedia
Clinics & Doctors
Agencies
Activists
52
3 For further info, check this link: http://www.labnol.org/internet/ search/find-publishing-date-ofweb-pages/8410/
4 See chapter 7
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
The corpus was then sorted per domain and placed on a timeline, divided by years and months. Each result of the queries was tagged with a date of publication. Where not explicitly said it was extracted through a little Google "hack" found on the web, through which it is possible to find the publication date of a given page of a website3. After that, to each result was assigned a circle on the timeline of arbitrary and graphically suitable dimension. Whenever more results had to be placed on the same spot of the timeline, the diameter of the circle was multiplied by the number of results. The output is, as can be easily seen on the graph, a complete timespan, where the more circles are present and/or bigger, the more results were found in that date. Another important step was to define in which macroactors category these results were placeable, in order to understand better which kind of results appeared. As it is easily understandable, different actors speak in a different way and consequently convey different point of views, of course. So, on the same kind of
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
53
timeline, those same results, categorized by macroactors and time were placed. This was possible thanks to the previous detailed tagging work done by hand on the results. All the domains were combined here. The results were quite pleasantly as expected: results were mostly contemporary, and moreover the most part of them came out right in the days this corpus creation took place (late 2013). This meant that the topic was very contemporary. Just a minor part of them was dated before 2005, but the fact that they were there led us to think that something important might have happened in the past, which is a crucial thought that drove us to explore furtherly the topic on a time base 4.
The most interesting thing that emerged from the second sorting was that the media in general were the most active macroactors, and also active right at the moment of the gathering of the data. Significantly enough we discovered that at least 90% of the results were placed after 2007. Clinics and agencies were two active macroactors, too, but especially in the results from the indian domain. The rest of the circles is quite regularly placed in time. This whole process has been one of
the starting points of the analysis, because it let our team look at the results from a different angle, creating more questions and thoughts that were crucial for the further work you will see in the next pages of this report. We would like to invite you to take this results mentioned here not like the only ones possible: the purpose of this work is to create instruments to inspect the controversy, so you readers might find even more interpretations to these visualizations and processes.
52
3 For further info, check this link: http://www.labnol.org/internet/ search/find-publishing-date-ofweb-pages/8410/
4 See chapter 7
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
The corpus was then sorted per domain and placed on a timeline, divided by years and months. Each result of the queries was tagged with a date of publication. Where not explicitly said it was extracted through a little Google "hack" found on the web, through which it is possible to find the publication date of a given page of a website3. After that, to each result was assigned a circle on the timeline of arbitrary and graphically suitable dimension. Whenever more results had to be placed on the same spot of the timeline, the diameter of the circle was multiplied by the number of results. The output is, as can be easily seen on the graph, a complete timespan, where the more circles are present and/or bigger, the more results were found in that date. Another important step was to define in which macroactors category these results were placeable, in order to understand better which kind of results appeared. As it is easily understandable, different actors speak in a different way and consequently convey different point of views, of course. So, on the same kind of
T I M E & C AT E G O R I E S
53
timeline, those same results, categorized by macroactors and time were placed. This was possible thanks to the previous detailed tagging work done by hand on the results. All the domains were combined here. The results were quite pleasantly as expected: results were mostly contemporary, and moreover the most part of them came out right in the days this corpus creation took place (late 2013). This meant that the topic was very contemporary. Just a minor part of them was dated before 2005, but the fact that they were there led us to think that something important might have happened in the past, which is a crucial thought that drove us to explore furtherly the topic on a time base 4.
The most interesting thing that emerged from the second sorting was that the media in general were the most active macroactors, and also active right at the moment of the gathering of the data. Significantly enough we discovered that at least 90% of the results were placed after 2007. Clinics and agencies were two active macroactors, too, but especially in the results from the indian domain. The rest of the circles is quite regularly placed in time. This whole process has been one of
the starting points of the analysis, because it let our team look at the results from a different angle, creating more questions and thoughts that were crucial for the further work you will see in the next pages of this report. We would like to invite you to take this results mentioned here not like the only ones possible: the purpose of this work is to create instruments to inspect the controversy, so you readers might find even more interpretations to these visualizations and processes.
56
motherslapivf.com
surrogacyindiadelhi.com indiansurrogacylaw.com
LINK NETWORK
LINK NETWORK What we noticed initially was that the network is constituted by a main cluster, a smaller one and other nodes disconnected from the network. Reading the visualization through filters, rendered possible by associate features to the nodes, we could understand why the network had that specific layout (in which two clusters were very polarized and other nodes completely out of the link network). On the other hand, checking out all the nodes marginalized in the network, we found out that they all were either clinics or agencies, therefore actors who make money out of surrogacy. Being in competition with each other they have no interest in linking their website to the competitors’ ones.
bestsurrogacyinindia.com essentialbaby.com.au
dailylife.com
sfchronicle.com
theage.com.au
smh.com.au
dnaindia.com deccanchronicle.com
kolkata.usconsulate.gov
culturarifavorevole duttiva.wordpress.com
india.com
favorevolegenyivf.com
hyderabad.usconsulate.gov
zeenews.india.com
health.india.com
indsurrogacy.com
medscape.com
fertilityauthority.com fertilethoughts.com ukrconsul.org surrogacy.com usatoday.com
surrogacyclinics.com opts.com parliament.ge
ijoart.org mightylaws.in
asrm.org
hiranandanihospital.org ilsole24ore.com
di.tamu.edu huffingtonpost.com
politico.com businessinsider.com
slate.com
maternitasurrogata.info
thisismoney.co.uk dailymail.co.uk
latimes.com
pressabout.com
thisislondon.co.uk indianexpress.com
globaldoctoroptions.com india.embassy.gov.au
iwannagetpregnant.com
boi.gov.in motherababy.com
loksatta.com
ivftreatmentindia.com
surrogacymumbai.com
healthcare.financialexpress.com
marieclaire.com amaniandbobsurrogacy.blogspot expressindia.com kaylegalsurrogacy.com ncbi.gov time.com
rediff.com
pbs.org.favorevolegram madeinindiamovie.com imtj.com
web.duke.edu indiacurrents.com
surrogacyindia.com
ourjourneytosurrogacyinindia .blogspot.com
abc.com
npr.org
lesliemorgansteiner.com
1.bp.blogspot.com unitalianoinindia.com
liberoquotidiano.it
blogger.com
pensaallasalute.blogspot.com
URLs part of the corpus
infertilita.forumfree.it
il-blog-della-fertilita.com
delhi-ivf.com british.council.org icmr.nic.in sbs.com.au ivfcharotar.com councilforresponsible genetics.org motherjones.com surrogacycentreindia.com tigerbeatdown.comstanford.edu indiatoday.in washingtonpost.com times.of.india bionews.org.uk mlj.sagepub.com drshivani-sci.com oprah.com telegraphindia.com theguardian.com massacritica.eu samawomenshealth.org telegraph.co.uk planethospital.com ilgiornale.it corriere.it slate.com globalivf.com online.wsj.com internazionale.it repubblica.it pinknews.co.uk gaywave.it
reuters/thomosonreuters.com
newdelhi.usembassy.gov
travel.state.gov
newlifeindia.com
scribd.com
ilfoglio.it
lurepository.lakeheadu.ca
en.wikipedia.org
nytimes.com webmd.com
photos.state.gov
surrogacyuk.org
bbc.co.uk metro.co.uk nationalpost.com
hindustantimes.com
medical.tourism.co.com
bangalore.usvpp.gov chennai.usconsulate.gov
aabb.org
newrepublic.com ivfsurrogacy.com
mumbai.usconsulate.gov
ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk
nydailynews.com
shaadi.com
utne.com
oasidellemamme.it
yourself.it pianetamamma.it
liquida.it
la.stampa
novaivifertility.com
Crawled URLs, not part of the corpus
sfgate.com
legacy.com
pianetadonna.it famigliacristiana.it
novamedicalcenters.com
ilfattoquotidiano.it
Nodes' Indegree
studiocataldi.it ilpost.it
192 399
associazionelatorre.com
NODES EDGES tours2health.com
ivf-clinics-india.com
abhijayrefavorevoleductivecare. blogspot.in
INDEGREE
Count
dilei.it staibene.it mediaset.vitv.it
abhijayhospital.com
qn.quotidiano.net
adnkronos.com oknotizie.alice.it
vitafertilityclinic.com surrogacyexperts.com
40
avvenire.it
libero.it
uccronline.it
enzopennetta.it
oneofus.eu.it novaeterrae.eu cristianocattolico.it unacasasullaroccia.com favorevolelifenews.it vatican.va
tempi.it
surrogacyclinicmumbai.blogspot.in
bioedge.org
zenit.org
reazionecattolica.com
Count
bibliotecaneval.org
40
robironza.wordpress.com lanuovabq.it
lanuovabq.it
30
OUTDEGREE
2.andreatornielli.it
30
bastabugie.it
20
20
10
10
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
paginemamma.it
forum.russurrogate.com uteroinaffitto.org
40
56
motherslapivf.com
surrogacyindiadelhi.com indiansurrogacylaw.com
LINK NETWORK
LINK NETWORK What we noticed initially was that the network is constituted by a main cluster, a smaller one and other nodes disconnected from the network. Reading the visualization through filters, rendered possible by associate features to the nodes, we could understand why the network had that specific layout (in which two clusters were very polarized and other nodes completely out of the link network). On the other hand, checking out all the nodes marginalized in the network, we found out that they all were either clinics or agencies, therefore actors who make money out of surrogacy. Being in competition with each other they have no interest in linking their website to the competitors’ ones.
bestsurrogacyinindia.com essentialbaby.com.au
dailylife.com
sfchronicle.com
theage.com.au
smh.com.au
dnaindia.com deccanchronicle.com
kolkata.usconsulate.gov
culturarifavorevole duttiva.wordpress.com
india.com
favorevolegenyivf.com
hyderabad.usconsulate.gov
zeenews.india.com
health.india.com
indsurrogacy.com
medscape.com
fertilityauthority.com fertilethoughts.com ukrconsul.org surrogacy.com usatoday.com
surrogacyclinics.com opts.com parliament.ge
ijoart.org mightylaws.in
asrm.org
hiranandanihospital.org ilsole24ore.com
di.tamu.edu huffingtonpost.com
politico.com businessinsider.com
slate.com
maternitasurrogata.info
thisismoney.co.uk dailymail.co.uk
latimes.com
pressabout.com
thisislondon.co.uk indianexpress.com
globaldoctoroptions.com india.embassy.gov.au
iwannagetpregnant.com
boi.gov.in motherababy.com
loksatta.com
ivftreatmentindia.com
surrogacymumbai.com
healthcare.financialexpress.com
marieclaire.com amaniandbobsurrogacy.blogspot expressindia.com kaylegalsurrogacy.com ncbi.gov time.com
rediff.com
pbs.org.favorevolegram madeinindiamovie.com imtj.com
web.duke.edu indiacurrents.com
surrogacyindia.com
ourjourneytosurrogacyinindia .blogspot.com
abc.com
npr.org
lesliemorgansteiner.com
1.bp.blogspot.com unitalianoinindia.com
liberoquotidiano.it
blogger.com
pensaallasalute.blogspot.com
URLs part of the corpus
infertilita.forumfree.it
il-blog-della-fertilita.com
delhi-ivf.com british.council.org icmr.nic.in sbs.com.au ivfcharotar.com councilforresponsible genetics.org motherjones.com surrogacycentreindia.com tigerbeatdown.comstanford.edu indiatoday.in washingtonpost.com times.of.india bionews.org.uk mlj.sagepub.com drshivani-sci.com oprah.com telegraphindia.com theguardian.com massacritica.eu samawomenshealth.org telegraph.co.uk planethospital.com ilgiornale.it corriere.it slate.com globalivf.com online.wsj.com internazionale.it repubblica.it pinknews.co.uk gaywave.it
reuters/thomosonreuters.com
newdelhi.usembassy.gov
travel.state.gov
newlifeindia.com
scribd.com
ilfoglio.it
lurepository.lakeheadu.ca
en.wikipedia.org
nytimes.com webmd.com
photos.state.gov
surrogacyuk.org
bbc.co.uk metro.co.uk nationalpost.com
hindustantimes.com
medical.tourism.co.com
bangalore.usvpp.gov chennai.usconsulate.gov
aabb.org
newrepublic.com ivfsurrogacy.com
mumbai.usconsulate.gov
ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk
nydailynews.com
shaadi.com
utne.com
oasidellemamme.it
yourself.it pianetamamma.it
liquida.it
la.stampa
novaivifertility.com
Crawled URLs, not part of the corpus
sfgate.com
legacy.com
pianetadonna.it famigliacristiana.it
novamedicalcenters.com
ilfattoquotidiano.it
Nodes' Indegree
studiocataldi.it ilpost.it
192 399
associazionelatorre.com
NODES EDGES tours2health.com
ivf-clinics-india.com
abhijayrefavorevoleductivecare. blogspot.in
INDEGREE
Count
dilei.it staibene.it mediaset.vitv.it
abhijayhospital.com
qn.quotidiano.net
adnkronos.com oknotizie.alice.it
vitafertilityclinic.com surrogacyexperts.com
40
avvenire.it
libero.it
uccronline.it
enzopennetta.it
oneofus.eu.it novaeterrae.eu cristianocattolico.it unacasasullaroccia.com favorevolelifenews.it vatican.va
tempi.it
surrogacyclinicmumbai.blogspot.in
bioedge.org
zenit.org
reazionecattolica.com
Count
bibliotecaneval.org
40
robironza.wordpress.com lanuovabq.it
lanuovabq.it
30
OUTDEGREE
2.andreatornielli.it
30
bastabugie.it
20
20
10
10
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
paginemamma.it
forum.russurrogate.com uteroinaffitto.org
40
58
LINK NETWORK
LINK NETWORK
Because of this phenomena they are not usually connected to the main network unless they quote a governmental website, an organization or the scientific community to explain how surrogacy is regulated or how it works. Another visualization that drew attention on the dynamics that shaped the layout of our network was the one that split the whole system by the four domains. It might be predictable to imagine that all the nodes coming from English speaking domains such as “com, “co uk” and “co in” occupy a more similar position compared to the nodes extracted from the “it” where the official language is Italian.
