Contents
3
์ธ์ฌ๋ง Invitation
4
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ Program
6
์ฐ์ฌ์๊ฐ Speakers
11
๊ธฐ์กฐ์ฐ์ค Keynote Speech
45
์๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of the UK
87
ํธ์ฃผ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Australia
115
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul
์ธ์ฌ๋ง ์๋ ํ์ญ๋๊น, ์์ธํน๋ณ์์ฅ ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ก๋ถํฐ โ์์ ํ ๋์โ๋ผ๋ ํ์ดํ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ํ๋ ฅํด์ผ๋ง ์ง์ผ๋ผ ์ ์๋ ๊ณต๋์ ๊ฐ์น์ ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ก ์ธํด ์ง์ถ๋๋ ์ฌํ์ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ฐ 20์กฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆ ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ค ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ์ฌํ์กฐ์น๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค๊ณ ํด๋ ๊ณผ์ธ์ด ์๋๋๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆ๋ต๊ฒ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๊ณ ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ด ์ ์นํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ ธ๋ ฅ๋ ์ค์ํ์ง๋ง ๋์์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ์์ ์ ์ํด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ฐฉํ๋ ์ผ์ ์๋ฏผ์ ์ถ์ ๋ ์คํํ๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฒซ ๋จ์ถ๊ฐ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ์ฃํ์, ํ๋์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์, ๋์๊ณํ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ, ์ง์ญ๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ๋๊ฐ, ๋์์ด๋, ๊ฐ ์๊ตฌ๋์ ๊ณต๋ฌด์๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ์์ด ๋ชจ์ฌ ํจ๊ป ๋ ธ๋ ฅํ์ต๋๋ค. ๋ถ์กฑํ๋๋ง 10์ 17์ผ ์ ์ฒญ์ฌ์์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ์๋ฏผ์ ์ํ์ ์ค๋ฉฐ๋๋ ๋์์ธ์ ํฅํ ์ฒซ ๋ง์ค๋ฌผ์ด ๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ง์ผ๋ด ์ฃผ์ จ์ผ๋ฉด ํฉ๋๋ค. ๊ธ๋ฒ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ํตํด ์์ธ์๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธ ์ ์ฑ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํจ๊ณผ ๋์์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ํ ๊ฐ ๋์์ ์ ์ฑ ์ ์์ง์ ๋ค์ํ ์ฌ๋ก๋ค์ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ณ ์ ํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด โ์๋ฏผ์ ๋ ๋์ ์ถโ์ ์งํฅํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฐ ํด์ธ๊ธฐ๊ด๋ค๊ณผ ์์ธ๋์์ธ์ฌ๋จ์ ๊ณต๋์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ง์์ ์ธ ํ๋ ฅ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํฉ๋๋ค. ๊ด์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ฃผ์๊ณ ์ข์ ์๊ฒฌ ์ฃผ์๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ฌํ๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋๋๋ค. ์์ธํน๋ณ์์ฅ
INVITATION Greetings. I am the Mayor of Seoul Special City. A โcity that is safe from crimeโ is a common value that can be upheld only when all of us cooperate. Social costs that arise from crime reach an annual 20 trillion won. Most of the funds are used to implement follow-up measures for crime. Efforts to make our streets look beautiful and to attract many tourists are important. However, analyzing and preventing crime for a safe city is the first step towards further enriching the lives of citizens. Joint efforts were made by criminologists, behavioral psychologists, urban planning experts, local community activists, designers, as well as public officials, police officers, residents and students of each district and neighborhood. The Seoul International Crime Prevention Design Seminar will be held at the new government office building on October 17. I invite you to the seminar to witness the seminar serve as the first step towards creating design that truly blends into the daily lives of citizens. Seoul Special City will give a presentation on cases of crime prevention design policies and share information on the strong determination of cities across the globe to prevent crime and various relevant cases. In addition, a commitment will be made to engage in joint research and continued cooperation between the Seoul Design Foundation and overseas organizations that aim at providing better lives to citizens by conducting research on crime prevention design. I would greatly appreciate your high level of interest and ask you to share your precious insight. I wish you the very best of health. Thank you. Mayor of Seoul Special City
โ
Program
์ฐ์ฌ์๊ฐ Speakers
๋ก๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋จผ Lorraine Gamman
์๊ตญ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ ๋๋ ํฐ Director of Design against Crime Research Centre in the UK
๋ก๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋จผ์ ๋ฐ๋์์ ๋ํ๊ต(University of the Arts London) ์ผํธ๋ด์ธ์ธํธ๋งํด ์์ ๋์์ธ๋ํ(Central Saint Martins (CSM) College of Arts and Design) ๊ทธ๋ํฝ/์ฐ์ ๋์์ธํ๋ถ (School of Graphic and Industrial Desig) ๋์์ธํ๊ณผ ๊ต์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, 22๋ ๊ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์ , ์ ํ, ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์์ธํ๊ต(School of Communication, Product and Spatial Design)์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ค. 1999๋ ์ ์ค๋ฌด ์ฃผ๋์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ(Design Against Crime Research Centre, ์ดํ โDACRCโ)๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝํด ๋ค์์ PI ๋๋ Co-I ์ธ๋ถ ์๊ธ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค. ์งํํ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ก๋ ๋์์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ ์ํ ๋งค์ฅ ๋๋๋ฐฉ์ง (๋ด๋ฌด๋ถ, 2005-6), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ(Grippa, AHRC 2006-10), ๋ฐ์ดํฌ์ค ํ(Bikeoff, ARHRC/EPSRC 2006-8) ๋ฑ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ต๊ทผ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ํผํฐ ๋ค์ด์ผ๋ก๊ทธ PI(PI on Graffiti Dialogues, ESRC 2011) ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๋จผ ๊ต์๋ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ตํต(Transport for London), ๋์์ธ์์ํ(Design Council), ์๊ตญ ๊ตํต๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ(British Transport Police), ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ(Metropolitan Police), ์๊ตญ ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ตญ (National Health Service) ๋ฑ์ ๋ค์ ์ธ๋ถ ๊ธฐ๊ด๊ณผ ๋ณด์ฌ(Bosch), NCR, ์ค์ฝํ๋๋ ์๋ฆฝ์ํ(Royal Bank of Scotland) ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ์๊ธ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๋ค์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ ์งํํ ๋ค. DACRC์์์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋์์ธ ํ์ ์ ํตํด ๋ค์์ ์์ ์์ํ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ์๋ด ์(Adam Thorpe)์ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ ํ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ด๊ณ 20 ์ฌ ๊ฐ ๋์์ธ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํํ ๊ฒ, ์คํฑ ์ํ(Stop Thief) ์์, ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ดํ(Karrysafe) ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ, ๋ฐ์ดํฌ ์คํ(Bikeoff) ๋๋๋ฐฉ์ง ์์ ๊ฑฐ ์คํ ๋ ๋ฑ ๋ค์์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ ํ์ ์ด์งํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ค ์ ์๋ค. ์๊ตญ ๋ด๋ฌด๋ถ(Home Office)์ ๋์์ธ ํ ํฌ๋๋ก์ง ์ผ๋ผ์ด์ธ์ค(Design Technology Alliance, 2007-11)์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์๊ฒ ์๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธํํ(DesiningOut Crime Association) ๋ถํ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
6 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
Lorraine Gamman is Professor of Design, School of Graphic and Industrial Design at Central Saint Martins (CSM) College of Arts and Design, part of the University of the Arts London (UAL), and has worked in the School of Communication, Product and Spatial Design for 22 yearsIn 1999 Gamman founded the practice-led Design Against Crime Research Centre at which she directs and has worked on numerous externally funded research projects as either PI or Co-I, including shoplifting (Home Office 2005-6), Grippa (AHRC 2006-10) Bikeoff (ARHRC/EPSRC 2006-8) which delivered design benchmarks, and more recently PI on Graffiti Dialogues (ESRC 2011). She has also co-delivered numerous research projects funded by many external bodies including Transport for London, the Design Council, the British Transport Police, the Metropolitan Police the National Health Service, and businesses including Bosch, NCR, the Royal Bank of Scotland amongst others. Her work with DACRC has won several awards for design innovation and together with Adam Thorpe she has delivered numerous academic outputs & co-curated over 20 design exhibitions as well as catalysing a number of DAC product ranges including Stop Thief chairs, Karrysafe bags &Bikeoff anti-theft bike stands. She was a member of the Home Officeโs Design Technology Alliance (2007-11) that advised Britainโs Home Secretary & continues to be Vice Chair of the Designing Out Crime Association.
