DevISSues volume 4, number 1, April 2002

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ISS ues Volume 4, number 1, April 2002

What Good is Globalization for Developing Countries?

CONTENTS

Inside this issue:

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Terrorism and International Law Nico Schrijver

On 28 February, Rector Hans Opschoor opened the 50th Anniversary Programme of the ISS by introducing the first in a series of public debates at the Institute. The debate, entitled ‘What Good is Globalization for Developing

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An Unfinished Journey Interview with Christine Sylvester

Countries?’, provided a lively start to the Anniversary Year. The two main protagonists, Professor Immanuel Wallerstein, renowned for his work on the history of the world system, and Professor Jan Willem Gunning of the Free University of Amsterdam, proved worthy adversaries and the comments from

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the floor gave them plenty of fuel for discussion and food for thought.

Alumni News

Professor Immanuel Wallerstein

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50 Years of the ISS

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SCHOLAS ORPAS Project News

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Sustainable development and the ISS Mohamed Salih Page

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Staff News

The debate, facilitated by Dr Wil Hout

in the global economy influenced

it is new at all. The capitalist world

the claim that development had been

of the ISS, was divided into two

people in the South?

market has been integrated since at

bypassed by globalization. There is

rounds, the first on the history of glo-

Professor Wallerstein opened by

least the middle of the 19th century

no point, he said, in looking at statis-

balization and the developing world,

noting that the ISS itself is a historical

and production was already transna-

tics that focus on relative levels. You

and the second on globalization and

marker, set up in the post-war period

tional in the 17th and 18th centuries.

have to look at changes, in growth

worldwide inequality. Setting the

as an expression of the new concern

Globalization is basically a return to

rates. And to look at those properly,

scene for the first round, Wil Hout

with development. He immediately

laissez-faire policies. The real issue

you should begin by abandoning

said that there tends to be a focus on

threw down the gauntlet by claiming

under debate is whether frontiers

aggregates like the industrialised and

the unprecedented nature of globali-

that globalization came along in the

should be open to allow the free flow

the developing world. The differences

zation and its positive effects. But it

latter decades of the 20th century to

of factors of production. No nation

between developing countries are

also appears to be a highly uneven

end what had become a ‘dubious

wants to open its frontiers entirely,

growing, and that is the big story, not

process. The bulk of international

discourse’ on development.

even the US, which is the most ardent

the gap between industrial and deve-

trade and financial transactions take

Development implied that states and

advocate of free flows today. So the

loping countries.

place in the industrialized world -

governments should actively assist

industrialized nations preach one poli-

mostly in the ‘triad’ of North America,

other states and governments to

cy abroad and another at home. And

Professor Gunning then addressed

Western Europe and East Asia, espe-

move forward; globalization implies

they reprimand other countries that

the first question: what does history

cially Japan.

that states and governments should

do the same. There is nothing new in

tell us about globalization? Firstly, he

stop doing this, open their frontiers

this, it is one of the cyclical features of

said, in the past 400 years or so, there

and let the market do its work.

a capitalist world economy in which

have been periods of phenomenal

the constant issue is: what will enable

divergence and convergence, both

us to accumulate capital?

with and without globalization. So his-

The first round addressed three questions: How should globalization be understood from a historical per-

Plus ça change…

spective? What impact does globali-

Globalization, he said, is not a useful

zation have on developing countries?

term. It suggests that there is some-

At this point Professor Gunning took

How has the integration of the deve-

thing new in the history of the modern

over and immediately set the tone for

loping countries

world system and he does not believe

the ensuing discussion by denying

tory does not suggest that globalization necessarily increases inequality. continued on page 11

50 Years of the ISS As an institute for advanced international education and research, the ISS generates,

The ISS 50th Anniversary celebrations are now well underway. The first two public debates in the special series have already taken place. The first, on ‘What good is globalization for developing countries?’, with worldrenowned sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, drew a full house. You can read the report on that debate above

accumulates and transfers

and continued on page 11. Reports on the other debates will follow in later issues of Development ISSues. We knowledge and know-how on

also have the next in our series of articles on the history of the ISS by key figures in the Institute’s past. On page

human aspects of economic

6, Dirk J. Wolfson describes the ups and downs of his time as Rector (1986-1990). Also on page 6, Martin Blok

and social change, with a focus

outlines some of the cultural events that will be marking the 50th Anniversary year. On the back page, there are

on development and transition.

details of the programme for the rest of the year.

The ISS is a leading centre in this field.

Development ISSues is also available online on the ISS website at www.iss.nl

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ISS ues From the Institute Board

the living standards of close to half the

Professor Gunning also addressed this

world’s population are improving and are

question. He was afraid that Wallerstein’s

The ISS has started its 50th Anniversary

Professor Wallerstein sees a capitalist world

likely to continue to improve. Given the right

perspective would make all hope for a bet-

celebrations. The first official event was a

system that is past its peak and is facing

policies (and here I believe his stance was

ter future evaporate and insisted that eco-

debate on what benefits globalization

major change. He claims that all this talk

close to what is referred to as the Washington

nomic data do not justify such pessimism

brings to developing countries, between

about globalization is largely hot air and an

Consensus) countries can indeed develop.

at all. The ISS, he said, ‘should teach its

Professor Immanuel Wallerstein and

excuse to hide from us the fact that the

So he did not see the system collapsing,

students the empirical facts’.

Professor Jan Willem Gunning, a more

world is actually in a state of transition in

but possibilities for development through

detailed report on which you can find

which future development cannot be pre-

changed aimed at pro-poor growth.

elsewhere in Development ISSues.

dicted by extrapolating from past trends. In

Professor Wallerstein is a macro-sociologist

such circumstances it seems to me that,

Answering the question how institutes like

There may also be reason enough to be

with an interest in world-systems and their

instead of trying to come up with determi-

ISS should proceed, Wallerstein wanted us

much more sceptical of the neoliberal

developments. Professor Gunning is a

nistic predictions of what the world might

to analyse lucidly what is going on, to

growth-oriented strategies that we see

development economist with a perspective

look like 30, 50 or 100 years from now,

detect opportunities and to assist people in

being advocated and deployed. I am con-

on social change from a micro-economic

social science would be better off focusing

developing the tools to make the best of

vinced that the last has not been written

viewpoint. The debate was extremely lively

on the alternative directions that the system

what will otherwise be a rather turbulent

and said about the merits and demerits of

and we had a more than full house.

might take. In phrases borrowed from

future. Indeed, in his more recent writings

the Washington Consensus-based ap-

chaos theory: what ‘attractors’ there might

he emerges as much more optimistic than

proach to economic development (in fact,

There will be four more such debates. We

be out there in the uncertain future that

one would expect from this prophet of

our next debate will address that question).

are holding them because we want to bring

seem capable of pulling processes towards

bifurcation, with some roads leading to

On what I feel are solid academic grounds I

in very different views on a range of issues

them, what possibly heterogeneous endo-

dead ends. In a recent article in Interna-

expect that more than just a bit of nibbling

related to development and social change

genous forces may drive the system from

tional Sociology, he concludes: ‘The out-

is needed. Trying to understand what chan-

in general so that, at the end of the anniver-

within, and which combinations would be

come is, I insist, intrinsically uncertain and,

ges could be made to make present econo-

sary year, we will be able to come out with a

plausible candidates for getting a feel for

therefore, precisely open to human inter-

mic and social systems work better for all

perspective on the ISS agenda for the years

future development.

vention and creativity’. During the debate,

people (rather than for average citizens and

he pointed to Porto Allegre and the forces

elites only) is as daunting an agenda as the

ahead. I will not say 50 years ahead, as that

This divergence may be a matter of differences in time scales in their analyses.

is rather too much. Too much even for a

Professor Gunning came in from another

that rallied there recently at the world social

one that aims to identify those unknown

historically underpinned macro-sociologist

angle. Also having difficulty with the phrase

summit. Some argue, though, that even

attractors. And, what is more, I am convin-

like Professor Wallerstein, who looks at past

‘globalization’, he said that the decades

those forces do little more than advocate

ced that these two agendas overlap, at

social change on time scales that are dazz-

behind us have shown that economic

that we nibble at a number of non-core ele-

least in part. I want to see ISS work on both

ling, but who restricts himself to decades

growth can benefit large masses of people.

ments of the dominant economic system

of them in the years ahead.

when looking to the future.