59
chennai.usconsulate.gov newdelhi.usembassy.gov
en.wikipedia.org
ijoart.org
globaldoctoroptions.com
boi.gov.in
icmr.nic.in
british.council.org
planethospital.com
samawomenshealth.org
surrogacyindia.com
Nodes (none of them is Media) unitalianoinindia.com
Nodes' Indegree Nodes' Outdegree
95 153
NODES EDGES
oneofus.eu.it novaeterrae.eu unacasasullaroccia.com
INDEGREE
Count
OUTDEGREE
Count
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
40
58
LINK NETWORK
LINK NETWORK
Because of this phenomena they are not usually connected to the main network unless they quote a governmental website, an organization or the scientific community to explain how surrogacy is regulated or how it works. Another visualization that drew attention on the dynamics that shaped the layout of our network was the one that split the whole system by the four domains. It might be predictable to imagine that all the nodes coming from English speaking domains such as “com, “co uk” and “co in” occupy a more similar position compared to the nodes extracted from the “it” where the official language is Italian.
59
chennai.usconsulate.gov newdelhi.usembassy.gov
en.wikipedia.org
ijoart.org
globaldoctoroptions.com
boi.gov.in
icmr.nic.in
british.council.org
planethospital.com
samawomenshealth.org
surrogacyindia.com
Nodes (none of them is Media) unitalianoinindia.com
Nodes' Indegree Nodes' Outdegree
95 153
NODES EDGES
oneofus.eu.it novaeterrae.eu unacasasullaroccia.com
INDEGREE
Count
OUTDEGREE
Count
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
40
60
LINK NETWORK
LINK NETWORK
If we look at the nodes separately from the network what we notice first is that the size fluctuates. The diameter of the nodes visualize their “in degree�, hence it increases its dimension the more it is linked by an other actor in the network. This data shows us that there are two hubs in the graph: ICMR (Indian council of medical research) is a scientific community which wrote down the main guidelines to follow during the surrogacy process for all the people involved such as intended parents, surrogate mother, clinics etc etc to protect everybody’s right along the last of the practice. These guidelines have no legal power but since this was the only attempt to regulate the practice, most of the clinics abide by this regulation. The ICMR has also been called to participate to the draft bill with the government, professionals and lawyers. Times of India is the main daily newspaper in India which has often mentioned events related to surrogacy or simply explained new measurements taken by the Indian government to regulate the practice.
Beside these two main hubs, there are many other smaller sized nodes though they are still quite significant in the network. As said at the beginning of this chapter, the most important actors in the network are daily newspapers and magazines: they do not just avoid the structure to collapse, but they are also regularly cited from themselves and from other categories.
61
ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk maternitasurrogata.info bbc.co.uk
ivfsurrogacy.com en.wikipedia.org hindustantimes.com nytimes.com
boi.gov.in mightylaws.in
ncbi.gov icmr.nic.in
indiatoday.in
times.of.india
oprah.com theguardian.com
samawomenshealth.org
planethospital.com
surrogacyindia.com
URL localized in the US URL localized in India URL localized in the UK URL localized in Italy avvenire.it
Nodes' Indegree
192 399
NODES EDGES
favorevolelifenews.it tempi.it lanuovabq.it
60
LINK NETWORK
LINK NETWORK
If we look at the nodes separately from the network what we notice first is that the size fluctuates. The diameter of the nodes visualize their “in degree�, hence it increases its dimension the more it is linked by an other actor in the network. This data shows us that there are two hubs in the graph: ICMR (Indian council of medical research) is a scientific community which wrote down the main guidelines to follow during the surrogacy process for all the people involved such as intended parents, surrogate mother, clinics etc etc to protect everybody’s right along the last of the practice. These guidelines have no legal power but since this was the only attempt to regulate the practice, most of the clinics abide by this regulation. The ICMR has also been called to participate to the draft bill with the government, professionals and lawyers. Times of India is the main daily newspaper in India which has often mentioned events related to surrogacy or simply explained new measurements taken by the Indian government to regulate the practice.
Beside these two main hubs, there are many other smaller sized nodes though they are still quite significant in the network. As said at the beginning of this chapter, the most important actors in the network are daily newspapers and magazines: they do not just avoid the structure to collapse, but they are also regularly cited from themselves and from other categories.
61
ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk maternitasurrogata.info bbc.co.uk
ivfsurrogacy.com en.wikipedia.org hindustantimes.com nytimes.com
boi.gov.in mightylaws.in
ncbi.gov icmr.nic.in
indiatoday.in
times.of.india
oprah.com theguardian.com
samawomenshealth.org
planethospital.com
surrogacyindia.com
URL localized in the US URL localized in India URL localized in the UK URL localized in Italy avvenire.it
Nodes' Indegree
192 399
NODES EDGES
favorevolelifenews.it tempi.it lanuovabq.it
62
CITED ACTORS
CITED ACTORS
CITED ACTORS NETWORK
63
Politician
Brunei UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
CLINICS & DOCTORS
Europe ORGANIZATION
Spain OTHER
Grecia CLINICS & DOCTORS
Surrogatemothers Israel ORGANIZATION
Europe GOV
New Zealand GOV
Spain GOV
Bangladesh GOV GOV
France UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
Christian-jewish Religion
Bulgary GOV
Canada PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
Australia AGENCY
ENCYCLOPEDIA
France GOV South Africa UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
France DAILY NEWSPAPER
France MAGAZINE Pakistan GOV
Politicians France CLINICS & DOCTORS
OTHER
Australia UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
ORGANIZATION
ACTIVIST
UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
Ukraine CLINICS & DOCTORS
Sweden UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
MAGAZINE GOV
Spain CLINICS & DOCTORS
Lawyer
ORGANIZATION
UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM CLINICS & DOCTORS
ACTIVIST
ORGANIZATION
AGENCY
MAGAZINE CLINICS & DOCTORS
Hindu Religion
MAGAZINE
OTHER
GOV
DAILY NEWSPAPER
DAILY NEWSPAPER Albania CLINICS & DOCTORS
Norway GOV
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
Swiss AGENCY Canada UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
UAE DAILY NEWSPAPER
Surrogatemothers
Malaysia UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
Singapore DAILY NEWSPAPER
MAGAZINE
CLINICS & DOCTORS
Israel Intendedparents
Australia MAGAZINE
AGENCY
GOV
Lawyer
Eggdonor
Norway Vip
DAILY NEWSPAPER Ukraine UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
Australia DAILY NEWSPAPER
Global Visa
DAILY NEWSPAPER UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
AGENCY
Intendedparents Vip ORGANIZATION
Most cited actors
OTHER
Australia GOV Intendedparents
Lawyer
Global ORGANIZATION
Number of quotes
Surrogatemothers
AGENCY
Vip ART Bill
UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
Nayna Patel
ACTIVIST
South Africa MAGAZINE
ICMR/ Indian Council of Medical Reserach
Georgia AGENCY
Akanksha Infertility Clinic Sushilkumar Shinde Indian Ministry Home Affairs
Japan GOV
Canada DAILY NEWSPAPER
Legge 40/ 2004 Visa
Malaysia GOV
Indian Embassy Andrea Borini Osservatorio sul turismo procreativo
Baby Surrogatehusbands
Oprah Winfrey CSR Centre for Social Research Leslie Morgan Steiner author of “The Baby Chase”
OTHER Japan Baby
Thailand CLINICS & DOCTORS COM
CO.IN
CO.UK
IT Japan Intendedparents
62
CITED ACTORS
CITED ACTORS
CITED ACTORS NETWORK
63
Politician
Brunei UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
CLINICS & DOCTORS
Europe ORGANIZATION
Spain OTHER
Grecia CLINICS & DOCTORS
Surrogatemothers Israel ORGANIZATION
Europe GOV
New Zealand GOV
Spain GOV
Bangladesh GOV GOV
France UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
Christian-jewish Religion
Bulgary GOV
Canada PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
Australia AGENCY
ENCYCLOPEDIA
France GOV South Africa UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
France DAILY NEWSPAPER
France MAGAZINE Pakistan GOV
Politicians France CLINICS & DOCTORS
OTHER
Australia UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
ORGANIZATION
ACTIVIST
UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
Ukraine CLINICS & DOCTORS
Sweden UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
MAGAZINE GOV
Spain CLINICS & DOCTORS
Lawyer
ORGANIZATION
UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM CLINICS & DOCTORS
ACTIVIST
ORGANIZATION
AGENCY
MAGAZINE CLINICS & DOCTORS
Hindu Religion
MAGAZINE
OTHER
GOV
DAILY NEWSPAPER
DAILY NEWSPAPER Albania CLINICS & DOCTORS
Norway GOV
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
Swiss AGENCY Canada UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
UAE DAILY NEWSPAPER
Surrogatemothers
Malaysia UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
Singapore DAILY NEWSPAPER
MAGAZINE
CLINICS & DOCTORS
Israel Intendedparents
Australia MAGAZINE
AGENCY
GOV
Lawyer
Eggdonor
Norway Vip
DAILY NEWSPAPER Ukraine UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
Australia DAILY NEWSPAPER
Global Visa
DAILY NEWSPAPER UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
AGENCY
Intendedparents Vip ORGANIZATION
Most cited actors
OTHER
Australia GOV Intendedparents
Lawyer
Global ORGANIZATION
Number of quotes
Surrogatemothers
AGENCY
Vip ART Bill
UNI & SCIENTIFIC COM
Nayna Patel
ACTIVIST
South Africa MAGAZINE
ICMR/ Indian Council of Medical Reserach
Georgia AGENCY
Akanksha Infertility Clinic Sushilkumar Shinde Indian Ministry Home Affairs
Japan GOV
Canada DAILY NEWSPAPER
Legge 40/ 2004 Visa
Malaysia GOV
Indian Embassy Andrea Borini Osservatorio sul turismo procreativo
Baby Surrogatehusbands
Oprah Winfrey CSR Centre for Social Research Leslie Morgan Steiner author of “The Baby Chase”
OTHER Japan Baby
Thailand CLINICS & DOCTORS COM
CO.IN
CO.UK
IT Japan Intendedparents
64
1 Controversies involve all kind of actors, not only human beings and human groups, but also natural and biological elements, industrial and artistic products, economic and other institutions, scientific and technical artifacts and so on and so forth. Tommaso Venturini
CITED ACTORS
After visualizing the network of how the websites are linking each other or other websites, we suddenly noticed that most of the personalities, the documents, the organization cited in the corpus were little linked with an url and for this reason these cited actors1 were not in the network created with Hyphe and Gephi. We therefore decided to analyze which were all those actors that had been cited, even though they were not connected to a link. Proceeding in this way we have been able to see if different categories of actors cited the same actors or different ones. We manually noted for each url in the corpus which actors was being cited (no matter if in a good or bad way). The whole tagging has been cleaned up with Google Refine in order to cluster all those actors that have been cited with different names (for example the acronyms). We made a sum of the cited actors for each category in each domain: we got the most cited actors of the whole corpus and the most cited for each domain. Confirming our expectations the ART Bill (the Indian legislation that regulates the Assisted Reproduction Technology) is the most cited actor in the whole corpus, although in the .it domain is not much considered. In the .it domain is instead the Italian Legislation (Legge 40) of the 2004, 19th February to be the most cited actor. It’s interesting to see that no other domain is citing a legislation of its own country; probably in Italy there is an internal controversy about surrogacy. Among the most cited actors there are D.r Nayna Patel and her own clinic (the Akanksha Infertility Clinic), the Indian Council of Medical Research (a scientific community), the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, the Visa, the Indian embassy. Another curious data is the presence of an Italian man among the first 10 most cited actors of the whole corpus and the second most cited in the .it domain (the other three domains have never cited him): Andrea Borini, president of the “Osservatorio sul Turismo Procreativo” which supervises the phenomenon of
CITED ACTORS
Italians going abroad to get medical assisted reproduction. After that we wanted to see whether the categories were citing actors of the same kind or not. For example: Are the Indian clinics citing only Indian actors? Are they citing only other clinics (or doctors)? In order to be able to answer to these and other questions we clustered the cited actors in the same categories we used to categorize the corpus. We therefore kept all those cited actors of which we were able to associate both location (Where is it from?) and category identity (Is it attributable to one of the categories we already have in the corpus?). We decided to create a network map based on citations instead of links. We exported the clustered dataset (in which on each row a geolocalized category cites another one) to .csv format with nodes and edges, understandable by Gephi. We applied the same parameters used in the previous network based on the outgoing links, but unlike that one, in the new map each dot represents both the links in the corpus and the specific cited actors member of the same category (for example the website of the Indian Government and the ART Bill, which is a cited actor, are under the India-Government dot).
