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the threat of such destruc tive force hanging over the wor ld, Eisenhower, with the leaders of the Br itish, French, and Russian gover nments, met at G eneva in July 1955. The President proposed that the United States and Russia exchange bluepr ints of each other ’s militar y establishments and “provide within our countr ies facilities for aer ial photography to the other countr y.” The Russians greeted the proposal with silence, but were so cordial throughout the meetings that tensions relaxed.

New S er ies: “Amer ican Presidents 1900-2012”

D w ig ht D. Ei se nhowe r Br inging to the Presidenc y his prestige as commanding general of the vic tor ious forces in Europe dur ing Wor ld War II, D wight D. Eisenhower obtained a truce in Korea and wor ked incessantly dur ing his t wo ter ms to ease the tensions of the Cold War. He pursued the moderate policies of “M oder n R epublicanism,” pointing out as he lef t office, “Amer ica is today the strongest, most influential, and most produc tive nation in the wor ld.” B or n in Texas in 1890, brought up in Abilene, K ansas, Eisenhower was the third of seven sons. He excelled in spor ts in high school, and received an appointment to West Point. Stationed in Texas as a second lieutenant, he met M amie G eneva D oud, whom he mar r ied in 1916.

Allied Forces landing in Nor th Afr ica in November 1942; on D -Day, 19 44, he was Supreme Commander of the troops invading France.

Suddenly, in S eptember 1955, Eisenhower suffered a hear t attack in D enver, Colorado. Af ter seven weeks he lef t the hospi tal, and in Februar y 1956 doc tors repor ted his recover y. I n November he was elec ted for his second ter m. I n domestic polic y the President pursued a middle course, continuing most of the New D eal and Fair D eal programs, emphasizing a balanced budget. As desegregation of schools began, he sent troops into Little R ock , Ar k ansas, to assure compliance with the orders of a Federal cour t; he also ordered the complete desegregation of the Ar med Forces. “ There must be no second class citizens in this countr y,” he wrote.

Af ter the war, he became President of Columbia Universit y, then took leave to assume supreme command over the new NATO forces being assembled in Eisenhower concentrated 1951. R epublican emissar ies to his on maintaining wor ld peace. headquar ters near Par is persuaded He watched with pleasure the him to run for President in 1952. development of his “atoms for peace” program--the loan of “I like I ke” was an ir resistible Amer ican uranium to “ have not ” slogan; Eisenhower won a nations for peaceful pu r poses. sweeping vic tor y. B efore he lef t office in Januar y Negotiating from militar y 1961, for his far m in G e tt ysburg, he strength, he tr ied to reduce the urged the necessit y of maintaining strains of the Cold War. I n 1953, an adequate militar y strength, the signing of a truce brought an but cautioned that vast, longar med peace along the border of continued militar y expenditures S outh Korea. The death of Stalin could breed potential dangers to the same year caused shif ts in our way of life. He concluded with relations with Russia. a prayer for peace “in the goodness New Russian leaders consented of time.” B oth themes remained timely and urgent when he died, to a peace treat y neutralizing af ter a long illness, on M arch 28, Austr ia. M eanwhile, both Russia 1969. and the U nited States had

I n his ear ly Ar my career, he excelled in staff assignments, ser ving under G enerals John J. Pershing, D ouglas M acAr thur, and Walter K rueger. Af ter Pear l Har bor, G eneral G eorge C. M a rshall called him to Washington for a war plans developed hydrogen bombs. With assignment. He commanded the 2 Desert Loca L News © May 30, 2011 “Me MoriaL Day”

Congratulations

Desert Hot Springs Senior Center 1st annual Extra Effort Awards Gloria Behenna aka Queen of Thursdays Connie Taylor of the Chamber of Commerce and Erin Begley director of the Senior Center program handed out the awards. Photo by Bruce Montgomery

Wind is our friend! Ph oto by Bru ce M o ntgo mer y

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World War I

Desert Loca L News © May 30, 2011 “Me MoriaL Day”

Wor ld War I or the First Wor ld War, commonly abbreviated as W WI and for mer ly ca lled the Great War, was a major war centred in Europe that began in the summer of 1914 and lasted until November 1918. I t involved all of the wor ld ’s great powers,[4] assembled in t wo opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Tr iple Entente) and the Central Powers. [5] M ore than 70 million militar y personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in histor y.[6][7] M ore than 9 million combatants were k illed, largely because of great technological advances in firepower without cor responding advances in mobil it y. I t was th e second deadliest conflic t in Wester n histor y.[8] The assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austr ia, the heir to the throne of Austr ia-Hungar y, was the proximate tr igger of the war. Long-ter m causes, such as imper ialistic foreign policies of the great powers of Europe, such as the G er man Empire, the Austro Hungar ian Empire, the O ttoman Empire, the Russian Empire, the Br itish Empire, France, and I taly, played a m ajor role. Ferdinand ’s assassination by a Yugoslav nationalist resulted in a Habsburg ultimatum against the K i ngdom of S er bia.[9] [10] S everal alliances for med over the past decades were invoked, so within weeks the m ajor powers were at war ; via their colonies, the conflic t soon spread around the wor ld.

On 28 July, the conflic t opened with the Austro Hungar ian invasion of S er bia,[11] [12] followed by the G er man invasion of B elgium, Luxembourg and France; and a Russian attack against G er many. Af ter the G er man march on Par is was brought to a halt, the Wester n Front settled into a static battle of attr ition with a trench line that changed little until 1917. I n the East, the Russian ar my successfully fought against the

Austro -Hungar ian forces but was forced back by the G er man ar my. Additional fronts opened af ter the O ttoman Empire joined the war in 1914, I taly and Bulgar ia in 1915 and R omania in 1916. The Russian Empire collapsed in 1917, and Russia lef t the war af ter the O c tober R evolution later that year. Af ter a 1918 G er man offensive along the wester n front, United States forces entered the trenches and the Allies drove back the G er man ar mies in a ser ies of successful offensives. G er many agreed to a cease -fire on 11 November 1918, later k nown as Ar mistice Day. B y the war ’s end, four major imper ial powers—the G er man, Russian, Austro -Hungar ian and O ttoman Empires—had been militar ily and politically defeated. The latte r t wo ceased to exist.[13] The revolutionised S oviet Union emerged from the Russi an Empire, while the map of central Europe was completely redrawn into several smaller states. [14] The League of Nations was for med in the hope of preventing another such conflic t. The European nationalism spawned by the war and the break up of empires, and the repercussions of G er many ’s defeat and the Treat y of Versailles led to the beginning of Wor ld War II in 1939.[15]

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Crew C-15 (normally as

Maj. Charles W. Sw 1st. Lt. (Charles Do

2nd Lt. Fred Olivi, c Capt. James Van Pe

Capt. Raymond “Ker

Cpl Abe Spitzer, rad

Master Sgt. John D.

Staff Sgt Ray Gallag

Staff Sgt Edward Bu

Sgt. Albert Dehart, t

Project Alberta memb Luis Alvarez Harold Agnew Lawrence H. Johnst 6

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World War II

ssigned to The Great Artiste)

weeney, aircraft commander nald) Don Albury, pilot

co-pilot lt, navigator

rmit” Beahan, bombardier

dio operator

. Kuharek, flight engineer

gher, gunner, assistant flight engineer

uckley, radar operator

tail gunner

bers on Hiroshima mission:

Wo r l d War II, o r t he S eco nd Wo r ld Wa r[3 ] (o f ten ab b revi ated as W W II o r W W 2 ), wa s a glo b al m ilit ar y co nf lic t l a s ti n g f ro m 1939 to 1945, whic h i nvo l ve d mo st o f t he wo r ld ’s nat i o ns, i n cl u d i n g a ll o f t he great p ower s: e ve ntu a l l y fo r m i ng t wo o p p o si ng m i l i ta r y a l l iances, t he Alli es and t he Ax i s. I t wa s t he m o st wi desp read wa r i n h i s tor y, wit h m o re t han 100 m i l l i o n m i l it ar y p er so nnel m o b i lised. I n a s tate of “ to t al war,” t he m ajo r p a r ti ci pa nts p laced t heir ent ire e co n o m i c, indust r i al, and sc i ent i f ic ca pa b i l i ti e s at t he ser vice o f t he wa r e ffo r t, erasing t he di st i nc t i o n b e t we e n ci vilian and m i lit ar y re s o u rce s. M ar ked by si gni f ic ant e ve nts i nvolving t he m ass deat h o f ci vi l i a n s, i n c ludi ng t he Ho lo c aust and th e o n l y u s e o f nuc lear weap o ns in wa r f a re, i t was t he deadli est co nf li c t i n h u m a n h isto r y,[ 4] result ing i n 50 m i l l i o n to over 70 m i llio n f at ali t ies. Th e wa r is generally accep ted to h ave be gun o n 1 S ep tem b er 1 9 3 9 , w i th t he invasi o n o f Po land by G e r m a ny and Slovak ia, and s u bs e q u e nt dec larat io ns o f war o n G e r m a ny by France and m o st o f t he co u ntr i e s of t he B r it ish Em p i re and Co m m o nwe alt h. G er m any set o ut to e s ta bl i s h a large em p ire in Euro p e. Fro m l ate 1939 to ear ly 1941, i n a s e r i e s o f cam p ai gns and t reat i es, G e r m a ny co nquered o r sub dued m uc h o f co nti n e nt al Euro p e; am id Naz iS ov i e t a greem ent s, t he no m i nally n e u tra l S oviet U ni o n f ully o r p ar t i ally o ccu p i e d a n d annexed ter r i to r ies o f i ts s i x Eu ro pean nei ghb o ur s. B r i t ai n a n d th e Co mm o nwealt h rem ai ned t he

o nly m ajo r fo rce co nt i nui ng the fig ht agai nst t he A x i s i n No r t h Afr ica a nd in ex tensi ve naval war f are. I n Ju ne 1941, t he Euro p ean A x is lau nched a n invasi o n o f t he S ovi et U nion, giv ing a st ar t to t he largest land t h eatre of wa r in histo r y, whi c h, f ro m t his moment o n, was t y ing down t he ma jor pa r t of t he A x is m ilit ar y p ower. I n D ecember 1941, J ap an, whi c h had b een at wa r wit h China since 1937,[ 5] and aimed to do m i nate Asi a, at t ac ke d the United St ates and Euro p ean p o ss es s ions in t he Pac if ic O cean, quic k ly conqu er ing m uc h o f t he regi o n. The A x i s advance was s topped in 1942 af ter t he defeat o f Japa n in a ser ies o f naval b at t les and af ter defeat s o f Euro p ean A x i s troops in No r t h Af r i c a and, dec is ively, at St alingrad. I n 1943, wi t h a s er ies of G er m an defeat s in Easter n Eu rope, the Alli ed invasi o n o f Fasc ist I taly, a nd Am er ic an vic to r i es i n t he Pacific, the A x is lo st t he init iat ive and u nder took st rategic ret reat o n all f ronts. I n 1 9 4 4 , t he Wester n Alli es i nvaded Fra nce, while t he S ovi et U ni o n reg a ined all ter r i to r ial lo sses and i nva ded G er m any and it s allies. The war in Euro p e ended with the c ap t ure o f B er lin by S oviet and Polis h t ro o p s and t he sub sequent G er man unco ndi t io nal sur render on 8 M ay 1945. The J ap anese Nav y wa s defeated by t he U nited St ates, and invas ion o f t he J ap anese Arc hi p elag o (“Home Islands” ) b ec am e i m m inent. The war in Asi a ended o n 15 August 1 9 4 5 when J ap an agreed to sur rende r.

