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Z (named zee) is the twenty-sixth and final letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

Few words in the Basic English vocabulary begin with Z, though it occurs in words beginning with other letters. It is the most rarely used letter in written English.

In mathematics, U+2124 ℤ (double-struck capital z) is used to denote the set of integers. Originally ℤ was just a handwritten version of the bold capital Z used in printing but, over time, it has come to be used more frequently in printed works too.

In some forms of English cursive, the capital ‘Q’ is very close in appearance to a numeral two, ‘2’, and many people use the print ‘Q’ instead.

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12 The capital letter ‘L’ is used as the currency sign for the Albanian lek and the Honduran lempira.

It was often used, especially in handwriting, as the currency sign for the Italian lira. It is also infrequently used as a substitute for the pound sign (ÂŁ), which is based on it.

The symbol “D” is used for 500 in Roman numerals.

The Semitic letter Dâlet may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door.

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The letter R is the only letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet in which the uppercase has a closed section and the lowercase does not.

The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canina (canine letter). This phrase has Latin origins: the Latin R was trilled to sound like a growling dog. A good example of a trilling R is the Spanish word for dog, perro.

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7 The letter ‘G’ was introduced in the Old Latin period as a variant of ‘C’ to distinguish voiced /g/ from voiceless /k/.

According to some records, the original seventh letter, ‘Z’, had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the 3rd century BC by the Roman censor Appius Claudius, who found it distasteful and foreign

In English, the letter appears either alone or in some digraphs.

There are many English words of non-Romance origin where ‘g’ is hard though followed by ‘e’ or ‘i’ (e.g. get, gift), and a few in which ‘g’ is soft though followed by ‘a’ such as gaol, margarine, and an alternative pronunciation of vegan.

6 Graphically it originally probably depicted either a hook or a club. It may have been based on a comparable Egyptian hieroglyph such as that which represented the word mace

In the English writing system ‘f’ is used to represent the sound /f/. It is commonly doubled at the end of words.

Exceptionally, it represents the voiced sound /v/ in the common word “of”

Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from Phoenician times until today.

The name of the Phoenician letter was eyn, meaning “eye�, and indeed its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding Egyptian hieroglyph, c.f. Proto-Sinaitic script).

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24 Usually in art or fashion, the use of X indicates a collaboration with two or more artists.

The application extends to any other kinds of collaboration outside the art world. Originally started in Japan.

Other languages use O for various values, usually back vowels which are at least partly open

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Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, and Finnish, use ‘h’ as a breathy voiced glottal fricative [h], often as an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced environment.

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With the introduction of printing, the modern form ‘s’ began to be used at the end of words by some printers. Later, it was used everywhere in print and eventually spread to manuscript letters as well.

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The modern lowercase ‘g’ has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes opentail) ‘Opentail g.svg’ and the double-story (sometimes looptail) ‘Looptail g.svg’.

The single-storey form derives from the majuscule (uppercase) form by raising the serif that distinguishes it from ‘c’ to the top of the loop, thus closing the loop, and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left.

In Latin, Y was named I graeca "Greek-i". This was pronounced as E gracka, since the classical Greek sound /y/, similar to modern German 端 or French u, was not a native sound for Latin speakers, and the letter was initially only used to spell foreign words

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TYPOGRAPHY I

FALL 2014

DENZEL BOYD