DevISSues volume 3, number 3, December 2001

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ISSues Volume 3, number 3, December 2001

The ISNAR network ‘New Paradigm’ project

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A Report from Guatemala Eric B. Ross

A New Coherence and Correspondence for Development Efforts in a Change of Epoch ‘When we had all the answers, the questions changed’

José de Souza Silva

(Aymara Indians, Andean Region)

We are all vulnerable, from individual citizens to the planet as a whole. What varies is the degree 4

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Tajikistan: Women’s Health Project Colette Harris

© Eef van Os

CONTENTS

Inside this issue:

of our vulnerability. Different nations, organizations and social groups hold different capacities to interpret the causes and manage the implications of their vulnerability. Most development actors are now facing a crisis of perception, because previous development-related values, beliefs, concepts, premises, theories, paradigms and the like are undergoing a crisis of legitimation, as

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Nigeria: NGOs Fight Corruption Marianne Nolte

they are losing their potential for generating understanding about the nature of emerging development problems and societal challenges. What is going on? A capacity development project in Latin America has taken up the challenge to answer this question.

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ORPAS Project News

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African Students Conference 2001

An epoch of changes or a change

and culture. The study concluded that

interests, aspirations and commit-

University, and Professors Richard

of epoch?

humanity is experiencing a change of

ments representing the declining and

Bawden and Lawrence Busch of

This was the research question posed

epoch. Ongoing global changes do

rising epochs. As a result, capacity

Michigan State University, are already

by the ‘New Paradigm’ project of the

not belong to the epoch of industria-

development to create new coheren-

collaborating with this innovative,

International Service for National

lism; they are altering it, and are at the

ces and correspondences for guiding

capacity development effort. For the

Agricultural Research (ISNAR) to

same time forging a new epoch. This

development actors becomes an

period 2001-2004, the network is pri-

inspire a study of 1,500 titles over a

implies changing our modes of inter-

urgent and relevant challenge for the

marily funded by the Swiss Agency

16-month period and involving

pretation and intervention.

coming decades.

for Development and Cooperation

its network. A historical epoch is char-

Thus, the coherence (consistency

As a consequence of this study, the

acterized by a system of ideas, a sys-

within a set of rules) of development

New Paradigm stakeholders recom-

tem of techniques and institutionality

proposals is becoming obsolete, as

mended that it transform itself into a

Innovative solutions over time

(set of ‘rules of the game’ of develop-

the ‘rules of the game’ – the institu-

network for institutional innovation in

The network’s activities are being

ment and the institutional mecha-

tional dimension – of development are

rural-related research and develop-

directed primarily (but not exclusively)

nisms to implement them) that prevail

undergoing profound changes. This

ment efforts. Starting in 2002, the

to Central American countries, Bolivia,

over other systems of ideas, systems

fragments the correspondence (con-

New Paradigm will have its office in

Cuba, Ecuador and Peru. In these

of techniques and institutionalities.

sistency between different sets of

the headquarters of the Brazilian

countries, public spaces will be cre-

According to Castells (1996)1, a histo-

rules) between those proposals and

Public Corporation for Agricultural

ated to permit the negotiation and

rical epoch changes when qualitative

the new development ‘rules of the

Research (EMBRAPA) in Brasilia. The

development of new modes of inter-

and simultaneous changes transform

game’, from which emerge reflecting

network is also mobilizing support

pretation and intervention.

its prevailing relations of production,

contradictions generated by the

from abroad. For instance, Professor

relations of power, human experience

struggle between competing values,

Niels Röling of Wageningen

dozens of professionals associated to Page

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State-Civil Society Relations in Egypt Maha M. Abdelrahman Page

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Statistical Resources on the Internet Saskia Scheffer

As an institute for advanced

(SDC), but other interested donors are still needed.

continued on page 10

50 Years of the ISS

international education and

We continue our series commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the ISS in 2002 with an article by Professor Joop

research, the ISS generates,

Syatauw, who was the head of the Institute’s first International Relations Course, which started in 1965 (see page 6).

accumulates and transfers knowledge and know-how on

The Anniversary year is to be marked by a wide range of academic and cultural events, culminating in an international conference in October. On the back page there is an overview of the Anniversary programme.

human aspects of economic

One prominent ISS figure who will sadly be absent from this milestone in the Institute’s history is former Rector Jan and social change, with a focus

Glastra van Loon, who died a few weeks ago. There is a tribute to Jan van Loon by Prof. Bas de Gaay Fortman on page 2. on development and transition.

The ISS is a leading centre in this field.

Development ISSues is also available online on the ISS website at www.iss.nl

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ISSues From the Executive Board ‘Development’ has many connotations. At

programmes do well, we may get a large

Master-level courses through joint degrees

including the MacArthur Foundation and

many US and British universities develop-

catch, but there may be years with a smal-

in international law (LLM), offered by the ISS

Sara Lee/Douwe Egberts, a private busi-

ment means ‘fundraising’. Tapping money

ler catch. We are currently renewing most of

together with the Vrije Universiteit

ness company with many ties to developing

from private trusts and other sponsors is

our teaching programmes in other to make

Amsterdam, and in development econo-

countries, particularly those producing cof-

the main occupation of large numbers of

them more attractive and ensure ourselves

mics (MSc), offered together with the Vrije

fee and tea. In order to intensify its fund-

staff and it keeps those universities afloat.

of a nice ‘catch’ of students and fellow-

Universiteit and Wageningen University. On

raising activities, the Executive Board has

This type of ‘development’ is also to be-

ships. However, it is also clear that we will

a second front, the ISS is strengthening its

given the green light to establish a specia-

come much more important for the ISS in

have less certainty about the number of

institutional links with universities in develo-

lized team, which will work exclusively on

the near future. In order not to get confused

Dutch fellowships on offer for ISS program-

ping countries and transition economies

finding additional resources for the ISS.

with our mission statement, we call it

mes.

seeking possibilities of offering joint degrees

While the priority will be on setting up a fel-

and/or exchanges of students and course

lowship fund with a broad range of spon-

‘resource acquisition’. The ISS will be facing a less secure financial situation over the

Anticipating this development, the ISS is ini-

modules. Such exchanges will in the future

sors, it will also focus on other areas, such

coming years.

tiating action on various fronts. I already

also take the form of distance learning. On

as funding of special (extraordinary) profes-

mentioned the renewal of our teaching pro-

a third front, the issue I will focus on now,

sorships, programme development, and

Currently, we receive most of our funding

grammes. In January 2002, ten completely

the ISS has developed its own resource

capacity-building projects. The ISS has now

from the Dutch Ministry of Education. The

new postgraduate diploma programmes

acquisition strategy.

found a qualified team leader for the fund-

subsidy the ISS receives is tied to the total

will be launched, which will be much shor-

number of students it trains each year on

ter than our traditional programmes (ten

Finding new sources of funding for fellow-

Westerflier. With the support of all ISS staff,

average over a given period of time. The

weeks instead of six months) and will try to

ships will be a priority. Teaching will remain

and hopefully also many alumni, his man-

Institute has had a fairly stable student in-

respond to new demands in skills-training

the Institute’s core business. While our pro-

date is to find effective ways to diversify

take over the years, in part thanks to a fel-

for policy analysis in a wide range of areas,

grammes attract large numbers of appli-

funding for the Institute and thereby en-

lowships fund it obtains from the develop-

such as social policies, social security,

cants, many from poorer countries lack

hance opportunities for students all over the

ment cooperation budget. This fund helps

children and development and international

their own funding or access to fellowship

world to learn and share experiences at the

sponsor a little over half of our student in-

law and sustainable development. Also, the

funds at home. With the changes to the

ISS. ‘Development’, in the sense of fund-

take. This is to change, however. The ISS

MA programme is under review and chan-

Netherlands fellowship programme, the ISS

raising, will thus also truly be development.

will no longer receive a fixed allocation of

ges will be introduced to give students

will have to broaden its options to be able

fellowships, but will be one Dutch institution

greater flexibility in choosing courses, whilst

to offer fellowships. Last year, we managed

Rob Vos

for higher education among many that can

strengthening the quality of teaching. Next

to obtain resources for several full-cost fel-

Deputy Rector, ISS

fish in the same pond for fellowships. If our

there will also be a broadening of the

lowships per year from various sources,

raising activities, Mr Thierry von Hövel tot

In Memorium Jan Glastra van Loon 1920 - 2001 On 22 October we received news of the sudden death of our

first image of an academic manager. Actually, this was how

former rector Jan Glastra van Loon. Although he had already

he appeared in every environment in which he worked: an

left the Institute in 1973, those who knew him could still greet

intellectual in the first place, a student of power structures

him regularly, as he lived quite near the Institute’s current

and relations rather than a person easily handling power,

premises at the Kortenaerkade. In Professor Van Loon’s days

indeed a little out of place wherever he accepted leadership.

the ISS was still situated in the Noordeinde Royal Palace. In

Yet, it is precisely as an intellectual that Professor Glastra

those days, like most of our participants, the Rector lived inside

van Loon has a special place in the line of ISS Rectors.

the palace. Later Jan moved to the Bazarstraat and when we

Under the influence of Helmuth Plessner’s philosophical

relocated from the former Wittebrug Hotel to this part of The

anthropology, with its conception of the human being as body

Hague it meant that our former rector’s friendly and open face

and soul in one albeit neither in a superior manner nor as a

became part of the daily picture once again.

powerless creature – ‘der Invalide seiner höheren Kräfte’ – Jan

Rousseau, more on the separation and spreading of power, in

had developed a most original theory of the human act. His

other words, than on issues of representation and formation

While Jan van Loon always looked much younger than his real

doctoral dissertation (‘Norm en Handeling’) was a masterpiece

of power. Indeed, a man of ‘good governance’ avant la lettre.

age, in recent months his appearance had become much older.

in legal philosophy, manifesting such a degree of creativity that

Yet, he remained the sharp and lively debater he had always

it has already resulted in another PhD study to try and grasp

From inside the Palace the Institute ultimately moved to a

been. Indeed, the last time I had the opportunity to witness his

its meaning and implications.

location opposite the adjoining Royal Stables and the old

wit was only a few weeks before his death, in a debate with Jan

‘palace guard’ is gradually fading away. While there is little

Nagel, founder of a new political party that claims to have

In 1973 Professor Van Loon left the ISS to become Secretary

reason for nostalgia for those days of endless meetings in

solved all the problems of democratic decision-making with just

of State for Justice. Here he had to deal with hot items such as

‘workshops’, emphatic feelings do arise when we think of our

one stroke of the party-programmatic pen. While a democrat to

aliens policy and the prison system. It was not his cup of tea.

old Rector: a versatile and highly original scholar with a

the backbone, Jan was too much of an intellectual to believe in

After only two years he moved back to academia. In 1980 he

strong dislike of conventions, a man so close to colleagues and

simple problem-solving attitudes to the dilemmas with which

returned to politics as a Member of the First Chamber of the

to participants and yet so shy and reserved. The ISS remembers

humankind has had to struggle through the ages.

States-General. It was that ‘Chamber of Reflection’ which for

Jan van Loon with sympathy and respect.

him provided the ideal environment for profound observations

2

At the Institute Jan van Loon looked a bit out of place: a

of a political philosophical nature. In regard to democracy as

philosopher and a jurist, a supreme intellectual but not one’s

a concept his orientation was more on Montesquieu than on

Prof. B. de Gaay Fortman

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ISSues A report from Guatemala © Eric Ross

On the Shores of the World Economy Eric B. Ross Since early last year, Dr Caro Mendez Nelson and I have been implementing a project - ‘Coastal Resources, Migration, Survival Strategies and Consumption in Livingston, Guatemala’ as part of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Initiative on Population, Consumption and Environment. The focus of the study, which will run for two years, is the town of Livingston and its environs, on the Caribbean coast of Guatemala.