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Korean War 38t h Pa ra l l e l The Korean War (25 June 1950 – ar mistice signed 27 July 1953[28]) was a militar y conflic t bet ween S outh Korea, suppor ted by the United Nations, and Nor th Korea, suppor ted by the People’s R epublic of China (PR C ), with militar y mater ial aid from the S oviet Union. The war was a result of the physical division of Korea by an agreement of the vic tor ious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of Wor ld War II.

The Korean peninsula was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the end of Wor ld War II. Following the sur render of Japan in 1945, Amer ican administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th Parallel, with United States troops occupying the souther n par t and S oviet troops occupying the nor ther n par t.[29]

political border bet ween the t wo Koreas. Although reunification negotiations continued in the months preceding the war, tension intensified. Cross-border sk ir mishes and raids at the 38th Parallel persisted. The situation escalated into open war fare when Nor th Korean forces invaded S outh Korea on 25 June 1950.[30] I t was the first significant ar med conflic t of the Cold War.[31]

The failure to hold free elec tions throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division bet ween the t wo sides, and the Nor th established a Communist gover nment. The 38th Parallel increasingly became a

The United Nations, par ticular ly the United States, came to the aid of S outh Korea in repelling the invasion. A rapid UN counteroffensive drove the Nor th Koreans past the 38th Parallel and almost to the Yalu R iver, and

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the People’s R epublic of China (PR C ) entered the war on the side of the Nor th.[30] The Chinese launched a counteroffensive that pushed the United Nations force s back across the 38th Parallel. The S oviet Union mater ially aided the Nor th Korean and Chinese ar mies. I n 1953, the war ceased with an ar mistice that restored the border bet ween the Koreas near the 38th Parallel and created the Korean D emilitar ized Zone (DMZ), a 2.5-mile (4.0 k m) wid e buffer zone bet ween the t wo Koreas. M inor outbreaks of fighting continue to the present day. With both Nor th and S outh Korea sponsored by ex ter nal powers, the Korean Wa r was a prox y war. From a militar y science perspec tive, it combined strategies and tac tics of Wor ld War I and Wor ld War II: it began with a mobile campaign of swif t infantr y attacks followed by air bombing raids, but became a static trench war by July 1951.

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Vietn a m Wa r War from 1954 to 1975 bet ween communist Nor th Vietnam and US -backed S outh Vietnam, in which Nor th Vietnam aimed to conquer S o uth Vietnam and unite the countr y as a communist state. Nor th Vietnam was suppor ted by communist rebels from S outh Vietnam, the Vietcong. The USA, in suppor ting the S outh against the Nor th, aimed to prevent the spread of communism in S outheast Asia, but at the end of the war Nor th and S outh Vietnam were reunited as a socialist republic. Following the division of French I ndochina into Nor th and S outh Vietnam and the Vietnamese defeat of the French in 1954, US involvement in S outheast Asia grew through the S outheast Asia Treat y Organization (SEATO) pac t. Non- communist S outh Vietnam was viewed, in the contex t of

the 1950s and the Cold War, as a bulwar k against the spread of communism throughout S outheast Asia. Advisers and militar y aid were dispatched to the region at increasing levels because of the so - called domino theor y, which contended that the fall of S outh Vietnam would precipitate the collapse of neighbour ing states. The USA spent $141 billion on aid to the S outh Vietnamese gover nment, but cor ruption and inefficienc y led the USA to assume ever greater responsibilit y for the war effor t, until 1 million US combat troops were engaged. I n the USA, the draf t, the high war casualties, the use of toxins such as napalm and Agent Orange, and the undeclared nature of the war resulted in growing domestic resistance, which caused social unrest and forced President Lyndon Johnson

to abandon re - elec tion plans. President R ichard N ixon first expanded the war to Laos and Cambodia but finally phased out US involvement; his national secur it y adviser Henr y K issinger negotiated a peace treat y in 1973 with Nor th Vietnam, which soon conquered S outh Vietnam and united the nation. S ome 200,000 S outh Vietnamese soldiers, 1 million Nor th Vietnamese soldiers, and 500,000 civilians were k illed; 56,555 US soldiers were k illed 1961–75. The war destroyed 50% of the countr y ’s forest cover and 20% of agr icultural land. Cambodia, a neutral neighbour, was bombed by the USA 1969–75, with 1 million k illed or wounded. Although US forces were never militar ily defeated, Vietnam was considered a humiliating political defeat for the USA.

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Timeline of United States military operations 1900 - 2011 Present 1 90 0–1 909

[RL 3 0 1 7 2 ]

1 90 0 – Ch ina . M ay 24 to S e p te m b e r 2 8. B oxer R e b e l l i on Am e r i ca n tro o p s par tic ipate d i n op e rat i o n s to pro te c t fo re ign live s d ur i ng t he B oxe r u pr isin g, pa r t i c ul a r l y at Pe k i n g. Fo r many years a f te r t hi s ex p e r i e n ce a per man e nt l e gat i on gu a rd wa s maintain ed i n Pe k i ng, a n d wa s st re n gth en e d at t i me s a s tro u b l e t hreaten ed. [ R L30172]

1 9 0 3 – 1 4 – Panam a. U S fo rces so ught to p ro te c t Am er i c an i nterest s a n d l i ve s d ur ing and fo llowi ng th e re vo l u t io n fo r indep endence f ro m Co l o mb ia over co nst r uc t io n o f th e Is th mian Canal. Wit h b r i ef i nte r m i s s i ons, U nited St ates M ar ines we re s tati o ned o n t he Ist hm us f ro m N ove m be r 4 , 1903, to J anuar y 21, 1 9 1 4 to g u ard Am er i c an i nterest s. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ]

1 90 1 – Col omb i a ( St ate o f Pa n a m a ). November 20 to D e ce mbe r 4 . (S e e : S eparation of Pa na ma f ro m Co l o m bi a ) US forces p rote c te d Am e r i ca n proper t y on t he I st hmus a n d k e p t t ran sit lin e s op e n d ur i ng s e r i o u s revolution a r y d i st ur b a nce s. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 90 2 – Col omb i a . – Ap r i l 1 6 to 2 3 . U S fo rces prote c te d Am e r i ca n l i ve s a n d proper t y at B oc a s d e l To ro d u r i n g a c ivil war.[ RL30172] 1 90 2 – Col omb i a ( St ate o f Pa n a m a ). S eptember 17 to N ove m b e r 1 8 . Th e United State s p l a ce d a r m e d g u a rd s o n al l train s c rossi ng t he I st h m u s to k e e p t he railroa d l i ne op e n, a n d s tati o n e d ships on b ot h si d e s of Pa n a m a to prevent the l a nd i ng of Co l o m bi a n t ro ops.[ RL30172]

1 9 0 4 – D o minic an R ep ub lic. J anuar y 2 to Fe bru a r y 11. Am er i c an and B r it ish n ava l fo rces est ab lished an area in w h i ch n o fi ght ing wo uld b e allowed a n d pro te c ted Am er i c an i nterest s i n Pu e r to Pl ata and S o sua and S anto D o m i n g o Ci t y dur i ng revo lut io nar y f i g hti n g. [RL30172] 1 9 0 4 – Ta n gi er, M o ro cco. “ We want e i th e r Pe rd i c ar i s alive o r R aisuli dead.” A s q u a d ro n dem o nst rated to fo rce re l e a s e o f a k idnap p ed Am er i c an. M a r i n e s were landed to p ro tec t t he co n s u l g e n eral.[ R L 30172] 1 9 0 4 – Pa nam a. Novem b er 17 to 24. U. S fo rce s pro tec ted Am er i c an li ves a n d p ro p e r t y at Anco n at t he t i m e o f a th re ate n e d i nsur rec t i o n.[ R L 30172]

1 90 3 – Hond ura s. M a rc h 2 3 to 3 0 o r 3 1. US force s p rote c te d th e Am e r i ca n co nsulate a nd t he ste a m s h i p w h a r f at Pu er to Cor te s d ur i ng a pe r i o d o f revolution a r y a c t i v i t y. [ RL 3 0 1 7 2 ]

1 9 0 4 – 0 5 – K o rea. J anuar y 5, 1904, to N ove m ber 11, 1905. A guard o f M a r i n e s wa s sent to p ro tec t t he Am e r i ca n l e gat io n in S eo ul dur ing t he Ru s s o -Ja panese War.[ R L 30172]

1 90 3 – D om i ni c a n R e p ub l i c. M a rch 3 0 to Apr il 2 1. A d e t a c hm e nt o f m a r i n e s was lan ded to p rote c t Am e r i ca n inte rests in t he c i t y of S a nto D o m i n g o du r in g a re vol ut i ona r y o u tb re a k . [R L 30172]

1 9 0 6 – 0 9 – Cub a. S ep tem b er 1906 to Ja n u a r y 2 3 , 1909. U S fo rces so ught to p ro te c t interest s and re - est ab li sh a g ove r n m e nt af ter revo lut i o nar y a c ti vi t y. [RL 30172]

1 90 3 – Sy r i a . S e p te mb e r 7 to 1 2 . US forces p rote c te d t he Am e r i ca n co nsulate i n B e i r ut w he n a l o ca l M u slim up r i si ng wa s fe a re d. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 90 3–0 4 – Abyssi ni a ( Et h i o pi a ). Twe nt y-five M a r i ne s we re s e nt to Abyssin ia to p rote c t t he U S Co n s u l G en eral whi l e he ne got i ate d a tre at y.

1 9 0 7 – H o nduras. M arc h 18 to J une 8. To p ro te c t Am er i c an interest s dur i ng a wa r be t we e n Ho nduras and N i c aragua, tro o ps we re st at i o ned in Tr uji llo, Ce i ba , Pu e r to Co r tes, S an Pedro Sula, L a g u n a a n d C ho lo m a.[ R L 30172] [e d i t]1 9 1 0 –1919 1 9 1 0 – N i caragua. M ay 19 to

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S ep tem b er 4, 1910. O cc upation o f N i c aragua U S fo rces p rotec ted Am er ic an i nterest s at B luefields. [ R L 30172] 1911 – Ho nduras. J anuar y 2 6 . Am er ic an naval det ac hm e nts were landed to p ro tec t Am er i c an lives and i nterest s dur ing a c iv il war in Ho nduras.[ R L 30172] 1911 – China. As t he To ngmeng hu iled Xinhai R evo lut i o n ap proa ched, in O c to b er an ensign and 1 0 men t r ied to enter Wuc hang to res cu e m i ssio nar i es b ut ret i red on being war ned away, and a sm all landing fo rce guarded Am er ic an pr ivate p ro p er t y and co nsulate at Ha nkow. M ar ines were dep loyed in November to guard t he c ab le st at io ns at Shanghai ; landing fo rces were s ent fo r p ro tec t io n in Nank i ng, Chink iang, Tak u and elsewhere.[ R L 30 1 7 2 ] 1912 – Ho nduras. A sm all force landed to p revent sei z ure by t he g over nment o f an Am er i c an- owned railroad at Puer to Co r tes. The fo rces were wit hdrawn af ter t he U ni ted States disap p roved t he ac t io n.[ RL3 0 1 7 2 ] 1912 – Panam a. Tro o p s, o n requ es t o f b o t h p o lit ic al p ar t ies, su per v is ed elec t i o ns o ut si de t he Pana ma Ca na l Zo ne.[ R L 30172] 1912 – Cub a. J une 5 to Au g u s t 5 . U.S. fo rces p ro tec ted Am er ic an interes ts in t he p rovince o f Or iente a nd in Havana.[ R L 30172] 1912 – China. August 24 to 2 6 , o n K ent uc k y Island, and Au g u s t 26 to 30 at Cam p N ic ho lson. US fo rces p ro tec ted Am er ic an s a nd Am er ic an i nterest s dur ing the Xinha i R evo lut i o n.[ R L 30172] 1912 – Tur key. Novem b er 1 8 to D ecem b er 3. U.S. fo rces guarded the Am er ic an legat io n at Co nstantinople dur i ng t he Fir st B alk an Wa r[RL3 0 1 7 2 ] 1912–25 – N i c aragua. Aug u s t to Novem b er 1912. U.S. forces p ro tec ted Am er ic an i ntere s ts du r ing