Referring to India and China, he said that

rather than completely overhauling it.

Hans Opschoor, Rector

In Memorium Ranjit Dwivedi It was with great sadness that the ISS learnt on 18 February

ceptualizing and writing his dissertation, he showed himself

2002 of Ranjit Dwivedi’s passing away the previous evening

keen to explore new questions and dimensions, to challenge

in Grantham Hospital, near the Open University Residential

given assumptions as well as to be challenged on his own

School in the UK which had become his base. Ranjit’s sud-

propositions. Indeed, the preparation of his PhD topic on

den death came as a major shock to everybody who had

Resource Conflict and Collective Action: The Sardar Sarovar

known him at the ISS – which meant people right across the

Project in India, led to many stimulating dialogues and

Institute. It came most unexpectedly as Ranjit had seemed,

debates about substance and methodology.

in more than one respect, to have taken on a new lease of

Notwithstanding his medical handicap, Ranjit turned this

life at the Open University in Milton Keynes, where he had

project into a superb piece of writing and multilevel analysis

taken up a position as Lecturer in Development Studies at

of the various fields of political contestation triggered by this

the Technology Faculty as of 1 September 2001. He had

big dam project. His distinction was well earned.

immersed himself in this new position with his characteristic

ing was led by Merra Tegegne, PhD Representative, and

enthusiasm and energy, so much so that – in the short time

Throughout most of his years at the ISS, Ranjit could inva-

speakers included Dean of Studies Marc Wuyts, Ranjit’s

he was there – he quickly became a highly valued colleague

riably be found at the centre of the Institute’s intellectual and

promotors Martin Doornbos and Ashwani Saith, Professor

at the university. Some of us knew that his health, despite

social activities. He took an active part in numerous semi-

Maureen Mackintosh of the Open University, fellow PhD

a remarkable recovery, was still fragile but no one, probably

nars and workshops, especially the Rural Development

participant Odame Hannington, Martin Blok (who played

not even Ranjit himself, had been aware that it was as fra-

Seminars which he co-organized for some time, and he was

some of Ranjit’s favorite ‘crossing borders’ music), and

gile as it has now proved to be.

known and respected as a sharp and pertinent discussant

Vasant Moharir, a personal friend. The proceedings were

on a widening range of issues. While doing his PhD, he al-

closed by the Rector, Hans Opschoor, who emphasized the

Ranjit joined the ISS as a PhD candidate in September

ready published a number of first-rate articles in several

values that Ranjit had stood for and brought to the ISS

1993, and obtained his PhD with distinction in January

leading international journals. Ranjit, in short, was a very

community, and urged all its members to retain them and

2001, after a period of prolonged illness. During these years

talented postgraduate student with a highly promising aca-

carry them forward.

Ranjit was a vibrant element in the life of the Institute, both

demic career ahead of him. This was also illustrated by the

academically and socially. As a PhD participant at the ISS,

several job offers he received from prestigious institutions.

Ranjit proved a particularly gifted student, and for those of

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Our sincere condolences and sympathies go to Ranjit’s family and loved ones, in particular his partner Sharada

us on the faculty who were connected to his research pro-

On 27 March 2002, the ISS PhD participants organized a

ject it was a continuous challenge and privilege as well as a

commemoration for Ranjit, providing a fitting occasion for

pleasure to work with him. Throughout the process of con-

remembering and honouring a former comrade. The gather-

Srinivasan.

Martin Doornbos, with thanks to Marc Wuyt

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ISS ues An International Law Agenda for Combating Terrorism and Ensuring Enduring Freedom Nico Schrijver Since 11 September, international lawyers have been giving considerable thought to how to respond to acts of international terrorism.

The debate has covered various strands of international law, including the law of self-defence, international criminal law, international

Criminal Court. The ICC will soon become ope-

domestic criminals, but rather as the new

rational. The Rome Statute does not include

hostes humani generis.

‘international terrorism’ amongst its list of ‘serious crimes of international concern’.

It is even more important, however, to employ international law to promote social justice through

However, in view of the advance planning,

scrupulous and non-discriminating respect for

anti-terrorism law and international law aimed at the promotion of

large-scale nature and intentional targeting of

human rights, to address deep inequalities and

justice.

thousands of innocent civilians, there can in my

alleviate poverty through international coopera-

view be little doubt that the 11 September

tion on development and to manage sensitive

One of the main questions to be addressed is

defence must limit itself to repelling an armed

attacks fulfil the definition of ‘widespread or sys-

peace and security issues such as the situation

whether the terrorist attacks against the United

attack and acute terrorist threats. Furthermore,

tematic attack against any civilian population’ in

in the Middle East. This huge non-military agen-

States amounted to an ‘armed attack’, in the

any self-defence must be in strict accordance

Article 7 of the Rome Statute and carry the

da can never be pursued unilaterally, however

sense that the US, as the victim state, would

with the principles of proportionality, necessity

features of ‘murder’, ‘extermination’ or other

militarily strong one particular state may be, but

have a right to respond with military action,

and observance of international humanitarian

‘inhumane acts’, as included in the list of crimes

requires a coherent and concerted multilateral

pursuant to the right to individual or collective

law.

within the purview of crimes against humanity.

approach. Article 1 of the Charter of the United

self-defence. This was the position adopted -

In future, the ICC can provide an impartial forum

Nations provides the agenda for searching for

though not in unambiguous terms - by the UN

Targeting the overthrow of the Taliban regime as

to try international terrorists. Putting our trust in

such ‘enduring freedom’.

Security Council in its resolutions 1368 (12

such appears to go further than self-defence.

the ICC may, in the long-term, be an additional

September) and 1373 (28 September). The

Nor does the law of self-defence provide a

strategy in combating international terrorism

Nico Schrijver is Professor of International Law

Council only referred to the right of self-defence

licence for victim states to target other states,

and eliminating ‘safe havens’ for terrorists. In

at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the

in a general sense, failing to link it explicitly to

such as those currently referred to by President

addition, the adoption of one comprehensive,

Institute of Social Studies. He can be contacted

the 11 September attacks. Yet, if the words

Bush as the ‘Axis of Evil’, at their whim.

general anti-terrorism convention is desirable to

at schrijver@iss.nl or schrijver@rechten.vu.nl

‘armed attack’ and ‘self-defence’ are to retain

International criminal law has developed

streamline the nearly 20 anti-terrorism conven-

any meaning, there appear to be good reasons

progressively over the past decade, as illustra-

tions on hijacking aircraft and ships, taking

See also Professor Schrijver’s article

to acknowledge that the United States was ves-

ted by the establishment of the ad hoc criminal

hostages and financing terrorism and to ensure

‘Responding to International Terrorism: Moving

ted with a right of self-defence. This right can-

tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda,

a more integrated approach to preventing and

the frontiers of international law for “Enduring

not, however, provide the US and its allies with

and by the adoption of the Statute of Rome for

punishing international terrorism. International

Freedom”?’, in Netherlands International Law

carte blanche to do whatever they think fit. Self-

the establishment of a permanent International

terrorists should no longer be viewed as

Review, vol. 48 (2001), pp. 271-291.