์ฐ์ฌ์๊ฐ Speakers
์๋ด ์ Adam Thorpe
์๊ตญ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์์ดํฐ๋ธ ๋๋ ํฐ Creative Director of Design against Crime Research Centre in the UK
์๋ด ์์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ(Design Against Crime Research Centre, ์ดํ โDACRCโ)์ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์์ดํฐ๋ธ ๋๋ ํฐ๋ค. DACRC์ ์ง ๋จ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ณผํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์(Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science)์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ AHRC/ EPSRC ํ์ ํฌํธํด๋ฆฌ์ค ํ๋ก์ ํธ ๋ฐ์ดํฌ์คํ 2(Bikeoff 2)์ ์์ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ด์ ์ง๋ด๊ณ DOCRC์์ ๋ ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ํ๊ณ ์ ๊ณ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋์์ธ ๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌํ ๋์์ ๋์์ธ(socially responsive design, SRVD)์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ์ฐ๊ด์ง๋ ๋์์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ์์ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ฃผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ผ๋ ์ค๋ฌด ์ฃผ๋์ ๋์์ธ์ผ๋ก, ๋์์ธ ํ์ ๋ฐ ์ง์์ ์์ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํตํด ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ฌ ํ ๋์์ ๋์์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ์ง์๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ ์ ํํ ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
Adam Thorpe is Creative Director of the Design Against Crime Research Centre (DACRC). He was Principal Investigator on the AHRC/EPSRC funded portfolio project Bikeoff 2 delivered with colleagues from both DACRC and the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. His work with the Centre includes the generation of academic papers, design resources for industry and education, also award winning design benchmarks that are linked to an account of design against crime as socially responsive design (SRVD). His research focus is practice-led and linked to the development of models of design innovation and knowledge transfer so that others can be inspired and informed about how best to deliver socially responsive design.
์ฐ์ฌ์๊ฐ Speaker 7
์ฐ์ฌ์๊ฐ Speakers
๋๊ธ๋ผ์ค ํฐํจ Douglas Tomkin
ํธ์ฃผ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ทผ์ ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ ๋ถ๊ต์ Associate Professor of Designing Out Crime Research Centre in Australia
๋๊ธ๋ผ์ค ํฐํจ ๋ถ๊ต์๋ ์๊ตญ, ํ์ฝฉ, ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์์ ๋์์ธ ๊ต์ ๋ฐ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ํด ์๋ค. ํฐํจ ๋ถ๊ต์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋์์ธ ์ค๋ฌด ์ธ์๋ ์ ํ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐ ๋์์ธ ํ์ํ์์ ๊ด๋ จํ ์ฌ๊ฑด์์ ๋ฒ์ ์๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. 2009๋ ์ ์๋๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ๊ต(University of Technology Sydney)์ NSW ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋ถ(NSW Justice and Attorney General Department) ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋ ์ค๋ฆฝํ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ทผ์ ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ(Designing Out Crime Research Centre)์ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ์์ด๋ฉฐ, ์๋งค์ , ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง, ๊ตํต์์ค, ๋์ค์์ค์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ 50์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๋์์ธ ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํด ์๋ค. UTS ๋์์ธํ๊ต (School of Design at UTS) ๊ต์ฅ, ํ์ฝฉ๋์์ธํ์ ์ผํฐ (Hong Kong Design Innovation Centre) ์ผํฐ์ฅ, ๋ฐ๋ RCA ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํ ๋ก์ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ค.
8 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
Associate Professor Douglas Tomkin has worked as a design professional and academic in the UK, Hong Kong and Australia. In addition to teaching and designing he provides legal opinion in cases relating to product accidents and design misrepresentation. Douglas is a founding member of the Designing Out Crime Research Centre established in 2009 as a joint initiative between the University of Technology Sydney and the NSW Justice and Attorney General Department. He has been involved in over fifty projects designed to reduce the opportunity of crime in retail stores, housing estates, transport hubs and places of mass gathering. His employment positions include Head of the School of Design at UTS, Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Design Innovation Centre and Research Fellow at the RCA in London.
์ฐ์ฌ์๊ฐ Speakers
์ก์ ์ฌ Jeong-jae Song
์์ธํน๋ณ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ด๊ด๋์์ธ๋ณธ๋ถ ๋์์ธ์ ์ฑ ๊ณผ์ฅ Director of Design Policy Division in Seoul Metropolitan Government
๋์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ฌํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์น์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์์ธ์๊ฐ ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) ํ๋ก์ ํธ ์ถ์ง์ ์ด ๊ดํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์์ธ์๋ฏผ๋ค์๊ฒ ์์ง์ ์์ํ ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์ค ๋์์ธ (Universal Design)๊ณผ ์ ์ฌ์ดํด ๋์์ธ (Upcycle Design)์ ํ์ฐ์ ์ํ ๋ค์ํ ์์ฑ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, DDP (Dongdaemun Design Plaza)์ ์ด์์ค๋น์ ๋์์ธ์ฐ์ ์ง์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ด์์ ์ด๊ดํ ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋์ด๋ค. ์ ๋จ๋ํ๊ต (Chonnam National University) ์์ ํ์ ํ (Public Administration)์ ์ ๊ณตํ์๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํผ์ธ ๋ฒ๊ทธ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋ํ๊ต (Pittsburg State University)์์ MBA ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ง์น ๊ทธ๋ 20์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ ์์ธ์ ๊ณต๋ฌด์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ ์งํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์งํฅ, ์๋ฏผ๋ณต์งํฅ์, ๋ฌธํ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์์ ๋ค์ ํ ์ ์ฑ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์ํ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์๋ก์ ํ๋ถํ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ๋์์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต์๋น์ค์ ์ง์ ๋ฐ๊ฟ๋๊ฐ๋ ์ผ์ ๊ฐ๋ณํ ๋ ธ๋ ฅ์ ์๊ณ ์๋ค.
The director is supervising the implementation of CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design), a project that Seoul Metropolitan Government is executing with strong motivation in order to resolve social issues through design. He is also in charge of formulating various policies that are aimed at propagating universal design and upcycle design, which remains unfamiliar to Seoul citizens. He is taking the lead in making preparations for the operation of DDP (Dongdaemun Design Plaza) and supervising the execution of design industry support programs. He majored in public administration at Chonnam National University and completed an MBA program at Pittsburg State University in the US. Serving as a public official of Seoul Metropolitan Government for around 20 years, he gained extensive experience while managing the development and implementation of a wide array of policies related to economic promotion, improvements in citizen welfare, and culture. He is currently making strenuous efforts to enhance the quality of the urban environment and public services through design.