Situated within the departamento of Izabal on

second most violent in Guatemala.

community, and it has been Ladinos who have

highly-prized species and/or second-rate spe-

the picturesque Bay of Amatique, Livingston

If we consider just the case of the Q’eqchi

obtained the lion’s share of highly valued spe-

cies for household consumption, but, in either

itself is small and unassuming, with no more

Maya, their very presence in the Livingston area

cies (especially shrimp).

case, they harvest small amounts. All of this

than 4,000 inhabitants. Yet, over the past few

is the product of the violence and exclusion that

decades, the town and its immediate region

has persistently characterized Guatemala’s his-

Other groups have seen their livelihoods change

tional agriculture, but a fragmentation in the

have become the scene of complex ecological,

tory. From the late nineteenth century, the

drastically as well. Commercial fishing has

definition of what – behaviourally – it means to

economic and social changes.

ascendancy of coffee in the highland regions

clearly reduced the quantity and variety of fish

be Q’eqchi.

steadily eroded the subsistence base of Mayan

available to the Garífuna, who once were active-

Change has long been a fixture of this region,

communities. Some Q’eqchi turned to wage

ly engaged in fishing. At present, only one

The increasing dependence on aquatic resour-

which has served as a ‘frontier’ for recurrent

labour, while others migrated into the lowlands

Garífuna man in the whole community, which is

ces poses other risks for the Q’eqchi, which the

waves of migrants from different ethnic and

to the east where, in time, cattle ranching

centred around Livingston, has fished on a

study is just beginning to reveal. Over the past

social groups seeking new resources and

encroached on their lands. There was resis-

regular full-time basis during the past six years,

few decades, the Guatemalan highlands have

opportunities. But just as it would be deceptive

tance but these were repressive times. In 1978,

and only just over a third regard fishing as their

seen the development of new cash crops –

to equate its frontier role with isolation – the

a Q’eqchi demonstration in the small town

main occupation. Facing growing scarcity,

principally cotton – which have brought high

banana plantations of United Fruit once domi-

of Panzos ended in a brutal massacre by

those who do still fish not only work longer

demands for pesticides. One result, noted years

nated the southern reaches of the department –

government forces.

hours but tend to limit themselves to species of

ago, is that agro-chemicals are flowing with the

so it would be misleading to consider the liveli-

suggests that there is not only a shift from tradi-

little market value. Many also combine fishing

rains into rivers of the Pacific plains. We are now

hood strategies of past and recent migrants pri-

Such events fuelled the emergence of a wide-

with temporary employment on the docks at

finding such chemicals, some of them highly

marily in terms of local conditions. The exten-

spread peasant insurgency over the next few

Puerto Barrios to the south, in the camaroneros

toxic, in the drinking water in the Livingston

sive environmental resources that are at the

years; but they also compelled many Q’eqchi to

(shrimping boats) or in construction activities.

area. The source is likely to be in areas of eas-

heart of current livelihood strategies are an

seek security further east in the tropical low-

And many Garífuna men have left the country

tern Alta Verapaz, the old coffee-growing region

important part of the picture, but we also want

lands of Izabal. In the end, however, there was

altogether, leaving behind families who depend

from which the Q’eqchi originally came. One

to understand how individuals within certain

no great livelihood security there either. Cattle

on remittances.

reason is falling international coffee prices:

identifiable ‘ethnic’ populations (Q’eqchi Maya,

production pursued them, down to the very

Garífuna, or Black Caribs, and Ladinos, of

edges of the streams on which many now live.

For the Q’eqchi, the picture is different again.

producer, has seen its annual coffee exports

Hispanic background) exploit these resources

Some Q’eqchi - essentially a rural and agricul-

Though typically an agricultural people, land

drop drastically over the last two years. This has

in ways that are conditioned by the structural

tural people -ended up in the town of Livingston

scarcity has slowly forced them into small-scale

hastened the shift to new crops, bringing an

realities of contemporary Guatemala.

itself, caught between cattle and the sea.

commercial fishing (among other cash-genera-

increase in inputs of pesticides.

Guatemala, the world’s seventh-largest coffee

Here, like other groups, they found opportuni-

ting activities). In the Livingston area, 40% of

Guatemalan society, one of the most unequal in

ties in fishing. And so, in our study, we look at

Q’eqchi men now fish occasionally and 16%

That the Q’eqchi have come so far in their

the world, is currently emerging from decades

how the Q’eqchi are developing new livelihood

even report fishing as their main occupation.

search for a secure and sustainable livelihood,

of oppressive dictatorship and violent civil con-

strategies in a changing economic climate, in

Yet, the scale and value of the fish they harvest

only to face such a threat on the very shores of

flict – the causes of which remain largely unre-

the light of their past experiences and current

with their modest resources means that they

the Caribbean, suggests something of the ines-

solved – and being rapidly embraced by the

endowments. Here, the research focuses on

remain fairly marginal within the fishing sector

capable realities of the Guatemalan and world

global economy. But it is highly problematical

how differential access to the specific aquatic

as a whole.

economies and the diverse channels through

whether this process will do much to ameliorate

resources of this coastal and riverine zone is

the deep-seated inequalities that typically have

being shaped by market forces that have

The pressures that have led more Q’eqchi to

affect all the communities of the Livingston

excluded most Guatemalans from the benefits

brought about a dramatic increase in their com-

fish are also bringing about a greater differentia-

region in varying degrees, in different ways. It is

of development. Thus, new opportunities for

mercialization.

tion among Q’eqchi communities. Landless

our hope that our research may help them all to

semi-urban Q’eqchi catch and sell sea species

find ways to mitigate their adverse impact.

some mean more stress for others, as environ-

which they express themselves. These realities

mental resources are subjected to new forms of

While large-scale commercial fishing is still pre-

of market value in small quantities, while those

economic competition. Social conflict is on the

dominantly a feature of the Pacific coast, the fis-

living near the seashore compete with the

Eric B. Ross is an anthropologist, and Senior

rise. As a result, while Guatemala ranks as the

hing industry around Livingston has steadily

Garífuna for certain medium-quality fish spe-

Lecturer and Convenor of the Population &

most violent country in Latin America after

grown in recent years. The chief agents of this

cies. River-dwelling Q’eqchi increasingly com-

Development Programme at the ISS. He can be

Colombia, the departamento of Izabal is the

process have been individuals from the Ladino

pete with their Ladino neighbours for some

contacted at ross@iss.nl

ISS Agenda

Agenda 2001/2

2002

31 January

2001 10-11 December

Inaugural lecture by Prof. Christine Sylvester, ISS Auditorium 16.00

Cestrad Conference: Transition, Institutions and the Rural Sector.

7-9 October

Further information: spoor@iss.nl or cestrad@iss.nl

ISS 50th Anniversary Conference: Globalization, Conflict and Poverty

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ISSues © Colette Harris

Community-Participative Gender-Sensitizing Development Work

Tajikistan - Khatlon Women’s Health Project Colette Harris Of the many different ways of doing development, working at the grass roots level with active community participation is one of the most effective at producing social change. Even more effective is combining this with a component aimed at encouraging participants to rethink their gender identities. In her PhD dissertation ‘Control and Subversion: Gender, Islam, and Socialism in Tajikistan’1, Colette Harris argues that gender identities form the basis of social organization and their readjustment is therefore essential for producing lasting transformation. One project that has consciously aimed at doing this is the Khatlon Women’s Health Project (KWHP) in Tajikistan.

Tajikistan is a Muslim, Central-Asian

tionships, gender identities, male and

the villagers to work independently,

place in all participating families, but

cessful NGO that also works long-

former Soviet republic, currently

female workloads, sex education,

while remaining in touch and provi-

a significant proportion – some 30%-

term in villages, gains its beneficia-

undergoing a difficult and painful

and domestic violence against

ding informal support.

60% – claim at least some improve-

ries’ active participation, and discus-

transition, complicated by a civil war

women and children.

ment. In addition, Ministry of Health

ses gender identities, is the

KWHP is implemented by the local

statistics show a real decline in mor-

Senegalese Tostan2. This organiza-

(1992-97). The poorest of the Union Republics in Soviet times, the events

No set modules

NGO Ghamkhori, whose other pro-

bidity rates in KWHP villages. For

tion, now working in over 400 villa-

of the last ten years have left it eco-

Each group plans its own lessons.

jects include a women’s centre in the

instance, during the typhoid epide-

ges, provides literacy classes and

nomically and socially devastated,

Teachers are not provided with set

town of Kurgan Teppa, providing

mic of 1999-2000 these villages were

micro financing for women. In the

and the population – especially the

modules; they are expected to facili-

similar services to those in the villa-

largely free from the disease ravaging

course of its work it has brought

former refugees of the most war-torn

tate rather than lecture, using role

ges with the addition of legal, psy-

their neighbours.

many villages voluntarily to make

zones, such as the Kurgan-Teppa

playing, games, questions-and-an-

chological and sexological services,

section of Khatlon province – ill

swers, work in small groups, illustra-

and support for victims of violence.

Other organizations in Tajikistan have

practice of female circumcision, a

equipped to deal with the lack of for-

ted cards/posters, participative rural

These activities are funded by the

expressed surprise both at the wil-

practice closely linked with gender

mal employment opportunities and

appraisal techniques, and open-

Swiss Development Corporation and

lingness of Ghamkhori’s participants

identities. There are sufficient paral-

the near collapse of the social servi-

ended stories.

the Lombard Odier Bank.

to attend educational sessions with-

lels between the results of

out any direct material incentive, as

Ghamkhori and Tostan to show that

ces.

public agreements to abandon the

Project staff are divided into teams,

Significant results

well as at the reactions to and results

this approach, if seriously applied,

It was this that motivated me to start

each visiting a village once a week

These projects have managed to

of KWHP. We attribute this to careful

can have a very positive impact.

KWHP in 1997, together with a small

for six months. Each team contains

produce significant social change

selection and ongoing training of

group of local teachers and medical

four facilitators (two male, two fe-

within the communities involved,

staff, to the gender-related discus-

1 University of Amsterdam, 2000

practitioners. The project was initially

male), responsible respectively for

including the transformation of family

sion sessions, and also to the active

2 For further details see its website at

funded with a grant from Christian

sessions with men, teenage boys,

relations, in great part through the

participation of its beneficiaries and

www.tostan.org

Aid of London, still today the main

women, and teenage girls. A midwife

participants initiating changes in gen-

its acceptance into village life, so that

sponsor of this project. In 1999, the

provides counselling and reproduc-

der identities as a result of the group

communities feel the project belongs

Colette Harris is currently program

addition of a grant from the EU’s

tive-health services, including free

discussions. Young people and

to them. The project’s success can

director, women in international deve-

TACIS LIEN fund enabled the staff to

contraceptives, as well as working

women report significantly warmer

also be attributed to a great extent to

lopment in the Office of International

be expanded to forty. The aim of

with village medical personnel and

family relations; they say their opi-

the gender-related discussion ses-

Research and Development at

KWHP is to use post-Freirian educa-

traditional birth attendants to improve

nions are now listened to. Men and

sions, which encourage men as well

Virginia Tech University. One compo-

tional processes to provide project

their skill levels. More recently KWHP

boys carry out tasks formerly consi-

as women to reconceive their gender

nent of her work involves training

participants with tools for taking con-

has started to train village school-

dered to belong to the female

identities.

local organizations in Africa, Latin

trol over their own lives. After (repro-

teachers and religious leaders, and to

domain to reduce their womenfolk’s

ductive) health related topics (e.g.

support communities in forming local

workloads. Women deciding to leave

Evidence that it is this approach that

community participative educational

malaria, typhoid, diarrhoea,

committees to resolve social pro-

abusive husbands receive psycholo-

produces such positive results

techniques. She can be reached at

STDs/AIDS, and family planning),

blems and improve infrastructure.

gical and practical support. Of

comes from comparisons with NGOs

colette@vt.edu

further subjects include family rela-

After six months the project leaves

course, such changes have not taken

in other settings. One extremely suc-

Staff News

America, and Asia in gender-sensitive

Rectification Dr Roger Tangri, Full-time staff member of Staff Group II. In the last DevISSues Dr Tangri was

Welcome new staff

placed under the heading Visiting Scholars. Email: tangri@iss.nl

Dr Marlene Buchy, Lecturer in Rural Development, Environment and Population Studies, Staff

Staff leaving

Group IV (per 1 December 2001). Email: buchy@iss.nl

Prof. Jan Breman, Staff Group III (per 1 August 2001)

Dr Jose Cuesta, Lecturer in Development Economics, Staff Group I (per 15 February 2002).