Religion and globalization In Memorium Ton Heijning

Dr Hielke Wolters

Until recently, religion was regarded as a minor

Professor Gerrie ter Haar and Dr James Busuttil

issue in the area of international cooperation and

under the umbrella of the ISS Extraordinary Chair

The ISS recently received the sad news that Ton

development. However, the tensions in world

in Religion, Human Rights and Social Change.

Heijning had passed away on Thursday 21 March,

politics show that the significance of religion and

The seminar will consist of four sessions. The

after a short illness. Ton was 77.

cultural identity cannot so easily be ignored.

first session will analyse the relation between reli-

Sociologists like Manuel Castells even state that

gion and globalization. The second focuses on

globalization is an important factor in the revival

Muslim responses to globalization. The Islamic

of local cultures and religions. In the public de-

University in Rotterdam has been asked to con-

bate religious fundamentalism is attracting much

tribute to this session. The third session deals

attention. Some observers consider religion a

with Christian responses to globalization.

major cause of conflicts. Careful study of the

In the final session a case study will be analysed.

relation between globalization and religion,

In 1999 a number of Christian churches and

de Moor Chair of the Board of Trustees. At that time, the ISS was still at the

however, reveals that reality is much more com-

organizations sent an open letter on globalization

Palace Noordeinde and was busy with the preparations for the move to the

plicated.

to international organizations, including the

Ton Heijning was the Secretary of the Institute and Board of Trustees from October 1974 to 1 January 1986, when he took early retirement at the age of 61.

He came to the ISS at the time that Professor Chris van Nieuwenhuijze was Rector and Professor Ruud

Wittebrug premises. Ton would later become manager of the Wittebrug. It was

World Bank and the IMF, and to communities in

also a hectic period with respect to the governance structure of the ISS. In that

For this reason the ISS, in cooperation with the

the rich countries, appealing to them to act

period the statutes and the decision-making structure were reformed and Ton,

Dutch church-based development NGO Oikos,

against the harmful effects of globalization. In

being a lawyer, was very much involved in the process.

is organizing a seminar on religion and globaliza-

June 2002 the Christian churches in Western

tion in April 2002. Oikos (www.stichtingoikos.nl)

Europe will formulate their response to this

Also much appreciated was Ton’s performance for a number of years as

is a research and educational institute that sup-

urgent appeal. What is the meaning and value of

‘Sinterklaas’.

ports campaigns on issues related to internation-

such an appeal and response?

al cooperation and development. One example Those who knew Ton will remember him as a very amiable and modest person.

We will all miss him.

is the Jubilee campaign on debt relief. Other

With this seminar the ISS and Oikos hope to gain

issues on which Oikos has specialized knowled-

a deeper insight into the interrelation between

ge are climate and development, and migration.

religion and globalization. Anyone interested is welcome to join.

Hans Opschoor Rector

The seminar on religion and globalization is part of the optional course on Religion, Human

Dr Hielke Wolters is director of Oikos. He can be

Rights and Social Change, organized by

contacted at oikos@stichtingoikos.nl

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ISS ues Interview

An unfinished journey On 31 January, Dr Christine Sylvester gave her Inaugural Address as Professor of Women and Development at the Institute of Social Studies. In the address, entitled Global ‘Development’ Dramaturgies/ Gender Stagings, Dr Sylvester juxtapositioned two major events of late last year – the international wrangling around the Afghan refugees on the Tampa and the 11 September attacks on America – within the context of the ongoing drama of postcolonial migrancy. René Bekius talked to Dr Sylvester about her address, about her work in general and about how it fits in at a development institute like the ISS.

At the end of your Inaugural Address, you

suffering from insufficiencies. There are very few

national business in their minds and another

national relations, there are few women to be

said: ‘I have Pink Panthered my way around

ordinary people either featured or talked to in

languished ignominiously in a ship off Australia

seen. Yet there are women about, too. A whole

the feminist questions in international rela-

development studies – men or women. I’m

with more development-related goals in their

shipload of mainly women sank late last year off

tions and the international questions in

interested in augmenting and transforming

minds. One group did enormous damage and

the coast of the Philippines as its passengers

feminism’. What have been your findings so

development studies and international relations

the other had humiliating damage done to it.

endeavoured to join their husbands stuck in

far on what you call this ‘unfinished jour-

- both beset with state-centrism - by applying

The interesting thing is that both revolved

detention camps in Australia. And that’s another

ney’?

postcolonial gender analysis in creative ways.

around events centred on a developing country

point: women are always ‘tragic’. They’re the

The postcolonial features philosophy, literature,

that is usually at the periphery of International

ones who are skinny and apathetic looking

Well, I don’t really have ‘findings’. I don’t do

and art that answers back to imperial histories

Relations - Afghanistan. During the Cold War

because of malnutrition, they’re the ones drow-

scientific work, I do interpretative work. I have

centred around relations of the ‘great’ colonial

there was a lot more policing of borders than

ning, trying to protect their children, often doing

sightings, sitings and citings of gender in inter-

powers. I’m very interested in the ways people

there is now, so we in International Relations

all the work. The men are out piloting the

national relations and in development studies.

who have historically been the subjects of

and we in Development Studies still don’t have

planes, or whatever the exciting newsworthy

The field of International Relations studies presi-

sufficient tools to ana-lyse the simultaneities,

item might be. When I go looking for women,

dents and soldiers and statesmen. There have

the cascades of people ignoring boundaries.

the tragic is not what I look for because, even

We especially fail to see women on the move

though it is important, there’s an obviousness in

and people, in general, as parties to internation-

it: women as cliché. I’m looking for women who

al development. I think there have been some

have some agency and who are in international

achievements in opening all this international

relations in unanticipated ways. Whether they

activity to view - through developments in

are negotiating with a large NGO at village level

social history, gender studies, postcolonial ana-

for international project aid, or writing imagina-

lysis, feminist International Relations, and popu-

tive literature or poetry about what’s happening

lar culture. I’m happy to be part of a vanguard, I

in their society, or moving around the region or

suppose.

the world in search of a better life.

been no women in the usual sites recorded and very few cited as authorities – unless they hap-

An adult male, in any society,

pen to pop up embarrassingly, like Mata Hari types, or make it to be head of state. The idea that part of relations international could be gender power relations, or could revolve around

is considered a standard human being.