์ฐ์ฌ์๊ฐ Speaker 9
์ฌํ ๋์์ ๋์์ธ ๋ฐ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก์จ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ๋ฐ๋ ์ผํธ๋ด์ธ์ธํธ๋งํด ์์ ๋์์ธ๋ํ(Central Saint Martins (CSM) College of Arts and Design) ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ(Design Against Crime Research Centre, ์ดํ โDACRCโ)๋ ๋์์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ค ๋ฃจ๋ ์๊ตญ ๋์์ธ๊ต์ก๊ธฐ๊ด ์ฐํ ์ต์ด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ๋ค. 1999๋ ๋ฐ๋์์ ๋ํ๊ต(University of the Arts London) ์ผํธ๋ด์ธ์ธํธ๋งํด ์์ ๋์์ธ๋ํ(Central Saint Martins (CSM) College of Arts and Design)์์ ์ค๋ฆฝ ๋ DACRC๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๊ดํ, ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ณผํ ์ฃผ๋ ๊ณํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. 2000๋ ์ ์๊ตญ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ค๊ณผ ์๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ, ์ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ด์ธ ๋์์ธ์์ํ(Design Council)๋ ๋์์ธ๊ต์ก๊ณผ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ์ ์ฐ๊ณํ๋ ์์ ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. (ํด๋น ๊ธฐ๊ด ๋ฐ DACRC์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ์๋ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์์ฝ๋จ) 2012๋ ํ์ฌ DACRC์ ํ๋์ ๊ณ์๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌํ ๋์ ์ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ์ํด ํ๋ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ค๊ฐํํ๊ณ ์๋ค. DACRC๋ ๋น ํฐ ํํ๋ฅ(Victor Papanek)์ด ์ ์ํ โํ์ค ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ด์โ1 ๋ฐ ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฌํ ํ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ฐ๊ด์ง์์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ๋ถ์ผ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. DACRC๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ๋์ ๋์์ธ๊ณผ ์ฌํ ํ์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ฒํด ์ค์ํ ๋์์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค์ ์ ์ ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์ด์ ์ญ๋(operational
capacity)๊ณผ ๋์์ธ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ํ์ ์ญ๋(innovative capacity)์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ด๋ จ ์์ธ์ ๋ณด๋ ์๋ด ์(Adam Thorpe)๊ฐ ์งํ ๋ฐ ํ๋ฆฌ์ ํ ์ด์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฌ์คํ(Bikeoff) ์ฌ๋ก์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์๊ฐํ ์์ ์ด๋ค. DACRC ์ ๋์์ธ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ค๋ฌด ์ฃผ๋ ์ฌํ ๋์์ ๋์์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ โ๋๋ก ๋ชจ์๋๋ ๋ณต์์ ๋์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฏ๋ก ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋์ฒํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฝ์ง ์์ ๋ํดํ ๋ฌธ ์ โ2๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ๋ค. DADRC๋ ๋์์ธ ์ฌ๊ณ (design thinking)์ ๋์์ธ ์ค๋ฌด๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ฒ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฏฟ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋์์ธ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฑ๋ฅ ์ธก๋ฉด, ๋ฏธํ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ํํํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ค์ผ ์ ์์ผ ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋์ผ๋ง ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฏฟ๋๋ค. ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋งํ์๋ฉด DADRC๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์นํ์ ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ์นํ์ ์ด์ง ์์ ๋์์ธ์ ํ๋ณดํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ซ์ ํ์๋ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด ๋ฒ์ํ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ฃผ๋์ ํ์์ ๋ถํฉํด์ผ ํ๋ค.3 DACRC๋ 10์ฌ ๋ ๊ฐ โ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฅ๋ คํ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๊ฒ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ค์ด๊ณ ์ถ์ ๊ฒโ์ ๋ํด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ๋์์ธํจ ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋์์ธ ํ์ ๊ณผ ์ฌํ ๋ชฉํ์ ์ฑ์ทจ ๊ธฐํ๋ก์ โ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ(reframing)โ4ํด์๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋๋์ ์ค์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ DADRC์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ค์ผ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์์ ๊ฑฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ฅ๋ คํ ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋๋์ ์ค์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋๋์ ์ค์ผ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฅ์์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ์์จ๊ถ
1
Papanek, V. (1985). Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change. London: Thames & Hudson.
2
Churchman, C. W. (1967). Wicked Problems. Management Science, 14 (4). Rittel, H., & Webber, M. M. (1984). Planning Problems are Wicked Problems. In N. Cross, Developments in Design Methodology (pp. 135-144). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
3
Gamman, L and Thorpe, A. 2009. Less is More โ What Design Against Crime Can Contribute To Sustainability, Built Environment, Sustainability via Security: A New Look, Vol. 35, No. 3. 403- 417.
4
Schรถn, D. 1983.The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York: Basic Books.
๊ธฐ์กฐ์ฐ์ค Keynote Speech 13
์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฅ์๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธธ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค. DADRC์ ์์ ํ ์์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น๋๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ(Grippa) ํด๋ฆฝ ์ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๊ฐ ์ค์ด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ(์: ๋์๋ฅผ ๋์๋ค๋๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด๋ ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋๋นํ๋ ๊ฒ)์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๋์ ์ธ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ํ, ๊ณต๋์ฒด๊ฐ ์ฅ๋ คํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ(์: ์ ๊ทผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ณ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ ์๋ ๋์์ ๊ตํต์๋จ) ์ ์ํ ๋์์ธ์ ์๋ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌผ, ์์คํ , ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋์์ ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ค์ ํ๋ก์ ํธ์์ ํ๋ ฅํด ์จ ์ง ๋จ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ณผํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์(Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science)์ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ๋์๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ(Metropolitan Police)์ ํต์ฌ ์ ๋ฌธ์ง์์ด ์์๋ค๋ฉด DACRC๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ์ด๋งํผ ๋ฐ์ ์ํค๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋์์ธ๊ต์ก์ ํตํฉํ ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ DACRC์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ณผํ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ํ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ๊ณผ ์์ดํ ๋๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ๋ฒ์ฃ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ์งํฅํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋์ผ ํ์ง๋ง DACRC๋ ์ฌํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ํฌํจํ ๋์์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ๋ํ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ๋์ฌ ๋์์ธ์ ํตํ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๊ฐ์/์๋ฐฉ ๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ ํ์ ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๋ชจ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ ์๋ DACRC์ โ์ฌ์ฉ์, ์ค์ฉ์, ํ๋์ ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒโ์ด ๋ณต์์ ์ดํด๋น์ฌ์ ๋ฐ ๋ด๋น์์์ โ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ํ์ โ5 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋์์ธ์ ๋ํ โ๊ฐ๋ถ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒโ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ โํ์ ์ ์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒโ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ฉฐ, ํ์์ ๊ฒฝํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ ๋ง์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ณํ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ ํฌ์ ๋ผ ํ์ ์ ์ธ ๋์์ธ ์๋ฃจ์ ๊ณผ ์๋น์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋๊ณ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ํ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ค. DACRC๋ ์ด ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ด ๋์์ธ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ํ์ ์ ํ์ฉํจ์ ์์ด ๋ฒ์ฃ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๋์ํ๋ ๋ง์ ํ์์๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ดํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ๋ ์์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฏฟ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ ํ์์๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฅผ ํฌํจ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์์ ์ฐฝ์์ฑ์ ์์ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ6 ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก DACRC๋ ๋์์ธ์ ํตํ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๊ฐ์/์๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ฌํ ํ์ ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ด ์ต๊ณ ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฏฟ๋๋ค. DACRC๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ ๋จ๊ฒฐํ๋ฉด ๊ฐํด์ง๋ฉฐ, ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ๋์์ธ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ฌธ์ง ์์ ๋ณด์ํ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฏฟ๋๋ค. DACRC๋ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ์ํด์๋ ๋์์ธ์ ํตํด ์ธ์์ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ ๋์ ๊ณณ, ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋์์ ๊ตฌํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค.
๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ์งง์ ์ญ์ฌ DACRC๋ 1998/9๋ ์ ์ผํธ๋ด์ธ์ธํธ๋งํด์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋๋ค. ์ฒ์์๋ ๋ฐ๋์์ ๋ํ๊ต(University of Arts London)์ ๋ ๋ฆฝ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ํ๋ค์ ํฌ์ ์ง์์ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ฐฐ์ ํตํด ๋ชจ๊ธ๋ ์๊ธ์ผ๋ก ์ด์๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋ ์์ธ ์์ ์ ์๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ ๋ฐ ์๊ตญ ๋์์ธ์์ํ์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋์์ธ์์ํ๋ 2000๋ ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ฐ์
5
Thorpe, A., Gamman, L., Ekblom, P., Johnson, S., & Sidebottom, A. (2010). Bikeoff 2: Catalysing Anti Theft Bike, Bike Parking and Information Design for the 21st Century: An Open Innovation Research Approach. In T. Inns (Ed.), Designing for the 21st Century, Vol. 2L Interdisciplinary Methods and FIndings (Vol. 2, pp. 238-258). Farnham: Gower.