Dr George Irvin, Staff Group 1 (per 1 January 2002)

Email: cuesta@iss.nl

Janna van der Meulen, Supported the Human Rights course (per 31 August 2001)

Annet van Geen, Formerly Secretary of the Executive Office. Has been appointed as Staff Group

Dr Jan Nederveen, Staff Group II (per 1 January 2002)

Administrator/ Programme Administrator of Staff Group I (per October 2001). Email:

Pieterse We wish Jan success in his new job at the Dept. of Sociology, University of Illinois. Email:

vangeen@iss.nl

jpn@uiuc.edu

Kristin Komives, Lecturer in Rural Development, Environment and Population Studies, Staff

Prof. Graham Pyatt Staff Group I (per 1 December 2001)

Group IV (per 1 September 2001). Email: komives@iss.nl

Annemarie Voorvelt Programme Secretary, Staff Group I (per 30 September 2001)

Ir. Hotze Lont, Post-doc in the KNAW-financed project ‘Coping with Economic Crisis in Indonesia’. Project responsible: Prof. Ben White (per 1 September 2001). Email: lont@iss.nl /

The Valedictory Addresses of Jan Breman and Graham Pyatt can be obtained from the ISS

Room: 433

at promotions@iss.nl

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ISSues To keep our alumni databse up to date we would ask you to send your latest address and contact details to: alumni@iss.nl

Alumni News Alumni News Alumni News is a new regular feature in Development ISSues, in

Name: My name is Faustine Karrani BEE, and I

munication difficulties, inadequate relevant lite-

which we aim to present profiles on ISS alumni, or other interesting

am mostly known by my family name BEE.

rature and lack of access to it.

articles by or relating to alumni. If you are an ISS alumnus/alumna

Most people confuse my name with the honey

The effects of being at the ISS: During my

bee that stings, but I am not one of those. Nor

time at the ISS I learned and experienced a lot.

and would like to contribute to Alumni News in some way, please

is it pronounced the same way as the honey

I acquired knowledge and skills that is well

contact the editors at the address shown on the back page.

bee. Only those who speak latin or swahili can

accepted in our communities. The multicultural

pronounce it properly.

environment at the ISS has moulded me into a

Study year: I joined the ISS in the summer of

different person altogether. This enabled me to

Profile

1991 in the Masters Programme in Agriculture

overcome the culture shock when I went to

Name: Ahmed Seif El-Dawla

associations in the countries of the various for-

and Rural Development. Professor Cristobal

Japan where cultural practices are quite diffe-

Study year: I am an Egyptian alumnus of the

mer students, as a supplement to the signifi-

Kay was our coordinator. He was very kind,

rent altogether from those obtaining in Europe

ISS. I studied my postgraduate diploma in

cant knowledge obtained at the ISS. For exa-

helpful and always encouraged us to study

or Africa.

International Law and Organization for

mple, several Egyptian students have studied

hard. Many thanks to him for his kind inspira-

Suggestions for change: Change is really

Development at the ISS from January to July

at the ISS; beyond doubt they could build

tions.

necessary for training and research institutions.

1999. After that I pursued further postgraduate

upon their expertise in Egypt if an ISS branch

Work experience: I joined the ISS as a staff

Education must now be based on the needs of

studies at the Faculty of Law at Utrecht Uni-

alumni association were to be established

member of the Cooperative College Moshi in

people, communities and nations. Above all

versity and at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.

there. They could exchange information and

Tanzania. After completing my studies in 1992 I

individual rights of choice must be respected

Work experience: At present I am back in my

update their knowledge with contemporary

went back to Tanzania to continue my acade-

and taken into account when designing an

post in Egypt where I am working as a prose-

developments in their fields of studies through

mic duties at the College as a lecturer/research

educational programme. With increasing

cutor in the international cooperation depart-

the continued contact between the ISS and

fellow. In 1995 I worked with the Peoples

unemployment, for instance, many people are

ment of the Ministry of Justice.

the association. The latter could also encou-

Participation Project, sponsored by the FAO

not willing to leave their jobs for studies, hence

The effects of my time at the ISS: I benefited

rage other Egyptian students to pursue their

with funding from the Dutch government, as a

incresing the demand for distance education.

greatly from the courses I followed at the ISS,

postgraduate studies at the ISS. Former stu-

Replication and Promotion Advisor for a period

The ISS must design distant education pro-

given their focus on the developmental stu-

dents could tell new students about their

of nine months, up to september 1995. I then

grammes parallel with residential programmes.

dies. In that regard, the significance of the ISS

experience studying at the ISS, thereby facili-

went to Tokyo as a Visiting Research Fellow at

In addition, it must look for partners in the

programmes and courses is the perception

tating the integration of new Egyptian students

the Institute of Developing Economies. My

developing countries to run joint programmes.

and awareness of foreign students coming

into Dutch society once they arrive at the ISS.

research work was on the Impact of Trade

Social environment: Socialization is an impor-

from developing countries, like myself, of

This is indeed a mandate I would highly wel-

Liberalization on Agricultural Marketing

tant part of human life. I think it is important for

the relevant fields they are confronted with

come as an ISS alumnus.

Cooperative Societies in Tanzania. While there,

foreign students to mix and learn from each

throughout their further studies and/or careers.

Current interests: My present plans are to

I also attended various international workshops

other. The host family programmes are impor-

Having a background in developmental stu-

pursue my legal career and prepare a draft

and seminars.

tant part of this process. I thank my two family

dies makes those students aware of the fact

outline for my PhD on Remedies for the

Back home in 1997, I was promoted to the

friends, Jan en Rienekke van den Grift of

that the transfusion of any educational know-

Middle East Conflict under International

position of Senior Lecturer and became Head

Driebergen and Peter van de Veenstras of The

ledge obtained from an industrialized country

Criminal Law. Without doubt, the academic

of the Research Department at our college.

Hague, with whom we are still in touch.

– including its contemporary advances and

material I have obtained from the ISS and

Three years later, I was elevated to the position

My deep appreciation and thanks to them.

progress – is not to be easily realized in their

other faculties will be of great assistance

of the Director of Research and Consultancy

Current interests: I am currenly interested in

developing countries if preliminary stages in

during the preparation of this outline.

Services, the position I still hold to date. I take

Rural Microfinancial services. I see this as one

the development process are skipped.

Ahmed Seif El-Dawla can be contacted at

this opportunity to welcome ISS academic staff

major approach in reducing rural poverty in

Suggestions for change: As an alumnus,

seifel_dawla@hotmail.com

and my dear fellow alumni to work with us if

Africa. Being a researcher in a basically rural-

they come to Tanzania for academic work.

focused institution, I am obliged to work hard in

I am now a Doctorate student at the University

collaboration with others to overcome rural

of South Africa where I am doing a PhD

development hurdles.

through distance learning. It is really hard, but

Faustine Karrani Bee can be contacted at

one has to do it. The major problems are com-

fkbee2001@yahoo.com.

I would suggest setting up ISS branch alumni

Double congratulations © Dr Patricia Mohammed

Profile

Award for Excellence and Professorship The ISS is proud to announce that on 12 October 2001 alumnus (MA Women and

News from ISS students ISA Junior Scholar Award for ISS participant

Development) Dr Rhoda Reddock was presented with the Vice Chancellor’s Award for

ISS graduate student Anne Karanja was

The workshop consisted of presentations

Excellence for 2001 from the University of the

selected to participate in the Laboratory for

by the Junior Scholars of their PhD pro-

West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago. On the same

PhD Students in the Social Sciences, orga-

jects followed by a detailed discussion.

day Rhoda was also appointed Professor of

nized by the International Sociological

The title of Anna Karanja’s proposed dis-

Gender and Development Studies at the

Association. This ISA Junior Scholar Award

sertation project is ‘Enabling Strategies for

University of the West Indies.

allowed doctoral students to take part in a

Environmental Management of Solid

one-week laboratory in Courmayeur, Italy,

Waste Management in Growing Multi-mil-

In 2000 Dr Reddock was Claudia Jones Visiting

from 20-27 September 2001. The ISA

lion Cities: an Integrated Economic and

Professor in African World Studies at Florida

received applications from all over the

Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste

International University. In addition, she has

world, but selected only 19 Junior Scholars

Management Systems in Nairobi and

served as consultant for a number of interna-

for participation in the laboratory. The

Hyderabad. Ms Karanja obtained her MA

tional agencies including the UN Development Fund for Women, the FAO, CARICOM Secretariat,

theme of the workshop was Major

at the University of Nairobi.

and the European Union. Dr Reddock was instrumental in the development of the programme of

Theories or Paradigms of Dissertations.

Gender Studies and Development at the University of the West Indies.

5

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues International Relations And Development

49th Dies Natalis

Training ‘Development Diplomats’ © Syatauw

Professor J. Syatauw Long before the debate started in the literature about the need to pay greater attention to the international dimension of the development problem, the ISS had

Development - the Neglected Dimension in the International Law of Sustainable Development

already begun to raise this issue among its staff. As a result of this initiative an International Relations Course (IRC) was set up as a first step towards the study

On Thursday 11 October, to celebrate

of the international dimension of development. I joined the ISS from the Law

the 49th Dies Natalis of the Institute of

Faculty of Leiden University to become the head of this first IRC.

Social Studies, Nico Schrijver, Professor in International Law at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the

We were fortunate, that at this very

topic and if possible draw up a

with the specialist staff of such

time we were able to bring into the

general outline which would become

diverse organizations as the EEC,

new project Professor Inis L. Claude

the basis of a new International Law

NATO, WIPO, the European Parlia-

A need for evaluation

Jr., a Fulbright professor from the

of Development Programme.

ment, the European Court of Justice

As staff members we have also had

University of Michigan at Ann Arbor,

Thanks to the contributions of these

and the International Relations

the gratifying experience of seeing

Michigan. Professor Claude was one

experts, who included judges from

departments of a number of Eastern

our students doing well in their fur-

of the most prominent American

the International Court of Justice in

European universities. There were

ther careers. Indeed to see some of

international relations experts of his

The Hague and professors of inter-

even visits to the US State Depart-

them take an active part in major

time and happened to be spending

national law and of international

ment in Washington and the UN in

international conferences (e.g. within

On the eve of next year’s World

his sabbatical year in the

organization from Dutch universities,

New York. By giving our students –

the UN and the Non-Aligned

Summit on Sustainable Development

Netherlands. In addition, the ISS

a new International Law and

in addition to the ISS-based

Movement) gives a real sense of

in Johannesburg, Professor Schrijver

already had on its staff a British gra-

Development Programme was

teaching – some direct contact with

satisfaction that only teachers can

duate of international relations, Mr

designed and introduced in l978.

experts from major international

get from seeing their students do so

Bruce Burton. So we could draw on

The programme was a great succes

organizations, we hoped to train

well. We have had only one rather

the experiences of representatives of

drawing ever more students from all

what some people called ‘develop-

disappointing experience in our

Ten years after the UN Conference on

the academic world in the USA and

parts of the world. When I retired

ment diplomats’: diplomats who not

work. It has not been possible to fol-

Environment and Development,

the UK, the two countries recogni-

from the ISS in 1986, I was succee-

only master the various instruments

low up our work at the ISS with a

Schrijver concluded that the objectives

zed as pioneers in the field of inter-

ded by Professor Nico Schrijver who

of international diplomacy, but who

method of continuous evaluation of

agreed in Rio to ensure the balanced

national relations. Together we laun-

was particularly active in keeping the

have also acquired a sound grasp of

the relevance of our teachings for

ched the first International Relations

programme constantly abreast of

the major problems of the national

the students in their actual careers.

Course at the ISS in 1965.

new developments in the field. 1

development of their own and other

Hopes for some real feedback that

developing countries. In fact, some

could be useful for teaching future

ment research.

