London
Futures
A design research proposal by Raphael Faeh
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“The most recent data on human use of biocapacity sends a number of unfortunate signals for believers in the possibility of unrestrained growth. Our global ecological footprint is growing, further overshooting what the biosphere can provide and absorb, and in the process, like two trains heading in opposite directions, we appear to be actually shrinking the available biocapacity on which we depend.� 1 Andrew Simms
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Introduction Environmental discourse is often about green growth. But can economical growth ever be green? As a recent publication of the New Economics Foundation outlines, the economy can’t grow infinitely with limited resources on a finite planet. The debate about necessary economical shifts is not in the scope of this project but the paradigm that welfare isn’t possible without growth doesn’t seem to vanish. If we look at the recent UK election debate, a healthy economy (i.e. growth) is at the heart of peoples worries. It‘s understandable taken into consideration that we are primarily concerned about our jobs, which are intrinsically accepted as the very basis of our survival and wellbeing. And it’s reasonably hard to question the foundation, which pro3
vides the needs for our living. When our survival and ability to feed our children is questioned, we normally stop being altruistic and are utterly unable to look in the far future. Isn’t our species at the current point in history because we managed to survive, spread our genes and raise children? We thus may blame evolution for our cognition being unable to doubt that basis, which enables us to live our wealthy lives. Simple moral arguments without any sort of experience of a different world won’t change people’s minds and behaviour. But the scientific facts remain the same: if we look beyond short-term profits, we see that sooner or later nature’s services won’t be provided for sure anymore. We might also face the unpredictable consequences of large-scale ecosystems such as oceanic streams or the global climate crossing tipping points and falling into undesirable, life-threatening system states. Be it in 5 years or 100 years, no one knows and the network of inderdepencies is for humans by far too complex to make reliable predictions. But the overwhelming majority of scientists agrees that an extremer climate on earth over the next 50 years is likely to cause floods and draughts all over the world resulting in migration streams. The UNHCR estimates 250 million climate refugees by 2050 caused by: • Hydro-meteorological disasters (flooding, hurricanes / typhoons / cyclones / mudslides), • Zones designated by Governments as being too high-risk and dangerous for human habitation • Environmental degradation and slow onset disaster (e.g. reduction of water availability, desertification, recurrent flooding, salinisation of coastal zones, etc.), • ‘Sinking’ small island states • Violent conflict triggered by a decrease in essential resources (e.g. water, land, food) owing to climate change. 4
How will we secure economic growth while experiencing an extreme climate and dead oceans resulting in water shortage, restrictions to flying, and migrants fleeing to European countries? Every true economic discourse has to look into the farther future and must take these threats into serious consideration without cravenly countering with doubt and scepticism towards the academics. But what might facilitate thoughts and imagination in order to bring the discussion away from abstract statistical figures? With this design research proposal I intend to contribute to the imagination of scientifically proven future scenarios by researching speculative narratives, prototypes and visuals within the same. Scientific scenarios tend to have a bird’s eye perspective, analysing systems without going into much detail. They are of high interest to this project because beneath these systematic and abstract concepts of our world there’s always the everyday, the material world, and the livelihood of people.
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“If the local communities had known more about the ecological drivers of the regions in which they lived, had the embraced the processes of natural change rather than attempted to control them for short-term returns, had they been empowered to make their own decisions about what type of developments were appropriate for their area, then it’s likely that they would have been much better prepared for the disturbances that hit them.“ 2 Brian Walker & David Salt
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In his recently published book „Resilience Thinking“ Brian Walker, the programme director of the Resilience Alliance and scientist at Australia’s CSIRO division of Sustainable Ecosystems, stresses among many other strong claims the significance of a resilience perspective in local communities when facing disturbance like the devastating Hurricane Katrina in 2005. With my design investigation founded on scientific studies and publications I intend to stimulate diversity in our imagination of future options and thereby increasing our capability to adapt to potential disturbances by visualising, narrating and prototyping conditions, businesses and processes. Hence, my work shall vivify - let‘s call it - „mental resilience“. I begin my research with an exploration of worstcase scenarios by focussing on mobility in post-catastrophic conditions. Wouldn‘t your changes of survival be better when you remain mobile while facing life-threatening conditions? After this door opener to the world of doom my investigation concentrates in the more realistic scenarios of a government report, which covers the topics of future water shortage, population growth and migration in the UK. 7
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Post-apocalyptic imaginations After a brief research on the web I collected a series of catastrophic scenes as imagined by various mostly digital artists. What is interesting about all the images is the romantic light condition, resembling for example artworks of William Turner. The era we live in may have analogies to romanticism when artitsts were influenced by the Industrial Revolution. In art history, Romanticism is considered as a revolt against aristocratic social and political views of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalisation of nature; looking at the Anti-Globalisation or Environmental movement, we already experience similar insurgencies against capitalistic empires claiming the planet‘s resources their own. On that account, it is no suprise that such views influence today‘s digital artists and game designers around the world and that almost every artwork I found shows dusky light conditions. Besides, drawing an image of a metropolis in ruins is a clear statement on its own. On an ironic sidenote: the game design studios which designed „Hellgate London“, of which you see a rendering on the left filed bankruptcy in the aftermath of the financial crisis due to failed speculations by the bank it has been funded by.