The Taliban just made

average, ordinary women doing average and ordinary things has yet to fully dawn on the

that absolutely clear

field. Even to speak of ‘refugees’ is something new, because the focus has been on states. If you are not at the helm of a state or parastate

development aid respond to having their whole

In the first act of your dramaturgy on post-

You recently had a book published by

or a certain type of citizen within one, you have

history described for them, or taken away from

colonial migrancy, you say that ‘not a single

Cambridge University Press, entitled

no legitimacy in international relations.

them. I’m interested in how average everyday

woman was visible’ during media coverage

Feminist International Relations: an un-

This is one of the reasons why the Palestinians

people in places like Zimbabwe formulate ans-

of the Afghan refugee drama on the Tampa.

finished journey. In the book you say that

have been so intent on getting a state, and

wers to the dilemmas they face.

How do you explain the fact that the media

you ‘incline towards postmodern feminism’.

tends to focus on images of men?

What do you understand by postmodern

Israel before them. Yet I have been insisting that there is also gender in international relations

Do you feel that you have made any

and to find it, one may have to sight, site, and

progress in achieving the things you have

Well, of course, there is a lot of stereotyping in

cite people outside the usual statist field of

just been talking about?

the press. But it’s not only in the press, it’s also

Postmodern feminism is sceptical about a lot of

in the academic field. An adult male, in any

the truth claims that come out of the modern

vision. People moving about. People producing.

feminism?

People as characters in art and novels. It is har-

Yes, I do. I hope I have contributed to develo-

society, is considered a standard human being

era: about the capacity of certain technologies

der to do this kind of work than people think.

ping new skills for a new era while also recogni-

and therefore is featured, written about. One

to fix up our lives, about the outcomes of some

Because you are a woman, you don’t necessa-

zing that older patterns are still with us. In inter-

might say that the Taliban just made that abso-

scientific research, about treatments for disea-

rily see gender more easily. Indeed, all of us are

national relations we are now into an era of glo-

lutely clear with its exaggerated laws privileging

ses like cancer, about what is advanced and

trained rigorously not to see gender as an

balization, which means we can’t rest content

males and openly rendering females invisible in

what is not and about who gets to have their

important consideration in international relations.

with simply taking account of parts of the world

flowing garb. The Taliban approach offered a

views recorded and who is neglected. It’s basi-

So I have done things like situate women in the

that interest us (like Europe or Russia), or that

certain interpretation of a larger reality in the

cally sceptical about the idea of progress and

Cuban missile crisis, or I have found women in

seem to be important because they have milita-

world; or, to put it differently, a feminist might

the claims made for it. If we in modern develop-

cooperatives in Zimbabwe, where I have wor-

ry power. As 11 September illustrates, you don’t

say that it was making what is true for most

ment studies really knew what we were doing,

ked for 20 years, dealing with the international

need military power to create a really big mess.

societies patently obvious through an over-

really had it right, then wouldn’t most ‘develo-

as well as the local in their own ways.

Moreover, it is obvious that international rela-

scripting of gender. Across the world men are

ping’ countries be in far better shape than they

tions and development intersect and that we

still supposed to be out hunting, or doing scien-

are today? Instead we are reduced to getting all

need to develop skills at that nexus.

ce or politics or art, while the women are meant

excited about four or five states that have lifted

to be located less obtrusively elsewhere. Not

themselves out of pretty bad situations.

I’ve also taken the field of development studies on theoretically, to see how it has adapted its understanding to changes in the world.

We had two events in August and September of

involved in the high politics of life, not involved

Development studies has traditionally prescri-

2001. One group of internationally migrant tra-

in decision-making. So, not surprisingly, when

bed ‘helpful’ recipes to those states seen as

vellers came to New York with one bit of inter-

you look at movements, or any aspect of inter-

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continued on page 9

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To keep our alumni database up to date we would ask you to send your latest address and contact details to: alumni@iss.nl

ISS ues

Alumni News Alumni News Profile Reflections from the Gambia

Profile Ernest Aubee

Ruben Gowricharn

The ISS offered me my first opportunity to pursue postgraduate

After finishing my MA in sociology of development at the

studies. As I flew from Paris to Amsterdam, some very wild

University of Leiden, I started the MA programme in Economic

thoughts entered my head. Was I going to the right place? How

Planning and Policy (EPP) at the ISS in 1983. I had always

would an agriculture graduate cope in a social science institute?

been interested in economics and the ISS was a golden

Would the rural policy and project planning (RPP) programme add

opportunity to explore it further. At that time I was predomi-

value to my future career path? The plane finally touched down at

nantly interested in Suriname, my country of origin, and more

Schiphol and I was brought back to reality, as I was warmly wel-

specifically in topics like labour economics, industrialization,

comed by my SCHOLAS colleagues. That was the beginning of a

and budgetary and economic policy. The EPP programme did

very important and valuable chapter in my life.

not suit my interests fully, however. Suriname is a small, open micro-economy, and enjoyed a strong foreign exchange position till the first half of the eighties. So

Academic discipline: The introductory seminar was the first indication that the RPP programme

the programme’s emphasis on IMF adjustment policies and foreign exchange constraints were

was not going to be child’s play. Within seven months we covered fifteen courses, ranging from

more or less alien to me. But from the middle of the 1980s, Suriname joined the club of IMF clients

theory to policy and practice. The RPP programme – and I believe this applies to all ISS program-

and the EPP programme paid off.

mes – allowed you to be a free thinker and I soon realised that no one school of thought has all the answers to the problems of poverty and underdevelopment in the world. The ISS also helped

One striking feature feature of the EPP was economic theory. The theories were presented and

me to build my analytical skills, beginning with the logical framework analysis during the rural pro-

dealt with as formal logical constructions, flawed or not, and having desirable and undesirable con-

jects implementation and programme evaluation and continuing during my research work on sesa-

sequences which were derived at logically. The historical or social context was either negligible or

me production in the Gambia. It might sound as though everything was perfect. But we always

totally absent. I missed this dimension in the teaching, perhaps because I was already ‘shaped’ as

complained about the mass of handouts, and the tight deadlines for assignments and presenta-

a sociologist, and it took me a lot of effort to satisfy my curiosity.

tions. We had, however, been given scholarships to come to the ISS, so we should not really complain.

After finishing the EPP II started a PhD programme at the University of Utrecht on the role of the state in the agrarian modernization of Suriname and the impact of this process on the structure of

Hotel de Minstreel: The Hotel de Minstreel, on the seafront at Scheveningen, was my hall of res-

the economy and its growth pattern. This complex research topic was the result of the combination

idence. Set in a tourist paradise, its physical structure was nothing to write home about. However,

of sociology and economics. I completed the PhD in 1990 while I was working as a consultant in

it was a small and diverse community and the atmosphere was always friendly – although some

migrant labour in Rotterdam and as a researcher for the city authorities. In both these jobs I focu-

big-time government economist would always quarrel when it was his turn to clean the kitchen.

sed on the problems of unemployment, including small-scale entrepreneurship, the organization

Peter, the hotel warden, was an elderly man and well-liked by the students. He always told us sto-

and operation of the social security system, the effects of adjustments in the social security sys-

ries about his exploits in the Dutch army.

tem, the performance of the labour market, the formation of an underclass and related issues such as poverty, marginalization and fraud. These activities resulted in a number of publications.

Life after the ISS: On 10 April 1992, I became the proud owner of an ISS postgraduate diploma.