The number of topics discussed, or simply quoted by a macro-actor is an indication of how this specific actor is inclined to discuss the controversy in its multi-faced nature and aspects. When an actor involved in the controversy keeps citing events or people belonging to the same semantic area, we will be led to think that this actor is no that aware of the debate’s complexity around the controversy; perhaps that this actor is not well informed on the many debates happening around surrogacy; or may be that they have a peculiar interest to discuss exclusively about certain topics rather than others.
65
Assuming that the “quoting theory” is quite important to understand and to define where the different actors stand in the controversy and who refers to who in the debate, we decided to visualize it through this graph which will be explained in the following lines. Each of the quoting actors is represented by a regular polygon and the number of its sides depends on the amount of the actors’ categories they talk about; Therefore when agencies cite doctors, government and scientific community, its shape will be a triangular. Using this criteria, the more a polygon will look like a circle, the more topics that particular actor faces. On every side of the polygon there are branches coming out (same lengths and all ending with a circle surrounded by orbits) on which are visualized the specific actors quoted. The amount of these quotes is going to define the area of the polygon: the more an actor quotes the bigger its polygon will be. In this representation is thus possible to see the spectrum of topics faced by each actor extracted from the corpus of four hundred URLs and to specifically analyze who they are discussing about. On the same graphs is also possible to understand where these quoted actors are geographically located through two wider colored orbits of which every color represents a specific country. What we can see taking a first sight at the diagrams is that all the four domains visualized are different from one another: many macro-actors do not quote at all in a certain domain while in others are quoting a wide spectrum of actors. Macro-actors that quote the most among the four domains analyzed, are “Daily newspapers” and “Magazines”. Focusing on them it is quite clear to see how these actors mostly cite actors directly linked to the controversy such as doctors, clinics, government and surrogate mothers. It is interesting to see how, among different domains, the size and the number of sides of these polygons do not change considerably.
On the other hand there are macro-actors polygons that change a lot depending on the domain they are: analyzing the activists, for example, we can notice how the polygon’s sides and its size changes prominently through the domains. On the “co uk” the activists are barely existing; They quote five actors belonging to only two actor categories (Indian government and US organizations), vice versa Italian activists are quoting several actors from many categories (thirty actors from fifteen different categories). Are they better aware of what surrogacy is about? Indian activists do not exist at all and this is a quite interesting highlight in the study of the controversy.As well as the activists, the scientific community does not have a constant shape along the four domains and it seems to be well structured on the “com”. Most of the quotes from the scientific community on the “com” come from different countries and variegated fields such as governmental rather than scientific or medical. It might be interesting to see how the international scientific community and university try to look at the surrogacy practice in its complexity and organic structure, analyzing different law situations and cultures. Another remarkable highlight we found looking at this visualization is how agencies in India are one of the main quoting actors. They especially quote themselves and the government and this would naturally lead anyone to wonder how they affect the perception of surrogacy on “co in”. As we said before, the most quoting actors refer to the controversy are daily newspapers and magazines. They give a quite vast view on the topic and as we shown before they appear very often in the URLs corpus we chose. In order to have a better understanding on how surrogacy is perceived in different countries, we decided then to take a look and to find out who these quoting actors were talking about, and why they were discussing about them.
64
1 Controversies involve all kind of actors, not only human beings and human groups, but also natural and biological elements, industrial and artistic products, economic and other institutions, scientific and technical artifacts and so on and so forth. Tommaso Venturini
CITED ACTORS
After visualizing the network of how the websites are linking each other or other websites, we suddenly noticed that most of the personalities, the documents, the organization cited in the corpus were little linked with an url and for this reason these cited actors1 were not in the network created with Hyphe and Gephi. We therefore decided to analyze which were all those actors that had been cited, even though they were not connected to a link. Proceeding in this way we have been able to see if different categories of actors cited the same actors or different ones. We manually noted for each url in the corpus which actors was being cited (no matter if in a good or bad way). The whole tagging has been cleaned up with Google Refine in order to cluster all those actors that have been cited with different names (for example the acronyms). We made a sum of the cited actors for each category in each domain: we got the most cited actors of the whole corpus and the most cited for each domain. Confirming our expectations the ART Bill (the Indian legislation that regulates the Assisted Reproduction Technology) is the most cited actor in the whole corpus, although in the .it domain is not much considered. In the .it domain is instead the Italian Legislation (Legge 40) of the 2004, 19th February to be the most cited actor. It’s interesting to see that no other domain is citing a legislation of its own country; probably in Italy there is an internal controversy about surrogacy. Among the most cited actors there are D.r Nayna Patel and her own clinic (the Akanksha Infertility Clinic), the Indian Council of Medical Research (a scientific community), the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, the Visa, the Indian embassy. Another curious data is the presence of an Italian man among the first 10 most cited actors of the whole corpus and the second most cited in the .it domain (the other three domains have never cited him): Andrea Borini, president of the “Osservatorio sul Turismo Procreativo” which supervises the phenomenon of
CITED ACTORS
Italians going abroad to get medical assisted reproduction. After that we wanted to see whether the categories were citing actors of the same kind or not. For example: Are the Indian clinics citing only Indian actors? Are they citing only other clinics (or doctors)? In order to be able to answer to these and other questions we clustered the cited actors in the same categories we used to categorize the corpus. We therefore kept all those cited actors of which we were able to associate both location (Where is it from?) and category identity (Is it attributable to one of the categories we already have in the corpus?). We decided to create a network map based on citations instead of links. We exported the clustered dataset (in which on each row a geolocalized category cites another one) to .csv format with nodes and edges, understandable by Gephi. We applied the same parameters used in the previous network based on the outgoing links, but unlike that one, in the new map each dot represents both the links in the corpus and the specific cited actors member of the same category (for example the website of the Indian Government and the ART Bill, which is a cited actor, are under the India-Government dot).
The number of topics discussed, or simply quoted by a macro-actor is an indication of how this specific actor is inclined to discuss the controversy in its multi-faced nature and aspects. When an actor involved in the controversy keeps citing events or people belonging to the same semantic area, we will be led to think that this actor is no that aware of the debate’s complexity around the controversy; perhaps that this actor is not well informed on the many debates happening around surrogacy; or may be that they have a peculiar interest to discuss exclusively about certain topics rather than others.
65
Assuming that the “quoting theory” is quite important to understand and to define where the different actors stand in the controversy and who refers to who in the debate, we decided to visualize it through this graph which will be explained in the following lines. Each of the quoting actors is represented by a regular polygon and the number of its sides depends on the amount of the actors’ categories they talk about; Therefore when agencies cite doctors, government and scientific community, its shape will be a triangular. Using this criteria, the more a polygon will look like a circle, the more topics that particular actor faces. On every side of the polygon there are branches coming out (same lengths and all ending with a circle surrounded by orbits) on which are visualized the specific actors quoted. The amount of these quotes is going to define the area of the polygon: the more an actor quotes the bigger its polygon will be. In this representation is thus possible to see the spectrum of topics faced by each actor extracted from the corpus of four hundred URLs and to specifically analyze who they are discussing about. On the same graphs is also possible to understand where these quoted actors are geographically located through two wider colored orbits of which every color represents a specific country. What we can see taking a first sight at the diagrams is that all the four domains visualized are different from one another: many macro-actors do not quote at all in a certain domain while in others are quoting a wide spectrum of actors. Macro-actors that quote the most among the four domains analyzed, are “Daily newspapers” and “Magazines”. Focusing on them it is quite clear to see how these actors mostly cite actors directly linked to the controversy such as doctors, clinics, government and surrogate mothers. It is interesting to see how, among different domains, the size and the number of sides of these polygons do not change considerably.
On the other hand there are macro-actors polygons that change a lot depending on the domain they are: analyzing the activists, for example, we can notice how the polygon’s sides and its size changes prominently through the domains. On the “co uk” the activists are barely existing; They quote five actors belonging to only two actor categories (Indian government and US organizations), vice versa Italian activists are quoting several actors from many categories (thirty actors from fifteen different categories). Are they better aware of what surrogacy is about? Indian activists do not exist at all and this is a quite interesting highlight in the study of the controversy.As well as the activists, the scientific community does not have a constant shape along the four domains and it seems to be well structured on the “com”. Most of the quotes from the scientific community on the “com” come from different countries and variegated fields such as governmental rather than scientific or medical. It might be interesting to see how the international scientific community and university try to look at the surrogacy practice in its complexity and organic structure, analyzing different law situations and cultures. Another remarkable highlight we found looking at this visualization is how agencies in India are one of the main quoting actors. They especially quote themselves and the government and this would naturally lead anyone to wonder how they affect the perception of surrogacy on “co in”. As we said before, the most quoting actors refer to the controversy are daily newspapers and magazines. They give a quite vast view on the topic and as we shown before they appear very often in the URLs corpus we chose. In order to have a better understanding on how surrogacy is perceived in different countries, we decided then to take a look and to find out who these quoting actors were talking about, and why they were discussing about them.
66
CITED ACTORS
67
CITED ACTORS
CITING C AT E G O RY what is cited
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146
Agencies - 14 sides
35 CITES
IN
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66
CITED ACTORS
67
CITED ACTORS
CITING C AT E G O RY what is cited
DA I LY
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Agencies - 5 sides
A EG G DO NO
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IN
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CIE
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l ic ta in Cl linic spi ll o Ha ka C d h by sh ba Ru kan eda A hm A
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gh
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hi
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146
Agencies - 14 sides
35 CITES
IN
D
IA
G
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CITED ACTORS
69
INDIA CLINICS
ITALIAN SCIENTIFIC COMMUN ITY
CITED ACTORS
Delhi-Ivf & Fertility Research Centre Surrogacy Centre India Corion Fertility Clinic Gynaecworld Kiran Infertility Centre Rotunda Clinic Akanshka Clinic
VER
NM
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68
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119
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9 CITES
It
146
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6 CITES
L
L AW IAN
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S
CITED ACTORS
69
INDIA CLINICS
ITALIAN SCIENTIFIC COMMUN ITY
CITED ACTORS
Delhi-Ivf & Fertility Research Centre Surrogacy Centre India Corion Fertility Clinic Gynaecworld Kiran Infertility Centre Rotunda Clinic Akanshka Clinic
VER
NM
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119
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It
146
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L
L AW IAN
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71
USA ORGANIZATIONS
CITED ACTORS
Usha Smerdon Mother Jones blog
ley
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rke
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70
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4 CITES
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146
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0 CITES
CITED ACTORS
71
USA ORGANIZATIONS
CITED ACTORS
Usha Smerdon Mother Jones blog
ley
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4 CITES
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146
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73
YE
MAG R A L IA
S IC IN CL IA C Pu orio lse n F W ert om ili en ty C ’s Ho linic sp ita
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Francesco Agnoli
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Indian Parliament ART Bill
72
ER S
Co.Uk
119
Activists - 2 sides
5 CITES
It
140
Activists - 15 sides
29 CITES
IN
D
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73
YE
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na
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NT
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si
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AN
e
D
W
LI
bl
IN
LA
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lie
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AUST
NP A ILY UK D
UK
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ES
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TIV
IST
S
ITALIAN WRITERS
Francesco Agnoli
ela
AC
RR
N
SU
LIA
A
I TA
DI
INDIA GOVERNMENT
IN
h ag aV mil P re m a Em ya Ma
i
A
C
gg
LI
O
RS Co mit c a e t o n Fra ’è un di m a s amm Ol nces o a l i m pia ca Ro a Ta r m a n zia aP ole
I
TA
N
D
TO
IC R M “S anj R a e u n r t h i r. M a K ca o um l o th a r e r co rho i m o m d .”