an attemp te d re vol ut i o n . A s m a l l fo rce, ser v i ng a s a l e gati o n g u a rd an d seek i ng to p romote pe a ce a n d st a bilit y, re ma i ne d unt il Au g u s t 5 , 1 92 5.[ RL 3 0172] 1 91 2–4 1 – C hi na . The d i s o rd e rs w h i ch began with t he ove r t hrow o f th e dy n ast y d ur i ng Kuomi nta n g re be l l i o n in 1912, w hi c h we re re d i re c te d by t he invasi on of C hi na by Ja pa n , l e d to demon strat i ons a nd l a n d i n g pa r ti e s fo r th e prote c t i on of U S i nte re s ts in Ch in a cont i nuousl y a n d at m a ny points fro m 1912 on to 1 9 4 1 . Th e g uard at Pe k i ng a nd a l o n g th e ro u te to th e sea wa s m a i nt a i n e d u nti l 1 94 1. I n 1927, t he U ni te d State s h a d 5 , 670 troo p s a shore i n C h i n a a n d 4 4 naval vesse l s i n i t s wate rs. I n 1 9 3 3 t he Un ite d St ate s ha d 3 , 0 2 7 a r m e d men ash o re. The p rote c ti ve a c ti o n was gen era l l y b a se d on tre ati e s w i th Ch in a con c l ud e d f rom 1 8 5 8 to 1 9 0 1 . [R L 30172] 1 91 3 – M ex i co. S e p te mbe r 5 to 7 . A few mar ine s l a nd e d at Ci a r i s E s te ro to aid in eva c uat i ng Am e r i ca n ci ti ze n s an d oth er s f rom t he Ya q u i Va l l e y, made dan ge rous for fore i gn e rs by ci vi l st r ife.[ RL 30172] 1 91 4 – Ha i t i . J a nua r y 29 to Fe b ru a r y 9 , Febr u ar y 20 a nd 21, O c to be r 1 9. I nter mi t te nt l y U S nava l fo rce s protec ted Am e r i c a n nat i o n a l s i n a time of r i ot i ng a nd re vo l u ti o n . [R L 30172] The sp e c i f i c o rd e r f ro m th e S ec retar y of t he N av y to th e i nva s i o n comman d e r, Ad mi ra l Wi l l i a m D e v i l l e Bu n dy, wa s to “p rote c t Am e r i ca n a n d fo reign” inte re st s. [ c i t ati o n n e e d e d ] 1 91 4 – D om i ni c a n R e p u b l i c. Ju n e an d Ju ly. D ur i ng a re vol u ti o n a r y movement, U ni te d St ate s n ava l fo rce s by gun fire stop p e d t he bo m b a rd m e nt o f Puer to Pl at a , a nd by th re at o f fo rce maintain e d S a nto D omi n g o Ci t y a s a ne utral zone. [ R L30172] 1 91 4–1 7 – M ex i co. Ta mp i co Af fa i r l e d to O cc upat i on of Ve ra c r u z , M ex i co. Un dec lare d M ex i c a n-Am e r i ca n hostilities fol l owe d t he Ta m p i co Af fa i r an d Villa’s ra i d s . Al so Pa n ch o Vi l l a E xpedition) – a n a b or t i ve m i l i ta r y o peration cond uc te d by th e U n i te d St ates Ar my a ga i nst t he m i l i ta r y fo rce s o f Fran cis co “ Pa nc ho” Vi l l a f ro m 1 9 1 6 to 1917 a nd i nc l ud e d c a p tu re o f Ve ra Cruz. On M a rc h 19, 1915 o n o rd e rs from Presi d e nt Wood row Wi l s o n , a n d w ith tac it conse nt by Ve n u s ti a n o Ca r ran za G e ne ra l J ohn J. Pe rs h i n g l e d an invasion force of 10, 0 0 0 m e n i nto M exico to c a p t ure Vi l l a .[RL 3 0 1 7 2 ]

1 9 1 5 – 3 4 – Hai t i. J uly 28, 1915, to Au g u s t 1 5 , 1934. U ni ted St ates o ccu p ati o n o f Hai t i 1915–1934 U S fo rce s m a int ained o rder dur ing a p e r i o d o f c hro ni c p o li t ic al i nst ab i lit y. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] D ur ing t he i nit ial ent rance i nto H a i ti , t he sp ec i f ic o rder f ro m t he S e cre ta r y o f t he Nav y to t he i nvasi o n co m m a n d e r, Adm i ral William D eville B u n d y, was to “p ro tec t Am er i c an and fo re i gn” i nterest s.[ c it at io n needed] 1 9 1 6 – C h i na. Am er ic an fo rces l a n d e d to quell a r i o t t ak i ng p lace o n Am e r i c an p ro p er t y in Nank i ng. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 9 1 6 – 2 4 – D o m i nic an R ep ub lic. M ay 1 9 1 6 to S e p tem b er 1924. O cc up at io n o f th e D o mi nic an R ep ub lic Am er ic an n ava l fo rces m aint ained o rder dur ing a p e r i o d o f c hro nic and t hreatened i n s u r re c ti o n.[ R L 30172] 1 9 1 7 – C h i na. Am er ic an t ro o p s were l a n d e d at C hungk i ng to p ro tec t Am e r i ca n li ves dur ing a p o li t ic al cr i s i s. [RL 30172] 1 9 1 7 – 1 8 – Wo r ld War I. On Ap r i l 6, 1 9 1 7 , th e U ni ted St ates dec lared war w i th G e r many and o n D ecem b er 7, 1 9 1 7 , w i th Aust r i a- Hungar y. Ent rance o f th e U n i ted St ates into t he war was p re ci p i tated by G er m any ’s sub m ar ine wa r f a re a g ainst neut ral ship p ing and th e Z i m m e r m ann Telegram .[ R L 30172]

were landed at and near Vla divos tok in J une and J uly to p ro tec t the Am er ic an co nsulate and other p o i nt s in t he f ight ing b et ween the B o lshevi k t ro o p s and t he C zech Ar my whic h had t raver sed Sib e r ia from the wester n f ro nt. A jo i nt p roclamation o f em ergenc y gover nm ent and neut ralit y was i ssued by the Amer ican, J ap anese, B r it ish, Frenc h , and C zech co m m ander s i n J uly. I n Au g u s t 7 ,0 0 0 m en were landed i n Vlad ivos tok and rem ai ned unt il J anua r y 1 9 2 0 , a s p ar t o f an alli ed o cc up ation force. I n S ep tem b er 1918, 5,000 Amer ica n t ro o p s jo ined t he alli ed inter vention fo rce at Arc hangel and re mained u ntil J une 1919. These o p erat ions were in resp o nse to t he B o lshevik revolu tion in R ussia and were p ar t ly s u ppor ted by C z ar ist o r K erensk y elements. [ R L 30172] Fo r det ails, see the Am er ic an Ex p edit io nar y Force Siber ia and t he Am er i c an Ex p editiona r y Force No r t h R ussi a. 1919 – Dalm at ia (Cro at i a ). US forces were landed at Trau at t h e requ es t o f I t alian aut ho r i t ies to police order b et ween t he I t alians and S er bs. [ R L 30172] 1919 – Tur key. M ar i nes f rom the U SS Ar izo na were landed to g u ard t he U S Co nsulate dur i ng the G reek o cc up at io n o f Co nst ant inople. [ R L 30172]

1 9 1 7 – 2 2 – Cub a. U S fo rces p ro tec ted Am e r i ca n i nterest s dur ing i nsur rec t i o n a n d s u b s equent unset t led co ndit io ns. M o s t o f th e U nited St ates ar m ed fo rce s l e f t Cub a by August 1919, b ut t wo co m pani es rem ai ned at Cam aguey u nti l Fe bru ar y 1922.[ R L 30172]

1919 – Ho nduras. S ep tember 8 to 12. A landing fo rce was sent as hore to m aint ain o rder i n a ne u tra l zone dur i ng an at tem p ted revolu tion. [ R L 30172]

1 9 1 8 – 1 9 – M ex i co. Af ter wi t hdrawal o f th e Pe rs hing ex p edi t io n, U.S. tro o ps e ntered M ex i co in p ur sui t o f b a n d i ts at least t hree t i m es in 1918 a n d s i x ti m es i n 1919. I n August 1918 Am e r i ca n and M ex ic an t ro o p s fo ught at N o g a l e s, The B at t le o f Am b o s N o g a l e s. The inc ident b egan when G e r m a n s pi es p lo t ted an at t ac k wit h M ex i ca n s oldier s o n No gales Ar izo na. Th e fi g hti n g b egan when a M ex ic an o f fi ce r s h ot and k i lled a U.S. so ldier o n Am e r i c an so il. A f ull sc ale b at t le th e n e n s ued, endi ng wi t h a M ex i c an s u r re n d e r.[ R L 30172]

1920 – China. M arc h 14. A landing fo rce was sent asho re fo r a few hou rs to p ro tec t lives dur ing a dis tu r ba nce at K i uk i ang.[ R L 30172]

1 9 1 8 – 2 0 – Panam a. U S fo rces were u s e d fo r p o li ce dut y acco rding to tre at y s ti pulat io ns, at C hi r iqui , dur ing e l e c ti o n d i st ur b ances and sub sequent u n re s t. [RL 30172] 1 9 1 8 – 2 0 – S oviet U ni o n. M ar i nes

1920–1929

1920 – Guatem ala. Ap r il 9 to 2 7 . U S fo rces p ro tec ted t he Amer ican Legat i o n and o t her Am er ica n interest s, suc h as t he c able s tation, dur i ng a p er i o d o f f ight ing bet ween U ni o nist s and t he G over n ment of Guatem ala.[ R L 30172] 1920–22 – R ussia ( Si b er i a ). Febru a r y 16, 1920, to Novem b er 19 , 1 9 2 2 . A M ar ine guard was sent to protec t t he U ni ted St ates radi o s tation a nd p ro p er t y o n R ussi an Island, Bay of Vladivo sto k .[ R L 30172] 1921 – Panam a and Co st a R ica . Am er ic an naval squadro ns dem o nst rated in Ap r il o n both s ides