ISS, gave an address entitled ‘On the Eve of Rio +10: Development - the Neglected Dimension in the International Law of Sustainable Development’.

analysed the still weak legal status and meaning of sustainable development.

development of the international law of sustainable development (preservation of the environment and poverty reduc-

After the IRC had been running for a

Three Worlds programme

developing countries (e.g. Suriname)

students has never materialized.

tion) have been insufficiently realized.

few years, it was felt that the inter-

The IRC and ILDP courses were for-

asked the ISS to give some of their

Even a periodical newsletter recor-

Although international law has seen

connection between international

tunate to have started operating at a

young diplomats a crash course in

ding their work experiences proved

explosive growth in the area of the

and national development should be

time when the ISS had a rather

international relations.

unfeasible, mainly due to the

more closely examined. This led to

ample budget. The staff of the two

the setting up of a joint International

courses were even encouraged to

It was most gratifying to discover

sibilities that our Third World stu-

and National Development Course in

invite only top-level experts from

that so many experts who were invi-

dents face on return to their families

1972. Unfortunately the intended

around the world as guest lecturers.

ted to lecture to our groups were

and jobs at home. Hopefully staff

of law relating to development it has

integration of the two approaches to

In the process the two courses star-

keen to work with our students and

members will in future be more suc-

virtually come to a standstill.

the development issue did not work

ted to establish a so-called Three

help raise their awareness of the

cessful in realizing such an evalu-

out very well and the initiative was

Worlds programme which introdu-

interaction between the national and

ation scheme, to help further im-

discontinued after a few years.

ced in its teaching experts from

international dimension of develop-

prove the training of development

Around the middle of the 1970s,

what was then the First World (the

ment. We recall in particular the

diplomats.

international lawyers too became

West), the Second World (the socia-

exceptional contribution of such a

increasingly interested in develop-

list countries) and the Third World

world-renowned scholar as the

Professor Syatauw can be contacted

ment law with that on the environment.

ment issues and soon a new field of

(the developing countries). These

Dutch professor of development

at sirat@planet.nl

In his address he sketched out the

international law, the international

contributions provided students with

economics, the late Jan Tinbergen,

law of development, gradually emer-

some of the most stimulating dis-

who had a longstanding relationship

1 The International Law and

ged. Rector Louis Emmerij raised

cussions of their programmes.

with the ISS. In spite of his heavy

Development Programme was dis-

the matter with a number of IRC

The favourable budget, occasionally

work schedule, he was always wil-

continued in July 2001. It is to be

staff members and asked them to

supplemented by subsidies from the

ling to come and talk to our stu-

replaced by a shorter diploma in

explore the possibility of establishing

Dutch Minister for Development

dents, even at very short notice. The

International Law and Sustainable

a new course that would concen-

Cooperation, allowed the staff to

staff will particularly remember him

Development and a one-year Master

The full text of Professor Nico

trate on the teaching of International

organize study excursions to some

for his understanding and generosi-

of Law Programme in International

Schrijver’s Dies Natalis Address is

Law and Development. At his urging

of the leading international organiza-

ty, always refusing to accept the

Law and Organization. For details,

available from promotions@iss.nl

a group of international law experts

tions and institutions of the time. In

regular ISS fee for his contribution

see http://www.iss.nl or contact the

were invited to attend a one-day

the course of a few years, the stu-

but instead requesting that it be

ISS student office.

conference at the ISS to discuss this

dents were able to exchange views

donated to an institute for develop-

obvious burden of the many respon-

environment, as witnessed by the large number of new environmental treaties, laws and legal instruments, in the field

Professor Schrijver called for a renewed effort to implement Rio agreements by integrating international develop-

contours of such a law of sustainable development, building on developments not only in international environmental law, but also in human rights.

5 0 Ye a r s o f t h e I S S t o b e c o n t i n u e d i n t h e n e x t D e v e l o p m e n t I S S u e s 6

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues NGOs and budget analysis

Nigerian NGOs fight corruption Marianne Nolte Corruption is increasingly receiving a central place in development and human rights discourse. At international and local level, an increasing

Social and Economic Rights Action

lysis as a tool for the advancement of ESC

SERAC was established in 1995. Like other

rights. This was hopefully the first in a series of

NGOs involved in the promotion and protection

meetings linking up experts and activists in the

number of NGOs, convinced that effective democratic governance requires

of economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights

fields of budget analysis and ESC rights.

citizens to play an active role in the allocation of resources, are turning to

elsewhere in the world, SERAC is increasingly

budget analysis and monitoring as a tool to tackle corruption. Human

turning to budget analysis. It first used this tool

Justice Development and Peace

in 1998 when it attempted to avert widespread

Commission

rights organizations too increasingly use budget monitoring and analysis

demolitions of houses and other structures in

JDPC’s interest in budget monitoring dates

to achieve their objectives.

Lagos slums without notice, compensation,

from the period it started implementing the EC-

This article looks at the work of four Nigerian NGOs: INTEGRITY,

resettlement or rehabilitation as a result of the

funded project ‘Monitoring and consolidating

World Bank-assisted Lagos Drainage and

democracy in post-election/transition Nigeria’,

Sanitation Project (LDSP). Using budget-moni-

which in turn resulted from its involvement in

SERAC, JDPC and TIN.

toring techniques SERAC was able to demon-

monitoring the 1999 elections. With the assi-

Of the four organizations, only INTEGRITY has

zens on their rights and to monitor local

strate that, of the US$ 85 million allocated to

stance of economists from Ogun State Uni-

used budget analysis in its work since its

government performance.

the LDSP, US$ 11 million was earmarked for

versity, JDPC started analysing local govern-

inception and therefore seems most advanced

ment budgets and training local organizations

in using this tool. Both Integrity and SERAC

A second main INTEGRITY survey, ‘The

have benefited from international seminars and

Budget as a Tool for Ensuring Good

workshops and from the fast emerging interna-

Governance’, was held in 2000 to measure

tional networks focussing on budget analysis

Lagos State residents’ understanding of the

as a tool to fight corruption and/or to advance

budget, involvement in the budgetary process

human rights.

and expectations of the budget. The survey

to analyse the budgets for themselves.

An increasing number of NGOs Transparency in Nigeria are turning to budget analysis

TIN is a branch of the international NGO

and monitoring as a tool

Transparency International. It conducts a wide

to tackle corruption

variety of activities aimed at curbing corruption,

established that the needs of the state’s inhabi-

including budget monitoring. TIN has been

INTEGRITY

tants were hardly reflected in the budget. It

involved in the formation of the Zero Corrup-

INTEGRITY’s goal is ‘to empower people and

recommended a systematic sensitization of

activities related to resettlement and compen-

tion Coalition, a group of NGOs that intend to

(civil society) to be able to demand accountabi-

elected representatives and all public servants

sation. With the exception of one resettlement

tackle corruption and produce a code of ethics

lity and transparency from individuals in public

on their duty of accountability to the people,

estate valued at less than US$ 1 million and

for public officials. In September 2000, TIN

and business life thereby tackling the problem

and establishing an independent legislative

which could absorb only a fraction of the dislo-

organized a public/private sector relationship

of corruption and raising the level of transpa-

budget office to check the excessive power of

cated people, nothing more was done for the

workshop, which was attended by the

rency in all sectors of society’. Formed in 1995,

the Executive in the budget process.

people who lost their dwellings as a result of

President and Federal Ministers. The workshop

the project.

produced a charter entitled ‘Rules and

it recently went through a period of restructuring and an elaborate plan of activities has

The core of the private sector programme is

been drawn up. Since its inception, INTEGRI-

the design and marketing of a Convention on

After extensive research and consultation with

the government refused to endorse. With funds

TY has implemented programmes directed at

Business Integrity (CBI). The CBI is a declara-

the slum communities, SERAC filed a Request

from USAID, TIN has produced a manual

civil society, the public sector and the private

tion against corruption and corrupt practices in

for Inspection before the World Bank’s inde-

‘Transparency and Accountability in Gover-

sector.

business. Businesses wanting to join the CBI

pendent Inspection Panel. After an investiga-

nance: the Obligations and Responsibilities of

Regulations for Procurement’, which, however,

must show good faith by first ratifying a Code

tion, the Panel cited breaches in the Nigerian

Civil Society’, which will be used to provide

To empower civil society INTEGRITY has been

of Business Integrity that involves streamlining

government’s service delivery under the LDSP

grassroots training on monitoring government.

establishing ‘Integrity Clubs’ which are open to

corporate policy with the requirements of the

and in the Bank’s project monitoring and

members of the public wishing to get involved

code. Key players in the business world were

supervision. As a direct result of the investiga-

To summarize, the four organizations analysed

in anti-corruption activities. INTEGRITY provi-

instrumental in developing the CBI and many

tion, the Panel recommended that victims be

above, all came to budget monitoring from a

des training to members of the clubs. At pre-

leading companies, including Pfizer, Dunlop

adequately compensated for their losses. To

different perspective. For INTEGRITY, budget

sent, membership of the clubs stands at 3,500.

and Cadbury, have signed the declaration.

date this has not been provided and SERAC is

analysis was an important part of its work on

still pursuing the matter with the Panel by con-

governance right from the start. SERAC inte-

Over the years, Integrity has carried out a num-

INTEGRITY maintains a wide network of inter-

tinuing to emphasize that the project’s budget

rest in budget work came later and has a more

ber of high quality surveys. The main aim of

national contacts and has participated in the

and background documents provide for the

narrow focus. For JDPC, which focuses on

these surveys was to measure the expecta-

international budget conferences organized by

adequate compensation of the slum dwellers.

state and LGA budgets, budget work is a rela-

tions of local people and to establish if and

the Centre on Budget and Policy Priorities

how these expectations were met. The first of

(CBPP), a Washington-based lobby group that

SERAC is currently developing its budgetary

democracy monitoring at state and local

these surveys, ‘Citizens’ report card on Local

conducts research on government policies and

skills by conducting an in-house budgetary

government level. TIN, by contrast, tends to

Governments’ (1998) covered three Local

programmes. INTEGRITY also participated in a

analysis of Lagos State in the last ten years as

focus not primarily at the local level, but on

Government Areas (LGAs) in Lagos State. The

World Bank-sponsored conference on

a preliminary to extensive work it is planning to

the Executive and the Legislature. Given the

report card showed wide disparities between

‘Building a Coalition in the Fight against

with respect to the 2002 federal budget. In the

fact that Nigerian NGOs often find it difficult

the perception of local governments and their

Corruption’, held in Addis Ababa. It will contri-

latter exercise SERAC will focus on housing,

to cooperate, the level of interaction between

constituencies on a variety of critical issues of

bute a chapter to a World Bank-financed study

education and health, particularly the federal

the four organizations described here is

governance such as corruption and priorities in

on transparency in the budget process, a com-

HIV/Aids campaign.

remarkable.

service delivery. The survey also showed an

parative study describing issues of transparen-

almost total lack of communication between

cy and budget monitoring in Nigeria, South

SERAC has also participated in the internation-

Marianne Nolte is Civil Society Coordinator of

the local government and residents. To

Africa, Zambia, Ghana and elsewhere.

tively new interest, resulting from its work on

al budget conferences organized by CBDD

the European Commission in Nigeria She can

address this problem, the study recommended

and IDASA. In September 2001 it participated

be contacted at nolte@hyperia.com

forming ‘right-to-know’ cells to educate citi-

in a seminar in Mexico on applied budget ana-

7

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues SCHOLAS Seminar © Scholas

Global Terrorism, Peace and Security: Politics, Society and Media Ali Salman ‘Terrorism cannot be qualified.’ ‘The world cannot be divided into bad guys and good guys...there are many grey areas.’

‘Terrorism is not an ideology and therefore you cannot wage a war against it.’ ‘The media constructs history.’ ‘Terrorism is what they do to us and not what we do to them.’ ‘The intelligentsia must resist to maintain its independence.’ These were some of the views expressed by the speakers at a seminar on Global Terrorism, Peace and Security: Politics, Media, and Society held at the Institute of Social Studies on 2 October 2001 in the aftermath of the11 September attacks on the United States.

SCHOLAS, the ISS students asso-

which essentially divides the world

human rights are in fact universal

presents snapshots such as ‘Islam

ting it with any particular religion or

ciation, organized the seminar, which

into ‘good guys’ and ‘bad guys’.

human responsibilities and therefore

versus the West’ and ‘Freedom ver-

region. He argued that terrorism is

was attended by a large number of

Though this essentialism is also

we must attend to the needs of the

sus Barbarianism’, which disfigures

not an ideology and could not be

students and staff. Dr Paschal Mihyo,

traceable in the Islamic discourse, it

people affected by war and terrorism

actual history. She stressed that the

combated in a warlike manner.

chairperson of Masters of Arts Coor-

cannot be substantiated, as there are

across the globe. De Gaay Fortman

media has always an agenda, which

dinating Committee (MACC) at the

many grey areas, Masud explained.

proposed that the external chair on

engages the audience in the process

In his concluding remarks, Paschal

ISS, presided over the session. Fre-

He concluded that the differences

Religion, Human Rights and Social

of dissemination and communication.

Mihyo reiterated the concerns raised

derick Nutsugah, SCHOLAS Secre-

which exist amongst civilizations are

Change at the ISS should be given

tary, presented some welcome re-

real and globalism must be a strategy

more support in the aftermath of the

Howard Nicholas, Senior Lecturer in

demia to make a critical and objecti-

marks. He stressed that roots of ter-

to live with these differences rather

events of 11 September, as he belie-

Economics at the ISS, sharing his

ve contribution to the current dialo-

rorism must be addressed and that

than eliminating them altogether.

ved that ‘massive terrorism has an

thoughts on the subject, maintained

gue on global terrorism. He said that

international law should be the focal

Khalid Masud is academic director at

ideological infrastructure’ and religion

that the real variable in the backdrop

tolerance of terrorism encourages

point of global coalition against terror.

ISIM (the International Institute for the

has become the forefront of the pre-

of these events is not a conflict of

more terrorism. Mihyo praised

Study of Islam in the Modern World)

sent conflict.

civilizations or races, but a conflict of

SCHOLAS for the initiative to hold

economic interests. He said that

the seminar and announced that the

Guest speaker Professor Khalid

at Leiden.