6
McKnight, J. and Kretzmann, J. (1996) Mapping Community Capacity. Northwestern University. <http://www. northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/papers/mcc.pdf>
14 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ(Crime Reduction Programme)์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก DACRC์ ์ค๋ฌด ์ฃผ๋์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋์ ์ํ ์ ํ์ ์ ๊ธ์ง์์ ์ ๊ณตํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. DACRC๋ ๋์์ธ์์ํ์ ์๊ธ์ง์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ ๋ก๋์์ ์ ์ โ๋๋ฅผ ์ ํนํ์ง ๋ง(Donโt Tempt Me (2001)โ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํํ๋ค. ๋์์ธ์์ํ๋ ๋ํ DACRC๊ฐ ์ต์ด์ ์บ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด ํ(Karrysafe) ๋๋๋ฐฉ์ง ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์กํ ์ ํ๊ตฐ(2002)์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ์๊ธ์ ์์ก ์ง์ํ๋ค. ๋์์ธ ์์ํ์ ์์ฅ ์ฃผ๋์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ์๋นํ ์ธ๋ก ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์์ํ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์ ์ธ(Design Against Crime) ๊ณํ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์คํ ํ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋์์ธ์์ํ๊ฐ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ โ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธโ ๊ณต์ ์๊ธ์ ์๋น ๋ถ๋ถ์ด ์ํผ๋๋ํ๊ต(University of Salford)์ ์ํ๋ํ ๋๋ํ๊ต(University of Sheffield Hallam, http://www.designagainstcrime.org์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ํ์ฌ ํ๋์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์์), ํ๋์ฆํ๋๋ํ๊ต(University of Huddersfield) ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ ๊ฒ ๋์๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด๋ค์ 2001๋ , 2002๋ , 2003๋ ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ๋์์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ์์ฑ์ ์๋ขฐ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ์๊ธ์ ์๋ฆฝ์์ ํํ(Royal Society of Arts)๋ก ์ง์๋ผ ํ์๋ค ์๊ฒ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋์์ธ์(Design Awards)์ ์์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์๊ตญ ์ ์ญ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ๋ํ์ ์๊ธ์ ์ง์ํด ํ์ ๋์์ด๋๋ค์ด ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๋์ํ๋ ๋ ธํธ๋ถ, ํ๊ธ์ธ์ถ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐฐ๋ญ, ๋ณ์, ์์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ ๋ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋๋ก ์ฅ๋ คํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ๋ถ ์๊ธ์ 2003๋ ์ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋์์ธ์์ํ๋ ํด๋น ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ฒ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ฃผ๋์ ๊ณํ์ โ๋์์ธ์ ์ํ ์์ (Secured by Design)โ์ด๋ โํ๊ฒฝ ๋์์ธ์ ํตํ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์๋ฐฉ(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)โ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฐ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฑ ์๊ธฐ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธํํ(Designing Out Crime Association)์ ์๊ธ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ์ง ์์ ๋ชจ๋ฒ๊ดํ์ ํ์ ํด ์ ํํ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ, ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ณผํ๊ณ, ์ง์ญ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์์ ํ๋ ฅ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ์ทจํ๋ DACRC์๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋์์ธ์์ํ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๋ช ํํ ์ฐ๊ณ ์์ด ๋์์ธ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ํ๋ ฅํ๋ ๊ดํ์ ๋ํด ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์๋ฌธ ๊ฐ(CPDA)๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ๋ช ํ๋ค. ๋์์ธ์์ํ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์์ ์ฒ ์ํ์ผ๋, 2003๋ DACRC๋ ๊ด๋ จ ํ๋์ ๊ฐ์ํํ๋ค. DACRC๋ ์ค์ํ ๋์์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก , ๋ฆฌ์์ค, ๋ ผ๋ฌธ, ์ ํ ๋ฑ์ ๋ด๋์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋จผ ๊ต์๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธํํ์ ๋ถํ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ์ํด์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ํด๋น ํํ๋ ์ต๊ณ ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ก์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ฒ๊ดํ์ ๊ณต ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ์์ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ฃผ๋ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๋จ์ฒด๋ค. ๊ฐ๋จผ ๊ต์๋ ์๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ํํ ํ๋์ ๊ณ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ค์ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ 2007๋ ์ NSW ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋ถ(NSW Department of Justice and Attorney General) ๊ฐ ์๋๋๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ๊ต(University of Technology Sydney)์ ํธ์ฃผ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ทผ์ ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ(Desining Out Crime Research Centre) ์ค๋ฆฝ ๊ณํ์ ๋์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ ๋ํด โ๋ฐ๋ ์ผํธ๋ด์ธ์ธํธ๋งํด์ ์ฐ ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ ๋ฑ ์ ์ฌํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.โ๊ณ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ DACRC์๊ฒ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด์๋ค. 2008๋ 8์ ์๋๋๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ๊ต๋ ์ ์ฐฐ์์ ์ ์ ๋์ด 3๊ฐ๋ ์๊ธ์ง์์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ทผ์ ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ (DOC-RC)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํค์ค ๋์คํธ(Kees Dorst) ๊ต์์ ๋๊ธ๋ผ์ค ํฐํจ(Douglas Tomkin) ๊ต์๊ฐ ์ผ ํฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์๋ค. 2009๋ ์ DOC-RC๋ DACRC์ ๊ฐ๋จผ, ์, ์ํฌ๋ธ๋กฌ(Ekblom) ๊ต์๋ฅผ ํธ์ฃผ๋ก ์ด๋นํด ๋์ ์ธ ๊ต์ก, ์ฐ๊ตฌ, ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํด ์ค ๊ฒ์ ์์ฒญํ๋ค. 2012๋ ์ DOC-RC์ ๋ํ ์ง์์ ์๊ธ์ง์์์ด ๋ฐํ๋
๊ธฐ์กฐ์ฐ์ค Keynote Speech 15
๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋จผ, ์, ์ํฌ๋ธ๋กฌ ๊ต์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ก ์๋ช ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ DACRC/DOC-RC๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ๊ณ์ํด์ ํ๋ ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์๊ธฐ (2007๋ 6์) ์๊ตญ ๋ด๋ฌด๋ถ๋ ๋์์ธ์์ํ ์๊ธ์ง์์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. 2007๋ ์์ 2011๋ ๊น์ง ๋์์ธ์์ํ๋ โ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธ(Designing Out Crime)โ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ จ ๋ ธ๋ ฅ ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ๊ท ์๊ธ์ง์ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ๋ฌธ ๋์์ธ ์ปจ์คํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฅ๋ ค ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋์์ธ์์ํ๋ ๋ด๋ฌด๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ํด 150๋ง ํ์ด๋ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์คํ๊ณํ์ ์กฐ์จํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋์์ธ์ ํ์ฉ ํด ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ , ํนํ ์ ์์ด์๊ฒ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํ ์๋ก์ด ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ๊ด๋ จํ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋์์ธ์์ํ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ(http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/our-work/challenges/ security/design-out-crime/)์ ์ฌ๋ก์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ก ๊ฒ์ฌ๋์ด ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์ฐพ์๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ์ ๊ท ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋์์ธ์์ ํ/๋ด๋ฌด๋ถ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ ์๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์ฐ๋(Alliance)์ ์ง๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์งํ๋๋ฉฐ, ํด๋น ์๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋์์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์๋ฐฉํ ์ ์๋ 5๊ฐ ๋ถ์ผ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋นํ๋ค. 5๊ฐ ๋ถ์ผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ํ๊ต(Schools) : ์กด ์๋ ๊ฒฝ(Sir John Sorrell), ์ ํ(Products): ์กฐ ๋งฅ๊ธฐํ ๊ต์(Professor Joe McGeehan), ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ(Housing): ์ผ ํผ์ฆ ๊ต์(Professor Ken Pease), ์์ฝ์ฌ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฒ์ฃ(Alcohol-related crime): ์ ๋ ๋ฏธ ๋ง์ด์ด์จ ๊ต์(Professor Jeremy Myerson), ๋น์ฆ๋์ค ๋ฒ์ฃ(Business Crime): ๋ก๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋จผ ๊ต์(Professor Lorraine Gamman). ๋ณด์๋น์ด ์ง๊ถํ์ โ์ค ์ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชจ๋ฅ๋ถ(bonefire of the quangos)โ ๋ด๋ฌํฐ๋ธ7๊ฐ ๋์ ๋๊ณ ๊ธด์ถ์ ์ฑ ์ด ์ํ๋๊ณ , ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ์ ๋ถ ์๊ธ์ด ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ผ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ 2011๋ ์ค๋จ๋๋ค. ํ์ฌ ์๊ตญ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ ์ด์ ๋์์ธ์์ํ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์ ์ธ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์๊ธ์ ์ง์ํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ดํ ๋์์ธ์์ํ๋ CABE์ ํฉ๋ณ๋ผ ๋ฑ๋ก ์์ ๋จ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. (http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/our-work/cabe/ ์ฐธ์กฐ) DOCA๋ ๊ณ์ํด์ ํ๋ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2011๋ ๊ณผ 2012๋ ์ ์ฃผ์ ํ๋์ด ์น์ ์ ์ง ํ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋๋ฉด์ ํ์ ์๊ฐ ์ค์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ์๋ค์ DACRC, ๋์์ธ์์ํ, ๊ธฐํ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ์นํธํ๋ ๋จ์ฒด๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ ํ ๋ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ํ๋์ ์ ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 1999๋ ์์๋ DOCA ํฌ๋ผ์ ๊ณ์ํด์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด, ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ, ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์, ๊ต์, ๋์๊ณํ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ, ๊ณต๋์ฒด ๋ณด์๊ด, ์กฐ๊ฒฝ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ, ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ํ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ปจ์คํดํธ ๋ฑ์ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ์ค๋ฌด์์๊ฒ ํ๊ฒฝ๋์์ธ์ ํตํ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ์ ๋ํ ๋ ผ์์ ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋์์ธ์ ์ํ ์์ (Secured by Design, SBD)์ 1999๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์ ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์์ฅํํ(Association of Chief Police Officers)๊ฐ ์งํํ๋ ์๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ผ๋ก ์ด์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ์ฅ ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ์ํ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์๊ธฐ์ค์ ํ์ฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์์น์ ์ง์ ํ๋ฉฐ, CPTED๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์บ๋๋ค์ ๊ธฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ฃผ๋ ๊ธฐ๊ด๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ก๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋จผ(Lorraine Gamman), ์๋ด ์(Adam Thorpe) ๊ธฐ์กฐ ํ๋ฆฌ์ ํ ์ด์ (๋ณธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํจ)์ ๋ก๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋จผ ๊ต์๊ฐ ํ ์์ ์.