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o f t h e Isth mus to p re ve nt wa r be t we e n t he t wo count r i e s ove r a b o u n d a r y dis pu te.[ RL 30172] 19 22 – Tur k e y. S e p te mb e r a n d O c tober. A l a nd i ng force wa s s e nt a s hore with conse nt of b o th G re e k a nd Tu r k ish a ut hor i t i e s, to p ro te c t Amer ic an li ve s a nd p rop e r t y w h e n t he Tu r k ish nat i ona l i st s e nte re d İ z m i r (S my r n a.[ R L30172] 19 22–2 3 – C hi na . Ap r i l 19 2 2 to November 1923. M a r i ne s we re l a n d e d five times to p rote c t Am e r i ca n s d u r i n g p er iods of unre st. [ R L301 7 2 ] 19 24 – Hond ura s. Fe b r uar y 2 8 to M a rc h 31, S e p te mb e r 10 to 1 5 . U. S. fo rces prote c te d Am e r i c an l i ve s a n d interests d ur i ng e l e c t i on h o s ti l i ti e s. [R L30172] 19 24 – Ch in a . – S e p te mbe r. M a r i n e s were lan de d to p rote c t Am e r i ca n s a n d o t he r foreigne r s i n S ha ng h a i d u r i n g C hinese fac t i ona l host i l i t i e s. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 19 25 – Ch in a . J a nua r y 15 to Augu st 29. Fi ght i ng of C h i n e s e fa c tion s accomp a ni e d by r i o ts a n d demon strat i ons i n S ha ng h a i b ro u g ht t he lan din g of Am e r i c a n fo rce s to p ro tec t live s a nd p rop e r t y i n th e I nter n ationa l S e t t l e me nt. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 19 25 – Hond ura s. Ap r i l 19 to 2 1 . U. S. fo rces prote c te d fore i gne rs at L a Ce i b a dur in g a po l i t i c a l up he ava l. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 19 25 – Pana m a . O c tob e r 1 2 to 2 3 . St r ik es an d re nt r i ot s l e d to th e l a ndin g of a b out 600 Am e r i ca n tro o ps to keep ord e r a nd p rote c t Am e r i ca n interests. [R L30172] 19 26–3 3 – N i c a ra gua . M ay 7 to Ju n e 5 , 19 26, an d August 27, 192 6 , to Ja n u a r y 3, 1933. Th e coup d ’é t at o f G e n e ra l C hamor ro a rouse d re vol u ti o n a r y a c t ivities le a d i ng to t he l a n d i n g o f Amer ican m a r i ne s to p ro te c t t he interest s of t he U ni te d State s. United State s force s c a m e a n d we nt inter mittent l y unt i l J a nu a r y 3 , 1 9 3 3 . [R L30172] 19 26 – Ch in a . August a nd S e pte m b e r. The N ation a l i st at t a c k on H a n k ow b ro ught the l a nd i ng of Am e r i ca n naval force s to p rote c t Am e r i ca n cit izen s. A sma l l gua rd wa s m a i nta i n e d at t he con s ul ate ge ne ra l e ve n a f te r S eptember 16, w he n t he re s t o f th e fo rces were w i t hd raw n. L i k e w i s e, w h e n Nat i on alist force s c a p t ure d K i u k i a n g, naval force s we re l a nd e d fo r th e p ro tec tion of fore i gne r s N ove m be r 4 to 6.[ RL 30172]

1 9 2 7 – C h i na. Feb r uar y. Fight ing at Sh a n g h a i ca used Am er ic an naval fo rce s a n d m ar i nes to b e inc reased. I n M a rch a n aval guard was st at i o ned at Am e r i ca n co nsulate at Nank i ng af ter N ati o n a l i s t fo rces c ap t ured t he c i t y. Am e r i ca n and B r i t ish dest royer s later u s e d s h e l l fi re to p ro tec t Am er ic ans a n d o th e r fo reigner s. Sub sequent ly a d d i ti o n a l fo rces o f m ar ines and naval fo rce s we re st at io ned in t he vi c init y o f Sh a n g h a i a nd Ti ent sin.[ R L 30172] 1930–1939 1 9 3 2 – C h i na. Am er i c an fo rces were l a n d e d to p ro tec t Am er ic an i nterest s d u r i n g th e J ap anese o cc up at i o n o f Sh a n g h a i . [R L 30172] 1 9 3 3 – Cu ba. D ur i ng a revo lut i o n a g a i n s t Pre si dent G erardo M ac hado n ava l fo rce s dem o nst rated b ut no l a n d i n g wa s m ade.[ R L 30172] 1 9 3 4 – C h i na. M ar i nes landed at Fo o ch ow to p ro tec t t he Am er ic an Co n s u l ate. [ R L 30172] [e d i t]1 9 4 0 – 1944 1 9 4 0 – N e wfo undland, B er m uda, St. Lu ci a , – Ba ham as, J am ai c a, Ant igua, Tr i n i d a d, a nd B r i t ish Gui ana. Tro o p s we re s e nt to guard ai r and naval b ases o bta i n e d u nder lease by nego t iat io n w i th th e U ni ted K i ngdo m . These were s o m e ti m e s c alled lend- lease b ases b ut we re u n d e r t he D est royer s fo r B ases Agre e m e nt.[ R L 30172] 1 9 4 1 – G re enland. Greenland was ta k e n u n d er p ro tec t io n o f t he U ni ted State s i n Apr il.[ R L 30172] 1 9 4 1 – N e th er lands ( D utc h Guiana) . I n N ove m ber t he President o rdered Am e r i ca n tro o p s to o cc upy D utc h G u i a n a , bu t by agreem ent wi t h t he N e th e r l a n d s gover nm ent i n ex i le, Bra z i l co o perated to p ro tec t alum inum o re s u p p l y f ro m t he b aux i te m i nes i n Su r i n a m e. [RL 30172] 1 9 4 1 – Ice l and. Iceland was t aken u n d e r th e p ro tec t io n o f t he U ni ted State s, w i th co nsent o f i t s gover nm ent re pl a ci n g B r it ish t ro o p s, fo r st rategi c re a s o n s. [RL30172] 1 9 4 1 – G e r m any. S o m et im e i n t he s pr i n g th e President o rdered t he N av y to p at ro l ship lanes to Euro p e. B y Ju l y U S war ship s were co nvoy ing a n d by S e ptem b er were at t ac k ing G e r m a n s u bm ar ines. I n Novem b er, th e N e u tra li t y Ac t was p ar t ly rep ealed to pro te c t US m ilit ar y ai d to B r it ai n. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ]

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1941–45 – Wo r ld War II. O n D ecember 8, 1941, t he U nited St ates decla red war wi t h J ap an i n resp o ns e to the b o m b i ng o f Pear l Har b o r. G er many dec lared war agai nst t he United St ates.[ R L 30172] 1945–1949 1945 – China. I n O c to b er 5 0 ,0 0 0 US M ar ines were sent to No r th China to assi st C hi nese Nat i o nali st a u thor ities in disar m i ng and rep at r i ating the J ap anese in China and in controlling p o r t s, railro ads, and air f i elds. This wa s in addi t io n to ap p rox i m ately 6 0 ,0 0 0 U S fo rces rem ai ning i n China at the end o f Wo r ld War II.[ R L 301 7 2 ] 1945–49 – O cc up at i o n o f pa r t of G er m any. 1945–55 – O cc up at i o n o f pa r t of Aust r i a. 1945–46 – O cc up at i o n o f pa r t of I ta ly. [ c it at io n needed] 1945–52 – O cc up at i o n o f Ja pa n. 1944–46 – Tem p o rar y reo ccu pation o f t he Phi lip p ines dur ing W WI I a nd in p rep arat i o n fo r p revio usly s chedu led indep endence.[ c i t at io n needed] 1945–47 – U S M ar i nes gar r is oned in m ainland C hi na to overs ee the rem oval o f S ovi et and J apa nes e forces af ter Wo r ld War II.[ 3] 1945–49 – Po st W W II o cc u pation of S o ut h K o rea; No r t h K o rean ins u rg enc y in R ep ub li c o f K o rea[ 4] 1946 – Tr i este ( I t aly ) . Pres ident Tr um an o rdered t he i nc rea s e of US t ro o p s alo ng t he zo nal o ccu pation line and t he rei nfo rcem ent of air fo rces in no r t her n I t aly af ter Yu g os lav fo rces sho t down an unar med US Ar my t ransp o r t p lane f ly i ng over Venez i a Giuli a..[ c i t at io n needed] Ear li er U S naval uni t s had been s ent to t he scene.[ R L 30172] L ater the Free Ter r i to r y o f Tr ieste, Zo ne A. 1947 - Greece. U S M ar ines la nd in At hens and assist i n t he re est ab li shm ent o f m o narc hy and the ar rest o f Greek Co m m uni s ts. 1948 – Palest i ne. A m ar ine cons u la r guard was sent to J er usalem to protec t t he U S Co nsul G eneral.[ R L3 0 1 7 2 ] 1948 – B er li n. B er lin Ai r lif t Af ter t he S ovi et U ni o n est ab li sh ed a land b lo c k ade o f t he U S, B r i t is h, and Frenc h sec to r s o f B er lin on Ju ne 2 4 , 1948, t he U nited St ates an d its allies

air lif ted s up p l i e s to B e r l i n u nti l a f te r t he block a d e wa s l i f te d i n M ay 1 9 4 9 . [R L 30172] 1 94 8–4 9 – C hi na . M a r i n e s we re dispatch e d to N a nk i ng to pro te c t t he Amer i c a n E m b a ssy w h e n th e ci t y fell to Comm uni st t roop s, a n d to S han gh ai to a i d i n t he p ro te c ti o n a n d evacu atio n of Am e r i c a n s. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 95 0–1 959 1 95 0–5 3 – K ore a n Wa r. Th e U n i te d St ates res p ond e d to N o r th K o re a n invasion of S out h K ore a by g o i n g to i ts assistan ce, p ur sua nt to U n i te d N ati o n s S ec ur it y Counc i l re sol u ti o n s. U S fo rce s deployed i n K ore a exce e d e d 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 dur in g the l a st ye a r of th e co n f l i c t. O ver 36,6 00 U S m i l i t a r y we re k i l l e d i n ac tion .[ RL30172] 1 95 0–5 5 – For mosa ( Ta iwa n ). I n Ju n e 1 95 0 at the b e gi nni ng o f th e K o re a n War, Pres i d e nt Tr uma n o rd e re d th e US S event h Fl e e t to p re ve nt C h i n e s e Commun i st at t a c ks up o n Fo r m o s a a n d Ch in ese N at i ona l i st op e rati o n s a g a i n s t main lan d C hi na . [ R L3017 2 ] 1 95 4–5 5 – C hi na . N ava l u n i ts evacu ated U S c i v i l i a ns a n d m i l i ta r y per son n e l f rom t he Ta c h e n Is l a n d s. [R L 30172] 1 95 5–6 4 – Vi e t na m . Fi r s t m i l i ta r y advisor s se nt to Vi e t na m o n 1 2 Fe b 1 95 5. B y 1964, U S t roop l e ve l s h a d grown to 21, 000. O n 7 Au g u s t 1 9 6 4 , US Con gre ss a p p rove d G u l f o f To n k i n resolution a f f i r mi ng “Al l n e ce s s a r y measures to re p e l a ny a r m e d atta ck again st th e force s of t h e U n i te d State s. . . to preve nt f ur t he r a g gre s s i o n . . . (a nd) assi st a ny m e mb e r o r p ro to co l st ate of t he S out he a st As i a n Co l l e c ti ve D efen se Tre at y ( S E ATO) re q u e s ti n g assistan ce. . .” [ Vi e t na m ti m e l i n e ] 1 95 6 – Egyp t. A m a r i ne b atta l i o n evacu ated U S nat i ona l s a n d o th e r per son s f rom Al ex a nd r i a d u r i n g th e S uez cr isis. [ R L30172] 1 95 8 – Le b a non. Le b a n o n cr i s i s o f 1 958 M a r i ne s we re l a n d e d i n Leban on at t he i nv i t at i o n o f Pre s i d e nt Ca mille Cha m oun to he l p p ro te c t again st thre ate ne d i nsu r re c ti o n suppor te d f rom t he outs i d e. Th e President ’s a c t i on wa s s u pp o r te d by a Con gressi ona l re sol uti o n p a s s e d i n 1 95 7 th at a ut hor i ze d su ch a c ti o n s i n t hat area of t he wor l d. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 95 9–6 0 – The Ca r i b b e an . S e co n d M ar in e G round Ta sk Force wa s deployed to p rote c t U S n ati o n a l s

fo l l ow i n g t he Cub an revo lut io n. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ]

fo rces were co m ing i nc reas ing ly u nder Co m m unist co nt ro l.[ R L 30 1 7 2 ]

1 9 5 9 – 7 5 – Viet nam War. U S m ilit ar y a d vi s e rs had b een i n S o ut h Viet nam fo r a d e cade, and t heir num b er s h a d be e n i nc reased as t he m i lit ar y p o s i ti o n o f t he S ai go n gover nm ent b e ca m e weaker. Af ter c it ing what he te r m e d were at t ac ks o n U S dest royer s i n th e To n k i n Gulf, President J o hnso n a s k e d i n August 1964 fo r a reso lut i o n ex p re s s i n g U S deter m i nat io n to s u pp o r t f reedo m and p ro tec t p eace i n S o u th e a s t Asi a. Co ngress resp o nded w i th th e To nk in Gulf R eso lut io n, ex p re s s i n g sup p o r t fo r “all necessar y m e a s u re s” t he President m ight t ake to re p e l ar m ed at t ac ks against U S fo rce s a n d p revent f ur t her aggressio n. Fo l l ow i n g t his reso lut i o n, and fo l l ow i n g a Co m m unist at t ac k o n a U S i n s ta l lat i o n in cent ral Vi et nam , th e U n i te d St ates esc alated i t s p a r ti ci pat i o n in t he war to a p eak o f 5 4 3 , 0 0 0 milit ar y p er so nnel by Ap r il 1 9 6 9 . [RL 30172]

1967 – Israel. The U SS L iber t y incident, whereup o n a U nited St ates Nav y Tec hni c al R esearc h Shi p wa s attacked J une 8, 1967 by Israeli a r med forces, k illing 34 and wo unding more than 170 U.S. c rew m em b er s.