Masud, speaking on ‘The Clash of

by the speakers and called for aca-

Representing the students’ commu-

there is a dichotomy in international

ISS would be organizing a series of

Civilizations: Myths and Realities’,

Bas de Gaay Fortman, Professor of

nity, Catherine Lee, a participant in

politics, which assumes that ‘ter-

workshops on Terrorism and

said that the terrorism is unfortunate

Political Economy of Human Rights

the Women, Gender and Develop-

rorism is what they do to us and not

Development in late November, invol-

but the fact that we need such shoc-

at the ISS, speaking on ‘The State

ment Programme 2001 at the ISS,

what we do to them’.

ving students, staff and guest spea-

king attacks to be awakened is even

Challenged: Tension between Social

offered her views on the role of the

more regrettable. He offered a criti-

Justice and Human Rights’, said that

media as an impartial observer and a

P.K. Vijayan, a PhD candidate at the

que to Samuel Huntington’s contro-

terrorism could not be qualified.

partner in the conflicts. Referring to

ISS, suggested that terrorism should

Ali Salman is the president of the ISS

versial yet significant thesis by

While emphasizing a ‘one world’

her personal experience as a ‘media

be defined clearly after engaging all

student association SCHOLAS. He

arguing that it has a binary approach,

option he said that the universal

diet’, Catherine said that the media

the stakeholders instead of associa-

can be contacted at ppa2k01@iss.nl

kers.

ORPAS Project News The Gender Route Project - Practising What We Preach How can we practice what we preach about gender equality in development?

How can a donor and its partners work together to lift this topic beyond good intentions only?

ORPAS Project News ORPAS Project News ORPAS Project News

were highly appreciated. The idea of

was a powerful factor. Another critical

linking and learning was most succes-

element of success was forthcoming

sful in those regions where Novib staff

from the involvement of multiple part-

With these questions in mind the Netherlands Organization for International Development

had been bringing partners together

ners in one project around a single con-

Cooperation (Novib) started the Gender Route Project in 1996. Twenty-five of its partners

and had had a substantial input in

crete theme and objective. It led to

joined the project.

terms of analysis and reflection. About

mutual stimulus and healthy competi-

half of the partners benefited from this;

tion between all involved.

The project’s premise was that internal

this evaluation study.

bringing together directors and gender

others were disappointed about the

change in organizational structure, sys-

A collective and participatory

officers of the partner organizations, as

lack of clear guidance and technical

The project and its evaluation have

tems and culture are a precondition for

project calls for a collective and par-

well as consultants for the external eva-

support from Novib’s side.

been a two-edged sword. Participants

an effective integration of gender

ticipatory evaluation.

luations. Each partner designed its own

equality objectives in development pro-

Involving 25 organizations all over the

evaluation, with director and gender

En route

gender equality part and parcel of their

grammes. In other words, the organiza-

world in one evaluation is not an easy

officer working together. In case the

The evaluation designs developed

work, and at the end of the project they

tional house needs to be in order if one

matter, given the inevitable constraints

organization was one of the seven

during the workshops were implemen-

gained a new experience by evaluating

wants to effectively address matters of

of time and resources available. A solu-

selected for external evaluation, the con-

ted in the months directly following

their efforts.

equality and social justice. The project

tion was found by making the evalu-

sultant worked with them.

them. The reports became the basic

got its name, because the partners

ation a mix of external evaluation and

material for drafting the final docu-

Ria Brouwers is Senior Development

designed their own ‘route’ to change in

self-evaluation. This was not only a

Part of the evaluation was to assess

ment.1 Its title, En Route, reflects the

Advisor at the ISS attached to the

their organization, tailor-made to their

pragmatic response, but was in accor-

Novib’s role in the project. As we were

briefest lesson learned, namely that the

States, Society and World Development

situation and specific requirements.

dance with the characteristics of the

not sure that all participants would write

project has mobilized organizations and

Staff Group. She can be contacted at

Interaction between partners involved in

project: participation and interaction.

down their opinions in a formal report,

individuals to act in favour of greater

brouwers@iss.nl

the GRP was an essential part of the

Moreover, active involvement of part-

we made the evaluation of Novib’s role

equality between men and women. The

project, thus providing opportunities for

ners in the evaluation gave them the

part of the workshops. Partners inter-

systematic approach, promoted by the

1 Copies of the publication can be

linking and learning. After five years,

opportunity to learn about evaluation

viewed each other and made brief

application of a transparent tool to ana-

obtained from Novib, e-mail:

most of the roads designed had been

theory and methodology in a wider

reports of the findings. These revealed

lyse the organization’s strengths and

admin@novib.nl

travelled, and so it was time to take

sense. Three regional workshops were

that Novib’s initiative and flexibility

weaknesses in gender orientation and

stock. Novib asked me to coordinate

held, in Cape Town, Lima and Bangkok,

during the project’s implementation

subsequently to design a plan of action,

8

have explored new ways of making

ORPAS Project News ORPAS Project News ORPAS Project News

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues The African Students Conference 2001

Peace Through Justice The third African Students Conference took place in The Hague Friday 14 September. The conference, entitled ‘Peace Through Justice’, focused on the role of international law in conflict transformation and peace building in Africa. It was organized by the Hague Appeal for Peace in cooperation with the African Students Committee.

Office at the International Criminal Tribunal for

responsibility and other ways of holding juveni-

the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague,

les accountable.

and for Rwanda in Arusha (ICTR). He underlined that there are different perceptions of jus-

Lively discussions

tice and compared the post-conflict justice

Each session was followed by a lively and inter-

structures in Ethiopia, Sierra Leone and

esting discussion. Later, the participants were

Rwanda. David Ndegwa highlighted different

divided into working groups to come up with

perceptions of peace and pulled the two

action plans on five different levels: internation-

previous speeches together in questioning

al, regional, national, local and civil society. The

whether amnesty or prosecution is the way to

results have been compiled into one Action

achieve peace. The subsequent discussion

Plan, which will be circulated together with the

dealt with what mechanisms are most suitable

rest of the report.

for African countries and situations, drawing Approximately 220 participants from at least 40

with congratulations for South Africa and other

from the personal experiences of both the

The ISS student body, represented by Ali

countries participated and contributed to the

countries which have decided to publicly dis-

African participants and the legal experts pre-

Salman (President) and Fred Nutsugah

success of the conference. Two thirds were

cuss, reveal, confess and ask for forgiveness.

sent. Financial resources, tradition, the political

(Secretary), thanked the organizers of the con-

African students, representing at least 23

situation and previous conflict structures were

ference and the participants for making it such

African countries. The others were ambassa-

International Court of Justice

mentioned as relevant to the choice of structu-

a lively and successful day. In her concluding

dors and diplomats, civil society representa-

The first session focused on African cases

res. The discussion also elaborated on the pos-

remarks Cecilia Nilsson, the Director of The

tives, European students, academics, lawyers

before the International Court of Justice. Dr

sibility of combining the two.

Hague Office of the Hague Appeal for Peace,

and representatives from the international legal

Erica de Wet (South Africa) from the University

institutions in The Hague.

of Leiden gave an introduction to the structures

International Criminal Court

rence and expressed her hope that the partici-

thanked everyone for participating in the confe-

and functioning of the ICJ, while Mr Witteveen,

Session three dealt with recent and future

pants, as true ambassadors of their countries,

Proceedings

First Secretary of the Court, (the Netherlands)

developments with regards to international law

would bring the discussions and points raised

Professor Hans Opschoor, Rector of the

spoke on African cases that had been dealt

and Africa. Jann Kleffner, of the Amsterdam

into the national debates in their countries. Only

Institute of Social Studies and the host of the

with by the Court. Ms Chiseche Mibenge

Centre for International Law, gave an overview

then can such conferences have an effect in

conference, welcomed the participants. He

(Zambia) presented a paper about a very topi-

of developments around the future International

the long run. She also referred to The Hague

underscored the importance of peace as not

cal case before the Court, between Belgium

Criminal Court (ICC), at both international and

Agenda for Peace and Justice for the 21st

only an African issue but for the whole world.

and Congo, dealing with issues of states’

national level, focusing on steps taken by

Century, which lists a number of action points

He cited the recent US bombings as a reason

responsibility and the universal jurisdiction of

African countries and their present and past

addressing issues of peace and justice, and

why the world needs peace today. He also lin-

crimes. Belgian courts have the jurisdiction to

attitude towards the establishment of this insti-

thereby presents additional ideas to those that

ked peace to poverty and made the point that

prosecute persons accused of crimes against

tution. Anna Danieli (Italy) from the ICTY, and

the participants had come up with during the

there can be no peace without justice.

humanity even when the crimes have been

Patricia Sellers (US) from the ICTY and ICTR,

conference.

committed outside Belgium. The recent case of

shared their expertise with the participants on

Mr Roel van der Veen from the Dutch Ministry

nuns accused of genocide in Rwanda is part of

international legal developments with regard to

We would like to mention in conclusion that the

of Foreign Affairs, which sponsored the confe-

that policy.

crimes against women, particularly rape, com-

conference was sponsored by the Dutch

rence, opened the proceedings by reading a

paring the jurisprudence of both ad hoc

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the City of The

speech on behalf the Mr Ould Abdallah,

Different perceptions

Tribunals (in The Hague and Arusha). The last

Hague, and the Institute of Social Studies was

Executive Secretary of the Global Coalition for

Session two started with a paper on the South

paper of the third session, focusing on the sta-

extremely supportive in the preparations and

Africa. The speech underlined the importance

African Truth and Reconciliation Process, pre-

tus of international law with regards to child sol-

organization.

and the good timing of the theme chosen for

sented by H.E. Priscilla Jana, South African

diers, was presented by Daniel Onyango-Maina

the conference, which is also at the centre of

Ambassador to the Netherlands. Three minutes

(Kenya). A discussion followed on the difficulty

This article was drafted by Cecilia Nilsson,

the GCA’s efforts to support Africa. He under-

of silence were observed at 12 o’clock for vic-

of offering victims of rape a forum for justice

Hague Appeal for Peace, Austin Bhebe, ARD,

lined the importance of the rule of law, the

tims of violence all over the world including the

where they can feel safe and confident, as well

Institute of Social Studies, and Reginald

separation of powers and the need to overco-

recent attacks in the USA. The session continu-

as on the different age limits with regards to

Nalugala, PADS, ISS. For reactions please con-

me impunity and corruption. The speech ended

ed with Norman Farrell, from the Prosecutor’s

deployment of child soldiers, their criminal

tact Reginald Nalugala at pad2K14@iss.nl

Agenda April

International Conference Agenda

2001/2

Globalizing the Caucasus and Central Asia, Social Science Research Council, Dissertation Development Workshop. Washington, USA. Only open to US citizens or permanent residents.

2001 22-23 December

Information: eurasia@ssrc.org or website: http:/www.ssrc.org

The 9th International Seminar on Central Asia and the Caucasus. The Caspian Sea: prospects

10-11 May

and challenges. Tehran: Center for Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies. Information:

17th Annual Middle East History and Theory Conference. University of Chicago, Center for

ipis@dre-mfa.gov.ir or website:http://www.dre-mfa.gov.ir

Middle Eastern Studies. Information: pgwing@midway.uchicago.edu

2002

11-15 June

14-16 February

Hawaii International Conference on Social Sciences. Honolulu, Sheraton Waikiki Hotel.

Environmental Justice and Global Citizenship. Copenhagen. Information: rf@inter-

Information: social@hicsocial.org or website: http://www.hicsocial.org

disciplinary.net or http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/e1.htm 15-16 July 31 January - 5 February

4th NKCIR Conference on Trade Unions. Unions 2002: Future Strategies for the Union

World Social Forum 2002. Washington: World Bank. See: http://www.worldbank.org/events

Movement. Melbourne, Monash University, Australia. Information: Gerry.Griffin@BusEco.monash.edu.au

We would be pleased to receive timely information on inter national conferences

9

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues continued from page 1

A New Coherence and Correspondence for Development Efforts in a Change of Epoch

Under the network’s perspective, development

ging, constructivist mode of social generation

If reality is what our method of observation per-

societies will disappear into the Fourth World:

problems will be seen as changing problems

and appropriation of knowledge. The implic-

mits us to perceive, the ongoing change of

the world of the unnecessary, the disconnected

that require innovative solutions over time.

tions are critical, such as moving from objecti-

epoch presses us to review and eventually

in the era of access. Until when? And at what

Within this perspective, development problems

vism to contextualism, from reductionism to

replace our worldviews. The prevailing ‘rules of

cost?

are not ‘solvable’, in the sense that one can

holism, from detachment to interaction, from

the game’ of development during industrialism

solve them completely and definitively, as the

description to interpretation, from value-free to

have made us all vulnerable. They became the

José de Souza Silva is manager of the network

rationalist approach suggests. They are to be

value-laden science, from public opinion to

‘rules of vulnerability’, which need to be

‘New Paradigm’ for institutional innovation in

interpreted and managed according to their

public judgment, from the argument of power

replaced by the ‘premises of sustainability’. As

rural-related research and development efforts.

particular historical, social and material con-

to the power of argument, from ‘hard’ to ‘soft’

Einstein recognized, we cannot get out of pro-

He can be contacted at j.desouza@cgiar.org

texts. Among other consequences, we need to

thinking and skills, from transfer to translation

blems by using the same methods that got us

change the way we formulate problems,

of technology, from practice to praxis, from

into them. The network represents an ethical

1 Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network

questions and answers.