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“The more variations available to respond to a shock, the greater the ability to absorb the shock. Diversity relates to flexibility and keeping your options open. A lack of diversity limits options and reduces your capacity to respond to disturbances. Increasing efficiency (optimisation) leads to a reduction in diversity.� 3 Brian Walker & David Salt
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Arks When we speak of mobility in post-catastrophic conditions, the Ark symbol is obvious. At the centre of this ad hoc survey is the use of the biblical symbol in today’s narratives. The word “Ark” derives from latin “arca” which means chest or case. Wikipedia contributors summarise the narrative as this: „The Book of Genesis, chapters 6-9, tells how God sends a great flood to destroy the earth because of man’s wickedness and because the earth is corrupt. God tells Noah, the righteous man in his generation, to build a large vessel to save his family and a representation of the world’s animals. God gives detailed instructions for the Ark, and after its completion, sends the animals to Noah. God then sends the Flood, which rises until all the mountains are covered and most living things died, except the fish. Then “God remembered Noah,” the waters abate, and dry land reappears. Noah, his family, and the animals leave the Ark, and God vowed to never again send a flood to destroy the Earth.“ 4 Adaptations of Noah’s Ark I found appear in various contexts: • As a symbol of change and threat: minimised replica as a message by Greenpeace • Materialised belief: 1:2 replica by Dutch creationist Johan Huibers • Ultimate technological rescue: humanity gets rescued on high-tech ships in Hollywood movie “2012” • Escape from earth: spaceships and cabin ecology to preserve life as it was on earth before it became inhabitable. • Supreme power: aliens restore life on earth
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The Ark film
„An unknown virus has destroyed almost the entire human population. Due to the true nature of the disease, the only remaining survivors escape to the sea. In large ships, they set of in search of uninhabited land. So begins the exodus, let by one man...“ 5
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The digitally animated shortfilm by Grzegorz Jonkajtys and Marcin Kobylecki imagines and narrates a possible life inside an Arks. At the centre of the film is the mental condition of the protagonist while being one of the last men alive on an ark. After the introduction to the main character we get a quick but not less detailed impression of the artists‘ imaginations of life on an Ark: we see a corridor, tubes, pressurised cabin equipment, metal. All resembles the interior surroundings of a submarine vehicle. In the scene when the protagonist climbs a ladder, the camera pans to what must have been the habitation sector: laundry hanging from clotheslines spanned between balconies. Sceneries we know from pictures of slums around the world. In fact a picture of an apocalypse after an apocalypse unfolds (a virus outbreak on the Ark after the outbreak on earth) as if the last attempts of humanity to save itself had failed. The chain of tragic events starts in the very moment when the protagonist diagnoses the infection of the deadly virus in his own body. The story reaches its turning point when he tries to commit suicide. In this shortmovie the directors present an Ark as a sad imagination, which is wiped out into reality. My fascination about this artwork featuring the biblical symbol is the notion of a catastrophe after a catastrophe in which not even technology can save humanity from doom and the Ark failing to serve its purpose. 15
The Waterpod Project How would you live when rising sealevels threaten our cities, when food supply can‘t be taken for granted and fossil resources become scarce? The „Waterpod“ surely provides an alternative way of living and may also be perceived as an ark. What i find vital to this project in particular is how they incorporate a number of different environmental „issues“ and answers in one prototype such as building from waste materials, self-sufficiency, off-the-grid, resource scarcity, composting, water management, agriculture and thoughtful energy consumption. Although the Waterpod collective obviously shares Buckminster Fuller‘s views (they‘ve got two geodesic domes on the barch) they have a more 70‘s-like, cabinecological approach. Their designed proto-system comes close to an urban island totally independent of its own environment and not considering local services to and from which it could benefit. CabinEcology derives from space-ecology when scientists in the early days of space travel were researching how ecosystems on earth can be transported or built up in space in order to provide basic life-supporting services for colonisation of other planets. 16