1960–1969 1 9 6 2 – Thai land. The Thi rd M ar i ne E x pe d i ti onar y U nit landed o n M ay 17, 1 9 6 2 to s up p o r t t hat co unt r y dur ing th e th re at o f Co m m unist p ressure f ro m o u ts i d e ; by J uly 30, t he 5,000 m ar ines h a d be e n wi t hdrawn.[ R L 30172] 1 9 6 2 – Cu b a. Cub an M issile Cr i si s O n O c to ber 22, President K ennedy i n s ti tu te d a “quarant i ne” o n t he s h i p m e nt o f o f fensi ve m i ssiles to Cub a f ro m th e S ovi et U ni o n. He also war ned S ov i e t U ni o n t hat t he launc hing o f any m i s s i l e f rom Cub a against nat i o ns i n th e We s te r n Hem isp here wo uld b r i ng a b o u t U S nuc lear ret aliat io n o n t he S ov i e t U ni o n. A nego t iated set t lem ent wa s a ch i e ved i n a few days.[ R L 30172] 1 9 6 2 – 7 5 – L ao s. Fro m O c to b er 1962 u nti l 1 9 7 5, t he U ni ted St ates p layed a n i m p o r tant ro le in m i lit ar y sup p o r t o f a nti - Com m unist fo rces i n L ao s. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 9 6 4 – Congo ( Z aire) . The U ni ted State s s e nt fo ur t ransp o r t p lanes to p rovi d e air lif t fo r Co ngo lese t ro o p s d u r i n g a reb elli o n and to t ransp o r t B e l gi a n parat ro o p er s to resc ue fo re i gn e rs.[ R L 30172] 1 9 6 5 – I nvasi o n o f D o m inic an R e pu bl i c. Op erat i o n Power Pac k . The U n i te d States inter vened to p ro tec t l i ve s a n d p ro p er t y dur i ng a D o m inic an re vo l t a n d sent 20,000 U S t ro o p s as fe a rs gre w t hat t he revo lut io nar y

1967 – Co ngo ( Z aire) . The United St ates sent t hree m i lit ar y trans por t ai rc raf t wit h c rews to p rov ide the Co ngo cent ral gover nm ent with lo gi st i c al sup p o r t dur i ng a revolt. [ R L 30172] 1968 – L ao s & Cam b o di a. U.S. s ta r ts sec ret b o m b ing c am p ai gn a g a ins t t arget s alo ng t he Ho C h i M inh trail in t he soverei gn nat i o ns o f Cambodia and L ao s. The b o m b i ngs la s t at lea s t t wo year s. ( S ee Op erat ion Commando Hunt ) 1970–1979 1970 – Cam b o di an Cam paign. US t ro o p s were o rdered i nto Ca mbodia to c lean o ut Co m m unist sa nc tu a r ies from whic h Vi et Co ng and Nor th Vietna mes e at t ac ked U S and S o ut h Vietna mes e fo rces in Vi et nam . The o bjec t of this at t ac k , whic h lasted f ro m Apr il 3 0 to J une 30, was to ensure the continu ing safe wi t hdrawal o f Am er ican forces f ro m S o ut h Vi et nam and to a s s is t the p ro gram o f Vi et nam iz at ion.[RL3 0 1 7 2 ] 1973 – Op erat i o n N i c kel G ra s s, a st rategic ai r lif t o p erat ion condu c ted by t he U nited St ates to deliver weap o ns and sup p li es to I s ra el du r ing t he Yo m K i p p ur War. 1974 – Evac uat io n f ro m Cypru s. United St ates naval fo rces evacu ated US c ivi lians dur i ng t he Tur k is h invas ion of Cy p r us.[ R L 30172] 1975 – Evac uat io n f ro m Vietna m. Op erat i o n Frequent Wind. On Apr il 3, 1975, President Fo rd repor ted US naval vessels, heli co p ters, a nd M a r ines had b een sent to assi st in eva cu ation o f ref ugees and U S nat i ona ls from Viet nam .[ R L 30172] 1975 – Evac uat io n f ro m Ca mbodia. Op erat i o n Eagle Pull. On Apr il 1 2 , 1975, President Fo rd repor ted that he had o rdered U S m i lit a r y forces to p ro ceed wi t h t he p lanned evacu ation o f U S c i t izens f ro m Cambodia. [ R L 30172] 1975 – S o ut h Viet nam . O n Apr il 3 0 , 1975, President Fo rd repor ted that a fo rce o f 70 evac uat io n helicopters

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and 865 M a r i ne s ha d e va cu ate d abou t 1,4 00 U S c i t i ze ns a n d 5 , 5 0 0 t hird count r y nat i ona l s a n d S o u th Vie tn ames e f rom l a nd i n g zo n e s i n a n d arou n d th e U S E m b a ssy, S a i g o n a n d Tan S on N hut Ai r p or t. [ RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 97 5 – Cam b od i a . M aya g ü e z I n ci d e nt. On M ay 1 5, 1975, Pre si d e nt Fo rd repor ted he ha d ord e re d m i l i ta r y fo rces to re t a ke t he S S M aya g ü e z , a merc h ant ve sse l w hi c h wa s s e i ze d from Camb od i a n nava l p atro l bo ats in inter n at i ona l wate r s a n d fo rce d to proceed to a ne a r by i sl a n d. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 97 6 – Leb a non. O n J ul y 2 2 a n d 2 3 , 1 97 6, h eli cop te r s f rom fi ve U S n ava l vessels eva c uate d a p p rox i m ate l y 2 50 Amer ic a ns a nd Euro p e a n s fro m Leban on d ur i ng f i ght i ng be t we e n Leban ese f a c t i ons a f te r a n ove r l a n d co nvoy eva c uat i on ha d be e n bl o ck e d by h ostiliti e s. [ R L30172]

1 9 8 2 – Si n ai . On M arc h 19, 1982, Pre s i d e nt R eagan rep o r ted t he d e pl oy m e nt o f m ilit ar y p er so nnel a n d e q u i pm ent to p ar t ic ip ate i n t he M u l ti n ati o nal Fo rce and Ob ser ver s i n th e Si n a i. Par t ic ip at i o n had b een a u th o r i ze d by t he M ult inat io nal Fo rce a n d O b s e r ver s R eso lut io n, Pub li c L aw 9 7 - 1 3 2 . [RL 30172] 1 9 8 2 – Le b ano n. M ult inat io nal Fo rce i n Le ba n o n . On August 21, 1982, Pre s i d e nt R eagan rep o r ted t he d i s p atch o f 800 M ar i nes to ser ve i n th e m u l ti nat i o nal fo rce to assi st i n th e w i th d rawal o f m em b er s o f t he Pa l e s ti n e Li b erat i o n fo rce f ro m B ei r ut. Th e M a r i n e s lef t S ep tem b er 20, 1982. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ]

1 97 6 – Kore a . Ad d i t i ona l fo rce s we re sent to Kore a a f te r t wo Am e r i ca n so ldier s we re k i l l e d by N o r th Ko re a n so ldier s in t he d e mi l i t a r i ze d zo n e bet ween N or t h a nd S ou th Ko re a w h i l e c u ttin g dow n a t re e. [ R L3 0 1 7 2 ]

1 9 8 2 – 8 3 – Leb ano n. On S ep tem b er 2 9 , 1 9 8 2 , Presi dent R eagan rep o r ted th e d e pl oy m ent o f 1200 m ar i nes to s e r ve i n a tem p o rar y m ult i nat io nal fo rce to fa c i lit ate t he resto rat i o n o f Le ba n e s e g over nm ent soverei gnt y. On S e p te m b e r 29, 1983, Co ngress p assed th e M u l ti n at io nal Fo rce i n Leb ano n R e s o l u ti o n ( P.L . 98- 119) aut ho r iz i ng th e co nti nued p ar t i c ip at i o n fo r e i g hte e n mo nt hs.[ R L 30172]

1 97 8 – Z ai re (Congo) . Fro m M ay 1 9 t hrou gh J une 1978, t he U n i te d State s u t ilized m i l i t a r y t ra nsp o r t a i rcra f t to provide lo gi st i c a l sup p o r t to B e l gi a n and Fren ch re sc ue op e rati o n s i n Z a i re. [R L 30172]

1 9 8 3 – Eg yp t. Af ter a L ibyan p lane bo m b e d a c it y in Sudan o n M arc h 18, 1 9 8 3 , a n d Sudan and Egy p t ap p ealed fo r a s s i s ta nce, t he U nited St ates d i s p atch e d an AWACS elec t ro ni c s u r ve i l l a n ce p lane to Egy p t.[ R L 30172]

1 98 0–1 989

1 9 8 3 – G renada. Op erat i o n U rgent Fu r y. Ci ti n g t he i nc reased t hreat o f S ov i e t and Cub an i nf luence a n d n o ti n g t he develo p m ent o f an i nte r n ati o n al air p o r t fo llowi ng a bl o o d l e s s Grenada co up d ’ét at and a l i gn m e nt wit h t he S ovi et s and Cub a, th e U. S. i nvades t he soverei gn i sland n ati o n o f Grenada.[ R L 30172]

1 98 0 – I ran. O p e rat i on E a g l e C l aw. On Apr il 2 6, 1980, Pre si d e nt Ca r te r repor ted t he use of si x U. S. tra n s p o r t pl an es an d e i ght he l i cop te rs i n a n u n successf ul at te mp t to re s cu e th e Amer ic an host a ge s i n I ra n . 1 98 1 – El S a l va d or. Af te r a g u e r r i l l a o ffen sive a ga i nst t he gove r n m e nt o f E l S alvador, a d d i t i ona l U S m i l i ta r y adviser s we re se nt to E l S a l va d o r, br i n gin g the tot a l to a pp rox i m ate l y 5 5, to assi st i n t ra i ni ng g ove r n m e nt fo rces in counte r i nsurge n c y. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 98 1 – L ibya . Fi r st G ul f o f Si d ra I nc ident O n August 19, 1 9 8 1 , U S pl an es base d on t he c a r r i e r U SS N imitz sh ot d ow n t wo L i bya n je ts over th e Gul f of S i d ra a f te r o n e o f th e Libyan jets ha d f i re d a h e at- s e e k i n g missile. The U ni te d St ate s pe r i o d i ca l l y held freed om of nav i gat i o n exe rci s e s in th e Gulf of S i d ra , c l a i m e d by L i bya as ter r itor i a l wate r s b ut co n s i d e re d inter n atio na l wate r s by th e U n i te d St ates.[ RL30172]