‘change agents’ to ‘facilitators of change and

invitation to create modes of interpretation and

Society (The Information Age: economy, society

development’, from ‘learning-by-doing’ to ‘lear-

intervention committed with the principle of

and culture; Volume I). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

The theory of action of capacity development

ning-by-being’, from development in to deve-

‘inclusive well-being’. Unless something is

projects should shift from the classic, positivist

lopment of communities and organizations,

done about the already deteriorated conditions

mode of knowledge ‘production’ to the emer-

from sustainable to systemic development, etc.

of life in rural areas in Latin America, entire rural

PhD Thesis

State-Civil Society Relations: The Politics of Egyptian NGOs Maha M. Abdelrahman The last two decades of social and political theory in development studies have been dominated by a debate which stresses the centrality of civil society to any developmental project. In this debate, civil society is regarded as the space where public and private interests can be reconciled and the power of the state limited. The most significant agents of this civil society are seen to be NGOs, which are considered to have a comparative advantage over State bureaucracy in implementing a democratic, development project.

The main objective of this study was

around it have NGOs at their centre.

to critically analyse the concept of

Assessing the validity of these

civil society and examine the way it

generalizations required focusing on

is employed in contemporary deve-

NGOs, notwithstanding the importan-

lopment discourse. The case of Egypt, and more specifically the

Egyptian society and politics at large.

Egyptian NGOs validate or disprove

pose the threat of reproducing exis-

claims made in the rhetoric heard in

ting material and ideological hierar-

There is a tendency in the main-

academic and activist circles about

chies and reinforcing the status quo

stream literature to portray civil socie-

the achievements and comparative

rather than performing a transformati-

ce of other organizations within civil

ty as a self-contained entity outside

advantages of these organizations?

ve function.

society or even other unorganized

the sphere of politics, economy and

And finally, how are concepts of

case of Egyptian NGOs, was employ-

interests in the same space. The

indeed society itself and consequent-

democracy and civil society under-

The Egyptian case reveals how the

ed to this end and also to explore the

second ground is related to the

ly as free of their influences and of the

stood by members of NGOs, groups

recent expansion in the space of civil

potential of civil society as a frame-

Egyptian case. Despite the draconian

power relations deeply imbedded in

which are assumed to champion the

society and the multiplication of its

work for analysis. The reason for un-

nature of the state’s policies towards

them. In contrast, this study has

emancipatory project of civil society?

organizations have brought a new

dertaking this research was my inte-

NGOs in Egypt, NGOs still provide

adopted an approach which regards

rest in the burgeoning importance of

one of the most open spaces for poli-

civil society as a viable concept only

The main conclusion to be drawn

different interests represented by

and the prominent role accorded to

tical mobilization and action. In the

when it and its organizations are con-

from the analysis of mainstream civil

these organizations. In fact, Egypt is

civil society and its organizations in

absence of other channels for politi-

sidered as the product of, as well as

society and NGO literature is its evi-

witnessing a phenomenon that could

development discussion and practice

cal expression, they have come to

constituent components of, society

dent failure to recognize persistent

be termed the ‘privatization of repres-

and the fact that the study of political

provide space for political contest-

as a whole. Furthermore, the forma-

class divisions within modern socie-

sion’, where the repression of indivi-

and social phenomena in the last two

ation where different groups, other-

tion of civil society is conceived as

ties, which are reflected in civil socie-

duals and civil society organizations

decades has become dominated by

wise excluded from power-sharing

result of an ongoing process, which is

ty organizations such as NGOs and

is no longer the sole domain of the

the civil society debate which has

prospects, try to establish and pro-

born out of continuing changes in

the possible consequent hegemoni-

state apparatus but also comes from

also over-shadowed political and

tect their interests and to mobilize the

domestic social forces, the state, the

zation of a particular set of objectives

organizations of this romanticized civil

social science theory in this field.

support of the masses around their

state’s position within the world sys-

by the representatives of the most

society. This is best demonstrated by

political programmes. Moreover, the

tem and its relations with other inter-

powerful interests in society. By pre-

the ongoing rivalry between the two

Taking NGOs as the focus of the

Egyptian state itself is a dynamic

national powers, and the complex in

senting civil society as the sphere of

main adversarial political forces;

research is based on two grounds.

actor in the NGO space, trying as it

which all these actors operate.

rights and freedoms where individu-

namely, secular intellectuals and the

First, there is a strong conflation in

is to control the resources made avai-

als pursue their interests and where a

Islamists.

the literature between civil society

lable to these organizations, restrict

Guiding questions

state of natural harmony could only

and NGOs, with these organizations

their power and room for manoeuvre

Three main questions guided this

be interrupted by state intervention,

Maha M. Abdelrahman can be con-

being presented as the quintessence

and shore up its otherwise fragile

research. Firstly, whose interests do

proponents of the civil society project

tacted at mahaabdelrahman@hot-

of the civil society project as a whole.

legitimacy. In fact, Egyptian NGOs,

NGOs represent and who benefits

overlook the inherently conflictive

mail.com

Most of the conclusions made about

more than any other organization pro-

from their existence? Secondly, to

nature of civil society and the fact

civil society and the policies devised

vide a singular opportunity to study

what extent does the experience of

that its organizations can actually

10

level of confrontation between the

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues

Statistical Resources On the Internet In Development ISSues Vol 3, No 1, we provided you with a list of authoritative websites which offer information on international development. In this issue, ISS Senior Information Specialist Saskia Scheffer introduces you to a number of sites where you can obtain statistical data.

The availability of statistical data on the Internet has increased considerably in recent years. While some WWW resources just contain references to statistical publications, others provide access to actual data either on a commercial basis (paid subscription) or free of charge. Statistics in the public domain come in a variety of formats. Some are presented in preformatted tables in HTML or PDF that can be printed, others can be generated on demand and used with other computer programs (e.g. Excel).

The statistical web resources listed below are divided into three categories. First, a number of locator sites (collections of resources) are provided. These are followed by a selection of databases from the United Nations System of Organizations and a few other resources that all give free access to statistical data. For comments or suggestions please contact Saskia Scheffer at scheffer@iss.nl.

Locator Sites Eldis guide to Information sources

OFFSTATS –

sheets showing summary gender

data covering seven subjects in 23

WHOSIS – WHO Statisitical

on statistics

Offical Statistics on the Web

indicators, basic demographic data,

tables.

Information System

http://ntl.ids.ac.uk/eldis/

http://www.auckland.ac.

stats/stats.htm

nz/lbr/stats/offstats/ OFFSTATSmain.htm

Eldis has compiled a comprehensive

structure, and education and health

UNDP/SEPED & UNU/WIDER

Health-related statistical information

statistics.

Income Inequality Database (WIID)

from the WHO Global Programme on

http://undp.org/poverty/

statistics guide containing major col-

Compiled and maintained by the

lections of development indicators/

University of Auckland Library, New

statistics, resources by subject, sta-

Zealand, OFFSTATS lists websites

tistical software and discussion lists.

offering free and easily accessible

You will also find references to 2

social, economic and general data

separate guides: ‘Development

from official or similar ‘quotable’ sour-

indicators’ and ‘Statistics on a

ces, especially those that provide

country’.

both current data and time series.

Arranged by country and topic.

Government Information on the Internet : a primer – Statistics

http://www.who.int/whosis/

population dynamics, labour force

International Labour Migration Data Base http://www.ilo.org/public/ english/protection/ migrant/ilmdb/index.htm

initiatives/wider/wiid.htm OTHERS: The WIID database provides informa-

Agricultural Market Access Database

tion on income inequalities at both

(AMAD)

cross-country and time-series levels.

http://www.amad.org/

It presents data on changes in inco-

AMAD was created in order to ‘provi-

ILO’s migration database collects

me inequality over the period 1950-

de a common data set on tariffs,

information on various aspects and

98, with a particular focus on the

TRQs and imports, as well as the

dimensions of migration and its

period since 1980 for 149 countries.

tools for researchers, policymakers,

impact on the labour markets of oriSOSIG - Statistics

Evidence for Health Policy.

and others to use in analyzing levels

gin and destination countries.

UN/ECE (UN Economic Commission

of tariff protection in agriculture

http://sosig.ac.uk/statistics/

Currently statistics can be searched

for Europe) – statistical division

among WTO Members’. At present

Subject guide by the Social Science

per country and per table. You can

Information Gateway. Subdived by

also compare up to five countries for

A project of the Section on

type of statistics (international, nation-

a specific year.

Government Information and Official

al, local, official, etc.) and by type of

Publication of the International

resource (data, articles, reports, jour-

Joint BIS-IMF-OECD-World Bank sta-

links to WWW sites of national and

Federation of Library Associations

nals, software, educational materials,

tistics on external debt

international statistical agencies acti-

and Institutions (IFLA), this site offers

etc.)

http://ifla.inist.fr/I/resource/ treaties.htm

statistical compendia arranged by region and topic. Symbols indicate whether you can generate tables on

stats/data.htm

Debt/index.htm Statistical Data Locators

the database contains data on 50 countries. AMAD Online is available to subscribers for free. First-time

A collection of online statistics and

http://www1.oecd.org/dac/

pointers to locator sites and basic

http://www.unece.org/

ve in the UN/ECE Region (Europe,

users need to register.

Data From Developing Countries http://chaka.sscnet.ucla.edu/ dev_data/data.htm

Canada, USA and all member countries of the Commonwealth of

A collaborative effort of the RAND

http://www.ntu.edu.sg/

This site provides the latest interna-

Independent States included Asian

Labor and Population Program and

library/stat/statdata.htm

tional data available, mainly from cre-

republics).

the UCLA Economics Department,

demand and/or download data in

this site provides a good collection of

ditor sources, on the external debt of

various formats for use with other

A collection of economic and marke-

developing and transition countries

computer programs.

ting statistical resources by the

and territories. The information is pre-

Nanyang Technological University

sented in the form of a table that is

Library, Singapore. Links are provi-

updated quarterly. Also free access to

http://www.mnsfld.edu/

ded to continents, international data,

an online database, which provides

depts/lib/intstat.html

financial data locators, bibliographies

longer time series and permits mani-

TransMONEE is a public-use databa-

and subject guides.

pulation of the figures.

se of socioeconomic indicators for

http://www.census.gov/ipc/

Central and Eastern Europe and the

www/idbnew.html

International Statistics

As part of the Guide to Statistical Resources compiled by L.

UN SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATIONS:

Schankman of the North Hall Library,

GenderStats

Mansfield University, PA, the International Statistics page contains

http://genderstats. worldbank.org/

a large collection of online resources,

LABORSTA on the Web http://laborsta.ilo.org

UNICEF-TransMONEE database http://www.eurochild.gla .ac.uk/library/

household surveys conducted in developing countries and links to their websites.

MoneeLibrary.htm US Census International Data Base (IDB)

Commonwealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS/Baltics). It was set

The IDB of the US Census Bureau is

Database of labour statistics covering

up in 1992 to monitor the impact on

a computerized data bank containing

the economically active population,

children of the tremendous social and

statistical tables of demographic and

employment, unemployment, wages

economic upheavals taking place in

socioeconomic data for 227 countries

classified under the following head-

GenderStats is a database of gender

and related variables. The Internet

these countries. The database allows

and areas of the world. IDB Online

ings: starting points, demographic &

statistics, developed by the WB’s

version is an extract from LABOR-

the retrieval and manipulation of eco-

Access allows the user to select

social data, economic data, interna-

Gender and Development Group and

STA. The data consist mainly of annu-

nomic and social indicators for 27

tables, countries, and years. Data can

tional economics. (NB: this site was

the Development Data Group in the

al time series which serve to publish

transition countries. It can be downlo-

be displayed as text, spreadsheet, or

last modified in Feb. 1999).