After some months in the Gambia, I returned to academia in October, to study for an MSc degree

Gradually I lost touch with economic issues in this field, largely because I was becoming more

in seed technology at the University of Edinburgh. I did my dissertation on the ‘Role of Seeds in

interested in the emergence of an embryonic elite among the major ethnic groups in the

the Farming Systems of Developing countries’. While in Edinburgh, I was proud to be awarded the

Netherlands and the development of the Dutch multicultural society. I wanted to break with the

1993 Bob Griffith Prize for Seed Technology.

developmentalist perspective, in which other groups of people and countries are defined in terms of problems and difficulties. Migrants are also bearers of success, and I found it interesting to

On the work front, I held management positions in the two biggest international non-governmental

research the emergence of an elite and how it is incorporated into the established Dutch elite. To

organizations in the Gambia, with responsibilities including programmes, policy and advocacy, food

this end, I designed and managed ongoing research at the University of Amsterdam, where I was

security, development communication, monitoring and cross-border initiatives. In October 2000, I

employed from 1997 till 2001. This resulted in an edited volume of the Journal of International

was appointed by the UNDP/ILO to lead the Fight Against Social and Economic Exclusion (FASE)

Migration and Integration (JIMI) on the emergence and incorporation of minority elites in Western

Project. This is a three-year project with 21 professional and support staff. The ISS training contri-

democracies (2001). Part of my shift in focus from underclass to elite formation consisted of an

buted a great deal to my career advancement, as I have put much of what I learnt to practical use

increased involvement in public debates on the multicultural society. For these efforts I received the

in the Gambia.

Damsko-so-mi-tan-Award from the Surinamese and Antillean communities in 1989, and exactly ten years later, the Dutch Media Prize.

In the Gambia, I serve on a number of boards/committees dealing with poverty, food security, education, microenterprise and the private sector. In December 2001, I was appointed Chairman of the

Since 1999 I have been a scientific advisor at the Verwey-Jonker Institute in Utrecht, which focuses

Board of Governors of the Gambia Technical Training Institute. I have a wife and two sons, Ola

on research to foster emancipation and to strengthen socially weak groups. During this same

(7 years) and Jeggan (5 years) who I hope will one day go to the ISS to study when I am an old man.

period, I have extended my interest of multicultural societies with transnational communities. Since January 2002, I have been professor of social cohesion and transnational studies at the University

Ernest Aubee can be contacted at: ilo@qanet.gm

of Brabant in Tilburg. This transnational dimension enables me to keep in touch with development issues, both in the West and in the less developing world.

Ruben Gowricharn can be contacted at rgow@xs4all.nl

Rectification In the Alumni News in Development Issues Vol 3, no. 3, we reported that Rhoda Reddock did her MA in Women and Development while at the ISS. Rhoda informs us that her Masters specialization was in fact Comparative Development Studies. She was active in developing the MA in Women and Development and taught during the first and second years of the programme.

5

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISS ues 50 years of the ISS

Crucial Years: 1986-1990 Dirk J. Wolfson Now it is my turn to write about the past, present and future of the ISS. The second half of the 1980s was a time of fundamental transition for the Institute. It started with the decision by the minister of education that the ISS and the other hitherto independent institutes for international education should merge with the general university system, to maximize the cross-fertilization of expertise, and to economize on overheads. At the same time, in a tactful gesture to win our support, the minister cut our budget. A nice jump-start for a new rector.

Coming from the university system

It took Frans Koopman, our able

same reason, the universities, uppity

company on offer – a beautiful buil-

days of my rectorate. From the (now

myself, and knowing how fed up the

managing director, and myself years

as ever, were unhappy with what

ding in a choice location on the

safe) distance of the Board of

minister was with the endless belly-

of continuous pressure to finally get it

they saw as an upgrading of the

Zalmhaven. I figured, however, that

Supervisors, I see a strong and vib-

aching with which universities pro-

scrapped (which shows that the

upstart ISS. So we had to drive a

the staff and student body would

rant ISS, and that makes me feel

tracted negotiations with the ministry,

minister was not all that malleable

hard bargain. I am forever grateful to

lynch me if we were to move from

proud.

I decided on a surprise strategy: ‘Yes

after all). What I really appreciated,

minister Jo Ritzen – now vice-presi-

The Hague. But then Mayor

minister, we’ll do that, sir. Of course,

was that he came up with the two

dent for education at the World Bank

Havermans of The Hague came to

And tomorrow? The ISS has a great

sir. Splendid idea. There are, how-

million guilders for networking

– for putting the universities in their

my rescue, by changing the zoning

future. In the world as it is, after 9/11,

ever, four minor things that you will

straightaway. We used it to organize

place and changing the law in our

regulations, and development minis-

a centre of excellence for economic

want to settle first, to ensure speedy

a broad programme of research

favour, knowing that the ISS deser-

ter Jan Pronk paid up, and we were

development and cultural change is

implementation of your policy: drop

seminars with colleagues from the

ved it and could handle it, and reali-

able to buy our present building,

needed more than ever, not just as a

the budget cut, give us two million

university network, believing - it was,

zing how important this was for our

opposite the gardens of the Royal

centre of learning, but first and fore-

guilders (around 900,000 euros) extra

after all, the 1980s - that making love

position as an international centre of

Palace. Speaking of choice loca-

most as a meeting place where

to network with universities, change

before marriage would cement the

excellence in development studies.

tions…

young professionals from all over the

the law so that we can have our own

relationship. And I am very proud of

PhD programme and, lastly, give us

the love child that came of that colla-

What else? Towards the end of my

How about the present? All in all, it

respect, trust and enjoy each other’s

five years to prepare for a federation,

boration: the CERES research

rectorate, the lovely ISS building at

has taken fifteen years for the ISS to

company. I apologize for being so

not a merger, because a federation is

school, in which the ISS cooperates

the Witte Brug was condemned, the

forge a sustainable relationship with

vainglorious as to present my own

what you really mean, of course. Five

with five universities in providing PhD

roof beyond repair. Unable to gener-

the university system, but last year,

years at the ISS as crucial. For all of

years really is very fast when you

education.

ate a sense of urgency at the ministry

Rector Hans Opschoor was able to

us involved in development, all years

compare it to how long it takes the

world can get together and learn to

or at The Hague City Hall, I decided

announce our formal engagement

are crucial. Let the ISS, as an institu-

general university system to adapt,

The conception of CERES and the

to increase the pressure and started

with Utrecht University, ten years

te for economic development and

don’t you think?’

need for our own PhD programme

a flirtation with the city authorities in

after the then Rector of Utrecht, Jos

cultural change, develop and change

were closely interlinked. Without our

Rotterdam. But I almost got caught

van Ginkel (now President of the

forever!