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Land Use Futures report In February 2010 the UK Government Office for Science issued a report about the future of land use. They‘re drawing out three different future scenarios. The goal by doing so is the following: „The Project commissioned a contractor to develop, in association with leading experts and stakeholders, three ‘Land Use Futures scenarios’. These explore different ways in which the pressures and forces acting on UK land use might play out over the next fifty years. In doing so, they offer insights into different policy choices and challenges that the UK might face in the future. The scenarios are designed to stimulate thought, not to predict what will happen in the future. In some instances, they highlight difficult policy dilemmas that government and other actors may need to consider in the future.“ 6 (paragraphe from the introduction to the report) This report will be at the centre of all my ongoing design research. It‘s a highly controversial document: scientists sketch a picture of Britain‘s future which reads itself as written by a science fiction writer. I find it thrilling when researchers get fictional about our future. The diverging news coverage of the report‘s publication demonstrates the controvery of the document. The objective of mapping the different topics of the report (see page to the right) is to get a clearer picture of what the researchers are suggesting and to clearly unveil controversial relationships between the large number of issues. I will thereby concentrate on the scenarios about „severe water stress“ and „migration towards north“,
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The future of water in London In one of their future scenarios the Government Office for Science warned that London will suffer „high water stress“. Today, I‘ve felt like the future has already closed in when reading a letter of Thames Water informing their East-End customers about potential future difficulties in water supply: „London normally has plenty of water but during droughts we could potentially face a situation where people need to use more water than we can provide.“ „This new source (water treatment works in Newham) is vital at a time when London faces a growing population, the effects of climate change and increasing levels of water usage.“ On their website, Thames Water make more worrying statements: „London is classed by the Environment Agency as ‚seriously water stressed‘. This is because the region‘s large population means that the amount of rainfall per head of population is very low. London actually receives less rainfall than Rome, Istanbul, Dallas or Sydney. [...] Pressure on water resources will continue to grow in the future. Another 700,000 people are forecast to be living in London by 2021, and climate change will increase the likelihood of longer, hotter summers.“ 7 22
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Days without water
On a Saturday morning in March we realised that the water taps in the whole building, in which about hundret families live were out of order. The property management delivered a number of water bottles to each of the flats. The porter supplied the elderly with water bottles continously. In order to flush the toilet, we had to go all way the down from the 14th floor to the public tap in front of the house to fill up a 5l bucket. Because of the water in the basement, lifts were out of order too. A week later most of East London was out of water for several hours due a burst main near the Olympic Park (see tweets). These two very inconvenient situations raised my consciousness of how much water I consume everyday without really knowing it. It‘s a strange feeling to suddenly realise that my very existence depends on the designed water infrastructure.
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“By 2035, London is suffering high water stress and the Strategic Spatial Planning Authority begins construction of a 750 hectare reservoir on the site of a former airport. Flying is now a severely reduced activity [...]� 8 Land Use Futures Report
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“When systems fail we become temporarily conscious of the extraordinary force and power of design, and the effects that it generates. Every accident provides a brief moment of awareness of real life, what is actually happening, and our dependence on the underlying systems of design.� 9 Bruce Mau & The Institute without Boundaries
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The great stink What the weekend without water revealed was the very fact that without water there’s no flux. All our wastewater and sewage doesn’t get flushed away and what remains is an unpleasant smell. Not only begins the toilet in your apartment to stink because you can’t flush your own droppings, the main stink comes from all the downpipes in your flat, especially if you live in a block with a lot of floors. In the house that I currently live in there are 26 storeys and over a hundred families living in the same building. As already 3 days without water showed the smell can get quite unpleasant, affecting every room in the flat. Imagine times with “high water stress”, when water supplies might be interrupted regularly for a number of days, the situation might become pretty hard to bear up against. Because population growth and immigration will increase the demand for living space, property prices and rents will most likely go further up. This implies that you may not easily be able to relocate to a place within London with higher water security. So, if we consider such a stinky condition as normal and we can’t just change flats, what design would help to encounter the stink?