Indian Parliament ART Bill
72
ER S
Co.Uk
119
Activists - 2 sides
5 CITES
It
140
Activists - 15 sides
29 CITES
IN
D
IA
SC
IE
N
TI
FI
C
C
O
M
M
U
N
IT
Y
AT I
ON
S
CY
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EUROPEAN GOVERNMENT
CITED ACTORS
Akanshka Clinic
GO
VE
RN
M
EN
T
GL
AL
GA
NI
IO
los o de iad ral tar ne No e l n G de ci贸 s y re c t ro Di gis Re
Vida Panitch
INDIA DOCTORS
T
Co rte
EN
di A llo
A
M
Q u o ting
pp e
AN
GO
VE
RN
M
Hank Greely
USA UNIVERSITY
SPAIN OTHER
ri
Scientific Community - 4 sides
LI
Ba
119
I TA
di
SP
IN
G
OV
N ER
S CIENT I F I C CO M M U N I TY
on
Q uo ting
Co.Uk
OB
OR
T ZA
ce en fer t on righ ac e Aj rivat p
S CI EN T I FI C CO MMU N I T Y
Dr. Nayna Patel
CANADA UNIVERSITY
UK
Hu Em man br Fe iol rti og lisa y A tio n& ct
EU justice court
Fedrico Garau
100
4 CITES
It
140
Scientific Community - 6 sides
6 CITES
EN
T
NS
CITED ACTORS
101
INDIA CLINICS
EUROPEAN GOVERNMENT
CITED ACTORS
Akanshka Clinic
GO
VE
RN
M
EN
T
GL
AL
GA
NI
IO
los o de iad ral tar ne No e l n G de ci贸 s y re c t ro Di gis Re
Vida Panitch
INDIA DOCTORS
T
Co rte
EN
di A llo
A
M
Q u o ting
pp e
AN
GO
VE
RN
M
Hank Greely
USA UNIVERSITY
SPAIN OTHER
ri
Scientific Community - 4 sides
LI
Ba
119
I TA
di
SP
IN
G
OV
N ER
S CIENT I F I C CO M M U N I TY
on
Q uo ting
Co.Uk
OB
OR
T ZA
ce en fer t on righ ac e Aj rivat p
S CI EN T I FI C CO MMU N I T Y
Dr. Nayna Patel
CANADA UNIVERSITY
UK
Hu Em man br Fe iol rti og lisa y A tio n& ct
EU justice court
Fedrico Garau
100
4 CITES
It
140
Scientific Community - 6 sides
6 CITES
EN
T
NS
102
CLINIC FOCUS
CLINIC FOCUS
103
CERTIFIED CLINICS
Clinic location
Malpani infertility Clinic Pvt. Ltd.
178 Clinics certified by the government
Doctor Nayna Patel and her Akanksha Infertility Clinic were two of the most cited actors in the .co.Uk and .Com domain, but they were less cited in India an Italy. This step would be focused on understanding better that figure of the controversy. We wanted to know if she was a central figure in the controversy, if there were other doctors more important and powerful on the country and which was the fertility clinics' situation in India. To do that we had found an indian official document called "List of Enrolled Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Clinics under National Registry of ART Clinics and Banks in India" written in 2013. This document made a list of all the name of the clinics, their addresses and its chief doctor, for the whole country. It was decided to take the address, place them on a map and visualize the position of the most cited clinics. Google Refine was used to extract the coordinates, and then the map was created with Tilemill. The first interesting information with which we came into contact was that there are 178 clinics on the country, but our 400
web addresses cited only 17 clinics and doctors, Nayna Patel was cited with her clinic more than 50 times, the second most cited clinic and doctor names were Rita Bakshi, another woman doctor, and her clinic: the "International Fertility Centre", in total they were cited 10 times, and never from India. So on the web it looked like Nayna Patel was the most prominent figure of the network, but only in american and english domains. With another analysis and visualization we were able to determine how many buildings belonged to any doctor to understand how the clinics of every doctor were spread on the territory. Another interesting information was to realize that there were 5 clinics that had at least 3 building on the territory of India whose relative doctors were never cited. Nayna Patel had only one building on the country. The only important doctor cited who is responsible for 4 clinics on country is Gautam Allahbadia, but was cited only 5 times, four of this citations were made by the indian domain.
102
CLINIC FOCUS
CLINIC FOCUS
103
CERTIFIED CLINICS
Clinic location
Malpani infertility Clinic Pvt. Ltd.
178 Clinics certified by the government
Doctor Nayna Patel and her Akanksha Infertility Clinic were two of the most cited actors in the .co.Uk and .Com domain, but they were less cited in India an Italy. This step would be focused on understanding better that figure of the controversy. We wanted to know if she was a central figure in the controversy, if there were other doctors more important and powerful on the country and which was the fertility clinics' situation in India. To do that we had found an indian official document called "List of Enrolled Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Clinics under National Registry of ART Clinics and Banks in India" written in 2013. This document made a list of all the name of the clinics, their addresses and its chief doctor, for the whole country. It was decided to take the address, place them on a map and visualize the position of the most cited clinics. Google Refine was used to extract the coordinates, and then the map was created with Tilemill. The first interesting information with which we came into contact was that there are 178 clinics on the country, but our 400
web addresses cited only 17 clinics and doctors, Nayna Patel was cited with her clinic more than 50 times, the second most cited clinic and doctor names were Rita Bakshi, another woman doctor, and her clinic: the "International Fertility Centre", in total they were cited 10 times, and never from India. So on the web it looked like Nayna Patel was the most prominent figure of the network, but only in american and english domains. With another analysis and visualization we were able to determine how many buildings belonged to any doctor to understand how the clinics of every doctor were spread on the territory. Another interesting information was to realize that there were 5 clinics that had at least 3 building on the territory of India whose relative doctors were never cited. Nayna Patel had only one building on the country. The only important doctor cited who is responsible for 4 clinics on country is Gautam Allahbadia, but was cited only 5 times, four of this citations were made by the indian domain.
104
CLINIC FOCUS
CLINIC FOCUS
CITED CLINICS IN THE CORPUS
It was decided to analyze better the corpus to make a comparison between it and our cited doctors and clinics. In our corpus 37 general clinics' urls were found, but only 27 of those referred to Indian Clinics. In fact all the italian url results were related to european clinics (ukrainian and russian clinics). Another interesting fact was that among these 27 indian clinics only 10 were recognized by the Indian Government and were members of the "List of Enrolled Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Clinics under National Registry of ART Clinics and Banks in India". Another deep analysis established that only 5 of this clinics with their doctor were cited and appeared in our research corpus, and among these Nayna Patel's clinic did not appear. At this time it was possible to suppose that maybe Nayna Patel is a media icon created by
50 clinics 1 clinic
Malpani infertility Clinic Pvt. Ltd.
105
17 Clinics are cited in the corpus
american and english newspaper and television, but that in the reality is only one of hundreds of doctors that works with surrogacy every day. Going back to the analysis, these 5 clinics that were cited in the corpus appeared only when using the query Surrogacy India and never when querying Google with Surrogacy Tourism. Moreover we visualized that doctors like Dr. Shivani Sachdev Gour and his clinic SCI Healtcare-Isis Hospital, and Doctor Anoop Goopta and his clinic Delhi IVF & Fertility Clinic, that were the most cited after Rita Bankshi, were more recurring in the corpus, because they appeared in three of the four domains that were chosen. Besides, Doctor Anoop Goopta was cited two times in the Indian domain because he is represented by two different websites.
104
CLINIC FOCUS
CLINIC FOCUS
CITED CLINICS IN THE CORPUS
It was decided to analyze better the corpus to make a comparison between it and our cited doctors and clinics. In our corpus 37 general clinics' urls were found, but only 27 of those referred to Indian Clinics. In fact all the italian url results were related to european clinics (ukrainian and russian clinics). Another interesting fact was that among these 27 indian clinics only 10 were recognized by the Indian Government and were members of the "List of Enrolled Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Clinics under National Registry of ART Clinics and Banks in India". Another deep analysis established that only 5 of this clinics with their doctor were cited and appeared in our research corpus, and among these Nayna Patel's clinic did not appear. At this time it was possible to suppose that maybe Nayna Patel is a media icon created by
50 clinics 1 clinic
Malpani infertility Clinic Pvt. Ltd.
105
17 Clinics are cited in the corpus
american and english newspaper and television, but that in the reality is only one of hundreds of doctors that works with surrogacy every day. Going back to the analysis, these 5 clinics that were cited in the corpus appeared only when using the query Surrogacy India and never when querying Google with Surrogacy Tourism. Moreover we visualized that doctors like Dr. Shivani Sachdev Gour and his clinic SCI Healtcare-Isis Hospital, and Doctor Anoop Goopta and his clinic Delhi IVF & Fertility Clinic, that were the most cited after Rita Bankshi, were more recurring in the corpus, because they appeared in three of the four domains that were chosen. Besides, Doctor Anoop Goopta was cited two times in the Indian domain because he is represented by two different websites.
106
CLINIC FOCUS
CLINIC FOCUS
107
CLINICS & DOCTORS
106
CLINIC FOCUS
CLINIC FOCUS
107
CLINICS & DOCTORS
Organizations Government University & Scientific Community Agencies Activists Encyclopedia Personal Experiences
ART Bill
law
legislati v e sphere
rights
commercial sphere
cost
woman
woman sphere
womb
clinic
parents
medical sphere
family
child
mother
family sphere
Magazines Clinics & Doctors
Daily Newspapers
Organizations
Magazines
Government
Clinics & Doctors
University & Scientific Community
Organizations
Agencies
Government
Activists
University & Scientific Community
Encyclopedia
Agencies
Personal Experiences
Activists Encyclopedia
family sphere
Personal Experiences
family sphere
medical sphere
woman sphere
commercial sphere
legislati v e sphere
medical sphere
woman sphere
commercial sphere
legislati v e sphere
tourist VISA
medical VISA
VISA
agreement
womb
woman
doctor
clinics
risks
Clinics & Doctors
Daily Newspapers ART Bill
Tourist VISA
ART Bill
VISA
money
fee
womb
woman
clinic
mother
family
hope
parents
Magazines
ENTITIES ANALYSIS couple
family
Daily Newspapers
husband
All the three english speaking domains share the same semantic areas for their most used words. And interestingly the importance given to the same words seems to be pretty similar, too; In the family sphere of India the child is not mentioned in the most important words, while great importance is given to the mother. Different situation than UK and USA domains; In USA's family sphere the word "couple" in its generic meaning is among the most used among with the most traditional words for family; India seems to be more involved in the
The woman sphere shares the same words in every domain; In Italy the highest recurrence was found for lawrelated terms, as well as many individuals' personal names and words related to facts that made it into the news; Also, an important number of words were religionrelated, differently from the other domains. We decided not to add in this paragraph any of the interpretations we gave to this results, because they were mostly suppositions of what could have been found next. Moreover, because of the explorative nature of this whole work, we would like to leave further possible interpretations of the visualizations to the readers of this report. We'd like to remark that the goal here is to show data about the topic, not to influence the perception of the phenomenon.
husband
medical matter than the other domains; The legislative sphere has big relevance in every domain;
The SVEN results have been then visualized better and clusterized in semantic spheres. Italian results were divided in categories and tag clouds were obtained.This work showed some interesting results. It has been useful to check if the domains had priorities when talking about the topic. And the answer was apparently yes, as it is easy to see in the visualizations. For example, it was interesting to discover that:
child
111
ART Bill
T E R M S A N A LY S I S
money
T E R M S A N A LY S I S
wife
110
Organizations Government University & Scientific Community Agencies Activists Encyclopedia Personal Experiences
ART Bill
law
legislati v e sphere
rights
commercial sphere
cost
woman
woman sphere
womb
clinic
parents
medical sphere
family
child
mother
family sphere
Magazines Clinics & Doctors
Daily Newspapers
Organizations
Magazines
Government
Clinics & Doctors
University & Scientific Community
Organizations
Agencies
Government
Activists
University & Scientific Community
Encyclopedia
Agencies
Personal Experiences
Activists Encyclopedia
family sphere
Personal Experiences
family sphere
medical sphere
woman sphere
commercial sphere
legislati v e sphere
medical sphere
woman sphere
commercial sphere
legislati v e sphere
tourist VISA
medical VISA
VISA
agreement
womb
woman
doctor
clinics
risks
Clinics & Doctors
Daily Newspapers ART Bill
Tourist VISA
ART Bill
VISA
money
fee
womb
woman
clinic
mother
family
hope
parents
Magazines
ENTITIES ANALYSIS couple
family
Daily Newspapers
husband
All the three english speaking domains share the same semantic areas for their most used words. And interestingly the importance given to the same words seems to be pretty similar, too; In the family sphere of India the child is not mentioned in the most important words, while great importance is given to the mother. Different situation than UK and USA domains; In USA's family sphere the word "couple" in its generic meaning is among the most used among with the most traditional words for family; India seems to be more involved in the
The woman sphere shares the same words in every domain; In Italy the highest recurrence was found for lawrelated terms, as well as many individuals' personal names and words related to facts that made it into the news; Also, an important number of words were religionrelated, differently from the other domains. We decided not to add in this paragraph any of the interpretations we gave to this results, because they were mostly suppositions of what could have been found next. Moreover, because of the explorative nature of this whole work, we would like to leave further possible interpretations of the visualizations to the readers of this report. We'd like to remark that the goal here is to show data about the topic, not to influence the perception of the phenomenon.
husband
medical matter than the other domains; The legislative sphere has big relevance in every domain;
The SVEN results have been then visualized better and clusterized in semantic spheres. Italian results were divided in categories and tag clouds were obtained.This work showed some interesting results. It has been useful to check if the domains had priorities when talking about the topic. And the answer was apparently yes, as it is easy to see in the visualizations. For example, it was interesting to discover that:
child
111
ART Bill
T E R M S A N A LY S I S
money
T E R M S A N A LY S I S
wife
110
112
N E W S PA P E R S
T E R M S A N A LY S I S
T E R M S A N A LY S I S
ITALIAN ENTITIES ANALYSIS
D A I LY N E W S PA P E R S
aina (34) italiaucraina (24) kiev(34) (22) india italia(20) (24)paesi kiev(18) (22) india (20) paesi (18)
milano american andrea airlines borini (12) (12)brescia milano(10) (12)crema andrea (8) borini (12) brescia (10) crema (8) 14) american airlines (12) roma (14)(12)
hi (8) corte costituzionale (8)nuova salutedelhi (8) elisa (8) (8) corte la kidman costituzionale (8) cecilia (8)rizzica salute (8) (8)val elisa gardena (8) la kidman (8) (8) cecilia rizzica (8) val gardena (8) ata (8) women hospital pulsemonte (8) repubblica livata (8)(8) women stati uniti hospital (8) direttore pulse (8)(6)repubblica dna (6) letta (8)(6)stati uniti (8) direttore (6) dna (6) letta (6)
113
GOVERNMENTS
GOVERNMENTS
india (8)
india (8)
UNIVERSITY & S.C.