7
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11538534 ์ฐธ์กฐ
16 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
Design Against Crime as Socially Responsive Design and Innovation The Design Against Research Centre (DACRC) at Central Saint Martins (CSM) College of Arts and Design, London was the first research centre within UK design education to address design and crime. It emerged at Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design, University of the Arts London (UAL) in 1999 and built upon previous scholarship, police practice and crime science led initiatives. In 2000 other UK design education colleges and even the UK Government and one of its institutions, the Design Council, also became involved in connecting design education to crime prevention briefs (a short history of this involvement and DAC itself is summarised later). In 2012 DACRC activities at UAL continue, and have expanded and diversified to meet other societal challenges in addition to crime. Overall, the centre still leads the DAC field by ultimately connecting crime reduction/prevention to social innovation linked to what Victor Papanek called โreal world issuesโ1 and projects. DACRC have pioneered an approach to research-led design and social innovation that has created significant design benchmarks and research outputs. In regard to some crime scenarios it has also increased the operational capacity of those individuals and organizations engaged in crime prevention as well as the innovative capacity of the design community, as the Bikeoff case study and others led and presented by Adam Thorpe will identify and outline. DACRCโs design philosophy is linked to a practice-led socially responsive design research agenda that posits crime scenarios as wicked problems2 with multiple, and sometimes contradictory, drivers that are complex to address or resolve. Our understanding is that design thinking as well as design practice may be usefully applied within crime prevention. Also, that design can and should address crime reduction without compromising functionality and other aspects of performance, or aesthetics. In everyday language, DACRCโs account is that secure design has to be user-friendly whilst abuser-unfriendly. It doesnโt have to โlook criminalโ or ugly, and needs to serve broad community-led (as well as policing) needs3. For over a decade DACRC have been โreframingโ4 crime problems as opportunities for design innovation and achievement of societal objectives by talking about and designing โwhat we want more of, as well as what we want less ofโ. Reduction of cycle theft, for example, in our context of approach, becomes an opportunity to promote cycling as well as reduce crime. Similarly, reducing bag theft becomes an opportunity for personal empowerment and enjoyment of public space as 1
Papanek, V. (1985). Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change. London: Thames & Hudson.
2
Churchman, C. W. (1967). Wicked Problems. Management Science, 14 (4). Rittel, H., & Webber, M. M. (1984). Planning Problems are Wicked Problems. In N. Cross, Developments in Design Methodology (pp. 135-144). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
3
Gamman, L and Thorpe, A. 2009. Less is More โ What Design Against Crime Can Contribute To Sustainability, Built Environment, Sustainability via Security: A New Look, Vol. 35, No. 3. 403- 417.
4
Schรถn, D. 1983.The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York: Basic Books.
๊ธฐ์กฐ์ฐ์ค Keynote Speech 17
well as a reduction of personal property theft. In this way our secure cycle parking stands or Grippa clips attempt to design for communities and what they want more of (e.g. accessible and enjoyable urban mobility) as well as to design against those outcomes communities want less of (e.g. like getting our bags or bikes stolen when trying to make our way around the city). Design against crime, here, is ultimately concerned with supporting sustainable cities and social justice, as well as delivering objects, systems and services that promote crime reduction. The Design Against Crime Research Centre would not have been able to go forward and to take this initiative into design education without the core intelligence and expertise of the Metropolitan Police and crime scientists from the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science (at University College London) with whom we work in partnership on many projects. DACRCโs approach, however, often differs to our colleagues from crime science and crime prevention. Whilst we all want to deliver crime reduction, DACRC also want to better understand the design context, including the social context and improve it for the better by marrying crime reduction/prevention to social innovation by design. Here, the user, mis-user and abuser centered methodologies of DACRC, which can be linked to specialist and expert information, are applied to an โopen innovationโ5 research process with multiple stakeholders as well as duty holders. This ensures a fraternalistic rather than paternalistic approach to design for behaviour change where more voices, linked to need and experience, enter the change process to help develop innovative design solutions and services, as well as secure and sustainable ways of living. DACRC believes its approach is unique because in utilizing open innovation in our design and research approaches we have been able to include many actors in addressing crime scenarios; including criminals whose creativity we draw upon linked to an assets based6 approach. Finally, our view is that crime reduction/prevention married to social innovation by design is the best way forward. It understands that together communities are strong and that participatory design processes can compliment crime prevention expertise and help deliver cultural change. Our point is that to successfully design against crime we need all the help we can get to make the world a little better and also to make it sustainable, by design.
Short History - Design Against Crime The Design Against Crime Research Centre was founded at Central Saint Martins in 1998/9. It is primarily funded by the University of the Arts London and by monies raised by competitive tender linked to peer reviewed funding applications to independent research councils. Some early
5
Thorpe, A., Gamman, L., Ekblom, P., Johnson, S., & Sidebottom, A. (2010). Bikeoff 2: Catalysing Anti Theft Bike, Bike Parking and Information Design for the 21st Century: An Open Innovation Research Approach. In T. Inns (Ed.), Designing for the 21st Century, Vol. 2L Interdisciplinary Methods and FIndings (Vol. 2, pp. 238-258). Farnham: Gower.