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Anti Smell Forte Nasal Spray The Anti Stink Forte Nasal Spray is a fictional design proposalunder the assumption that London will be “a less pleasant place to live” as the Land Use Report foresees. Less pleasant in terms of reduced water flow, which would make it more difficult for sewage to be flushed away, so that the stink remains. Fishermen and slum dwellers never use or wear any sort measures to make it more convenient to live and work in a malodorous environment, as our senses adapt over time quite easily to incisive olfactory conditions. But if we’re used to clean and pleasingly smelling surroundings suddenly emerging stink is quite hard to bear. The easiest way to encounter smell for people which constantly move from clean to dirty places in their everyday is to get rid of their sense of smell or to increase their nose’s ability to adapt more quickly to smelly conditions. The key points (or in marketing language USP‘s) of the nasal spray: • With the nasal spray you can adapt more quickly to changing olfactory conditions • Or, when applied in a higher dose, eliminates your sense of smell completely without affecting your sense of taste while eating. • You never have to purchase facemasks anymore, which add to the cities’ amount of waste. (consider 7 million people wearing a new facemask everyday.) • Packaging from recycled cardboard and a reusable glass vial with the option to be refilled at your local drugstore. Another aspect, which I intend to cover with this proposal, is that pharmaceutical companies would most likely come up with yet another product and try to make profit of the worsened living conditions. 32
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Rainwater catchment Besides facing a stinky environment, we should be prepared that water scarcity also affects our everyday’s tasks: doing one’s laundry, cooking, washing dishes, showering, personal hygiene and so on. But what happened that we came to the situation that we exclusively rely on the complex and vulnerable system of water supply when water seems to fall abundantly from the sky in winter seasons? Why do we have to pump water from distant reservoirs to our homes and pay for it when it knocks right on our windows during all these rainy days? The abundance of rainwater requires a deeper analysis. Could I survive with water being supplied by regular precipitation only? Let’s do the math and calculate how large a rainwater capture surface would have to be to cover the water use of a standard London home: According to the Met Office London has an average precipitation of 583mm, equivalent to 583 litres per square metre per year. As stated 34
by the consumer council for water, average annual water use for a oneperson household counts to 66’000 litres and for a home with four people living in (e.g. family with two children) to 165’000 litres. For the sake of a simple calculation, let’s leave water efficiency measures and seasonal variability (i.e. storage etc.), evaporation and wind aside for now. The water captured by a surface of one square metre enables you to flush your toilet for 116 times or every third day. In order to provide 25 families with water, a surface of the size of a football field (7140 square metres) would be required. Or if you want rainwater to cover all the water use of a one-person household you would need a plane of roughly 113 square metres to capture the rainwater. So, what would be a good place to install a water capture fabric of - let’s say - 20m x 5.65m in dimensions (113m2) for single person households or 20m x 14m (280m2) for a common family household? Moreover, if we look at the additional space you would need to store the water of the wet days to be used during drier periods, rainwater catchment essentially results in a predicament of space. Considering that the “Land Use Futures” report predicts much denser cities, the lack of space will be even higher in the future. The challenge of an autarkic “off-thepipes” water supply system clearly lies in the use of space. Additionally, a climate changing to more extreme weather conditions may make a mere reliance on rainwater all the more venturesome. The above analysis undoubtedly shows that we shouldn’t consider rainwater to be our only water source. Given the massive amounts of water, which today flow unused to the drains of our cities, I do advocate rainwater as a complementary resource to increase our resilience to draughts and water stress independently in an uncertain water future. 35
Inverted Sunblind This proposal’s goal is to capture rainwater in order to reduce dependence on water supply through the given and more and more vulnerable water supply system. As the surface of the reversed sunblind is quite small, it would fail to cover all your fresh water needs. With the fabric of the sunblind capturing the rainwater and draining it into a fairly small tank, the concept is meant to be considered as a backup tool or buffer in case regular water supply fails. It’s a rough sketch and surely doesn’t go into much detail: In case the rainwater has to be purified in order to be drinkable, mechanism are required to filter out the dirty particles, which rainfall washes into the system. Other than that, the water quality should be sufficient to flush the toilets. 36
The main ideas behind the proposal: • Utilising a building‘s facade to catch rainwater • Increasing resilience to high water stress • Providing a buffer / backup in case the regular water supply system fails 37