UNIVERSITY & S.C.
india (6)
india (6)
AGENCIES
AGENCIES
the independent (4) carol the horlock independent (4) stati (4) uniti carol (4) horlock (4) regno unito (4) occidente (2) paesi (2)regno lancet (2) unito ministero (2)(4) hfea (2) occidente dna (2)(2) thailandia paesi (2) lancet (2) canada (2) ministero (2) stato (2)(2)hfea usa(2)(2) dna (2) thailandia (2)
stati canada (2)
s
cremona (6) biotexcom (6) roccella procure (6) genova (6) cremona (6) centro (6) biotexcom (6) scienze (6)(6)roccella PDL (6)(6) genova (6) centro (6) scienze (6) PDL (6)
NES
MAGAZINES
ina (34) romaucraina (34) (22) francesca (22)svizzera (20)roma francesca kiev (18) (18)(20) kiev (18) svizzera (18) (16) Robi Ronza (16)mamme europa (16) russia Robi Ronza (16) europa (14) tribunale (14) (16) leggi (14) russia (14) tribunale (14) leggi (14)
12) mamme domani (12) thapliyal usa (12) stati (12) mamme uniti (12)domani turismo(12) procreativo usa (12) (12) statidna uniti(12) (12) turismo procreativo (12) dna (12)
IVF di anand (12) vita (12)akanksha di anand (12) vita(10) (12) legge legge (10)IVF corte (10) menzione corte (10) spagna(10) (8) rep ceca (8) menzione (10) spagna (8) rep ceca (8)
raffaeleasl (4)bologna giovani asl bologna (4) sangiovani miracle (4) babysan (4)raffaele (4) miracle b sociale (4) (4) osservatorio sociale (4) barto organizzazione mondiale sanitĂ organizzazione (4) osservatorio mondiale sanitĂ bartoletti (4) carlohealth flamigni (4) blog warrior infertility (4) public blog health warriorinformation infertility (4)(4)public information (4) carlo flam fondazione serono (4) napolifondazione centro scienze serono (4) (4) napoli centro scienze (4)
nic (8) massimo introvigne (8) infertility andrea borini clinic(8) (8)bice massimo cremagnani introvigne (8) social (8) andrea research borini (8) (8) patbice carra cremagnani (8) (8) social research (8) pat carra (8) uzionale (8) pannella (8) andrea corte tornielli costituzionale (8) di vangelo (8) pannella (8) xvi e(8) francesco andrea (8) tornielli (8) di vangelo georgia-armenia (6) (8) xvi e francesco (8) georgia-armenia (6)
(6) parlamento (6) chiesa (6) lugano depressione (6) crema(6) (6) parlamento grecia (6) utero (6) chiesa (6) (6) lugano (6) crema (6) grecia (6) utero (6)
S & DOCS
CLINICS & DOCS
a (18) rapporto india(14) (18) tailandia rapporto (8) europa (14) (8) tailandia (8)
europa (8)
embrionaria biosperm fundaci medicina (4) riproduzione embrionaria assistita biosperm (4) fecondazione fundaci (4) riproduzione assistita romaassistita (4) (4) fecondazione assistita roma (4) era (4) percorsi della pma (4)josep vecchio carrera testamento (4) percorsi (4) della riproduzione pma (4) medico vecchiospecialista testamento (4)(4) riproduzione medico specialista (4) ancock (4) franco lisi (4) i regolamenti michael hancock (4) canada (4) franco (4) medicina lisi (4) (4) i regolamenti lisi congressi (4)(4)canada icsi (4)(4) medicina (4) lisi congressi (4) icsi (4)
Z AT I O N S
O R G A N I Z AT I O N S
i uniti (8) granstati bretagna uniti (4) hague (8) conference gran bretagna (4) paese (4) hague (4) conference (4) paese (4)
elanda (4) stati usanuova (4) parlamento zelanda (4)europeo stati usa (4)(4)south parlamento wales (4)europeo (4) south wales (4) international law (4) private permanent international bureau (4) lawcapital (4) permanent territory (4) bureau (4) capital territory (4)
canada (4) ucraina (10) statiucraina uniti (8)israele (10)(8) stati chiara uniti (6)(8) israele (8) chiara (6) bretagna-irlanda-finlandia-grecia (4) bretagna-irlanda-finlandia-grecia (4) cina (2) kiev (2) biotexcom (2)
ACTIVISTS
cina (2) kiev (2)
biotexcom (2)
ACTIVISTS
chiesa (22) santomiero chiesa(16)(22) vangelo santomiero (14) vaticana (16) (14)vangelo (14) vatican
costanza miriano (8) waldir ramos costanza (8) provincia miriano (8) romana waldir(8) ramos social (8)research provincia (8)romana (8) social rese amorth (8) eugenia roccella (8) amorth luca volont (8) eugenia (8) india roccella (8) papa (8) luca francesco volont(8) (8) india (8) papa francesc san domenico (8) mcluhan (6) mannelli san domenico (6) dio (6) (8)morresi mcluhan(6)(6)bicentenario mannelli (6)(6)dio deum (6) morresi (6) (6) bicentenario (6)
112
N E W S PA P E R S
T E R M S A N A LY S I S
T E R M S A N A LY S I S
ITALIAN ENTITIES ANALYSIS
D A I LY N E W S PA P E R S
aina (34) italiaucraina (24) kiev(34) (22) india italia(20) (24)paesi kiev(18) (22) india (20) paesi (18)
milano american andrea airlines borini (12) (12)brescia milano(10) (12)crema andrea (8) borini (12) brescia (10) crema (8) 14) american airlines (12) roma (14)(12)
hi (8) corte costituzionale (8)nuova salutedelhi (8) elisa (8) (8) corte la kidman costituzionale (8) cecilia (8)rizzica salute (8) (8)val elisa gardena (8) la kidman (8) (8) cecilia rizzica (8) val gardena (8) ata (8) women hospital pulsemonte (8) repubblica livata (8)(8) women stati uniti hospital (8) direttore pulse (8)(6)repubblica dna (6) letta (8)(6)stati uniti (8) direttore (6) dna (6) letta (6)
113
GOVERNMENTS
GOVERNMENTS
india (8)
india (8)
UNIVERSITY & S.C.
UNIVERSITY & S.C.
india (6)
india (6)
AGENCIES
AGENCIES
the independent (4) carol the horlock independent (4) stati (4) uniti carol (4) horlock (4) regno unito (4) occidente (2) paesi (2)regno lancet (2) unito ministero (2)(4) hfea (2) occidente dna (2)(2) thailandia paesi (2) lancet (2) canada (2) ministero (2) stato (2)(2)hfea usa(2)(2) dna (2) thailandia (2)
stati canada (2)
s
cremona (6) biotexcom (6) roccella procure (6) genova (6) cremona (6) centro (6) biotexcom (6) scienze (6)(6)roccella PDL (6)(6) genova (6) centro (6) scienze (6) PDL (6)
NES
MAGAZINES
ina (34) romaucraina (34) (22) francesca (22)svizzera (20)roma francesca kiev (18) (18)(20) kiev (18) svizzera (18) (16) Robi Ronza (16)mamme europa (16) russia Robi Ronza (16) europa (14) tribunale (14) (16) leggi (14) russia (14) tribunale (14) leggi (14)
12) mamme domani (12) thapliyal usa (12) stati (12) mamme uniti (12)domani turismo(12) procreativo usa (12) (12) statidna uniti(12) (12) turismo procreativo (12) dna (12)
IVF di anand (12) vita (12)akanksha di anand (12) vita(10) (12) legge legge (10)IVF corte (10) menzione corte (10) spagna(10) (8) rep ceca (8) menzione (10) spagna (8) rep ceca (8)
raffaeleasl (4)bologna giovani asl bologna (4) sangiovani miracle (4) babysan (4)raffaele (4) miracle b sociale (4) (4) osservatorio sociale (4) barto organizzazione mondiale sanitĂ organizzazione (4) osservatorio mondiale sanitĂ bartoletti (4) carlohealth flamigni (4) blog warrior infertility (4) public blog health warriorinformation infertility (4)(4)public information (4) carlo flam fondazione serono (4) napolifondazione centro scienze serono (4) (4) napoli centro scienze (4)
nic (8) massimo introvigne (8) infertility andrea borini clinic(8) (8)bice massimo cremagnani introvigne (8) social (8) andrea research borini (8) (8) patbice carra cremagnani (8) (8) social research (8) pat carra (8) uzionale (8) pannella (8) andrea corte tornielli costituzionale (8) di vangelo (8) pannella (8) xvi e(8) francesco andrea (8) tornielli (8) di vangelo georgia-armenia (6) (8) xvi e francesco (8) georgia-armenia (6)
(6) parlamento (6) chiesa (6) lugano depressione (6) crema(6) (6) parlamento grecia (6) utero (6) chiesa (6) (6) lugano (6) crema (6) grecia (6) utero (6)
S & DOCS
CLINICS & DOCS
a (18) rapporto india(14) (18) tailandia rapporto (8) europa (14) (8) tailandia (8)
europa (8)
embrionaria biosperm fundaci medicina (4) riproduzione embrionaria assistita biosperm (4) fecondazione fundaci (4) riproduzione assistita romaassistita (4) (4) fecondazione assistita roma (4) era (4) percorsi della pma (4)josep vecchio carrera testamento (4) percorsi (4) della riproduzione pma (4) medico vecchiospecialista testamento (4)(4) riproduzione medico specialista (4) ancock (4) franco lisi (4) i regolamenti michael hancock (4) canada (4) franco (4) medicina lisi (4) (4) i regolamenti lisi congressi (4)(4)canada icsi (4)(4) medicina (4) lisi congressi (4) icsi (4)
Z AT I O N S
O R G A N I Z AT I O N S
i uniti (8) granstati bretagna uniti (4) hague (8) conference gran bretagna (4) paese (4) hague (4) conference (4) paese (4)
elanda (4) stati usanuova (4) parlamento zelanda (4)europeo stati usa (4)(4)south parlamento wales (4)europeo (4) south wales (4) international law (4) private permanent international bureau (4) lawcapital (4) permanent territory (4) bureau (4) capital territory (4)
canada (4) ucraina (10) statiucraina uniti (8)israele (10)(8) stati chiara uniti (6)(8) israele (8) chiara (6) bretagna-irlanda-finlandia-grecia (4) bretagna-irlanda-finlandia-grecia (4) cina (2) kiev (2) biotexcom (2)
ACTIVISTS
cina (2) kiev (2)
biotexcom (2)
ACTIVISTS
chiesa (22) santomiero chiesa(16)(22) vangelo santomiero (14) vaticana (16) (14)vangelo (14) vatican
costanza miriano (8) waldir ramos costanza (8) provincia miriano (8) romana waldir(8) ramos social (8)research provincia (8)romana (8) social rese amorth (8) eugenia roccella (8) amorth luca volont (8) eugenia (8) india roccella (8) papa (8) luca francesco volont(8) (8) india (8) papa francesc san domenico (8) mcluhan (6) mannelli san domenico (6) dio (6) (8)morresi mcluhan(6)(6)bicentenario mannelli (6)(6)dio deum (6) morresi (6) (6) bicentenario (6)
114
CITED DOCUMENTS
CITED DOCUMENTS
IND IA HEALTHCARE: INSPIRING POS SIBILIT IE S, CHALLENGING JOUR N E Y / CII A RT R EG U L AT I O N B I L L DR A FT 201 0 / I C MR
ETHICAL G U IDE L IN E S FO R BIOME DICAL RE SE ARCH O N HUMAN PART ICIPANTS / ICMR
BIRT H ING A MARKE T SAMA
SU RRO G AT E MOT H E RH O O D: E T H ICAL O R CO MME RCIAL / CSR
RE P O RT 2 2 8 / L AW CO MMIS SIO N O F IN DIA
OS SERVATORI O SUL TURI SMO P ROCREATI VO
CU RRE NT P RAT ICE IN AS SIST E D RE P RO DUCT IO N / WHO
115
A RT RE GU L AT I ON B I L L D RA F T 2 0 1 0 / I CM R
HUMAN F ERTI LI SATI ON AND EMB RI OLOGY ACT / UK GOV
LEGGE 40 / 20 0 4 / I T GOV
DAILY N EWSPAP ERS
MAG AZ IN ES
I ND I A H E A LT H CA RE : I NS P I RI NG P OS S I B I L I T I E S , CH A L L E NGI NG J OU RNE Y / CI I
E T H I CA L GU I D E L I NE S FOR B I OM E D I CA L RE S E A RCH ON H U M A N PA RT I CI PA NTS / I CM R B I RT H I NG A M A RK E T SAMA RE P ORT 2 2 8 / L AW COM M I S S I ON OF I ND I A S U RROGAT E M OT H E RH OOD : E T H I CA L OR COM M E RCI A L / CS R
C L IN IC S & DOC TORS ORG AN IZAT ION S
CU RRE NT P RAT I CE I N A S S I ST E D RE P ROD UCT I ON / WORL D H E A LT H ORGA NI ZAT I ON
G OVERN MENT AC T IVISTS H U M A N F E RT I L I S AT I ON A ND E M B RI OLOGY ACT / U K GOV
A RT RE GU L AT I ON B I L L D RA F T 2 0 1 0 / I CM R
DAILY N EWSPAP ERS I ND I A H E A LT H CA RE : I NS P I RI NG P OS S I B I L I T I E S , CH A L L E NGI NG J OU RNE Y / CI I
MAG AZ IN ES
E T H I CA L GU I D E L I NE S FOR B I OM E D I CA L RE S E A RCH ON H U M A N PA RT I CI PA NTS / I CM R
B I RT H I NG A M A RK E T SAMA RE P ORT 2 2 8 / L AW COM M I S S I ON OF I ND I A C L IN IC S & DOC TORS ORG AN IZAT ION S
S U RROGAT E M OT H E RH OOD : E T H I CA L OR COM M E RCI A L / CS R
G OVERN MENT AC T IVISTS ENC YC LOP EDIA
DA ILY N E W S PA PE R S
MAGA ZINE S
CLINICS & DO CTO RS
GOV E RNME NT O RGA NIZATIO NS
AG ENC I ES UN I VERSI T Y & SC I ENT I F I C C O M M UN I T Y
ENC YC LO P ED I A AC T I VI STS
What is everyone talking about? This is a question that drove constantly this part of the work. It was a urge to understand better. It has been a continuous struggle to find points of absolute comparison between actors and topics. While managing the data we noticed that many times the Google results were citing what seemed to be important papers, laws or documents. And they didn't emerge directly during the scaping process. During the tagging phase, whenever a document was cited, it was noted down and kept on a list. After the whole process of reading was done, the list of this documents was ready. They were then sorted through the method of the highest recurrence of citing, and this let us choose the ones that were important enough to be included in the analysis (the ones chosen here were far more cited than any other possible document).