Much to my surprise, the strategy

own PhD, the universities would not

with my pants down. Within weeks,

United Nations University in Tokyo),

worked, more or less. Getting rid of

take us seriously and treat us, at

Rotterdam had the former head of-

and I started dating, signing a first

Dirk J. Wolfson was Rector of the ISS

the budget cut was the hardest part.

best, as a junior partner. For the

fice of the P&O/Nedlloyd shipping

cooperation agreement in the final

from 1986 to 1990

A Cultural Kaleidoscope at the ISS Expressions of culture in many shapes and forms have always been given special attention at the ISS. After all, the many different cultures

ISS ‘in-crowd’, but to attract an audience from

in the year. The term multicultural cuisine does

outside the Institute to achieve an even broader

not even begin to describe the culinary adven-

cultural exchange.

ture on which we will all embark on that day. Let

represented at the Institute provide us with a wonderful platform for

us just say that our taste buds will be challenMany alumni and former staff of the institute will

ged…!

have fond memories of International Day, when

It all promises to be a special year for cultural

the world. A platform where people meet and literally exchange culture…

the exchange of cultures reaches a peak. The

exchange in many different ways. The richness

from gumboot dancers from South Africa to Chinese classical music.

exhibitions, the food market and, of course, the

of all the cultures represented at the ISS will be

musical performances, theatre, exhibitions, etc. by artists from all over

Performance Night can always count on a

highlighted in an unprecedented way. We are

The artists themselves find it very challenging to be performing in front

warm reception by the audience, in a presenta-

looking forward to making the celebration of the

of such a diverse and usually very responsive audience.

tion which is unique in the world…! Where else

Institute’s 50th anniversary a celebration of our

can you attend such an eclectic show with per-

cultural diversity, our kaleidoscope of cultures!

formers from over 30 countries with such a On the occasion of the 50 th Anniversary of the

tries, music from Suriname, an art exhibition

ISS, a cultural committee has been established

from Bolivia, music from Costa Rica, visits to

which has put together an elaborate program-

museums and many other events. A special

For this anniversary year, International Day will

me of cultural events for this special year.

lecture programme has been drawn up, where

be celebrated on two occasions. First, there will

Information on the cultural activities during the

Throughout 2002, the programme will show-

distinguished speakers will present their views

an open day with exhibitions and displays from

Anniversary year can be obtained from Martin

case classical Indian music, jazz from South

on culture and diversity.

the many countries represented here. The food

Blok at blok@iss.nl

Africa, spoken word artists from different coun-

The programme aims not only to entertain the

market will be organized on a second day, later

wide range of cultural expressions?

Martin Blok Chair ISS Cultural Committee

5 0 Ye a r s o f t h e I S S w i l l b e c o n t i n u e d i n t h e n e x t D e v e l o p m e n t I S S u e s 6

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISS ues SCHOLAS

Sustainable Development Discussion Group

‘Let there be no action (contrary to nature) and there will be nothing that will not be well regulated.’

Tao Te Ching

Maribel Sinfonte Sustainable development is an idea that stretches back for centuries. It is

development, its implications for the South and

public seminars open to the entire ISS commu-

its viability, through the exchange of ideas, rea-

nity. The first was introduced by Hans

dings, seminars, and lectures by ISS staff,

Opschoor, who re-read his inaugural speech;

various tribes in Africa, and some of the earliest civilizations in the Fertile

audiovisual presentations, field trips and facili-

the second was a very interesting presentation

Crescent, amongst others. Only recently has the idea been ‘rediscovered’

tating attendance by SDDG members at

by Sasha Charney from Nature Conservancy,

events and international conferences on sustai-

an NGO working with local communities in the

nable development.

Watersheds of Ecuador.

The SDDG idea is motivated by its members’

The SDDG is also supporting the Environ-

interest in self-study, using the possibilities the

mental Committee in its efforts to make the ISS

ISS and the Netherlands can offer in the terms

a more environmental friendly institute, such as

a complex topic that was practised by the ancient Chinese, the Incas,

and it is slowly being incorporated into modern day life. As institutions and governments begin to look at ways of becoming more sustainable, it will be important to gain a true understanding of what sustainable development is and what it has been through the ages.

of knowledge of the environment and sustaina-

educating students on recycling, implementing

The sustainable development concept is

and environmental degradation have not yet

ble development. The SDDG aims to create a

a campus-wide plan to reduce, reuse and

based on equal access to development for

become regular features in the curriculum. As

space for the participants to expose them-

recycle, and replacing disposable plastic cof-

present and future generations. Using this

more and more institutions are adopting ‘envi-

selves to critical sustainable development

fee cups with reusable mugs.

definition as a guideline, a group of participants

ronmental thinking’, the SDDG hopes that the

thinking and the current debate on major envi-

from across the ISS majors and a number of

ISS will also start moving in that direction.

ronmental concerns.

staff members have created a Sustainable

Because environmental degradation is such a

Development Discussion Group (SDDG).

critical issue for many developing countries, it

Activities

ment will take root at the ISS and eventually be

Currently the group consists of about 15 parti-

is imperative that the ISS introduces these

The sessions will consist of audiovisual presen-

a key component in the curriculum so students

cipants and 2 staff members.

topics to students. This will not only help edu-

tations, structured lectures, discussion works-

will return to their home countries with a clear

Even though the SDDG is still taking shape, it hopes that the idea of sustainable develop-

cate students on issues of sustainability, but

hops, and visits to bodies concerned with

idea of how to incorporate environmental awa-

Environmental problems such as pollution, the

will help to avoid complacency towards envi-

sustainable development, such as the Dutch

reness and the potential of sustainable deve-

depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiver-

ronmental problems. It is also important to exa-

environment ministry and non-governmental

lopment.

sity, land degradation, deforestation and decli-

mine the criticism of sustainable development

organizations.

ning environmental quality have gained unpre-

and analyse new ideas in the field.

cedented recognition worldwide. Although the

Maribel Sinfonte is a participant in the MA Although the group was only set up at the end

programme Politics of Alternative Development

ISS as an institute focuses on development,

The main objectives of the SDDG include dis-

of last year, in order to raise awareness among

Strategies (PADS). She can be contacted at

the group feels that sustainable development

cussions of the core concept of sustainable

the students we have already organized two

pad0125@iss.nl

ORPAS Project News

Innovative Methods of Urban Governance In its first project in Russia and its largest yet in any of the countries in transition, the ISS is cooperating with a number of academic institutions in Siberia to improve urban governance in the region. The project, which started in December 2001, will run until March 2004.

Novosibirsk is the capital of the Siberian

is still a top-down and departmental city admi-

This implies a redefinition of the role of the city

and innovative forms of cooperation and con-

federal okrug, which unites 16 Russian regions.

nistration and decision-making regime, which

administration, and active participation of the

sultation. The combination of international

The city is a major transport and trade hub for

is inflexible and insensitive to social innovation

private sector, citizens’ organizations and the

experience and expertise, and knowledge of

Russia. At the same time it is beset by pro-

and has no tradition of balancing the interests

media in urban management processes. The

the situation in Russia will lead to innovative

blems that reduce the urban quality of

of different social groups. Parallel to the vertical

project entails elaboration and implementation

tools and technologies for urban management,

Novosibirsk and negatively affect the everyday

administration, there is a process of monopoly-

of a teaching and training curriculum at the

including improved communication, coopera-

life of its citizens, such as poor infrastructure

building and concentration of power and infor-

Novosibirsk State Academy of Economics and

tion and partnerships. We also expect it to be

and technical, social and cultural services.

mation. Graft and corruption are the logical

Management and other academic institutions

the basis of original research and joint publica-

Some of these problems are caused by the

consequences.

in the Siberian region. A core group of trainers

tions.

fact that the city is in a transitional period in

will be trained, while practitioners’ courses are

which old methods of urban administration are

Redefining the role of city administration

to be given and new teaching methods and

For more information, please contact Veronica

no longer viable and effective, while new ones

This project, financed by the Dutch gover-

materials are being developed in an interactive

Goussachenko at vego@iss.nl

have yet to be introduced. The problems are

nment through its MATRA programme, is

way with academic institutions, urban gover-

aggravated by the large and sparsely popula-

attempting to strengthen the capacity of urban

nance agencies and civil society organizations.

ted city territory, a run-down infrastructure, and

governance in Novosibirsk and other Siberian

The main target of the curriculum development

lack of coordination between the planning and

cities by introducing new methods of urban

is to familiarize the actors involved with new

administrative branches of government. There

management within an enabling framework.

tasks, responsibilities, styles of governance

7

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISS ues Crosscutting themes

Sustainable Development in Teaching, Training and Research at the ISS M. A. Mohamed Salih Together with poverty reduction and gender, the environment - and sustainable development in particular - is a crosscutting theme at the ISS. In the first of three articles looking at these themes, Mohamed Salih describes how sustainable development has been mainstreamed into the Institute’s teaching, training and research programmes.