Water Rucksack What if you can’t rely on your water tap anymore? Imagine a a day in your life when water might not flow as reliably as we’re used to. What objects would you find useful in a situation of a totally suspended water supply system? When that water pump burst and our household was out of water for more than 48 hours, I kept forgetting that there was no water. I was completely aware of the situation, had discussions about it with my flatmates and 5 seconds later I wanted to go to the bathroom and wash my hands. It made clear that my mental process of turning on a water tap has been programmed into my brain since childhood. It required a situation like this to make myself aware of the underlying system of design and what it means if it fails all of a sudden moment. Carrying water bottles and buckets from an outside public water tap to our flat was quite an exhausting task, especially if you have to get water every time you flush the toilet. On one hand lifting a bucket with your hands is all but ergonomic. On the other hand we haven’t been trained like the tribes around the world to carry our water buckets on our heads. So what design concept could help with the task of carrying water? How do people in our western culture carry heavy loads? Obviously, the rucksack seems to be the best concept. My rapid sketch of a water rucksack combines western type of carrying heavy loads with water. The water rucksack allows you to: • • • • 38
Carry water over obstacles and stairs. Easily fill up the rucksack through a hose, no heavy lift-up. Deliver water to the elderly and disabled. Pour the water out and fill in bottles through an attached tap.
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Bishopsgate in 2050
In an attempt to imagine London in about 40 years, considering key statements of the Land Use Futures Report I designed a visualisation. By remixing a vast selection of Flickr images in Photoshop I tried to shift the imagination of London in 2050 from a scientific to a more artistic point of view. I started with merging my picture of London’s Bishopsgate with an image of a slum in Macao in order to give it a feeling of density, dirt, population growth, new emerging economies and business opportunities. A denser, higher populated and slum-like London doesn‘t have to be a bad thing: Steward Brand argues in a recent article in the Prospect Magazine that slums are extremely efficient and green (see page 43). 41
This visualisation is meant to cover the following statements of the report‘s scenarios: Carbon rationing: • Some governments are interested in a global personal carbon credits scheme. • Carbon rationing in the UK has led to significant shifts in lifestyle as everyone tries to stay within budget. In the cities, rationing has increased the number of people walking, cycling or using public light rail and low energy bus transportation High water stress: • By 2035, London is suffering high water stress • Relocation • Water and wider environmental stress begin to constrain London’s ability to grow and makes it a less pleasant place to live than it once was. The government revisits plans to build three new towns in Dumfries, Northumberland and Powys. • Attractive relocation packages and new infrastructure in the regions, means that some businesses relocate in the north of England and Scotland Density: • However, by the late 2030s, over 90% of the UK population is now living in towns and cities – and these are feeling more crowded. Property prices and the demand for space make it commonplace for three or even four generations to live together. 42
“Squatter cities are unexpectedly green. They have maximum density - 1m people per square mile in some areas of Mumbai and have minimum energy and material use. People get around by foot, bicycle, rickshaw, or the universal shared taxi.� 10 Stewart Brand
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Relocation
In one of the most controversial passages in the Land Use Futures Report states that London would stop growing and three new towns in the north would become the new engines of growth. Researchers suggesting abandoning London as an economic motor because it is “a less pleasant place to live?” Less pleasant in what terms exactly? Because it will be so dense, lacking water or represents the old, “dirty economy”? What’s most interesting is the fact that this fairly bold plan will cause problematical migration streams towards north. Will people be leaving London and settling in Dumfries, Powys or Northumberland? How would they relocate? What would be emerging services or businesses? 44
“Water and wider environmental stress begin to constrain London’s ability to grow and makes it a less pleasant place to live than it once was. The government revisits plans to build three new towns in Dumfries and Galloway, Northumberland and Powys – once ‘rural’ areas, these are now engines of innovation and economic growth that are creating new wealth and delivering new jobs.“ 11 Land Use Futures Report
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When it comes to transportation, the markets always give birth to a low-budget option these days, especially in air travel. But how would it look like if we apply the low-budget concept to relocation services? My EasyRelocate proposal is a service that functions quite similar. Every week there is a ship leaving from the Tilbury Docks just outside London. The ships have a capacity of about 4000 containers (4000 TEU). The earlier you book your container, the less you have to pay for the service: Booking: Different container sizes can be booked online. You can opt-in to a number of additional services: • • • • • • • •