These are the documents added to the analysis: Indian Council of Medical Research, ART Regulation Bill Draft 2010, India3. Confederation of Indian Industry, India Healthcare: inspiring possibilities, challenging journey, India4. Indian Council of Medical Research, Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on human participants, India SAMA, Resource Group for Women and Health, Constructing Conceptions: the mapping of ART in India, India5. SAMA, Resource Group for Women and Health, Birthing a Market: a study on commercial surrogacy, India
3 Icmr http://www.icmr.nic.in/
4 Cii http://www.cii.in/
5 SAMA http://www.samawomens health.org/
114
CITED DOCUMENTS
CITED DOCUMENTS
IND IA HEALTHCARE: INSPIRING POS SIBILIT IE S, CHALLENGING JOUR N E Y / CII A RT R EG U L AT I O N B I L L DR A FT 201 0 / I C MR
ETHICAL G U IDE L IN E S FO R BIOME DICAL RE SE ARCH O N HUMAN PART ICIPANTS / ICMR
BIRT H ING A MARKE T SAMA
SU RRO G AT E MOT H E RH O O D: E T H ICAL O R CO MME RCIAL / CSR
RE P O RT 2 2 8 / L AW CO MMIS SIO N O F IN DIA
OS SERVATORI O SUL TURI SMO P ROCREATI VO
CU RRE NT P RAT ICE IN AS SIST E D RE P RO DUCT IO N / WHO
115
A RT RE GU L AT I ON B I L L D RA F T 2 0 1 0 / I CM R
HUMAN F ERTI LI SATI ON AND EMB RI OLOGY ACT / UK GOV
LEGGE 40 / 20 0 4 / I T GOV
DAILY N EWSPAP ERS
MAG AZ IN ES
I ND I A H E A LT H CA RE : I NS P I RI NG P OS S I B I L I T I E S , CH A L L E NGI NG J OU RNE Y / CI I
E T H I CA L GU I D E L I NE S FOR B I OM E D I CA L RE S E A RCH ON H U M A N PA RT I CI PA NTS / I CM R B I RT H I NG A M A RK E T SAMA RE P ORT 2 2 8 / L AW COM M I S S I ON OF I ND I A S U RROGAT E M OT H E RH OOD : E T H I CA L OR COM M E RCI A L / CS R
C L IN IC S & DOC TORS ORG AN IZAT ION S
CU RRE NT P RAT I CE I N A S S I ST E D RE P ROD UCT I ON / WORL D H E A LT H ORGA NI ZAT I ON
G OVERN MENT AC T IVISTS H U M A N F E RT I L I S AT I ON A ND E M B RI OLOGY ACT / U K GOV
A RT RE GU L AT I ON B I L L D RA F T 2 0 1 0 / I CM R
DAILY N EWSPAP ERS I ND I A H E A LT H CA RE : I NS P I RI NG P OS S I B I L I T I E S , CH A L L E NGI NG J OU RNE Y / CI I
MAG AZ IN ES
E T H I CA L GU I D E L I NE S FOR B I OM E D I CA L RE S E A RCH ON H U M A N PA RT I CI PA NTS / I CM R
B I RT H I NG A M A RK E T SAMA RE P ORT 2 2 8 / L AW COM M I S S I ON OF I ND I A C L IN IC S & DOC TORS ORG AN IZAT ION S
S U RROGAT E M OT H E RH OOD : E T H I CA L OR COM M E RCI A L / CS R
G OVERN MENT AC T IVISTS ENC YC LOP EDIA
DA ILY N E W S PA PE R S
MAGA ZINE S
CLINICS & DO CTO RS
GOV E RNME NT O RGA NIZATIO NS
AG ENC I ES UN I VERSI T Y & SC I ENT I F I C C O M M UN I T Y
ENC YC LO P ED I A AC T I VI STS
What is everyone talking about? This is a question that drove constantly this part of the work. It was a urge to understand better. It has been a continuous struggle to find points of absolute comparison between actors and topics. While managing the data we noticed that many times the Google results were citing what seemed to be important papers, laws or documents. And they didn't emerge directly during the scaping process. During the tagging phase, whenever a document was cited, it was noted down and kept on a list. After the whole process of reading was done, the list of this documents was ready. They were then sorted through the method of the highest recurrence of citing, and this let us choose the ones that were important enough to be included in the analysis (the ones chosen here were far more cited than any other possible document).
These are the documents added to the analysis: Indian Council of Medical Research, ART Regulation Bill Draft 2010, India3. Confederation of Indian Industry, India Healthcare: inspiring possibilities, challenging journey, India4. Indian Council of Medical Research, Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on human participants, India SAMA, Resource Group for Women and Health, Constructing Conceptions: the mapping of ART in India, India5. SAMA, Resource Group for Women and Health, Birthing a Market: a study on commercial surrogacy, India
3 Icmr http://www.icmr.nic.in/
4 Cii http://www.cii.in/
5 SAMA http://www.samawomens health.org/
116
6 Law commission of India http://lawcommissiono findia.nic.in/health.org/ 7 CSR http://www.csrindia.org/
8 WHO http://www.who.int/en/
9 Osservatorio sul Turismo http://genitoriallester. altervista.org/ 10 Italian government http://www.italia.gov.it/ 11 British government https://www.gov.uk/
12 Visualization on page 120
13 Controversies emerge when things and ideas that were taken for granted start to be questioned and discussed. Tommaso Venturini
CITED DOCUMENTS
Law Commission of India, Report 228: Need for legislation to regulate ART Clinics as well as rights and obligations of parties to a surrogacy, India6. Centre for Social Research , Surrogate Motherhood: Ethical or commercial, India7. World Health Organization, Assisted Reproduction in developing countries facing up to the issues, International8. World Health Organization, Current Practises and controversies in Assisted Reproduction, International. Osservatorio sul Turismo Procreativo, Report dell'Osservatorio sul Turismo procreativo, Italy9. Italian Government, Legge 40/2004, Italy 10. British Government, Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, United Kingdom 11. It was assumed that whenever an important or official document was directly cited, that had to be a declaration of what actors think. All these documents were then searched and downloaded, and each one of this documents has been assigned to its country of origin. On each one was also performed a SVEN analysis (or Issue Discovery analysis, for italian ones) to find the most important words, with the same kind of process followed for the semantic analysis of the domains (which can be found in this same chapter). Furtherly, it was possible to associate each actors' category of each domain to the document it cited, because during the tagging process it was kept detailed trace of who cited what (or whom). All this information was combined in the visualizations that you can see, which can trigger many interpretations. All this led to some interesting results, that may have many more interpretations (which we want to leave, as usual, to the readers):
CITED DOCUMENTS
Indian documentation (and so its main words and topics) is the most cited of all; The american domain cites quite only indian documentation, with the exception of a little citation of UK's law; The indian domain talks only about its own documentation, and interestingly so does UK; The Italian domain interestingly talks about almost every important document listed; In every domain the most citing actors are the media. In India, USA and UK the most active are Daily Newspapers, while in Italy the most active media are Magazines; The ART Regulation Bill Draft 2010 written by the Indian Council of Medical Research is the most cited document of all. Followed right after by Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on human participants always by the ICMR; Important entities of the texts were very variegated, though they share many semantic spheres. Just like macroactors' categories seen in this same chapter. This analysis has generally been interesting to better understand also the correlations and relationships between the actors of the controversy: talking about the exact same things results anyhow in having topics in common, which is another important step towards the definition of positions inside the controversy. It gives a pretty accurate view of the most important themes cited in every domain by different actors.
117
A RT RE GU L AT I ON B I L L D RA F T 2 0 1 0 / I CM R DAILY N EWSPAP ERS
I ND I A H E A LT H CA RE : I NS P I RI NG P OS S I B I L I T I E S , CH A L L E NGI NG J OU RNE Y / CI I
MAG AZ IN ES
E T H I CA L GU I D E L I NE S FOR B I OM E D I CA L RE S E A RCH ON H U M A N PA RT I CI PA NTS / I CM R
B I RT H I NG A M A RK E T SAMA
C L IN IC S & DOC TORS ORG AN IZAT ION S G OVERN MENT
RE P ORT 2 2 8 / L AW COM M I S S I ON OF I ND I A S U RROGAT E M OT H E RH OOD : E T H I CA L OR COM M E RCI A L / CS R
AC T IVISTS ENC YC LOP EDIA
A RT RE GU L AT I ON B I L L D RA F T 2 0 1 0 / I CM R
DAILY N EWSPAP ERS E T H I CA L GU I D E L I NE S FOR B I OM E D I CA L RE S E A RCH ON H U M A N PA RT I CI PA NTS / I CM R MAG AZ IN ES
After all the steps seen before, it was possible to create a complete cosmography of opinions about the topic. This visualization12 is aimed to give a complete overview of what everyone says about surrogacy and surrogacy in India and covers the whole range of possibilities found through the research process on the corpus13. It has been crafted by hand after the precious work made in the semantic analysis phase, that let our team to perform a wise categorization of opinions found while reading and tagging the original corpus and its integrations.
