Magazine Layout
Secrets of the Mind
Depression and how it effects the brain and body
Dr. Beth Greene Ph. D Psychology
Understanding trauma
How Your Eyes Trick Your Mind Optical illusions and how they work
Ask the Therapist When should I seek professional help? Psychology in Color Do certain colors really affect the way we react to our surroundings?
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Magazine Layout LIVE N' LEARN
HOW YOUR EYES TRICK YOUR MIND
DISCOVER HOW OUR MINDS PLAY TRICKS ON US, SOMETIMES WITHOUT US NOTICING! READ ON TO EXPERIENCE FOR YOURSELF THE POWER OF OUR EYES AND THE EVEN GREATER POWER OF THE MIND… Melissa Hogenboom
Mind Shift
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The real boom in studying illusions began in the 19th Century. A school of scientists who studied perception llusions have a long history, going as far – among many other things – created simple illusions to shed light on how the brain perceives back patterns as the ancient Greeks. In 350BC, and shapes, which kick-started the early theories Aristotle on how our eyes can play tricks on our mind. noted that “our senses can be The Ebbinghaus illusion, for example, revealedbut they can be easily fooled”. trusted that our brain makes judgments about size using noticed adjacent objects – and this can beHe manipulated. Thethat if you watch a waterfall orange circles here are actually sameyour size. gaze to static rocks, the rocks andthe shift
In-Depth View appear to move in the opposite direction of the Around the same time, the Ponzo illusion illustrated flowforofdepth water, an effect we now call “motion that context is also fundamental perception. It shows that identically sized lines can appearor the waterfall illusion. aftereffect” to be different lengths when placed between Tracking flow of the water seems to “wear converging parallel lines. This shows howthe our sense of perspective works. Like a train track, the slanted out” certain neurons in the brain as they adapt lines make us believe the top line is further away. This confuses the brain, and overcompensates, toit the motion. When you then shift your gaze making the line appear bigger – as it would have to to the other competing neurons overbe in real life to produce those kinds rocks, of proportions. compensate, causing the illusion of movement One-Track Mind For similar reasons, this may whyother the linesdirection. in the in be the Muller-Lyer illusion appear to be different lengths. The arrows at each end are tricking the brain into thinking the lines are nearer or further away. Confused? To understand why, consider how two walls meet the ceiling at the top of a room: you’ll see three lines converging. The brain uses these lines to gauge perspective and distance in 3D space – in other words, that the point of the corner is further away than the lines converging towards it. One theory is that the arrows on either end of the line in the Muller-Lyer illusion trick the mind into thinking it is looking at a similar 3D scene – for example, the arrows on the middle line are similar to a wallceiling corner. This nudges the brain into thinking the line is further away, and again, it overcompensates, making it appear longer than the other lines.
Tall Story
That isn’t the only way simple lines can warp the way the mind processes the world – and there isn’t always a simple explanation. In the late 1800s, Hermann von Helmholtz first demonstrated that a simple square made up of vertical lines looks shorter and wider than a square made up of horizontal lines. This is why wearing horizontally striped clothes will make the wearer appear taller and slimmer – contrary to fashion advice. Researchers suspect the reason is to do with the way we estimate “filled space”, but they’re still not sure why it happens.
"Like a train track, the slanted lines make us believe the top line is further away" History in the Making
Early illusions like this appeared at a ground-breaking time for the study of perception, says illusion historian Nicholas Wade from the University of Dundee in Scotland. “They were of interest theoretically because they went against the prevailing view that you could understand vision if you understood the way in which an image is formed in the eye. “The phenomena were small but reliable; they were experimentally tractable and it generated this incredible boom of variations on simple figures.” Yet this period also saw a series of misguided attempts to find a ‘unifying theory’ of illusions. The literature on illusions is “littered with over-interpretations”, says Wade. As researchers would later discover, our reactions to illusions can be even more complicated than the early pioneers realized.
20th Century Arrives
The 20th Century saw little in the way of a breakthrough in the field of illusions. But the quest to understand how we process the world continued, and this resulted in some exciting findings about perception. For example, advances in technology allowed David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel to discover that certain neurons in the brain’s visual cortex fired only when objects were orientated at certain angles – so, for instance, specific neurons fire when you look at a
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illusions that will reveal your personality How many animals can you see in this image?
1-3: You have your head in the clouds and you are not very interested in details 4-7: You have spotted the most obvious but haven’t made the effort to look harder 8-13: Well done! Attention to detail is one of your
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characteristics
What do you see first?
1: A monkey: You are an independent person who appreciates your own personal space and takes time for yourself.
2: A tiger: You are someone who likes taking risks. For you nothing is impossible and you just need to find the solutions to the problem.
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Village or animal?
1: A village with huts, trees and birds: You like tradition. You prefer the calmness of a peaceful and simple way of life instead of the buzz of the city.
2: An elephant: Loyal and respectful of your friends and family, you are a great listener. Friendly thoughtful and considerate, people really respect and like you.
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Book Cover
Out of Step
Bella is a 14-year-old girl who lives and breathes ballet. She’s already an advanced dancer when she ruptures her Achilles tendon in a way that marks the end of ballet for her. She is devastated. In the meantime, her grandmother falls and injures herself, so the family is dealing with that, and then her older brother Naftali is expelled from yeshivah because he took the accusation for his friend’s cheating and he won’t snitch on him. Bella goes through a whole identity crisis: who is she, if not a dancer? She undergoes a lot of self-growth, learning from the perseverance of her family members. She also learns about her other capabilities and talents, besides for dancing—she is great at clothing design and tailoring. In the process of her maturing substantially, her friendships change a lot too…
Now that Bella can no longer dance, is her identity bound to change? Will she be able to overcome and create a new identity for herself? Join Bella as she discovers inner strength she never knew she had...
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