Extend the timeframe you need to load the container Extend the timeframe you need to unload the container Furniture removal men Direct flat-to-container loading (the truck sent to your home will come with an extra high crane) Windpower supported ship for lower impact on your carbon balance Speedy transfer by freight train instead of container ship Buy the empty container And not to be missed: a huge variety of insurance covers
Loading: A truck delivers the container to your house, where you have one or two days to load it with your belongings. Furniture removal men may be booked and help you with loading the container intelligently. In case you’ve been living in a high storey building or have no lift and booked direct “flat-to-container loading” the container will be lifted up to the level of your apartment where you can easily load the orange box via balcony or large window, no heavy lifting through angled corridors. 46
easyRelocate SAFETY CARD
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Pick-up: The easyRelocate truck picks up your container and heads east on the A13 towards Tilbury Docks where it’s placed onto the freighter. You may then commence your journey to Dumfries individually, either by car or high-speed rail. Cruise: The containership departs every second day from the Tilbury Docks and arrives the next day at the newly build Dumfries Docks. Unloading: The newly built Docks in Dumfries are equipped with the newest and most efficient cranes to provide a swift unloading process of the containers. The fleet of easyRelocate trucks picks up the containers and sets out to the individual houses. Your container is delivered to your new home where you have again another one or two days to unload your furniture and belongings.
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Letter from my grandson London, 13. May 2051 Dear Grandpa Just before the muslim‘s evening prayers started yesterday, Mum and Dad decided that we’re going to relocate to Dumfries and Galloway because Dad has a new job there. He’s going to sell wind turbines. I don’t know what I should think about it because I’ve been living in London for all my live. But I’m looking forward to our new home and mum said that I’ll get my own room and that we’re going to have a proper garden where I’ll have lots of space to play and I can go out without the respirator mask! And Dad said that I don’t have to carry water buckets to our house because water won’t just stop running out of the tap anymore. He also promised that I’ll have my first bath and I hope I’ll get a bicycle for Christmas. There is this orange container in front of our house, which we’re going to load with our stuff the next weekend. I’ve seen those containers everywhere in the city. Dad used to be bad-tempered about people moving away with the orange boxes but now we got one too. A massive ship will then transport our stuff to Dumfries. I can’t imagine how my new life will be in Dumfries and it‘s so sad to say goodbye to my friends at school. I had to cry today but Mom promised that I’m going to make new friends there. Will not miss my teacher though. But I will miss my best friends Anadi and Niyati so much! They’ve been through so much trouble after fleeing from their country because of the floods and the war. I hope you’re doing fine Grandpa, and that your organic tomatoes grow despite the dry wheather. Love, David 55
References: 1. Andrew Simms & Victoria Johnson, Growth isn‘t possible (London: New Economics Foundation, 2010) 5. www.neweconomics.org/publications/ (accessed May 5, 2010) 2. Brian Walker & David Salt, Resilience Thinking (Washington DC: Island Press, 2006) 153. 3. Brian Walker & David Salt, Resilience Thinking (Washington DC: Island Press, 2006) 120 - 121. 4. Wikipedia contributors, „Noah‘s Ark,“ Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_ Ark&oldid=363223046 (accessed May 2, 2010). 5. Grzegorz Jonkajtys, Marcin Kobylecki, Ark, http://www.thearkfilm.com (accessed February 10, 2010). 6. The Government Office for Science London, Foresight Land Use Futures Project, „The scenarios“, Final Project Report, (London: The Governement Office for Science, 2010), http://www.foresight.gov.uk/OurWork/ActiveProjects/LandUse/lufoutputs.asp (accessed March 11, 2010) 282. 7. Thames Water Utilities Limited, Why does London need more water?, http://thameswater.co.uk/cps/rde/xchg/corp/hs.xsl/9945. htm (accessed March 30, 2010)
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8. The Government Office for Science London, Foresight Land Use Futures Project, „The scenarios“, Final Project Report, (London: The Governement Office for Science, 2010), http://www.foresight.gov.uk/OurWork/ActiveProjects/LandUse/lufoutputs.asp (accessed March 11, 2010) 288. 9. Bruce Mau & The Institute without Boundaries, Massive Change (New York: Phaidon Press, 2004) 6. 10. Stewart Brand, „How slums can save the planet.“ Prospect Magazine, Issue 167, http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2010/01/ how-slums-can-save-the-planet/ (accessed March 4, 2010). The Government Office for Science London, Foresight Land Use 11. Futures Project, „The scenarios“, Final Project Report, (London: The Governement Office for Science, 2010), http://www.foresight.gov.uk/OurWork/ActiveProjects/LandUse/lufoutputs.asp (accessed March 11, 2010) 289.