6
McKnight, J. and Kretzmann, J. (1996) Mapping Community Capacity. Northwestern University. <http://www. northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/papers/mcc.pdf>
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design work of the centre was also supported by the British Government and the UK Design Council, who as part of the national Crime Reduction Programme provided limited funding in 2000 for DACRC at CSM to deliver practice-led research e.g. for the curation of the Donโt Tempt Me (2001) exhibition that showed in Milan and Barcelona. Also the Design Council provided a little development funding to DACRC for the first Karrysafe anti theft bag and accessories product range (2002). Its market led approach won considerable press attention much needed by the Design Council to help them positively launch their Design Against Crime initiative in the public sphere. The bulk of public funds managed by the Design Council for the Government to โDesign Against Crimeโ, however, went to colleagues from the Universities of Salford and Sheffield Hallam (who also formed a centre http://www.designagainstcrime.org but which seems very inactive today) and Huddersfield. These institutions were not funded to engage in practiced design research but were asked to deliver major research reports on the subject of Design Against Crime in 2001, 2002 and 2003. Some monies also went to the Royal Society of Arts who were also funded to deliver student Design Awards under the Crime Reduction Programme, which funded national and open design competitions promoted across the UK to inspire student designers to have a go at creating crime-resistant laptops, cash machines, rucksacks and hospitals, bikes parking.. This government funding dried up in 2003 and the Design Council withdrew from the field. Police-led initiatives aimed at identifying and disseminating best practice such as Secured by Design or those delivered by local community police trained in โCrime Prevention Through Environmental Designโ were not funded through this programme (nor was the Designing Out Crime Association), and so continued in their own way. Indeed, the police via the crime prevention design advisors (CPDAs) expressed concern about the Design Councilโs engagement of design professionals without clear links back to policing, unlike the way DACRC operate i.e. in partnership approach with the police, crime science and local communities. In 2003, although the Design Council withdrew from the design against crime project space, the Design Against Crime Research Centre at Central Saint Martins continued and accelerated its activities; delivering significant design methodologies, resources, academic publications and products. Professor Gamman also continued to act as Vice Chair to the Designing Out Crime Association, a police led professional body that meets regularly to share case studies and best practice about how best to design out crime. Gamman continues to work for DOCA on a voluntary basis. Other important development occurred too. In 2007 the NSW Department of Justice and Attorney General launched an initiative to establish an Australian Designing Out Crime Research Centre at the University of Technology Sydney. He said this was โinspired by other similarly established Research Centers, such as the one at Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design in Londonโ, which pleased us very much. In August 2008 the University of Technology Sydney won the tender and inaugurated a Designing Out Crime Research Centre (DOC-RC) with funding for three years, led by Professors Kees Dorst and Douglas Tomkin. In 2009 DOC-RC at UTS invited Gamman, Thorpe and Ekblom from DACRC to Australia to contribute to its design teaching,
๊ธฐ์กฐ์ฐ์ค Keynote Speech 19
research and brief development. In 2012, when continued funding of the DOC-RC was announced, Gamman, Thorpe and Ekblom were appointed visiting research associates, and DACRC/DOC-RC continue to work in partnership where possible. Around the same time (June 2007) the UK Home Office announced they would recommence funding of the Design Council. Between 2007-2011, the Design Council re-branded their efforts as the renamed โDesigning Out Crimeโ programme, and identified that one of their aims was to engage professional design consultancies with the new funding and via competitions in the designing out crime agenda. The Design Council went on to co-ordinate a ยฃ1.6millon plan of action for the Home Office and to use design to develop new solutions to a wide range of crime-related problems, particularly those which affect young people. All are written up as open access case studies on the Design Council website: http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/our-work/challenges/ security/design-out-crime/. The new programme was guided by an Alliance of advisors reporting to the Design Council/Home Office, who were tasked to tackle five areas where design could help to prevent crime: Schools (Sir John Sorrell), Hot Products (Professor Joe McGeehan), Housing (Professor Ken Pease), Alcohol-related crime (Professor Jeremy Myerson) and Business Crime (Professor Lorraine Gamman). The programme ceased in 2011 when Government funding ran out linked to austerity measures introduced by the new Conservative Government who also launched their โbonfire of the quangosโ narrative7. Today the British Government no longer funds the Design Council and its Design Out Crime Programme; indeed the Design Council has since merged with CABE to become a registered charity (see http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/ our-work/cabe/). The UKโs Designing Out Crime Association (DOCA) continues though and cuts to policing in UK in 2011 and 2012 have effected its membership. Nevertheless, its existing members deliver related crime prevention activities entirely independent from DACRC, the Design Council and other advocates of designing out crime. The DOCA forum which emerged in 1999 continues to provide a forum for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design professionals and practitioners including police officers, architects, crime researchers, university lecturers, town planners, community safety officers, landscape architects, and crime risk and research consultants. Secured By Design (SBD) also emerged around 1999 and remains as a UK Police flagship (led by the Association of Chief Police Officers). This initiative supports the principles of designing out crime by use of effective crime prevention and security standards for a range of contexts including housing and car parks and has some links with other police led organizations in USA and Canada who deliver CPTED. by Lorraine Gamman and Adam Thorpe Keynote Presentation (based on this paper) will be given by Prof Lorraine Gamma 7
See discussion: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11538534
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36 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
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๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ(Design Against Crime)์ 10์ฌ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ , ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํ๋ ฅ์ ํตํด ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฒํ๋ฌธ์ ๋์์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ค๋ฌด ๋ถ์ผ๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ด๋ จํ ๋ฐ๋์์ ๋ํ๊ต(University of the Arts London) ์ผํธ๋ด์ธ์ธํธ๋งํด ์์ ๋์์ธ๋ํ(Central Saint Martins (CSM) College of Arts and Design) ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๋ฐฉ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ(Design Against Crime Research Centre, ์ดํ โDACRCโ)์ ๋ ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ 5๊ฐ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๋ค.
โข ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ์ ํฉํ ์ ํ, ์๋น์ค, ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์ , ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋์์ธ์ ํตํด ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ์ด์ ๋ถ์ ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฅผ ์ค์ธ๋ค. โข ๋์์ธ ์ค๋ฌด์์๊ฒ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ์ํ ์ธ์ง์ , ์ค๋ฌด์ ํด๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. โข ์ ์กฐ์ ๊ณ, ์๋น์ค์ ๊ณ, ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ, ์ค์์ ๋ถ, ๋์๊ฐ ์ฌํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ์ฌํ์ , ์์ ์ ํจ์ต์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๊ณ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค. โข ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ณ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๋ณต์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ธฐ์กด ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์์ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ ์์ค๋ค. โข ๊ธฐํ ์ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฑ๊ณต์ ๋์์ธ ๊ดํ์ ์ ํํ๋ค.
DACRC ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์งํฅํ๋ ๋์์ธ ๊ดํ์ ํตํด ๋์์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ํ์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ ํด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ด์๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋ณต์์ ํ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด(์ฌํ์ ํ์์)๊ฐ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ง์์ ๋์์ธ ๊ดํ์ ์ ์ฉํ๋ โ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ๋์ ๊ดํโ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง์์ ์ค๋ฌด์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ณ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ค์ ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ ํ๋ โ์ค๋ฌด ์ฃผ๋์ ์ฐ๊ตฌโ๋ฅผ ํตํฉํ๋ฏ๋ก โ์ด์ค ๋ ธ์ (twin track)โ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๋ค์ํ ์ฌํ์ ํ์์๊ฐ ๋์์ด๋์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ํตํด ์ง์๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ ์์ฐ์ ๊ณต์ , ํตํฉ, ์ฌํตํฉํ๋ฉฐ, ์๊ธฐ ํ๋์ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ํํ, ์ํ, ํ๊ฐ, ๋ฐ๋ณต ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ์ดํ๋๋ ๋์์ธ ๋ฆฌ์์ค(design resources) ์ ๋์์ธ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ(design exemplars)์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋์์ธ ๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ ๋์์ธ์ ๊ณ ๋ด์ ํ์ ์ญ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ถ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ์ญ๋์ ๋์์ธ ์ค๋ฌด์์ ๊ธฐํ ์ฌํ ์ ํ์์๊ฐ ํ๋ ฅํ์ฌ ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๋์ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํด ์ค๋ค. ๋์์ธ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ์ค๋ฌด์์ ๊ธฐํ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฌํ์ ํ์์์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ๋ถ์ ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ณ ๋ณต์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ด์ ์ญ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ถ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ โ์์คํ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ, ์ค์ฉ, ๋์ฉํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋ ๋ณต์กํ ์์คํ โ์ผ๋ก์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ๋ฉฐ, โ์ด ์๋ก์ด ํ์ ์ ํ์ ์ ์์ด ๋์์ด๋๋ ์ฌ๋ฌผ ๋๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์์์ ๋ค์์ ์ฌ ๋์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ง๋จ์์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๋ ์๋ก ์งํํด์ผ ํ๋ค.โ1 ์ด ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ์์์ฌ์ด๋ ์ธ(outside in) ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ํ์ ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฌ์ด๋ ์์(inside out) ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ ํ์ ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ๊ด๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ, ํ๋ฌธ, ๋์์ธ ํ์ ์ โ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ํ์ โ2 ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ค. ์์์ฌ์ด๋ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ํ์ ์์๋ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๊ฐ ํต์ฌ ํ๋ก์ ํธํ ์ธ๋ถ์ ์ ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ๋ํด ์ด๋ ค ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ฌ์ด๋ ์์ 1
Thackara, J. (2005) In the Bubble: Designing in a Complex World. MA: MIT Press.
2
Chesbrough, H. et al (2006) Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
์๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of the UK 47
๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ํ์ ์์๋ ์์ด๋์ด์ ํต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์ด ํ๋ก์ ํธ ์ธ๋ถ๋ก ์ ํ๋ผ ์ธ๋ถ์ธ์ ํ๋์ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ฌํ์ ํ์์๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ํ๋ ๋ณต์์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๋์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๋์์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ, ๊ฐ์ฉํ ์์ฐ, ๊ด๋ จ๋ ํ์์๋งํผ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. ๋ค์ํ ์ง์์ ํ์ฉ, ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ๋ํ ๋์์ ๋ํ์ฌ DACRC์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ , ํ์ ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ํ์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ๋ฌธํ์ , ํ๋์ ๋ณํ์ ์ธํ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๊ฐ์์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค. โํํฅ์โ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ โ์ํฅ์โ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ํตํด ๋์ค์ ํ์ ์ ํฉ์3์ ํจ๊ป ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ โ๋์ง(nudge)โ ๋์์ธ4์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ๋น๊ตญ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ํ โ๊ฐ๋ถ์ฅ์ฃผ์โ๋ฅผ ํผํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅ ํ ํ๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ โํ์ ์ โ5๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ถ์ฅ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋์ฒดํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ ์์ ๊ฑฐ ๋๋, ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋๋, ATM ๋ฒ์ฃ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ์์ด DACRC๊ฐ ์งํํ ํ๋ก์ ํธ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํจ ์ผ๋ก์จ ์๊ตญ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ์๊ธฐ ์ค๋ช ๋ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ์ค๋ช ํ๋ค.