1 9 8 3 – 8 9 – Ho nduras. I n J uly 1983 th e U n i te d St ates under to o k a ser ies o f exe rci s es in Ho nduras t hat so m e be l i e ve d might lead to co nf li c t w i th N i ca ragua. On M arc h 25, 1986, u n a r m e d U S m ilit ar y helico p ter s and cre w m e n fer r i ed Ho nduran t ro o p s to th e N i caraguan b o rder to rep el N i ca ra g u a n t ro o p s.[ R L 30172] 1 9 8 3 – C h ad. On August 8, 1983, Pre s i d e nt R eagan rep o r ted t he d e pl oy m e nt o f t wo AWAC S elec t ro nic s u r ve i l l a n ce p lanes and eight F - 15 fi g hte r p l anes and gro und lo gist i c al s u p p o r t fo rces to assist C had agai nst L i bya n a n d reb el fo rces.[ R L 30172] 1 9 8 4 – Pe rsi an Gulf. On J une 5, 1984, S a u d i Ara b i an jet f i ghter p lanes, ai ded

16 Desert Loca L News © May 30, 2011 “Me MoriaL Day”

by intelli gence f ro m a U S AWACS elec t ro nic sur vei llance aircraf t a nd f ueled by a U.S. KC- 10 t an ker, s hot down t wo I rani an f i ghter planes over an area o f t he Per sian Gu lf procla imed as a p ro tec ted zo ne fo r shipping. [ R L 30172] 1985 – I t aly. On O c to b er 1 0 , 1 9 8 5 , US Nav y p i lo t s i ntercep ted an Eg yptia n air liner and fo rced i t to la nd in Sicily. The ai r liner was c ar r y ing the hija ckers o f t he I t ali an c r ui se ship Achille La u ro who had k illed an Am er i ca n citizen dur ing t he hi jac k i ng.[ R L 30 1 7 2 ] 1986 – L i bya. Ac t io n in t he G u lf of Si dra ( 1986) On M arc h 26 , 1 9 8 6 , President R eagan rep o r ted on M a rch 24 and 25, U S fo rces, while eng ag ed i n f reedo m o f navi gat i o n exercis es aro und t he Gulf o f Si dra, had been at t ac ked by L i byan m issiles and the U nited St ates had resp o n ded with m issiles.[ R L 30172] 1986 – L i bya. Op erat i o n El D ora do Canyo n. On Ap r i l 16, 1986 , Pres ident R eagan rep o r ted t hat U.S . a ir a nd naval fo rces had co nduc ted bombing st r ikes o n ter ro r i st f ac ilit ies a nd m ilit ar y inst allat io ns i n t he Libya n c ap i to l o f Tr i p o li , c laim i ng that Libyan leader Co l. M uam m ar al- G a dda fi was resp o nsib le fo r a b o m b atta ck at a G er m an di sco t hat k i lled t wo U.S. so ldier s.[ R L 30172] 1986 – B o livi a. U.S. Ar my pers onnel and ai rc raf t assi sted B o liv ia in antidr ug o p erat i o ns.[ R L 30172 ] 1987 – Per si an Gulf. U SS Sta r k was st r uc k o n M ay 17 by t wo Exocet ant i shi p m issiles f i red f rom a n I ra qi F - 1 M irage dur i ng t he I ran-I raq War k i lling 37 U S Nav y sai lo r s. 1987 – Per si an Gulf. Op eration N imble Arc her. At t ac ks o n t wo I ra nian oil p lat fo r m s i n t he Per sian Gu lf by U nited St ates Nav y fo rces on O c tober 19. The at t ac k was a resp ons e to I ran’s O c to b er 16, 1987 at t ac k on the MV S ea Isle Ci t y, a ref lagged Ku wa iti oil t anker at anc ho r o f f Kuwait, with a Si lk wo r m m issile. 1987–88 – Per si an Gulf. Operation Ear nest Will - Af ter t he I ra n-I ra q War ( t he Tanker War p hase) res u lted i n several m i lit ar y inc idents in the Per si an Gulf, t he U ni ted States i nc reased U S jo i nt m ilit ar y forces o p erat io ns i n t he Per sian G u lf and ado p ted a p o li c y o f ref lag ging a nd esco r t i ng Kuwait i o il t ank ers throu g h t he Per si an Gulf to p ro tec t them from I raqi and I ranian at t ac ks. Pres ident

R eagan re p or te d t hat U S s h i ps h a d b e en fire d up on or st r u ck m i n e s o r taken ot he r m i l i t a r y a c ti o n o n S e ptemb e r 21 ( I ra n Aj r), O c to b e r 8 , a nd O c to b e r 19, 1987 a n d Ap r i l 1 8 (O peration Prayi ng M a nti s ), Ju l y 3 , a nd July 14, 1988. The U n i te d State s gradually re d uce d i t s fo rce s a f te r a ce ase - fire b e t we e n I ra n a n d I ra q o n August 2 0, 1988. [ R L301 7 2 ] I t wa s th e l a rgest n ava l convoy op e rati o n s i n ce Wor ld Wa r I I . [ 5] 1987–8 8 – Pe r si a n G ul f. O pe rati o n Pr ime Cha nce wa s a U n i te d State s Spec ial O p e rat i ons Com m a n d o peration i nte nd e d to p ro te c t U. S. -flagged oi l t a nke r s f ro m I ra n i a n attac k dur i ng t he I ra n- I ra q Wa r. Th e o peration took p l a ce ro u g h l y at th e s ame time a s O p e rat i on E a r n e s t Wi l l. 1988 – Pe r si a n G ul f. O p e rati o n Pray in g M a nt i s wa s t he Apr i l 1 8 , 1 9 8 8 a c tion wa ge d by U. S . n ava l fo rce s i n re taliatio n for t he I ra ni a n m i n i n g o f t h e Per si a n G ul f a nd t h e s u bs e q u e nt da mage to a n Am e r i c a n wa rs h i p. 1988 – Hond ura s. O p e rati o n G o l d e n Ph easant wa s a n e me rg e n c y de ploy me nt of U. S . t ro o p s to H on du ras i n 1988, a s a re s u l t o f t h reaten i ng a c t i ons by th e fo rce s o f t h e ( th en soc i a l i st ) N i ca ra g u a n s. 1988 – U S S Vi nce nne s s h o o t d ow n o f I ran Air Fl i ght 655 1988 – Pa na ma . I n m i d - M a rch a n d Apr il 1988, d ur i ng a p e r i o d o f instabilit y i n Pa na ma a n d a s th e United St ate s i nc re a se d pre s s u re o n Pan amani a n he a d of state G e n e ra l M an u el N or i e ga to re si gn , th e U n i te d States se nt 1, 000 t roop s to Pa n a m a , to “fur th e r sa fe gua rd t h e ca n a l, U S l ives, prop e r t y a nd i nte re s ts i n th e a rea.” Th e force s sup p l e m e nte d 1 0 , 0 0 0 US milita r y p e r sonne l a l re a d y i n th e Pan ama Ca na l Zone. [ R L 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1989 – L i bya . S e cond G u l f o f Si d ra I ncident O n J a nua r y 4, 1 9 8 9 , t wo US N av y F -14 a i rc ra f t b a s e d o n th e USS Joh n F. K e nne d y sh o t d ow n t wo L ibya n j e t f i ghte r s ove r th e M editer ra ne a n S e a a b o u t 7 0 m i l e s nor th of Li bya . The U S pi l o ts s a i d t h e L ibya n p l a ne s ha d d e m o n s trate d hostile inte nt i ons. [ R L30 1 7 2 ] 1989 – Pa na ma . O n M ay 1 1 , 1 9 8 9 , in respon se to G e ne ra l N o r i e g a’s di sregard of t he re sul t s o f th e Pan amani a n e l e c t i on, Pre s i d e nt B u sh ord e re d a b r i ga d e - s i ze d fo rce o f approx i mate l y 1, 900 tro o ps to a ugment t he e st i m ate d 1 , 0 0 0 U. S.

fo rce s a l re ady i n t he area.[ R L 30172] 1 9 8 9 – Co lo m b i a, B o li vi a, and Per u. An d e a n I n i t iat ive in War o n D r ugs. O n S e pte m b er 15, 1989, President Bu s h a n n o unced t hat m ilit ar y and l aw e n fo rcem ent assi st ance wo uld b e s e nt to h elp t he Andean nat io ns o f Co l o m bi a , B o livi a, and Per u co m b at i l l i ci t d ru g p ro ducer s and t raf f i c ker s. B y m i d - S ep tem b er t here were 50–100 U S m i l i ta r y adviser s i n Co lo m b i a i n co n n e c t i o n wit h t ransp o r t and tra i n i n g i n t he use o f m i lit ar y e q u i p m e nt, p lus seven Sp ec ial Fo rces te a m s o f 2–12 p er so ns to t rai n t ro o p s i n th e th ree co unt r ies.[ R L 30172] 1 9 8 9 – Ph ilip p ines. Op erat io n Classi c R e s o l ve. On D ecem b er 2, 1989, Pre s i d e nt B ush rep o r ted t hat o n D e ce m be r 1, Ai r Fo rce f i ghter s f ro m C l a r k Ai r B ase in Luzo n had assisted th e Aq u i n o gover nm ent to rep el a co u p attem p t. I n addit io n, 100 m a r i n e s were sent f ro m U.S. Naval Ba s e Su bi c B ay to p ro tec t t he U nited State s E mb assy i n M anila.[ R L 30172] 1 9 8 9 – 9 0 – Panam a. Op erat i o n J ust Ca u s e. O n D ecem b er 21, 1989, Pre s i d e nt B ush rep o r ted t hat he had o rd e re d US m i lit ar y fo rces to Panam a to pro te c t t he li ves o f Am er i c an ci ti ze n s a nd b r ing G eneral No r iega to ju s ti ce. B y Feb r uar y 13, 1990, all t he i nva s i o n fo rces had b een wi t hdrawn. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] Aro und 200 Panam anian ci v i l i a n s were rep o r ted k i lled. The Pa n a m a n i an head o f st ate, G eneral M a n u e l No r i ega, was c ap t ured and bro u g ht to t he U.S. 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 99 1 9 9 0 – L i b er i a. On August 6, 1990, Pre s i d e nt B ush rep o r ted t hat a re i n fo rce d r i f le co m p any had b een s e nt to provide addi t io nal sec ur i t y to th e U S E m b assy in M o nrovia, and t hat h e l i co pte r team s had evac uated U.S. ci ti ze n s f ro m L ib er i a.[ R L 30172] 1 9 9 0 – S audi Arab i a. On August 9, 1 9 9 0 , Pre si dent B ush rep o r ted t hat he h a d o rd e red t he fo r ward dep loy m ent o f s u bs ta nt i al elem ent s o f t he U S a r m e d fo rces i nto t he Per si an Gulf re gi o n to help defend S audi Arab i a a f te r th e August 2 invasi o n o f Kuwai t by I ra q. O n Novem b er 16, 1990, he re po r te d t he co nt inued b ui ldup o f th e fo rce s to ensure an adequate o ffe n s i ve m i lit ar y o p t i o n.[ R L 30172] Am e r i ca n ho st ages b ei ng held i n I ran. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 9 9 1 – Pe r si an Gulf War. Op erat io n D e s e r t Sh ield and Op erat io n D eser t