S U RROGAT E M OT H E RH OOD : E T H I CA L OR COM M E RCI A L / CS R C L IN IC S & DOC TORS ORG AN IZAT ION S G OVERN MENT UN IVERSIT Y & SC IENT IF IC C OMMUN IT Y AG ENC IES AC T IVISTS
CU RRE NT P RAT I CE I N A S S I ST E D RE P ROD UCT I ON / WORL D H E A LT H ORGA NI ZAT I ON OS S E RVATORI O S U L T U RI S M O P ROCRE AT I VO L E GGE 4 0 /2 0 0 4 / I T GOV H U M A N F E RT I L I S AT I ON A ND E M B RI OLOGY ACT / U K GOV
116
6 Law commission of India http://lawcommissiono findia.nic.in/health.org/ 7 CSR http://www.csrindia.org/
8 WHO http://www.who.int/en/
9 Osservatorio sul Turismo http://genitoriallester. altervista.org/ 10 Italian government http://www.italia.gov.it/ 11 British government https://www.gov.uk/
12 Visualization on page 120
13 Controversies emerge when things and ideas that were taken for granted start to be questioned and discussed. Tommaso Venturini
CITED DOCUMENTS
Law Commission of India, Report 228: Need for legislation to regulate ART Clinics as well as rights and obligations of parties to a surrogacy, India6. Centre for Social Research , Surrogate Motherhood: Ethical or commercial, India7. World Health Organization, Assisted Reproduction in developing countries facing up to the issues, International8. World Health Organization, Current Practises and controversies in Assisted Reproduction, International. Osservatorio sul Turismo Procreativo, Report dell'Osservatorio sul Turismo procreativo, Italy9. Italian Government, Legge 40/2004, Italy 10. British Government, Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, United Kingdom 11. It was assumed that whenever an important or official document was directly cited, that had to be a declaration of what actors think. All these documents were then searched and downloaded, and each one of this documents has been assigned to its country of origin. On each one was also performed a SVEN analysis (or Issue Discovery analysis, for italian ones) to find the most important words, with the same kind of process followed for the semantic analysis of the domains (which can be found in this same chapter). Furtherly, it was possible to associate each actors' category of each domain to the document it cited, because during the tagging process it was kept detailed trace of who cited what (or whom). All this information was combined in the visualizations that you can see, which can trigger many interpretations. All this led to some interesting results, that may have many more interpretations (which we want to leave, as usual, to the readers):
CITED DOCUMENTS
Indian documentation (and so its main words and topics) is the most cited of all; The american domain cites quite only indian documentation, with the exception of a little citation of UK's law; The indian domain talks only about its own documentation, and interestingly so does UK; The Italian domain interestingly talks about almost every important document listed; In every domain the most citing actors are the media. In India, USA and UK the most active are Daily Newspapers, while in Italy the most active media are Magazines; The ART Regulation Bill Draft 2010 written by the Indian Council of Medical Research is the most cited document of all. Followed right after by Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on human participants always by the ICMR; Important entities of the texts were very variegated, though they share many semantic spheres. Just like macroactors' categories seen in this same chapter. This analysis has generally been interesting to better understand also the correlations and relationships between the actors of the controversy: talking about the exact same things results anyhow in having topics in common, which is another important step towards the definition of positions inside the controversy. It gives a pretty accurate view of the most important themes cited in every domain by different actors.
117
A RT RE GU L AT I ON B I L L D RA F T 2 0 1 0 / I CM R DAILY N EWSPAP ERS
I ND I A H E A LT H CA RE : I NS P I RI NG P OS S I B I L I T I E S , CH A L L E NGI NG J OU RNE Y / CI I
MAG AZ IN ES
E T H I CA L GU I D E L I NE S FOR B I OM E D I CA L RE S E A RCH ON H U M A N PA RT I CI PA NTS / I CM R
B I RT H I NG A M A RK E T SAMA
C L IN IC S & DOC TORS ORG AN IZAT ION S G OVERN MENT
RE P ORT 2 2 8 / L AW COM M I S S I ON OF I ND I A S U RROGAT E M OT H E RH OOD : E T H I CA L OR COM M E RCI A L / CS R
AC T IVISTS ENC YC LOP EDIA
A RT RE GU L AT I ON B I L L D RA F T 2 0 1 0 / I CM R
DAILY N EWSPAP ERS E T H I CA L GU I D E L I NE S FOR B I OM E D I CA L RE S E A RCH ON H U M A N PA RT I CI PA NTS / I CM R MAG AZ IN ES
After all the steps seen before, it was possible to create a complete cosmography of opinions about the topic. This visualization12 is aimed to give a complete overview of what everyone says about surrogacy and surrogacy in India and covers the whole range of possibilities found through the research process on the corpus13. It has been crafted by hand after the precious work made in the semantic analysis phase, that let our team to perform a wise categorization of opinions found while reading and tagging the original corpus and its integrations.
S U RROGAT E M OT H E RH OOD : E T H I CA L OR COM M E RCI A L / CS R C L IN IC S & DOC TORS ORG AN IZAT ION S G OVERN MENT UN IVERSIT Y & SC IENT IF IC C OMMUN IT Y AG ENC IES AC T IVISTS
CU RRE NT P RAT I CE I N A S S I ST E D RE P ROD UCT I ON / WORL D H E A LT H ORGA NI ZAT I ON OS S E RVATORI O S U L T U RI S M O P ROCRE AT I VO L E GGE 4 0 /2 0 0 4 / I T GOV H U M A N F E RT I L I S AT I ON A ND E M B RI OLOGY ACT / U K GOV
120
COSMOGRAPHY
COSMOGRAPHY
121 YES SURROGACY
NO SURROGACY
IMPARTIAL
YES SURROGACY BUT
YES SURROGACY IN INDIA
IMPARTIAL
NO SURROGACY IN INDIA
YES SURROGACY IN INDIA BUT
It violates children’s rights Motherhood is sacred It’s unnatural Against religion It’s just a way to avoid pain
help single help gay people
Life is not for sale
help against infertility
One can choose the embryo(s)
Lets HIV infected people to have children
Unethical
Lets one have a biological child
It’s a dehumanized prostitution
Lets one choose the genetic traits You are served by great doctors and structures Lets one have a family It is just a job Better than adoption
mothers’ age
Generates legal problems
Needs international regulamentation
Dangerous for health
Not for gays and singles
Against women’s rights
Depends on regulamentation
Not for LGBT people
Needs regulamentation of commercial surrogacy
Psychological problems for surrogate mothers
IMPARTIAL
YES BUT
IMPARTIAL YES SURROGACY
NO SURROGACY YES SURROGACY IN INDIA
NO SURROGACY IN INDIA
YES BUT Helps poor women Helps single people Helps gay people Helps against infertility Lets HIV infected people to have children It’s convenient: not expensive It has religious approval Good for indian business It’s a win-win situation You are served by great doctors and structures It’s an emancipation method for surrogate mothers Lets one have a family Lets one choose the baby from a database As long as it follows ICMR guidelines As long as it’s legal As long as intended parents’ name is in birth certificate House of surrogates are good Lets one have a biological child It is just a job
It’s exploitation of poor, uneducated women Needs regulamentation The ART Bill must be rewritten The ART Bill must become a law
Creates psychological problems to surrogate mothers Women’s rights are not respected Citizenship problems
Must be also for gays and singles
Creates psychological problems to babies
Not for gays and single people
Children’s rights are not respected
More protection for surrogate mothers
It shouldn’t generate a business
It should require the Medical VISA
It’s dangerous for women
It shouldn’t require the Medical VISA
Causes social stigma
Just for countries where surrogacy is legal There’s no law to protect surrogates Only in certified clinics Need to consider phisical/emotional implications There must be a contract easy to understand As long as intended parents’ name is in birth certificate Surrogate mother must be single Surrogate mother must sign permission for passport Need to protect children’s rights Need to regulate all the services elated to surrogacy
Life is not for sale It has no religious approval Not right for LGBT people It has legal problems It generates financial problems It generates ethical problems One can choose the embryo(s) House of surrogates are unethical
Ethic/Religion Ethical/ ReligionSphere Sphere Family Sphere
Family Sphere Medical Sphere
Medical Sphere Woman Sphere
Woman Sphere Commercial Sphere
Commercial Sphere Legislative Sphere Sphere Legislative
120
COSMOGRAPHY
COSMOGRAPHY
121 YES SURROGACY
NO SURROGACY
IMPARTIAL
YES SURROGACY BUT
YES SURROGACY IN INDIA
IMPARTIAL
NO SURROGACY IN INDIA
YES SURROGACY IN INDIA BUT
It violates children’s rights Motherhood is sacred It’s unnatural Against religion It’s just a way to avoid pain
help single help gay people
Life is not for sale
help against infertility
One can choose the embryo(s)
Lets HIV infected people to have children
Unethical
Lets one have a biological child
It’s a dehumanized prostitution
Lets one choose the genetic traits You are served by great doctors and structures Lets one have a family It is just a job Better than adoption
mothers’ age
Generates legal problems
Needs international regulamentation
Dangerous for health
Not for gays and singles
Against women’s rights
Depends on regulamentation
Not for LGBT people
Needs regulamentation of commercial surrogacy
Psychological problems for surrogate mothers
IMPARTIAL
YES BUT
IMPARTIAL YES SURROGACY
NO SURROGACY YES SURROGACY IN INDIA
NO SURROGACY IN INDIA
YES BUT Helps poor women Helps single people Helps gay people Helps against infertility Lets HIV infected people to have children It’s convenient: not expensive It has religious approval Good for indian business It’s a win-win situation You are served by great doctors and structures It’s an emancipation method for surrogate mothers Lets one have a family Lets one choose the baby from a database As long as it follows ICMR guidelines As long as it’s legal As long as intended parents’ name is in birth certificate House of surrogates are good Lets one have a biological child It is just a job
It’s exploitation of poor, uneducated women Needs regulamentation The ART Bill must be rewritten The ART Bill must become a law
Creates psychological problems to surrogate mothers Women’s rights are not respected Citizenship problems
Must be also for gays and singles
Creates psychological problems to babies
Not for gays and single people
Children’s rights are not respected
More protection for surrogate mothers
It shouldn’t generate a business
It should require the Medical VISA
It’s dangerous for women
It shouldn’t require the Medical VISA
Causes social stigma
Just for countries where surrogacy is legal There’s no law to protect surrogates Only in certified clinics Need to consider phisical/emotional implications There must be a contract easy to understand As long as intended parents’ name is in birth certificate Surrogate mother must be single Surrogate mother must sign permission for passport Need to protect children’s rights Need to regulate all the services elated to surrogacy
Life is not for sale It has no religious approval Not right for LGBT people It has legal problems It generates financial problems It generates ethical problems One can choose the embryo(s) House of surrogates are unethical
Ethic/Religion Ethical/ ReligionSphere Sphere Family Sphere
Family Sphere Medical Sphere
Medical Sphere Woman Sphere
Woman Sphere Commercial Sphere
Commercial Sphere Legislative Sphere Sphere Legislative
position about surrogacy in India
33 54 19 10 4
18 44 15 3 1
7 17 6
6 29 2
2 6 2
7 48
8 1 1 1
2
7 2 3
1 10 1
4 24 4
26 38 16 8
9 31 5 1 2
21 23 21
6 33 4 1 1
4 5 4
1 32 1
23 21 23
0
0
31 55 16 8 5
15 47 11 4
8 28 7
6 29 3 1
5 12 3 1
5 39 2 2
6 10 5
1 10 1
3 19 3
19 35 2 3 10
38 52 7 7 11
7 35 1
2 9
2 12
3 3 3
9 31 2
1 2 1 1
2
3
2
1
7
Daily Newspapers Magazines Doctors & Clinics Organizations Governments Uni & Scientific comm. Agencies Activists Personal Experiences
Daily Newspapers Magazines Doctors & Clinics Organizations Governments Uni & Scientific comm. Agencies Activists Personal Experiences
Daily Newspapers Magazines Doctors & Clinics Organizations Governments Uni & Scientific comm. Agencies Activists Personal Experiences .COM
.co.IN
Daily Newspapers Magazines Doctors & Clinics Organizations Governments Uni & Scientific comm. Agencies Activists Personal Experiences .co.UK
.IT
Psyc h ol ogi c al probl e m s f or su r rogat e m ot h e r s
Not f or L GBT pe opl e
A gai n st w om e n ’s r i gh t s
D an ge rou s f or h e al t h
Ge n e r at e s l e gal probl e m s
I t ’s a de h u m an i ze d prost i t u t i on
Un e t h i c al
On e c an c h oose t h e e m br yo( s)
L i f e i s n ot f or sal e
NO SURROGACY IN INDIA
I t ’s j u st a w ay t o avoi d pai n
A gai n st re l i gi on
I t ’s u n n at u r al
M ot h e r h ood i s sac re d
I t vi ol at e s c h i l dre n ’s r i gh t s
Hou se of su r rogat e s are u n e t h i c al
On e c an c h oose t h e e m br yo( s)
I t ge n e r at e s e t h i c al probl e m s
I t ge n e r at e s f i n an c i al probl e m s
I t h as l e gal probl e m s
Not r i gh t f or L GBT pe opl e
I t h as n o re l i gi ou s approval
L i f e i s n ot f or sal e
Th e re ’s n o l aw t o prot e c t su r rogat e s
C au se s soc i al st i gm a
I t ’s dan ge rou s f or w om e n
I t sh ou l dn ’t ge n e r at e a bu si n e ss
C h i l dre n ’s r i gh t s are n ot re spe c t e d
YES IN INDIA BUT
C re at e s psyc h ol ogi c al probl e m s t o babi e s
C i t i ze n sh i p probl e m s
Wome n ’s r i gh t s are n ot re spe c t e d