์๋ด ์(Adam Thorpe), ๋ก๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋จผ(Lorraine Gamman)
3
Dewey, J. (1927) The Public and its Problems. Athens: Ohio University Press.
4
Thaler, R.H. & Sunstein, C.R. (2008) Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale University Press.
5
Gamman, L. And Thorpe, A. (2011) Design with society: Why socially responsive design is good enough. CoDesign Journal. Volume 7, Issue 3-4. pp. 217-230.
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Design Against Crime is an interdisciplinary area of design research and practice that has been developed over more than a decade of innovative national and international research collaboration. At the Design Against Crime Research Centre, Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design, University of the Arts London, our work has five overarching aims: โข To reduce the incidence and adverse consequences of crime through design of products,
โข โข
โข โข
services, communications and environments that are โfit for the purposeโ and contextually appropriate; To equip design practitioners with the cognitive and practical tools and resources to design out crime; To prove and promote the social and commercial benefits of designing out crime to manufacturing and service industries, as well as to local and national government, and society at large; To address environmental complicity with crime in the built environment to reduce crime and improve individual and community well being. To transfer successful design practice to address other societal challenges
Via reflective design practice in pursuit of these aims, DACRC has iteratively developed a design research and innovation process that involves multiple disciplines and multiple agencies (social actors) in addressing crime issues. We call this process the โtwin trackโ approach as it combines two strands of activity; research led practice that applies research insights to design practice, and practice led research that identifies research questions by applying existing knowledge to practice and identifying knowledge gaps. Diverse social actors work with designers and researchers to share, synthesise and recombine knowledge and other assets to deliver design resources and design exemplars that are prototyped, tested, evaluated, iteratively developed and implemented to tackle crime. The design resources build and develop innovative capacity within the design community enabling design practitioners (and other societal actors) to (co) design against crime. The design exemplars build and develop operational capacity amongst crime prevention practitioners (and other societal actors concerned to reduce the incidence and adverse consequences of crime and improve wellbeing). This approach understands crime issues as โcomplex systems [that] are shaped by all the people who use [misuse and abuse] themโ and, acknowledges that โin this new era of collaborative innovation, designers are having to evolve from [solely] being the individual authors of objects or buildings, to [acknowledge their role as] being the facilitators of change among large groups of people.โ6
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The approach constitutes an โopen innovationโ7 model of research, scholarship and design innovation linked to both outside in open innovation, where the project is opened up to inputs and contributions from outside the core project team and inside out open innovation, where ideas and insights go outside the project for others to employ in their activities. This approach has been seen to deliver multiple and plural responses to crime problems led by diverse social actors. Responses that are potentially as diverse as the contexts of crime that they address, assets available and actors involved. As well as leveraging diversity of knowledge and addressing diversity of context DACRCโs open and collaborative approach to anti crime design innovation contributes to infrastructuring cultural and behavioural changes that can contribute to crime reduction. It is important that such โnudgeโ design8 is delivered with the collaborative consent of the public(s)9 via a โbottom upโ as well as โtop downโ approach. This approach avoids โpaternalismโ that denies agency to individuals and replaces it with a โfraternalismโ10 that has been shown to lead to sustainable behaviour change. This paper will illustrate the approach described above in the UK context by sharing cases of projects delivered by DACRC in address to bike theft, bag theft and ATM crime. Adam Thorpe and Lorraine Gamman
6
Thackara, J. (2005) In the Bubble: Designing in a Complex World. MA: MIT Press.
7
Chesbrough, H. et al (2006) Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8
Thaler, R.H. & Sunstein, C.R. (2008) Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale University Press.
9
Dewey, J. (1927) The Public and its Problems. Athens: Ohio University Press.
10
Gamman, L. And Thorpe, A. (2011) Design with society: Why socially responsive design is good enough. CoDesign Journal. Volume 7, Issue 3-4. pp. 217-230.
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๋ฒ์ฃ ์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋์์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ค ์ง๋ 5๋ ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ทผ์ ๋์์ธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ(Designing Out Crime Research Centre)๋ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๊ด ๋ จ ์ด์์ ์๋ก์ด ๋์์ธ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํด ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ ๋ฐ์ฌํ์ ํ๋์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ง์ ์ ์ ์ง์ญ ๋น๊ตญ, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ, ๋งค์ฅ ์์ ์ฃผ, ์ฃผํ๊ฑด์ค์ฌ, ๊ตํต๋ถ์์ ํ๋ ฅํด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 5๋ ๊ฐ 50์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ฅผ ์๋ฃํ๋ค. ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ์ ํต์ฌ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ ์์ธ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ ์ฐฉ์ทจ๋ ํ๋๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ณณ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ ์ถฉ๋์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ ์ง๋ฅด ๊ธฐ ์ ํด ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ๋ฌด์์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ณ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ค์ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ถฐ์ง์ง ์์๋๋ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๋๋ฌผ๋ค.
โข ์์ฝ๊ฒ ์ ๊ทผํ ์ ์๋ ๋์ โข ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ ๋์์ ์ค๋ โข ์ ์ง๋ณด์๊ฐ ์ ๋์ง ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ โข ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ ์์ ์ฃผ์ ํต์ ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ ๊ณต๊ฐ โข ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ํ์ด ์ ์ ์ํฉ โข ๋ฒ์ฃ์, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ๋๋ ๋ฌผํ์ ์จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ข์ ์ฅ์ โข ๋ฒ์ฃ์๊ฐ ๋ํผํ ์ ์๋ 1๊ฐ ์ด์์ ๋ํผ๊ฒฝ๋ก
๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์์ ์ ํญ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์๋๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋ก ๋งค์ฅ ์์ ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ ๋๋์ ๋ํด ๊ฑฑ์ ํ๋ค ๋๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๋์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ทจ๊ฐ์ ๋ํด ์ฐ๋ คํ๋ ๋ฑ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ด๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฒฝํ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ด๋ณด์ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ์ค๋ช ํ ๋๋ก ๋ฌธ์ ์๋ง ์ง์คํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ ์ ์ ์ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๋๋ฌผ๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ์ฑ๊ณต ์ฌ๋ก์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ์ฉํ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ 9๊ฐ ๋จ๊ณ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ ์ดํดํ๊ณ ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋์ ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. 9๊ฐ ๋จ๊ณ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
โข ์ด์์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋ ฅ, ํ์ฌ ์ํฉ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ํ์ฌ์ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ ํ์ ํ๋ค. โข ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ง ์์ ์ ์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ์ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์ง ์์์ ์ ์์ผ๋ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ์ฐพ์๋ธ๋ค. โข ์ด์์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ํ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๋์, ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์, ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์, ๋ฒ์ฃ ๋ฐ์ ์ฅ์์ ์ํธ์์ฉํ๋ ์๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ค. โข ๋ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ํ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ณต๋์ฒด ์์ค์์ ๋ฌด์จ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋์ง, ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฌธ์ , ์ค์ , ๊ตํต ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ด์๊ฐ ์๋์ง, ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ก๋ ๋ น์ง์ ๊ฐ์ ์ธํ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ์ ํ๋ค. โข ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์ค๋ช ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ด์ ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์์ ๋์ดํ๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ๊น์ง ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ํด๊ฒฐ๋์ง ์์ ์์ธ์ ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ?