Development Economics Vice-

the ILO Yearbook of Labour

aded and installed on your PC.

in user-configurable format.

Presidency. It offers country data

Statistics. The application presents

11

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues

ISS Working Papers can be purchased integrally or in abstract format through the ISS website: http://www.iss.nl or in hard copy from The Bookshop, PO Box 29776m 2502 LT The Hague, the Netherlands.

Working Papers

ISS 50th Anniversary 2002

ISS WORKING PAPERS

Beyond Development?

Meeting New Challenges

GENERAL SERIES • ISSN 0921-0210 Papers indicated with * are available through the Internet

In the week of 7 October 2002, the Institute of Social Studies (ISS) will celebrate its 50th Anniversary. To commemorate this special lustrum, the ISS is organizing a number of activities with the overall theme ‘Beyond Development? Meeting New Challenges’.

Publications

338

Arjun Singh Bedi and John Edwards, The Impact of School Quality on Earnings

and Educational returns: Evidence from a Low-Income Country (July 2001)

339

Thanh-Dam Truong, Human Trafficking and Organized Crime (July 2001)

340*

Frits Wils Empowerment and its Evaluation: a Framework for Analysis and

The programme will include an interna-

basis). Further info will be published on

tional conference, a series of public deba-

the ISS website.

341* Des Gasper Global Ethics and Global Strangers: Beyond the International Relations

a range of cultural and social events.

Dies Natalis

342*

Several of these events will be open to the

The official celebration of the Institute’s

public. Further information and invitations

50th Anniversary will be held in the after-

to specific parts of the lustrum celebra-

noon of 9 October 2002 and will include

tions will be made available at a later

the awarding of Honorary Doctorates as

344

stage. So keep an eye on the Events

well as the Dies Natalis Address.

345*

Page of the ISS Website!

The 50th Anniversary will be marked not

The Public Debate Series consists of a

only by international academic activities,

series of monthly public debates in the

but also by variety of cultural, social and

first part of 2002. It will be followed in

festive events which will reflect the kalei-

October by an international conference on

doscope of cultures represented at the

the specific theme of ‘Globalization,

ISS. The cultural programme will include

Conflict and Poverty’. The conference will

performances from South Africa, India,

focus on a renewed debate on develop-

and the United Kingdom.

Application (July 2001)

tes, the celebration of the Dies Natalis and

Framework: an Essay in Descriptive Ethics (July 2001) Bert Helmsing, Decentralization, Enablement and Local Governance in Low Income Countries (July 2001) 343

Saskia E. Wieringa, Gender, Tradition, Sexual Diversity and Aids in Postcolonial Southern Africa: Some Suggestions for Research (August 2001) Roland Bleiker, The Ethics of Speed: Global Activism after Seattle (August 2001) Shanti George, ‘Self-educators’ and ‘Coaches’ at a School of Development Studies: a Case Study of Third World Professionals in Europe (August 2001)

346*

Marco V. Sánchez Cantillo, Trade Reform and Comparative Advantage: Expectations for Costa Rica’s Agricultural Development (August 2001)

347*

Alemayehu Geda, Niek de Jong, Germano Mwabu and Mwangi S. Kimenyi, Determinants of Poverty in Kenya: a Household Level Analysis (August 2001)

348*

Akram Haroon Akram-Lodhi, Vietnam’s Agriculture: Is There An Inverse Relationship? (September 2001)

349*

ment, within a context that has funda-

Vera A. Adamchik and Arjun S. Bedi, Persistence of the Gender Pay Differential in a Transition Economy (September 2001)

mentally changed over the past decades.

Further information on 50th Anniversary

There will be a call for papers targeted at

events is available from Berhane

young researchers (at a competitive

Ghebretnsaie (email: lustrum@iss.nl)

350*

Joop W. de Wit, Partnerships, Participation and Patronage Realities of Urban Poverty Alleviation in Bangalore Slums (October 2001)

351*

Mathew Kurian, Farmer Managed Irrigation and Governance of Irrigation Service Delivery: Analysis of Experience and Best Practice (October 2001)

ISS 50th Anniversary 2002

352

David Dunham and Sisira Jayasuriya, Liberalization and Political Decay: Sri Lanka’s Journey from Welfare State to a Brutalized Society (October 2001)

The journal Development and Change is published five times a year by Blackwell Publishers (Oxford, UK) on behalf of the Institute of Social Studies.

For more information, see the ISS web site, or email us at d&c@iss.nl. Available online at http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/online

Volume 32 September 2001

Number 4

Volume 32 November 2001

Number 5

JAN PRONK

Aid as a Catalyst

PETER GIBBON

Civil Society, Locality and Globalization in Rural Tanzania: A Forty-Year Perspective

CHRISTIAN LUND

Precarious Democratization and Local Dynamicsin Niger: Micro-Politics in Zinder

Development ISSues is published three times a year by: Institute of Social Studies PO Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Tel:

+ 31 (0)70 4260 443 or 4260 525

Fax:

+ 31 (0)70 4260 799

ISS website: www.iss.nl Email: DevISSues@iss.nl Editors: René Bekius, Andy Brown Editorial assistant: Karen Shaw Editorial Board: Karin Arts, Erhard Berner, Max Spoor, Peter de Valk, Daniel C. Oshi and Sakura Yamasaki (Scholas) Photos: Unless otherwise stated, all photographs are by courtesy of Jager & Krijger Design and Production: Seinen & v. Leeuwen Circulation 9,000 Material from Development ISSues may be reproduced or adapted without permission, provided it is not distributed for profit and is attributed to the original author(s), Development ISSues and the Institute of Social Studies. Unless otherwise stated, all photographs are by courtesy Jager & Krijger.

ISSN: 1566-4821 The views expressed are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute.

12

Managing Knowledge and Storing Wisdom?

JOEL SAMOFF AND NELLY P. STROMQUIST

t n e m p o l e v e e g D n a h C d n a

GRAHAM HARRISON

Post-Conditionally Politics and Administra tive Reform: Relfections on the Cases of Uganda and Tanzania

IMRAAN VALODIA

Economic Policy and Women’s Informal Work in South Africa

Advancing a Political Ecology of Global W. NEIL ADGER, TOR A. BENJAMINSEN Environmental Discourses KATRINA BROWN, HANNE SVARSTAD TONY BANKS Property Rights and the Environment in Pastoral China: Evidence from the Field

PETER HO

Greening Without Conflict? Environmentalism, NGOs and Civil Society in China

THOMAS SIKOR

Agrarian Differentiation in Post-Socialist Societies: Evidence from Three Upland Villages in North-Wesstern Vietnam

DAVID MCDERMOTT Cadastral Politics: The Making of Community-based Resource Management in HUGHES Zimbabwe and Mozambique

CRAIG JOHNSON

Community Formation and Fisheries Conservation in Southern Thailand

EMMA GRANT

Social Capital and Community Strategies: Neighbourhood Development in Guatemala City

FINN STEPPUTAT AND The Rise and Fall of ‘Internally Displaced People’ in the Central Peruvian Andes NINNA NYBERG SØRENSEN

Short ISS Prospectus Te a c h i n g P r o g r a m m e The ISS aims to provide high quality teaching programmes that are tailor-made to

same. Through comparative studies and dialogue, the ISS aims to stimulate the

the needs of students and the wider society in which they live, work and interact.

ability of students to understand the general direction of development as well as

To meet the high standards we have set ourselves, we place great importance on

sustainable and equitable processes. Students are made aware that acting in any

collaboration with educational institutions, responsiveness to governmental initia-

historical or cultural context requires insight into global processes of negotiation

tives and openness to the input of students, past and present. An essential part of

and the exchange of goods, services, capital, people and technologies.

this process are the close links which our academic staff maintain in countries and regions around the world through research, capacity building and advisory

METHODS

services.

Students are provided with the knowledge and skills to enable them to make critical assessments and comparisons of theoretical and conceptual approaches

The ISS offers Doctorate and Master of Arts Degree Programmes, short

and with what happens in practice, particularly in relation to their own experi-

Postgraduate Diploma Programmes and Special Postgraduate Programmes.

ence. The learning process includes course work, individual study, research

The main focus of all degree and diploma programmes is policy-based study of

assignments and study visits. In all these activities, the emphasis is on interactive

development issues, planning and policy alternatives. The Masters and Diploma

exchange between students and staff.

Programmes are primarily directed at people who have practical experience in the

An important source of information for many areas of study is the internet.

formulation and implementation of public policy and the policies of non-govern-

Students are expected to make full use of computer facilities and are thus

ment organizations, and in training and policy analysis for researchers in univer-

required to have basic typing skills. Where appropriate, training is given in the use

sities and research institutes.

of specific software, particularly in quantitative analytical techniques.

The ISS teaching programme is oriented to students from developing countries

RESOURCES

and countries in transition. Students from other countries also participate in

The Institute is a multicultural community in which open dialogue is stimulated

and contribute to this multicultural learning environment. Each year, some 350

between students and staff in the theory and practice of development. The

students from over 50 countries are enrolled in teaching programmes and approx-

Institute has highly trained and motivated staff drawn from around the world

imately half are women. Most students have a background in the social sciences,

with a relatively high proportion from Asia, Africa and America, who are well

and there are also students with training in agronomy, law, engineering, journal-

experienced in teaching, research and advisory work.

ism and other areas.

The well-stocked library provides access to databases and other library catalogues as well as national and international information networks. There are

PHILOSOPHY

extensive computer and data processing facilities with internet access available

In all teaching programmes, the ISS aims to enhance the capacity of students to

to all students. Training is provided to enable students to make the best possible

analyse widespread and persistent social problems, efforts to reduce or eliminate

use of computer and library facilities.

such problems, and to design and implement strategies and policies to do the

Master of Arts in Development Studies The Institute of Social Studies offers a programme of studies leading to a Masters degree in development studies. With a strong focus on training in the theory and methods relevant to development studies, the MA Programme aims to equip graduates to apply new insights in policy analysis in a practical context.

Within the chosen field of specialization, students will be stimulated to gain a critical understanding of the major debates, theories and strategic interventions, as well as the skills to analyse the issues, and to design and assess interventions aimed to tackle them. An essential part of this process is to develop skills in research methodology, which will be applied in a research paper prepared as a requirement for the Masters degree. The 15.5 month MA Programme comprises course work (40 units, one unit is equivalent to 40 hours of lectures and study) and a research paper (25 units). One unit is equivalent to 1.5 ECTS credits (European Credit Transfer System for academic recognition of studies).

The MA Degree in Development Studies is widely recognized and provides eligibility for entry to PhD programmes in the Netherlands and other countries worldwide.

APPLICANTS Applicants are required to have a Bachelors degree or equivalent comprising at least three years of study at a recognized university or institute of higher education. Applicants must have obtained preferably class 2.1, B+ or equivalent as determined by the Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education (Nuffic).

In addition, applicants need to have professional experience in the area selected for their Major.

1

MA in Development Studies

Agricultural and Rural

countries. The Major focuses on

Local and Regional

Population and Development

are helped to place local concerns

Development

three broad areas of contempora-

Development

The P&D Major iaims to develop

and priorities on women, gender,

The ARD Major specialization pre-

ry economic development and

The LRD Major adopts an interdis-

an understanding of the interrela-

development in the context of

sents an interdisciplinary perspec-

adjustment policy.

ciplinary and comparative appro-

tionships between population

agendas of international institu-

ach, balancing the twin objectives

dynamics, social well-being and

tions and vice versa. Part of the

tive on current rural development processes and on the policies and

Human Resources and

of strengthening competitiveness

sustainable development, and to

learning process is to understand

strategies of governments, local

Employment

and increasing equity. The Major

apply this understanding in policy

gender issues of identity, power,

institutions and grassroots organi-

A wide range of issues are cover-

consists of three modules: the first

analysis, policy-making and public

agency, organizational dynamics,

zations involved in improving rural

ed including the changing struc-

introduces the ‘playing field’ of

action. Interdisciplinary in ap-

and practices of research and

livelihoods.

ture of urban labour markets,

local development by analysing

proach, the Major integrates

policy.

A rights approach is adopted in

employment and human resource

processes of local and regional

theory and methods from eco-

examining contemporary develop-

development by skill formation

change, the second discusses the

nomics, population studies,

P R O G R A M M E D AT E S

ment strategies in three key areas:

(target groups: women and youth),

key ‘players’ in local development.

demography, anthropology,

The MA Programme starts in

poverty, social exclusion and mar-

training for work and technological

The third module focuses on the

sociology and human ecology.