Sto r m . On J anuar y 16, 199 1 , U.S. fo rces at t ac ked I raqi fo rces and m i lit ar y t arget s in I raq and Ku wa it in co njunc t io n wit h a coalition of alli es and under U ni ted Nations S ec ur i t y Co unc il reso lut ions. Combat o p erat i o ns ended o n Febru a r y 2 8 , 1991.[ R L 30172] 1991 – I raq. On M ay 17, 1 9 9 1 , Presi dent B ush st ated t hat the I ra qi rep ressi o n o f t he Kurdi sh people had necessit ated a li m i ted introdu c tion o f U.S. fo rces into no r t her n I ra q for em ergenc y relief p ur p o ses.[RL3 0 1 7 2 ] 1991 – Z aire. On S ep tember 2 5 –2 7 , 1991, af ter widesp read looting and r io t ing b ro ke o ut i n K i ns ha s a, Air Fo rce C- 141s t ransp o r ted 1 0 0 B elgian t ro o p s and equip m ent i nto K ins has a. Am er ic an p lanes also c ar r ied 3 0 0 Frenc h t ro o p s i nto t he Central Afr ica n R ep ub li c and hauled evacu ated Am er ic an c i t izens.[ R L 3017 2 ] 1991–96 – I raq. Op erat i on Prov ide Co m fo r t. D eli ver y o f humanita r ian relief and m ilit ar y p ro tec tion for Kurds f leeing t hei r ho m es in nor ther n I raq, by a sm all Allied grou nd force b ased in Tur key. 1992 – Sier ra Leo ne. Op eration Silver Anvi l. Fo llowing t he Ap r il 2 9 cou p t hat over t hrew President Jos eph S a idu M o m o h, a U ni ted St ates Eu ropean Co m m and ( U SEU COM ) J oint Special Op erat i o ns Task Fo rce evacu ated 4 3 8 p eo p le ( inc ludi ng 42 t hi rd- cou ntr y nat io nals) o n M ay 3 .Two Air M obilit y Co m m and (AM C ) C - 141s flew 1 3 6 p eo p le f ro m Freetown, S ier ra Leone, to t he R hei n- M ain Air B as e in G er ma ny and ni ne C- 130 so r t i es ca r r ied ano t her 302 p eo p le to Da k ar, S eneg a l. [ R L 30172] 1992–96 – B o snia and He r zeg ov ina. Op erat i o n Provi de Pro m is e wa s a hum ani t ar i an reli ef o p eration in B o snia and Her zegovi na du r ing the Yugo slav War s, f ro m J uly 2 , 1 9 9 2 , to J anuar y 9, 1996, whi c h ma de it the lo ngest r unning hum anitar ian a ir lif t in histo r y.[ 6] 1992 – Kuwai t. On Augus t 3 , 1 9 9 2 , t he U ni ted St ates b egan a s er ies o f m i lit ar y exerc i ses in Ku wait, fo llowi ng I raqi ref usal to recognize a new b o rder drawn up by the United Nat io ns and ref usal to cooperate with U N i nsp ec t i o n team s.[ R L3 0 1 7 2 ] 1992–2003 – I raq. I raqi No -Fly Zones The U.S. to get her wi t h t he United K i ngdo m dec lares and en forces “no f ly zo nes” over t he major it y of

Desert Loca L News © May 30, 2011 “ MeMoriaL Day” 17

sovereign I ra q i a i r sp a ce, p ro h i b i ti n g I raqi flight s i n zone s i n s o u th e r n I ra q and n or the r n I ra q, a nd co n d u c ti n g aer ial reco nna i ssa nce a n d bo m b i n g s. (S e e also O p e rat i on N or th e r n Watch , Operation S out he r n Watch ) [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ]

Fo rce As s ured R esp o nse , resp o nding i n n e a r by L i b er i a, p rovided sec ur it y to th e e m bassy and evac uated 448 pe o p l e, i n cluding b et ween 190 and 2 0 8 Am e r i c ans. The last M ar ines lef t Ba n g u i o n J une 22.

1 99 2–9 5 – S om a l i a . O p e rati o n R e s to re H ope. S om a l i Ci v i l Wa r O n D e ce m b e r 1 0, 1 992, Pre si d e nt B ush re po r te d t hat h e h a d d e p l oye d U S a r m e d fo rces to S om a l i a i n re sp o n s e to a human itar i a n c r i si s a nd a U N S e cu r i t y Coun c il R e sol ut i on. The o pe rati o n c ame to a n e nd on M ay 4 , 1 9 9 3 . U S fo rces cont i nue d to p a r ti ci pate i n th e su ccessor U ni te d N at i on s O p e rati o n i n S o malia ( U N O S O M I I ) . ( S e e a l s o B attl e o f M ogadi shu) [ R L30172 ]

1 9 9 7 – Al bania. Op erat i o n Silver Wake. O n M a rch 13, 1997, U.S. m i lit ar y fo rces we re u s e d to evac uate cer t ai n U.S. g ove r n m e nt em p loyees and p r ivate U. S. ci ti ze n s f ro m Ti rana, Alb ania. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ]

1 99 3 – M a ce d oni a . O n Ju l y 9 , 1 9 9 3 , Pre sident C l i nton re p or te d th e deploy me nt of 350 U S s o l d i e rs to th e R epublic of M a ce d oni a to pa r ti ci pate in th e UN Prote c t i on Force to h e l p maintain s t a b i l i t y i n t he a re a o f fo r mer Yu gosl av i a . [ R L30 1 7 2 ] 1 99 4–9 5 – H a i t i . O p e rati o n U p h o l d D emoc rac y. U. S . shi p s h a d b e g u n embargo a ga i nst H a i t i . U p to 2 0 , 0 0 0 US militar y t roop s we re l ate r d e p l oye d to Haiti.[ R L30172] 1 99 4 – M a ce d oni a . O n Apr i l 1 9 , 1 9 9 4 , Pre sident C l i nton re p or te d th at th e US continge nt i n t he for m e r Yu g o s l av R epublic of M a ce d oni a h a d b e e n increased by a re i nforce d co m p a ny o f 2 00 per sonne l. [ R L30172 ] 1 99 5 – B osni a . O p e rat i o n D e l i be rate Fo rce. N ATO b om b i ng o f B o s n i a n S er bs.[ RL 30172] 1 99 6 – L ib e r i a . O p e rat i o n As s u re d R espon se. O n Ap r i l 11, 1 9 9 6 , Pre s i d e nt Cl inton re p or te d t hat on Ap r i l 9 , 1 99 6 du e to t he “d e te r i o rati o n o f th e secu r it y s i t uat i on a nd t h e re s u l ti n g t hreat to Ame r i c a n c i t i ze n s” i n L i be r i a he h ad ord e re d U. S . m i l i ta r y fo rce s to evacu ate f rom t hat countr y “pr i vate U. S. c itize ns a nd ce r t a i n th i rd - co u ntr y nation als w ho ha d t a ke n re f u g e i n th e U. S. E mba ssy com p ound. . . .” [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 99 6 – Ce nt ra l Af r i c a n R e p u bl i c. Operation Q ui c k R e sp on s e. O n M ay 2 3, 1 996, Pre si d e nt C l i nto n re po r te d t he deploym e nt of U S m i l i ta r y per son n el to B a ngui , Ce ntra l Afr i ca n R epublic, to cond uc t t he e va cu ati o n from th at count r y of “p r i vate U. S. c itizen s an d ce r t a i n U. S . g ove r n m e nt employee s,” a nd to p rovi d e “e n h a n ce d secu r it y fo r t he Am e r i c a n E m b a s s y in Ban gui.” [ R L30172] U n i te d State s M ar in e Co r p s e l e m e nt s o f Jo i nt Ta s k

1 9 9 7 – Co ngo and G ab o n. On M arc h 2 7 , 1 9 9 7 , Presi dent C li nto n rep o r ted o n M a rch 25, 1997, a st andby e va cu ati o n fo rce o f U.S. m i lit ar y pe rs o n n e l had b een dep loyed to Co n g o a nd G ab o n to p rovi de e n h a n ce d sec ur it y and to b e availab le fo r a ny n e cessar y evac uat i o n o pe rati o n . [ R L 30172] 1 9 9 7 – Si e r ra Leo ne. On M ay 29 and M ay 3 0 , 1 997, U.S. m ilit ar y p er so nnel we re d e p l oyed to Freetown, Sier ra Le o n e, to prep are fo r and under t ake th e e va cu at i o n o f cer t ain U.S. g ove r n m e nt em p loyees and p r ivate U. S. ci ti ze n s.[ R L 30172] 1 9 9 7 – Ca m b o dia. On J uly 11, 1997, I n a n e f fo r t to ensure t he sec ur it y o f Am e r i ca n c i t izens in Cam b o di a dur ing a pe r i o d o f do m est ic co nf lic t t here, a Ta s k Fo rce o f ab o ut 550 U.S. m i lit ar y pe rs o n n e l were dep loyed at U t ap ao Ai r B a s e i n Thailand fo r p o ssib le e va cu ati o ns. [ R L 30172] 1 9 9 8 – I ra q. Op erat i o n D eser t Fox . U. S. a n d B r it ish fo rces co nduc t a m a jo r fo u r- day b o m b ing c am p ai gn fro m D e ce m b er 16–19, 1998 o n I raqi ta rg e ts. [RL 30172] 1 9 9 8 – G u inea- B i ssau. Op erat io n Sh e p h e rd Vent ure. On J une 10, 1998, i n re s po n s e to an ar my m ut iny i n G u i n e a - B i ssau endanger i ng t he U S E m b a s s y, Presi dent C li nto n dep loyed a s ta n d by evac uat io n fo rce o f U S m i l i ta r y p er so nnel to Dak ar, S enegal, to e va cu ate f ro m t he c i t y o f B issau. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 9 9 8 – 9 9 – K enya and Tanz ania. U S m i l i ta r y p er so nnel were dep loyed to N a i ro b i , K enya, to co o rdi nate th e m e d i cal and di saster assi st ance re l ate d to t he b o m b i ngs o f t he U.S. E m b a s s i e s in K enya and Tanz ania. [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 1 9 9 8 – Afghani st an and Sudan. O pe rati o n I nf inite R eac h. On August 2 0 , a i r s tr i k es were used against t wo s u s p e c te d ter ro r ist t raining c am p s i n