C re at e s psyc h ol ogi c al probl e m s t o su r rogat e m ot h e r s
I t ’s e x pl oi t at i on of poor, u n e du c at e d w om e n
Ne e d t o re gu l at e al l t h e se r vi c e s re l at e d t o su r rogac y
DOMAINS POSITIONING
Ne e d t o prot e c t c h i l dre n ’s r i gh t s
S u r rogat e m ot h e r m u st si gn pe r m i ssi on f or passpor t
S u r rogat e m ot h e r m u st be si n gl e
A s l on g as i n t e n de d pare n t s’ n am e i s i n bi r t h c e r t i f i c at e
Th e re m u st be a c on t r ac t e asy t o u n de r st an d
Ne e d t o c on si de r ph i si c al /e m ot i on al i m pl i c at i on s
On l y i n c e r t i f i e d c l i n i c s
Ju st f or c ou n t r i e s w h e re su r rogac y i s l e gal
I t sh ou l dn ’t re qu i re t h e M e d i c al V I S A
I t sh ou l d re qu i re t h e M e d i c al V I S A
YES SURROGACY IN INDIA
M ore prot e c t i on f or su r rogat e m ot h e r s
DOMAINS POSITIONING
Not f or gays an d si n gl e pe opl e
M u st be al so f or gays an d si n gl e s
Th e A R T Bi l l m u st be c om e a l aw
Th e A R T Bi l l m u st be re w r i t t e n
Ne e ds re gu l am e n t at i on
I t i s j u st a j ob
L e t s on e h ave a bi ol ogi c al c h i l d
Hou se of su r rogat e s are good
A s l on g as i n t e n de d pare n t s’ n am e i s i n bi r t h c e r t i f i c at e
A s l on g as i t ’s l e gal
A s l on g as i t f ol l ow s I C M R gu i de l i n e s
L e t s on e c h oose t h e baby f rom a dat abase
L e t s on e h ave a f am i l y
I t ’s an e m an c i pat i on m e t h od f or su r rogat e m ot h e r s
You are se r ve d by gre at doc t or s an d st r u c t u re s
I t ’s a w i n - w i n si t u at i on
Good f or i n d i an bu si n e ss
I t h as re l i gi ou s approval
YES BUT
I t ’s c on ve n i e n t : n ot e x pe n si ve
L e t s HI V i n f e c t e d pe opl e t o h ave c h i l dre n
He l ps agai n st i n f e r t i l i t y
He l ps gay pe opl e
He l ps si n gl e pe opl e
He l ps poor w om e n
Ne e ds re gu l am e n t at i on of c om m e rc i al su r rogac y
D e pe n ds on re gu l am e n t at i on
Not f or gays an d si n gl e s
YES SURROGACY
Ne e ds i n t e r n at i on al re gu l am e n t at i on
Be t t e r t h an adopt i on
I t i s j u st a j ob
L e t s on e h ave a f am i l y
You are se r ve d by gre at doc t or s an d st r u c t u re s
L e t s on e c h oose t h e baby f rom a dat abase
L e t s on e h ave a bi ol ogi c al c h i l d
L e t s HI V i n f e c t e d pe opl e t o h ave c h i l dre n
He l ps agai n st i n f e r t i l i t y
Ratio between the number of times an argument is discussed by the articles in a category and the number of articles of that category
He l ps gay pe opl e
He l ps si n gl e pe opl e
122 123 NO SURROGACY
position about surrogacy in India
33 54 19 10 4
18 44 15 3 1
7 17 6
6 29 2
2 6 2
7 48
8 1 1 1
2
7 2 3
1 10 1
4 24 4
26 38 16 8
9 31 5 1 2
21 23 21
6 33 4 1 1
4 5 4
1 32 1
23 21 23
0
0
31 55 16 8 5
15 47 11 4
8 28 7
6 29 3 1
5 12 3 1
5 39 2 2
6 10 5
1 10 1
3 19 3
19 35 2 3 10
38 52 7 7 11
7 35 1
2 9
2 12
3 3 3
9 31 2
1 2 1 1
2
3
2
1
7
Daily Newspapers Magazines Doctors & Clinics Organizations Governments Uni & Scientific comm. Agencies Activists Personal Experiences
Daily Newspapers Magazines Doctors & Clinics Organizations Governments Uni & Scientific comm. Agencies Activists Personal Experiences
Daily Newspapers Magazines Doctors & Clinics Organizations Governments Uni & Scientific comm. Agencies Activists Personal Experiences .COM
.co.IN
Daily Newspapers Magazines Doctors & Clinics Organizations Governments Uni & Scientific comm. Agencies Activists Personal Experiences .co.UK
.IT
Psyc h ol ogi c al probl e m s f or su r rogat e m ot h e r s
Not f or L GBT pe opl e
A gai n st w om e n ’s r i gh t s
D an ge rou s f or h e al t h
Ge n e r at e s l e gal probl e m s
I t ’s a de h u m an i ze d prost i t u t i on
Un e t h i c al
On e c an c h oose t h e e m br yo( s)
L i f e i s n ot f or sal e
NO SURROGACY IN INDIA
I t ’s j u st a w ay t o avoi d pai n
A gai n st re l i gi on
I t ’s u n n at u r al
M ot h e r h ood i s sac re d
I t vi ol at e s c h i l dre n ’s r i gh t s
Hou se of su r rogat e s are u n e t h i c al
On e c an c h oose t h e e m br yo( s)
I t ge n e r at e s e t h i c al probl e m s
I t ge n e r at e s f i n an c i al probl e m s
I t h as l e gal probl e m s
Not r i gh t f or L GBT pe opl e
I t h as n o re l i gi ou s approval
L i f e i s n ot f or sal e
Th e re ’s n o l aw t o prot e c t su r rogat e s
C au se s soc i al st i gm a
I t ’s dan ge rou s f or w om e n
I t sh ou l dn ’t ge n e r at e a bu si n e ss
C h i l dre n ’s r i gh t s are n ot re spe c t e d
YES IN INDIA BUT
C re at e s psyc h ol ogi c al probl e m s t o babi e s
C i t i ze n sh i p probl e m s
Wome n ’s r i gh t s are n ot re spe c t e d
C re at e s psyc h ol ogi c al probl e m s t o su r rogat e m ot h e r s
I t ’s e x pl oi t at i on of poor, u n e du c at e d w om e n
Ne e d t o re gu l at e al l t h e se r vi c e s re l at e d t o su r rogac y
DOMAINS POSITIONING
Ne e d t o prot e c t c h i l dre n ’s r i gh t s
S u r rogat e m ot h e r m u st si gn pe r m i ssi on f or passpor t
S u r rogat e m ot h e r m u st be si n gl e
A s l on g as i n t e n de d pare n t s’ n am e i s i n bi r t h c e r t i f i c at e
Th e re m u st be a c on t r ac t e asy t o u n de r st an d
Ne e d t o c on si de r ph i si c al /e m ot i on al i m pl i c at i on s
On l y i n c e r t i f i e d c l i n i c s
Ju st f or c ou n t r i e s w h e re su r rogac y i s l e gal
I t sh ou l dn ’t re qu i re t h e M e d i c al V I S A
I t sh ou l d re qu i re t h e M e d i c al V I S A
YES SURROGACY IN INDIA
M ore prot e c t i on f or su r rogat e m ot h e r s
DOMAINS POSITIONING
Not f or gays an d si n gl e pe opl e
M u st be al so f or gays an d si n gl e s
Th e A R T Bi l l m u st be c om e a l aw
Th e A R T Bi l l m u st be re w r i t t e n
Ne e ds re gu l am e n t at i on
I t i s j u st a j ob
L e t s on e h ave a bi ol ogi c al c h i l d
Hou se of su r rogat e s are good
A s l on g as i n t e n de d pare n t s’ n am e i s i n bi r t h c e r t i f i c at e
A s l on g as i t ’s l e gal
A s l on g as i t f ol l ow s I C M R gu i de l i n e s
L e t s on e c h oose t h e baby f rom a dat abase
L e t s on e h ave a f am i l y
I t ’s an e m an c i pat i on m e t h od f or su r rogat e m ot h e r s
You are se r ve d by gre at doc t or s an d st r u c t u re s
I t ’s a w i n - w i n si t u at i on
Good f or i n d i an bu si n e ss
I t h as re l i gi ou s approval
YES BUT
I t ’s c on ve n i e n t : n ot e x pe n si ve
L e t s HI V i n f e c t e d pe opl e t o h ave c h i l dre n
He l ps agai n st i n f e r t i l i t y
He l ps gay pe opl e
He l ps si n gl e pe opl e
He l ps poor w om e n
Ne e ds re gu l am e n t at i on of c om m e rc i al su r rogac y
D e pe n ds on re gu l am e n t at i on
Not f or gays an d si n gl e s
YES SURROGACY
Ne e ds i n t e r n at i on al re gu l am e n t at i on
Be t t e r t h an adopt i on
I t i s j u st a j ob
L e t s on e h ave a f am i l y
You are se r ve d by gre at doc t or s an d st r u c t u re s
L e t s on e c h oose t h e baby f rom a dat abase
L e t s on e h ave a bi ol ogi c al c h i l d
L e t s HI V i n f e c t e d pe opl e t o h ave c h i l dre n
He l ps agai n st i n f e r t i l i t y
Ratio between the number of times an argument is discussed by the articles in a category and the number of articles of that category
He l ps gay pe opl e
He l ps si n gl e pe opl e
122 123 NO SURROGACY
Italy ITALY
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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
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Google Tre n d f o r S u r ro g a c y
ARTICLE S S OU RC E : T HE N Y T I M E S
Google Tre n d f o r S u r ro g a c y
ARTICLE S S OU RC E : T HE GU A RDIA N
Google Tre n d f o r U t e ro I n A ff i t t o
Italy ITALY
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 ta d o su rr
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
FACTS
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
ARTICLE S S OU RC E : LA RE P U BBLI C A
2013 2014
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36
India INDIA
1980
B
B
ab
1978
A
A
GLOBAL EVENTS b fi irt rs h t o IV f F b
126 127 2014
University & Scientific Community
Google Tre n d f o r S u r ro g a c y
ARTICLE S S OU RC E : T HE HI N DU
Google Tre n d f o r S u r ro g a c y
ARTICLE S S OU RC E : T HE N Y T I M E S
Google Tre n d f o r S u r ro g a c y
ARTICLE S S OU RC E : T HE GU A RDIA N
Google Tre n d f o r U t e ro I n A ff i t t o
T E R M S A N A LY S I S
8
RE SEARCH FINDINGS FIN AL REMARKS
129
The aim of this work was to understand the dynamics that regulate the perception of the phenomenon of fertility tourism. It all started with a question: different cultures influence how the same practice is perceived? While exploring the topic, the team stumbled upon the phenomenon of fertility tourism (especially in India), that looked exactly like a way for different cultures to cross national opinions about surrogacy, and it would have been interesting to analyze this "blending". The process you saw in this report led to many interesting results that may lighten up the hidden focal points of this controversy. The team would like to share some of the findings made in the last and most structured parts of the work that are considered to be interesting (as much as leaving and encouraging further interpretations to the readers): The role of media in the equation is extremely important. They seem to be leading the opinion of the mass by showing something to the world and, as for the Nayna Patel case, for example, distorting the perception of the topic: dr Patel seems to be the only surrogacy doctor in India, while very many more clinics exist; The controversy seems to be on an
international level, more than at local level. Opinions vary quite considerably from country to country (although with points in common), and not very much inside every single country. This might be due to cultural heritage. This is so rooted that it results also in different legislations. Where the practice of surrogacy is legal, the general opinion about surrogacy tourism in India is positive. While where the practice is illegal, opinions are more extreme and against the whole surrogacy phenomenon. When surrogacy (and surrogacy in India) is accepted the most recurrent position shared by the different domains (American, British and Indian) regard: the possibility for infertile people to have children too; the possibility for HIV positive people to have healthy children; the possibility, in general, for indian women to emancipate and have a better life while helping people in need, too. When surrogacy (and surrogacy in India) is not accepted the most recurrent position focuses on the theme of exploitation of poor indian women and the general theme of some kind of devious dehumanization of the pregnacy and therefore they define it as some sort of prostitution as well. We hope this work might be useful. We are positively convinced that much more can be understood through this work. From here on, we would like to leave it to you!
T E R M S A N A LY S I S
8
RE SEARCH FINDINGS FIN AL REMARKS
129
The aim of this work was to understand the dynamics that regulate the perception of the phenomenon of fertility tourism. It all started with a question: different cultures influence how the same practice is perceived? While exploring the topic, the team stumbled upon the phenomenon of fertility tourism (especially in India), that looked exactly like a way for different cultures to cross national opinions about surrogacy, and it would have been interesting to analyze this "blending". The process you saw in this report led to many interesting results that may lighten up the hidden focal points of this controversy. The team would like to share some of the findings made in the last and most structured parts of the work that are considered to be interesting (as much as leaving and encouraging further interpretations to the readers): The role of media in the equation is extremely important. They seem to be leading the opinion of the mass by showing something to the world and, as for the Nayna Patel case, for example, distorting the perception of the topic: dr Patel seems to be the only surrogacy doctor in India, while very many more clinics exist; The controversy seems to be on an
international level, more than at local level. Opinions vary quite considerably from country to country (although with points in common), and not very much inside every single country. This might be due to cultural heritage. This is so rooted that it results also in different legislations. Where the practice of surrogacy is legal, the general opinion about surrogacy tourism in India is positive. While where the practice is illegal, opinions are more extreme and against the whole surrogacy phenomenon. When surrogacy (and surrogacy in India) is accepted the most recurrent position shared by the different domains (American, British and Indian) regard: the possibility for infertile people to have children too; the possibility for HIV positive people to have healthy children; the possibility, in general, for indian women to emancipate and have a better life while helping people in need, too. When surrogacy (and surrogacy in India) is not accepted the most recurrent position focuses on the theme of exploitation of poor indian women and the general theme of some kind of devious dehumanization of the pregnacy and therefore they define it as some sort of prostitution as well. We hope this work might be useful. We are positively convinced that much more can be understood through this work. From here on, we would like to leave it to you!