Very few institutes concerned with

neered to augment. Likewise, some

cularly during the early 1990s, a

also taught at MA level.

Economics of Sustainable

development studies have escaped

of the social forces behind sustaina-

number of courses relating to sustai-

These courses are supported by a

Development (SG1) and Rural

the tidal wave of sustainable deve-

ble development are equally critical

nable development were introduced

large number of related subjects,

Development, Environment and

lopment debate and teaching. Many

and at times unruly – anti-capitalism,

focusing on at least four major

including cost-benefit analysis, pop-

Population Studies (SG2). Research

in fact found in sustainable develop-

anti-free trade, and anti-globalization.

sustainable development concerns:

ulation, natural resources manage-

on gender and the environment and

ment, economic policy reforms,

women and sustainable develop-

decentralization and empowerment,

ment is focused in Human

to mention but a few.

Resources and Local Development

ment a glimmer of hope in the midst of otherwise depressing conventional

It is not surprising therefore that the

development outcomes and the dim

socio-political and economic context

prospects for more than a billion

of destructive development has pro-

The courses under this sub-theme

poor across the globe.

duced the very dynamics that heral-

included sustainable development

Sustainable development training

ment politics, policies, institutions

• Theoretical, political and critical perspectives

(SG3) and on sustainable develop-

ded the prominence of sustainable

theories, concepts and strategies,

and research

and legal instruments in States,

Sustainable development - a vision

development as a field for teaching,

political ecology, and gender con-

The ISS has produced a large quanti-

Societies and World Development

of development subjected to social

training and research. The ISS was

flicts and sustainable development,

ty of high-quality publications on sus-

(SG4). These research groups also

justice, environmental preservation

no exception in seeking to engage

taught at MA level. Some aspects of

tainable development and sustaina-

operate in tandem with the Research

and regeneration - was an enticing

sustainable development concepts

environmental justice and global

ble development research. At MA

School for Resource Studies for

prospect, but a complex, controver-

and strategies. This was inspired by

advocacy are also taught at diploma

level, a considerable number of stu-

Development (CERES).

sial and an elusive endeavour.

a number of factors. First, born in the

level.

dents have been able to use the

Likewise, although narrow concep-

optimistic early years of development

tions of sustainable development are

studies and the developing countries’

not uncommon, the concept is too

urge to press ahead with accelerated

large to be captured by a single

development, the ISS - like many

social or natural scientific discipline.

other international education institu-

As a crosscutting issue, sustainable development questions the efficacy

knowledge acquired through class-

Policy and advisory research is con-

room teaching in Research Paper

ducted under the auspices the Office

dissertations, with diverse perspecti-

of Research, Projects and Advisory

These courses are concerned with

ves, in-depth and critical commenta-

Services (ORPAS), which has imple-

environmental policy instruments and

ry on local, national, regional and glo-

mented more than 30 long-term pro-

tions - was not in a position to ques-

institutions, and the economics of

bal sustainable issues. This is also

grammes of cooperation with over-

tion the dangerous liaison between

sustainable development. At MA

reflected in the publication of PhD

seas institutions and hundreds of

of fragmentation and separation and

the destructive nature and the non-

level two courses are instructive:

theses completed by ISS students

assignments for around 40 client

encourages cooperation between

sustainability of the environmental life

sustainable growth and human deve-

over the past 16 years.

organizations, involving a total of

disciplines, institutions and sectors. It

support system. Second, due to its

lopment, and aspects of economic

is these qualities that made sustain-

proximity to developing countries,

growth and sustainable develop-

The major sustainable development

tion countries. The main objective of

able development the antithesis of

the ISS’s geopolitical constituency

ment, both of which are part of the

perspectives researched by staff and

these advisory research and acade-

conventional development thinking.

consists of locations where most

Economics of Development (ECD)

PhD students include the following:

mic research projects is capacity

Professionals who engage in con-

destructive development takes place,

programme.

• Gender and the environment

building in the field of international

ventional development practice

coupled with the absence of tangible

• Environmental and resource

development. Due to the primacy of

venomously resist the ideals enshri-

signs of poverty reduction. Third, as

ned in sustainable development

a bridge for South-North understan-

ethos and practice.

ding, the ISS has historically advan-

In the past the ISS offered courses

ced standpoints critical of mainstre-

on international environmental law

Sustainable development research

am debate on global issues, inclu-

and on environment and develop-

and teaching in any institution of lear-

ding agenda-setting, negotiation and

ment in world politics at diploma

• Environmental anthropology

In short, given the diversity of specia-

ning should be conceived with a

implementation, while continuing to

level. Two of the new diploma pro-

• Environmental movements

lization, teaching capabilities,

clear awareness of the negative con-

build capacities to improve develop-

grammes are concerned with inter-

sequences of countless incidents of

ment performance and taking sides

national law and sustainable deve-

• International environmental law

sibilities, the sustainable develop-

destructive development. Although

with the disfranchised communities

lopment and managing rural resour-

• Local environmental change

ment potential of the ISS is greater

sustainable development holds high-

in the world. Fourth, the majority of

ces and resource conflicts.

er ethical and moral ground than

ISS students are from developing

conventional development, its tenets

countries and the Institute has pro-

are no less conflictual. Like conven-

portionately more international staff

tional development, sustainable

than the average Dutch University.

development has in some instances

• Integration of environment into economic policy

• Global environmental governance and legal instruments

more than 60 developing and transi-

economics • Sustainable development policy and institutions • Natural resource management

management Prominent among the courses taught at the ISS is the one on sustainable

and ethics, none of these activities can afford to work outside its premises.

and conflicts

and politics

and society • Environmental impacts of

• Environment and natural resource

sustainable development paradigm

development • Women and sustainable

research orientation and training pos-

than what the Institute actually offers.

Opportunities for a Major and policyspecific training programmes are real and well within the grasp of the ISS.

development • Environmental governance

Mohamed Salih is Professor of

been greeted with collective resist-

Sustainable development teaching

development policy and public

ance and armed conflicts, for instan-

Sustainable development teaching at

action, which is part of the Agri-

• Environmental and human security

ce in the case of ecofascism and aut-

the ISS coincided with the rise of the

culture and Rural Development (ARD)

• Pastoral resource competition

horitarian conservation. Conventional

multilateral environmental movement

programme. Courses on economic,

development produced the social

during the early 1970s although it did

social and environmental project

These sub-themes are also reflected

ment at the ISS, see the SCHOLAS

forces that have resisted it and shat-

not develop then into a full institution-

analysis and world economy, rural

in the research orientations of the

article on the Sustainable Develop-

tered the very hopes that it was engi-

al identity. A decade later, and parti-

livelihood and the environment are

four staff groups, particularly

ment Discussion Group on page 7.