September 2002 and runs through

ginalization; environmental degra-

capacity building, new forms of

‘game’ by analysing how local

dation and resource conflicts; and

work organization, the changing

development might be promoted

Public Policy and

the restructuring of rural produc-

role of trade unions as well as

and how key actors can be helped

Administration

A P P L I C AT I O N P R O C E D U R E

tion processes. Within these

women’s work and employment.

to achieve convergence.

The PPA Major examines the

Applicants requesting a Nether-

actions and interactions of various

lands Government Fellowship

areas, attention is given to the

until December 2003.

impact of structural adjustment,

The three modules of the HRE

Politics of Alternative

components of the state and

(NFP) should apply directly to

the role of the state, markets and

Major introduce students to an

Development Strategies (PADS)

other agents in defining and acting

the Netherlands Embassy before

civil society, gender and the diver-

analysis of the impact of multi-

The PADS Major provides a forum

on public purposes. It considers

1 February 2002. Selection takes

sification of rural livelihoods.

level structural changes in produc-

for reflection on development from

both policy and administration and

place in March/April 2002.

tion structures and systems on

the point of view of civil society ac-

their interface at the strategy, pro-

Economics of Development

employment, work and skills in

tors, national and transnational in-

gramme and project levels in

Applicants with confirmed funding

The ECD Major is concerned with

various parts of the world. The

stitutions. Students are exposed

order to increase capacities for

should apply directly to the ISS

the economic analysis of policies

modules start from a context of

to theoretical strands that are criti-

participation in public policy. It

before 1 July 2002. Selection is on

leading to equitable and sustain-

globalization and restructuring,

cal of conventional development

covers public policy management

a regular basis.

able development. It provides trai-

focusing on labour markets,

theories and their inability to res-

with special reference to develo-

ning in advanced economic theory

employment, human resources,

pond to major political, social, eco-

ping countries but within a bro-

FEES

and quantitative methods for a

trade unions, as well as the

nomic and cultural issues. Themes

ader comparative approach.

Registration fee

critical understanding of contem-

impact of globalization and

of special attention are civil socie-

porary development theory, policy

restructuring on special groups in

ty-state relations, movement poli-

Women, Gender,

Research expenses

and institutions. Students are pre-

the labour market, such as

tics, politics of structural reforms

Development

Living expenses approx. 6 750

sented with the requisite theoreti-

women and youth. The next two

and international political economy

The Major in Women, Gender,

per month on the basis of modest

cal knowledge, policy awareness,

modules go in depth into the

of development. Other crosscut-

Development focuses on areas of

accommodation.

and analytical techniques to tackle

analysis and policy discussions

ting themes are gender, social de-

theory and practice that have

many of the key economic de-

in human resources management

velopment, non-governmental orga-

implications for gender relations

velopment and macroeconomic

and human resources develop-

nizations NGOs, ecological concerns

in developing countries and

adjustment issues facing their

ment.

and sustainable development.

countries in transition. Students

6 115 6 8 000

Tuition

6 180

Master of Science in Development Economics The MSc Programme in Development Economics is a joint offering of the Institute of Social Studies, in cooperation with Wageningen University and the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.

The pre-entry programme consists of four compulsory

Upon completing the programme, students should have a

courses:

strong grasp of the micro, macro and international aspects

• Microeconomics and welfare theory

of economic development, expertise at using modern tools

• Macroeconomics and international

for quantitative economic policy analysis and research,

economics • Mathematics for economics ADMISSION

and the ability to critically assess international and national development policies.

• Statistics and data analysis

The programme is intended for students who have a

P R O G R A M M E D AT E S The MSc Programme starts in January.

Bachelors Degree with Upper Second Class Honours or

The one-year programme delivers a combination of

equivalent in economics or a related discipline and are profi-

academic knowledge and applied skills that are required

cient in English. Applicants are also required to submit the

to understand and analyse the complex issues facing

A P P L I C AT I O N P R O C E D U R E

results on a recent Graduate Record Examination (GRE).

developing countries.

The application procedure for 2002 is closed. For 2003: apply directly to the ISS before 1 November 2002.

Applicants who do not have the required qualifications in economics may be admitted after they successfully com-

The programme has an applied microeconomics focus

plete a pre-entry programme. The pre-entry programme is

while at the same time recognizing that an understanding

FEES

offered between September and December, immediately

of factors at the individual, regional, national and inter-

Registration fee

prior to the start of the MSc.

national level are required in order to identify and design

Tuition

suitable policies for improving livelihoods.

Research expenses

6 290

Living expenses approx.

6 750

2

6 115 6 10 000

per month on the basis of modest accommodation

Master of Law in International Law and Organization

The Institute of Social Studies, together with the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, offers a Master of Law (LL.M.) in International Law and Organization.

ADMISSION

organization in regulating international economic relations

A P P L I C AT I O N P R O C E D U R E

The LL.M. is intended for law students, academics, business

and shaping processes of development. The programme

Apply directly to the ISS before 1 July 2002.

lawyers, and staff members of governments, NGOs and

emphasizes development issues in various branches of

intergovernmental organizations. A Bachelors degree in law,

international law. It offers students an opportunity to explore

FEES

with at least class 2.2, B or equivalent is required, but pre-

in depth the impact of international law and organization on

Registration fee

ferably with class 2.1, B+ or equivalent (with a minimum of

international relations and development processes.

Tuition

6 115 6 9 000

Research expenses

6 290

requirement but have equivalent qualifications (for example

P R O G R A M M E D AT E S

Living expenses approx.

6 750

a degree in administration or international relations with

The LL.M. Programme starts in September 2002.

per month on the basis of modest accommodation.

3 years of university study). Persons who do not meet this

sufficient law content; other relevant diplomas) can be considered for admission as well. The one year LL.M. programme focuses on the role and contribution of international law and

PhD Programme The Institute of Social Studies offers a four-year programme leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies. Applications for this programme are welcomed from qualified candidates wishing to undertake research on a specific topic within the Institute’s broad research area. The PhD programme also provides for flexible academic arrangements in order to accommodate the constraints arising from the professional obligations of mid-career applicants. Such applications are dealt with on their merits on a case-by-case basis.

APPLICANTS

RESEARCH

Applicants for admission to the PhD programme are

Applicants are required to submit a research proposal of

The four-year PhD programme commences in January

required to have obtained a Masters degree in one of the

approximately 5,000 words which incorporates:

each year.

Social Sciences at least at class 2.1, B+ or equivalent. It

• A statement of the research issue setting out the

PROPOSAL

P R O G R A M M E D AT E S

is assumed that before submitting an application for

temporal, geographic and conceptual limits of the

A P P L I C AT I O N P R O C E D U R E

entry to the programme, applicants will have done some

work

Applicants should apply directly to the ISS.

preparatory work on the proposed topic of study. The success of an applicant will depend on the quality of

• The potential contribution of the research to theory

Selection takes place on a regular basis

and/or policy making

his/her research proposal. The first year comprises cour-

• Concise formulation of the research

FEES

se work and preparation for fieldwork and the general

• Any relevant secondary research issues or operational

Registration fee

6 115

Tuition (per year)

6 5 000

theoretical framework of the PhD thesis.

The second year is generally spent abroad collecting data under the guidance of a local supervisor. The following 18 months are devoted to writing the thesis.

During the final six-month period, the thesis is reviewed

hypotheses • A brief review of the theoretical background and the main analytical approaches to be followed

Living expenses approx.

6 750

per month on the basis of modest accommodation.

• Identification of the data and data collection and processing

and assessed, leading to a public defence of the thesis

• Proposed table of contents for the thesis

by the candidate.

• References and bibliography

For more information on current PhD participants, please visit their personal homepages at http://www.iss.nl/phds/

3

Postgraduate Diploma Programmes The ISS offers a series of Postgraduate Diploma Programmes on key issues of current relevance in preparation and implementation of development policy. These short Diploma Programmes of six to ten weeks are directed to the needs of mid-career professionals in public and private sector organizations in developing countries and transition economies.

Courses have been developed especially for professionals working in national, provincial and local government, non-governmental organizations, and academics in universities, research institutes and other educational organizations.

Applicants are required to have completed a Bachelors degree or equivalent (three years minimum university study) in one of the social sciences. The level should be at least class 2.2, B or equivalent, as determined by the Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education (NUFFIC).

15 January – 28 March 2003: Effective Social Policies for Human Development The course aims to bring participants up to date on current issues in social sector reforms, especially in health and education, from a multidisciplinary perspective.

Participants will learn analytical skills to address issues in the design and management of effective social service delivery systems.

Human Rights This diploma aims to meet a specific need in human rights advocacy and activism. Topics include how to mobilize resources and support for financial and political sustainability, how to facilitate networking through conventional and new technologies and techniques and how to promote and protect human rights on the ground in a changing economic and political context.

International Law and Sustainable Development The course aims to enhance insight in and knowledge of current international law in addressing sustainable development. In addition, it aims to identify ways of using international legal instruments to deal with concrete problems related to sustainable development.

Universalizing Social Security This course provides a framework for policy analysis and practical skills to address the challenges faced by governments, international development organizations and NGOs concerned with securing local livelihoods in this new context.

The course aims to develop and improve skills in problem identification, policy analysis and the design of programmes to strengthen local systems of social security.

Managing Rural Resources and Resource Conflicts This course provides a framework for policy analysis and the skills needed to answer these questions in critical and practical ways. It aims to develop skills in problem analysis of resource management, in anticipating potential conflicts, developing alternative scenarios and identifying institutional solutions.

17 April – 28 June 2002: Modelling and Accounting for Sustainable Development The course aims to train participants in the use of computer-based quantitative techniques required for the preparation of socioeconomic policy and formulation of sustainable development programmes.

Governance, Democratization and Public Policy The course aims to equip participants to assess and apply methods to measure governance, to design systems and models for effective participatory governance, and to implement practical strategies to promote good governance.

Globalization and Development The course aims to increase understanding of the changing international political and economic relationships and the effects on development. The focus is on the analysis of the dynamics of globalization, the possible consequences for countries and organizations, and policies devised to respond to globalization.

Children and Development This course should assist participants to deepen their understanding of key issues, theoretical approaches and debates in children and development. It will also enhance professional skills in problem

How to apply

identification, policy analysis and project design.

to the ISS before 1 February 2002.

Selection is on a regular basis.

15 May – 28 June 2002: Policy Analysis Skills for Transition Economies The course will contribute to human resource development in the transitional countries (CEE, FSU, China, Vietnam, Mongolia) and in developing countries that are experiencing a similar transition form plan to market economies. The specific target groups are: staff from policy development departments, analysis and implementation departments of central, regional and local governments; researchers from universities, research institutes, independent ‘think tanks’, and NGOs; consultants and development assistance specialists from OECD countries in transitional economies.

FEES Registration fee 6 115 Tuition: 6 3500 10.5 week programme 6 2200 6.5 week programme Study visits to be announced 6 290 Research expenses 6 750 Living expenses approx. per month on the basis of modest accommodation

Special Postgraduate Programme 20 May – 5 July 2002: Development, Law and Social Justice

A P P L I C AT I O N P R O C E D U R E Programmes starting in January Application procedure for 2002 is closed.

For programmes starting in January 2003: Applicants requesting a Netherlands Government Fellowship (NFP) should apply directly to the Netherlands Embassy in their country before 15 August 2002. Selection takes place in October 2002. Applicants with confirmed funding should apply directly to the ISS before 1 November 2002.

Selection is on a regular basis.

The course aims to deepen understanding and knowledge of human rights defence, and to promote policies and strategies aiming at socioeconomic and cultural transformations; to foster international cooperation and networking between human rights workers.

A P P L I C AT I O N P R O C E D U R E Directly to the ISS before 1 February 2002. Selections take place in February 2002.

Programmes starting in April or May Applications still accepted for 2002: Applicants requesting a Netherlands Government Fellowship (NFP) should apply directly to the Netherlands Embassy in their country before 15 November 2001. Selection takes place in January 2002. Applicants with confirmed funding should apply directly

FEES Registration fee

6 115

Tuition

6 725

Living expenses approx.

6 750

per month on the basis of modest accommodation

Application forms can be requested from the student office (student.office@iss.nl)

Address:

4

Student Office, Institute of Social Studies

Application forms can also be downloaded from the ISS website

P.O. Box 29776, 2502 LT The Hague, The Netherlands

(http://www.iss.nl/index2.htm)

Tel.

+31-70-4260460

The website also provides more detailed information on each

Fax.

+31-70-4260799

of the programmes mentioned above.