Afghanist an and a susp ec ted chemica l f ac to r y in Sudan.[ R L 30172 ] 1998 – L i b er i a. On S ep tember 2 7 , 1998 Am er i c a dep loyed a s tand-by resp o nse and evac uat i o n force of 3 0 U S m i lit ar y p er so nnel to increas e the sec ur i t y fo rce at t he U.S. Emba s s y in M o nrovi a. [ 1] [ R L 30172] 1999–2001 - East Ti m o r. Limited num b er o f U.S. m ilit ar y forces dep loyed wi t h t he U ni ted Nations m andated I nter nat io nal Force for Ea s t Ti m o r resto re p eace to Eas t Timor. [ R L 30172] 1999 – S er b ia. Op erat i o n Allied Force. NATO ’s b o m b ing o f S er b ia in the K o sovo Co nf li c t.[ R L 30172 ] 2000–2009 2000 – Si er ra Leo ne. On M ay 1 2 , 2 0 0 0 a U S Nav y p at ro l c raf t deployed to Si er ra Leo ne to sup p o r t evacu ation o p erat io ns f ro m t hat co untr y if needed.[ R L 30172] 2000 – Yem en. On O c to b e r 1 2 , 2 0 0 0 , af ter t he U SS Co le at t ac k in the por t o f Aden, Yem en, m i lit ar y pers onnel were dep loyed to Aden.[ RL3 0 1 7 2 ] 2000 – East Ti m o r. On Febru a r y 2 5 , 2000, a sm all num b er o f U.S. militar y p er so nnel were dep loyed to s u ppor t t he U nited Nat io ns Transitional Adm i nist rat i o n in East Timor ( U NTA E T ) . [ R L 30172] 2001 – On Ap r i l 1, 2001, a midair co lli si o n b et ween a U nited St ates Nav y EP- 3E A R IES II s ignals sur veillance airc raf t and a People’s L i b erat i o n Ar my Nav y ( PLAN) J-8 I I i ntercep to r f i ghter jet resu lted in an inter nat i o nal di sp ute bet ween t he U nited St ates and t he People’s R ep ub lic o f China c alled the Hainan Island inc ident. 2001 – War in Afghani st an. The Wa r o n Ter ro r ism b egins wi t h Operation Endur ing Freedo m . On O c tober 7, 2001, U S Ar m ed Fo rces inva de Afghanist an in resp o nse to the 9/ 11 at t ac ks and “ b egi n combat ac t i o n in Afghani st an agains t Al Qaeda ter ro r i st s and t hei r Taliba n sup p o r ter s.” [ R L 30172] 2002 – Yem en. On November 3 , 2002, an Am er i c an M Q - 1 Predator f i red a Hellf ire m i ssile at a ca r in Yem en k i lling Qaed S enyan a l-Har thi, an al- Qaeda leader t ho ug ht to be resp o nsib le fo r t he U SS Cole bombing. [ R L 30172]

2 00 2 – Ph i l i p p i ne s. O E F- Ph i l i pp i n e s. J a n u ar y 2 002 U. S . “combat- e q u i p p e d an d comb at sup p or t force s” h ave been dep l oye d to t he Ph i l i p p i n e s to train wi t h, a ssi st a nd a d vi s e t he Ph ilip p i ne s’ Ar me d Fo rce s i n en h an c ing t he i r “counte r te r ro r i s t c apabiliti e s.” [ R L30172] 2 00 2 – Cô te d ’ I voi re. O n S e p te m b e r 2 5, 2 002, i n re sp onse to a re b e l l i o n i n Côte d ’I voi re, U S m i l i t a r y p e rs o n n e l we nt into Côte d ’ I voi re to a s s i s t i n th e evacu atio n of Am e r i c a n ci ti ze n s f ro m B ouak e.[ 7 ] [R L 30172] 2 00 3-2010 – Wa r i n I ra q. O pe rati o n I raqi Free d om. M a rc h 20 , 2 0 0 3 . Th e Un ited St ate s l e a d s a co a l i ti o n th at includes B r i t a i n, Aust ra l i a a n d Sp a i n to invade I ra q w i t h t he s tate d g o a l bein g “ to d i sa r m I ra q i n p u rs u i t o f peace, sta b i l i t y, a nd se c u r i t y b o th in th e Gul f re gi on a nd i n th e U n i te d St ates.”[ R L30172] 2 00 3 – L ib e r i a . S e cond L i be r i a n Ci vi l War. On June 9, 2003, Pre s i d e nt Bu s h repor ted t hat on J une 8 h e h a d s e nt abou t 35 U S M a r i ne s i nto M o n rov i a , Liber ia, to he l p se c ure th e U S E m ba s s y in N ou akchot t, M a ur i t an i a , a n d to aid in any ne ce ssa r y e va cu ati o n fro m eith er L ib e r i a or M a ur i ta n i a . [RL 3 0 1 7 2 ] 2 00 3 – G e orgi a a nd D j i bo u ti . “ U S combat e q ui p p e d a nd s u pp o r t fo rce s” had been d e p l oye d to G e o rgi a a n d

D ji bo u ti to help i n enhanc i ng t hei r “co u nte r te r ro r ist c ap ab i lit ies.” [ 8] 2 0 0 4 – H a it i. 2004 Haï t i reb elli o n o ccu rs. The U S sent f i r st sent 55 co m bat e q uip p ed m i lit ar y p er so nnel to a u gm e nt t he U S Em b assy sec ur i t y fo rce s th e re and to p ro tec t Am er ic an ci ti ze n s a nd p ro p er t y i n light. L ate r 2 0 0 addit io nal U S co m b ate q u i p p e d, m ilit ar y p er so nnel we re s e nt to p rep are t he way fo r a U N M u l ti nat io nal I nter im Fo rce, M IN U STAH.[ R L 30172] 2 0 0 4 – Wa r o n Ter ro r ism : U S ant ite r ro r re l ated ac t i vi t ies were u n d e r way in G eo rgia, D ji b o ut i, K enya, Eth i o pi a , Yem en, and Er it rea.[ 9] 2 0 0 4 – p re sent : Dro ne at t ac ks in Pa k i s ta n 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 – Pak i st an. President B ush d e pl oys tro o p s f ro m U S Ar my Ai r Cav Br i g a d e s to p rovi de Hum anit ar i an re l i e f to far rem o te villages i n t he K a s h m i r mo unt ain ranges o f Pak i st an s tr i ck e n by a m assi ve ear t hquake. 2 0 0 6 – Le b ano n. U S M ar ine D e ta ch m ent, t he 24t h M ar ine E x p e d i ti o n ar y U nit [ c it at io n needed] , be gi n s e vac uat io n o f U S c i t izens w i l l i n g to leave t he co unt r y i n t he fa ce o f a likely gro und invasi o n by Is ra e l a n d co nt inued f i ght ing b et ween H e z b o l l a h and t he Israeli m i lit ar y.[ 10] [1 1 ]

War Amer i ca n Ci v i l War Wo r l d Wa r 2 Wo r l d Wa r 1 Vi etn a m Wa r

Year 1861-1865

D eat h 625, 000

1941-1945 1917-1918 1955 -1975

405, 399 116, 516 58, 151

K o rea n Wa r G o l f Wa r Wa r o n Ter ro r

1950 -1953 1991 2001 -p resent

36, 516 382 5, 491

2007 – S o m ali a. B at t le o f R as K am b o ni. On J anuar y 8, 20 0 7 , while t he co nf li c t b et ween t he I s la mic Co ur t s U nio n and t he Tra ns itional Federal G over nm ent co ntinu es, a n AC130 gunshi p co nduc t s an aer ia l s tr ike o n a susp ec ted Al- Qaeda operative, alo ng wi t h o t her Islam i st fig hters, on B adm adow Island near R as K amboni in so ut her n S o m ali a.[ c it at ion needed] 2008 – S o ut h Osset ia, G eorgia . Helped G eo rgi a hum anit ar i an aid,[1 2 ] helped to t ransp o r t G eo rgi an fo rces from I ra q dur ing t he co nf li c t. I n t h e pa s t, the US has p rovi ded t rai ning and wea pons to G eo rgi a. 2010–Present 2010 - War in I raq. Op eration New D awn. On Feb r uar y 17, 20 1 0 , U.S. S ec ret ar y o f D efense R o ber t G ates anno unced t hat as o f S eptember 1, 2010, t he nam e “Op eration I ra qi Freedo m” wo uld b e rep laced by “Op erat io n New Dawn”. This coincides wi t h t he reduc t io n o f Amer ica n troops to 50,000. 2011 - L i bya. Op erat i o n O dys s ey D awn. Co ali t io n fo rces enforcing U.N. S ec ur it y Co unc il R eso lut ion 1 9 7 3 with b o m b ings o f L ibyan fo rces. 2011 - War o n Ter ro r i sm . Os a ma Bin L aden is k i lled by U.S. m ilitar y forces i n Pak ist an.

In Loving Memory of All Those Who Died In the Battle for our Freedom

Happy Memorial Day

le fo r o u r F tt a B e th In d ie D o hose Wh

y a D l a i r o m Happy Me

In L o v in g M e m o ry o

f A ll T

re e d o m

Animal Samaritans, SPCA Help save lives - become an Animal S amar itans member today. Please remember Animal S amar itans in your wills and trusts.

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ph: 760.343.4908 fax: 760.343.7480

Too t s ie

H i, my name is Tootsie, and I’m as sweet as can be! I’m a one year old, female, 8 pound black Chihuahua mix that was picked up as a stray.

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Adop t a Pe t

A864871- S n ow M y name is Snow. I am a 7-year old white female who’s look ing for a loving owner! I am ver y easy to walk , and love to be petted; but most of all, if you’re look ing for snow in the deser t, I’m your dog.

Lightning McQueen

Did you see a white flash pass you? I don’t just have shor t legs for looks; they ’re also for speed, meaning they don’t call me lightning M cQ ueen for nothing. I’m a 2 year old male, white/tan Ter r ier mix, look ing to race into you and your family ’s hear ts. S o, clear the speed way and come on down to the Coachella Valley Animal Shelter and check me out!!

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K atie

H i, my names K atie and I’m pleased to meet you! I came to the shelter with my brothers and sisters; all 4 of them! I f you’re look ing to adopt, come to the Coachella Valley Animal Campus and meet my whole family! I’m a 3 month old, female, brown/black shepherd mix.

A 8 63568-H i my na me i s O s ca r B l u e ! I’m a 1 year ol d, m a l e, d om e s ti c s h o r t ha ir ly n x poi nt. I l ove to p l ay, be p e t, and most of a l l b e l ove d. I’m O s ca r Bl u e, t he cat wh o c a n b e your tru e co m p a n i o n f r ien d!

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A8 6 4 5 8 9 - G ar f i eld ’s

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H e llo, my na me i s M e l. I’m a 2 ye a r o l d male, b l a c k , d ome st i c s h o r t h a i r. You might t hi nk “e h, j u s t a n o th e r cat,” but you woul d b e w ro n g. I have beaut i f ul, cop p e r- co l o re d e ye s w ith a sof t, ra d i a nt, he a l thy, je t b l ac k coat. I m i ght e ve n h ave s o me B om b ay i n my b l o o d l i n e s s i n ce I h ave bee n tol d I have th e l o o k s ! ! Come visi t m e at t he Co a ch e l l a Valley An i ma l Ca mp us today!

i s my n a me and eat i ng i s what I d o b e s t! I’m an 8 year o ld, n e u te re d, o range t iger do m est ic s h o r t h a i r wait ing fo r yo u to a d o p t m ! I f yo u’re lo o k i ng fo r a l oya l, l ovi ng, sweet and relaxed k i tt y cat, then I’m t he o ne fo r yo u ! I l ove to sit by t he wi ndow, watch th e great o utdo o r s, and e n joy cu d dling up o n t he so f a w i th a l ov i ng owner.

That ’s r i ght, it ’s D i o r ! The t a lk on D ela ny St reet, t he diva yo u have to meet! Ever y t im e I walk by all I he ar is who’s t hat st unni ng, 2 year o ld domes tic sho r t hair, To r t ie fem ale? I’m a nything b ut do m est i c ; I have a who le other p er so nali t y t hat wo uld m elt you r hea r t! I c am e to t he Co ac hella Valley Animal Cam p us o n Feb r uar y 17th, and I have

high hopes that the r ight owner will adopt me, so stop by and meet me!

Desert Local News Publisher DesertLocalNews.com ADVERTISEMENT 760-301-6291 info@desertlocalnews.com Editorials Just the Fact’s Max Nancy Morgan CONTRIBUTORS: Jack Lyons Pat Krause Dr. Lisa Robyn Lawrence Dr. Allen Lawrence Bruce Montgomery PHOTOGRAPHERS Bruce Montgomery Pat Krause Mark Ostrom Catherine Jardine Mark Osborn ARA SPECIAL EDITOR Leslie Andrews