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โข ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ ์ ํ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ถ์ ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ง ํ ์ํฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ค. ๋์ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์์, ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฑ๊ณต, ํฅ๋ฏธ ๋ก์ด ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ํน์ฑ, ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ญ์ฌ ๋ฑ์ ์๋ก ๋ค ์ ์๋ค. โข ์๋ก์ด ๊ด์ ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ธ๋ค. ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ด์์ ๋ํด ์๊ฐํ์ง ์๊ณ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ ๋ณํ์ ๋ํด ์๊ฐํด ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ฅ์์ ์๋ก์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํ๋ค. ์์ ๋์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ด ๊ด์ ์ ๋์กฐํด ๋ณธ๋ค. โข ์ฌ๋ฌผ, ๊ณต๊ฐ, ์์คํ ๋์์ธ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์๋ก์ด ๊ด์ ์ ์๊ฐํํ๋ค. ๊ณ ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ์ ํ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ค๋นํด ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์ ํ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. โข ๋ค์ ๋จ๊ณ๋ค์ ๋ช ํํ ๋ช ์ํ ์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ์ดํด๋น์ฌ์์๊ฒ ํด๋น ์ ์์ ๋ฐ ํํ๋ค. (์ 3๋จ๊ณ)
์ ๋์์ธ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ์ฌ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ ์ฃผ์ : www.designingoutcrime.com
๋๊ธ๋ผ์ค ํฐํจ(Douglas Tomkin) Douglas.tomkin@uts.edu.au
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Reshaping Design Crime Prone Environments Over the part five years the Designing Out Crime Research Centre has employed a new design process on a variety of crime related issues. The Centre works with local authorities, the police, shop owners, housing agencies and transport departments where crime or anti-social behaviour occurs. Over fifty projects have been completed during this period. A key to designing out crime is considering the factors that contribute to creating a crime prone environment. Crime happens where an opportunity for exploitation or mistreatment exists. Most crime is impulsive, with offenders consciously or unconsciously assessing the local setting before acting-out the crime. It is unusual for a crime to occur without one of the following to be present: โข A readily available target โข Intoxication of offender or target โข Poorly maintained spaces โข A lack of community or owner control of an area โข Reduced risk to the offender being detected โข Places for concealment for the offender, weapons or stolen goods โข One or more escape routes for the offender
A designing out crime task always starts with a problem, usually a very specific one such as a shop owner worried about theft of batteries or police concerned about drunks on a city street. In our experience it is unusual for a solution to be forth coming by focusing solely on the problem as described by the client. The process we have used with some success requires nine distinct steps, the aim is to better understand the issues and devise solutions on the basis of that understanding. The steps are: โข Appreciate the history of the issue, how has the current situation arisen, in what way does
the present differ from what went before โข Seek out associated problems that may not have been in the brief, including problems that may not be directly crime related โข Identify all who might be impacted by the issue; the targets of the crime, those who deal with the fallout, the decision makers, and anyone who might interact with the space where the crime occurs. โข Explore the wider context - what is going on in the wider community; are there other issues such as poor health, unemployment, lack of transport. Does the area lack amenities such as bike tracks or green areas.
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โข Spell out the conflicts, apposing views and inconsistencies. What issues have prevented the โข โข
โข โข
problem been solved to date? Identify the positive. Few situations are all negative, there maybe a good community spirit, economic success, interesting geography or fascinating history Create new perspectives. Without being over concerned with the crime issues think about changes that build on the positives and if possible add new interests and excitement to the spaces where the crimes are occurring. Check these perspectives against the crime prone environment listed above. Visualize the new perspectives through the design of objects, spaces, and systems. Create an engaging presentation with before and after images to present to the client Handover the proposal to the client clearly outlining the next steps. Present the proposal to all the stakeholders (stage 3 above)
Check the website : www.designingoutcrime.com for case studies using the above design process. Douglas Tomkin Douglas.tomkin@uts.edu.au
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102 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
ํธ์ฃผ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Australia 103
104 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
ํธ์ฃผ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Australia 105
106 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
ํธ์ฃผ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Australia 107
108 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
ํธ์ฃผ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Australia 109
110 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
ํธ์ฃผ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Australia 111
112 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
ํธ์ฃผ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Australia 113
114 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
๋์์ ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ์ ์คํํํดํ ๋์๊ฒฝ๊ด๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์์ ์ฐจ๋ณํ ๋๋ ์ ๋๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฒดํ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ๋ ๋ ์์ง ์ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ๋์ ์์์์ ์ผ์์ ์์ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ค์ํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ถ์ ์ง์ด ์ข์ฐ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ์ฃ, ๊ณ ๋ นํ, ์๊ทนํ, ์์ด, ํ๊ฒฝ, ์ธ๊ถ ๋ฑ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ์คํ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์ ๋ํด ๋์์ธ ์ ์ฐ์์ ๋์ฑ ๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ธ์๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ๋์์ธํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์์ธ์๋ ๋์์ธ์ด๋ ํ๋ ์์ผ๋ก, ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ ๋ง์์ ๋์ด๋ฅผ ์๊ฒ ๋ ๋ฌ๋๋ค ํ ๊ณณ๊ณผ, ๊ธ์ ์ ์๊ทน์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ์ฌ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ์ผ์์ ์ด์ด๋๊ฐ๋ ์์ด๋ค์ด ๋น๊ต์ ๋ง์, ํ๊ต ํ ๊ณณ์ ๋ค์ฌ๋ค ๋ณด๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ง์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์์ ์๊ธ์ฐฝ๊ณ ์ ๋ช ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฌ ์ข์ ๋๋ค๋ถ์์ ๊ดํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์์ ์ ์ค์ ๋ค์๊ธ ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ , ํ๊ต์์ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ ์ ์์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ทน์ ์ผ๊นจ์ ์์ด๋ค์ ์ ์์ โ๋๋ฐ~โ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ์์ด๋ค์ด ์ข์๋ผํ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐํํ๋ ์ผ๋ก ์์์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ ์ฌ์ ์ ์์๋ ์ฌํ์กฐ์น์์ ์๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก, ๊ฐ์์์ ๊ด์ฌ์ผ๋ก, ๋ง๋ค์ด์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋๊ฐ๋, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ ์ ํ์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ ์ฌ๋ก๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ฑ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ ๋ํ ๋งค๋ญ์ด ์๋๋ค. ์คํ๋ ค ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์์น์์์ฅ๋์ ๋ง์ฒ๋ผ, ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ๊ทธ๋ฆ์ ์ข์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ด์, ์์ผ๋ก์ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ์ง๋ง ์ค๋ ์ด๋ ์ผ, ๊ณต์ง์คํ๊ต์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ฅ๋์ ๋ง์ฒ ๋ผ, ๋ ๋ฐ์์ง ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ์์ด๋ค์ด ์์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธ์ฉ ๋ณํํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ง์ผ ๋ณผ ์ค๋ ์ด๋ ์ผ, ์ด ๋ ๊ฐ์ง โ์ค๋ ์โ ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ ๊ณ ๋จํ ์์ธ์ด์ด์ ์์ ํฌ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ก์ ์ฌ (Song Jeong-jae) sjj@seoul.go.kr
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 117
A cityโs competitiveness can be enhanced by a spectacular urban landscape as well as unique, exciting cultural experiences. However, the quality of life of people who live in the city depends on fundamental issues they experience in their daily life. Seoul Metropolitan Government fully launched the Project to Root Out Crime by Design to more effectively use design as a means to resolving urgent social issues such as crime, an aging population, polarization, suicide, the environment, and human rights. Through this design-centered project, Seoul Metropolitan Government took a closer look at a poor hillside neighborhood that has existed for many years and a school where there is a relatively high number of children who live their daily lives without any enthusiasm due to the lack of positive stimulation or motivation. Residents of the neighborhood learned about the great reputation enjoyed by a former salt warehouse in the area and a legend about the gaebawi (dog rock) that involves a rich, generous man in the neighborhood. At the school, elements that enlivened the spirit of the students and revitalized the environment were introduced. The first step involved planning a space that the students were impressed with, so much so that they โawedโ with fascination. The projectโs significance is with making a paradigm shift from follow-up measures to prevention; from surveillance to interest; from unilateral creation to joint creation; and from outcome to process. Both cases have not come to a complete end. As mentioned by the chairperson of the Communal Committee of Yeomni-dong, there is a difficult but exciting task remaining, which is to fill up the quality โbowlโ weโve created with something good. There is also the exciting task of witnessing how the students steadily change in a brighter environment, as mentioned by the research director of Gongjin Junior High. These two exciting prospects will give us hope and anticipation as we deal with the hustles and bustles of daily life in Seoul. Song Jeong-jae sjj@seoul.go.kr
118 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 119
120 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 121
122 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 123
124 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 125
126 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 127
128 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 129
130 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 131
132 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 133
134 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 135
136 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 137
138 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 139
140 ์์ธ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฐฉ ๋์์ธ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐํ Cases of Seoul 141