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Table of figures: Page:
Source & credits:
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Helgate London, Flagship Studios, Inc, http://hellgate.iahgames. com Screenshots of the Game Fallout, Bethsoft, Inc, http://fallout. bethsoft.com Manuel Citak/Greenpeace, It‘s not too late campaign, 2007, Greenpeace International, http://www.greenpeace.org/ international/en/news/features/ark-is-built-on-mount-ararat/ Arks in Roland Emmerich‘s 2012 Movie, Sony Pictures International Alien Ark by Sci-Fi illustration artist Franco Brambilla, http:// francobrambilla.com Ark of Noah Replica by Dutch creationist Johan Huibers, Image by Lee Cooper, www.harleypinon.com/man_builds_noahs_ ark.htm Press Image of the short film Ark, Grzegorz Jonkajtys, Marcin Kobylecki, http://www.thearkfilm.com Waterpod, by Alex Crosier, http://www.flickr.com/photos/ crosier/3827257679/ Waterpod Project: plants, by Casey Holford, http://www.flickr. com/photos/chachlate/3807769203/ Topics Map of Land Use Futures Report, Raphael Faeh Press clipping The Times 26.2.2010, Raphael Faeh Malfunction of a digital clock at London Bridge railway station, Raphael Faeh Burt car in Cable Street, East London, Raphael Faeh Screenshot of Twitter on 26.3.2010, Raphael Faeh Water supply at stand pipe in Cable Street, East London, Raphael Faeh
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Old man with bucket, Cable Street, East London, Raphael Faeh Temporary water supply, East London, Raphael Faeh Nasal Spray visualisation, Raphael Faeh Reverse Sunblind visualisation, Raphael Faeh Reverse Sunblind Sketch, Raphael Faeh Water Rucksack Sketch, Raphael Faeh Bishopsgate 2050 visualisation, Raphael Faeh Bishopsgate 2010 vs 2050 visualisation, Raphael Faeh Boggy Hillside, Drew Richardson, http://www.flickr.com/ photos/drewnaustin/4094367166/ EasyRelocate Safety Card, Raphael Faeh, individual graphics used under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License provided by the Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. An easyArk visualisation, Raphael Faeh, original image by www.pnfmarine.co.kr Welcome to Dumfries visualisation, Raphael Faeh EasyRelocate Advert in London, Raphael Faeh, original Image by Keneth John Brown: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ kenjonbro/3980155991/ Arrival of the EasyRelocate container, Raphael Faeh, original image by Metalab: http://www.metalabstudio.com/2009/06/ moving-day-for-mirabeau-b-sales-center/ Life jacket EasyRelocate advert, Raphael Faeh, original image by itrademarket.com Gas mask EasyRelocate advert, Raphael Faeh, original image by Michael Turner: http://www.michaelturnerphotographer.com/ website2/gas_mask.html Letter from my grandson, Raphael Faeh 59
„It‘s the end of the world as we know it and I feel fine.“ (R.E.M.)
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