8

and institutions

Politics of Development at the ISS. He can be contacted at salih@iss.nl For more on sustainable develop-

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISS ues continued from page 4

An unfinished journey

Postmodern analysis tends to look at how we

tain resource allocations and capabilities. They

have constructed our world view and how that

are rarely the ones investing in the stockmarket,

construction shapes what we can see, know,

say, or who are privy to a lot of the decisionma-

can be and can do – in the corporate world, in

king going on in government, although they are

economics, with respect to gender relations, in

affected by it.

international relations, in health care and so on.

The postmodern approach comes down to an

Yet these people are also not just victims. There

examination of the assumptions underlying-

are very clever ways in which people evade and

ways we have represented ourselves and

resist and solve problems and I’m interested in

others, and a search to include within scholar-

these aspects of development. Part of the

ship and practice the people we have relegated

postmodern approach to development is to

to the sidelines of sustainable development,

ask: how do people evade being what they’re

poverty reduction, modern development,

meant to be? How do kids who find a gun

grassroots development. Postmodern research

thrust in their hands, instructed to go and kill

does not always come up with ‘findings,’ but it

people, get out of that? There are instances of women in Africa, for example, who don’t want or need any more children and who hide their

If we really knew what we were doing, wouldn’t most ‘developing’ countries be in far better shape than they are?

birth control pills in the food supplies – so their men don’t find out.

There is a shared problematic of certain groups

You refer a great deal to art and literature in

How do you think the ISS could better

of people habitually being outside information

your work. How do you integrate these into

respond to the new demands of the era of

and capability loops in their own societies and

gender studies?

globalization?

who don’t log on to the Internet to get their

Well, art is a site of international gender rela-

I am hoping it will launch an initiative on conflict

now in the globalizing world. They’re the ones information or nip down to the shops in their

tions. I’ve always been very interested in art,

and development. One of the things you study

does come up with spaces and interpretations

cars. But they just might be mobilizing tradition-

but only in the past 10 years or so have I taken

when you are trained in International Relations

and narratives – and people! And postmodern

al methods of conservation quite effectively.

feminism is sceptical about women, about the

They might be working out an unconventional

existence of women as an authentic identity,

entrepreneurial scheme. What happens when

because when you think you are talking to a

you are outside the loop of what is a fast-

woman, what you are doing is reading gender

moving, fast information-transmitting world and

off her body. She may not feel like a woman;

yet inside it in terms of the ways you adjust to

is conflict. In fact, the core of the field is the study of war. In development studies conflict If you are not in the information/education loop, your ability to get into

has often been alluded to but not directly analysed, until recently. Often the underlying assumption has been that conflict in a development setting is transient rather than intractable.

she may be feeling something else altogether.

life? If you are not in the information/ education

the material loop

While I was studying gender and work in

loop, your ability to get into the material loop

might be affected.

Zimbabwe, I asked people who look like

might be affected - but not necessarily in ways

conflict and war – to say nothing about the

women: Are you women? Often they would

we think.

structural forms of violence that affect the daily

reply that they were, but in some ways they did

insights from my hobby into my work. Once I

But of course, particularly since the end of the Cold War, we’ve been in a period of incessant

lives of women even in peaceful settings.

not want be women. They were really tired of

Women and Development is one of the

started to do so, a whole new world opened up

being women because of the way women are

three crosscutting themes at the ISS,

to me. I found myself writing, on how the

Development is occurring in situations of con-

configured in their society. When I interviewed

together with environment and poverty

United States promoted abstract impressionist

flict, and we cannot understand why certain

150 members of the international overseas aid

reduction. In what way could these themes

art during the Cold War as a counter to the

development approaches do or do not work if

community in Zimbabwe and 400 ‘women’

be better integrated into the Institute’s four

socialist realist art of the Soviet Union. Abstract

we don’t understand the context. Look at

across four economic sectors, I found that you

main programmes?

expressionism was very virile, gendered art,

Zimbabwe today: development efforts have

large-scale, sweeping and brash. And although

come to a crashing halt; there is incessant con-

To integrate is to mainstream gender issues.

average viewers in any country dislike abstract

flict, bad governance, bad economics, bad

The idea is that instead of having separate

art, especially in the United States, it was inte-

public policy. Conflict seems ubiquitous there.

So I concluded that it’s not surprising certain

departments in government, or separate gen-

resting to discover agencies like the CIA finan-

development projects might fail: the women

der offices in NGOs, or separate programmes,

cing the new virility of an American abstract art

So I’m interested in issues of conflict and deve-

they are intended for are not the same ‘women’

gender runs through all the programmes. Now

abroad (even funnier when we recall that

lopment and, being in the gender programme,

who are receiving a project. That is a post-

that’s easier said than done. It’s difficult to get

Jackson Pollock had Communist leanings).

I want to take a gender angle on it. I’m encou-

modern understanding of the problem, whereas

people to take on new missions if these don’t

We can also see running through art a whole

raging the ISS to look further, though, towards

a modern understanding would say: ‘all right

interest them or seem to have a payoff. There

international relations of culture and perspec-

a Masters in conflict and development, be-

let’s go and talk to the women’ and just walk

has to be an incentive structure for main-

tive - as in what is considered ‘primitive art’

cause I can’t think of an instance anywhere in

over and talk to people that look like women,

streaming. The World Bank, for example, has

(historical crafts of Africa and Oceania), how are

the world where there isn’t conflict occurring

under the assumption that they are authentic

decided to make its departments accountable

women depicted in art, who gets to have exhi-

while development is being attempted too. It’s

women and therefore must have a woman’s

for mainstreaming gender issues. As far as I

bitions and who doesn’t (Pollock had many

messy and complex and the problem is how to

point of view.

know that hasn’t yet happened here at the ISS.

more than his artist wife, Lee Krasner, for

factor that into development. So I’m very inte-

We coax and cajole, and that’s a problem

instance). Through analyses of what I call ‘art

rested in seeing that we get that programme off the ground.

could a drive lorry through the gaps between what the two groups understood as ‘women.’

because it’s hard for other programmes to be

diplomacy,’ a part of the field that has never

What problems confront women in develo-

sensitive to something they may not know

been revealed before suddenly appears in all its

ping countries in the 21st century?

much about, and it’s hard to find the time to

gender ‘splendour.’

learn more about it. I think it’s an organizational Women, but also children, and other minorities

problem that requires more thinking about

of some sort or another share the problem of

implementation.

Christine Sylvester can be contacted at sylvester@iss.nl

being located outside or at the margins of cer-

9

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ISS ues

STAFF News

Profiles José Cuesta

Marlene Buchy

Dr José Cuesta joined the ISS as Lecturer in Development

Dr Marlene Buchy joined the ISS as Lecturer in Rural

Economics in February 2002.

Development, Environment and Population Studies on

Professional background: I gained gained a BSc in Economics

1 December 2001

at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain, in 1994, having spent

Professional background: I have a background in development

the previous year at the University of Warwick, UK, working

studies (PhD in Laboratoire Tiers Mondes, Paris) and in tropical

alongside Professor Tony Addison. At Warwick, I discovered

forestry (Montpellier). For the last nine years, I have worked in

development economics, in which I obtained an MSc degree at

Natural Resource Management-related departments in the UK

Oxford University in 1995. The topic of my Masters dissertation,

and Australia, looking mainly at participatory approaches

which was supervised by Professor E.V.K. Fiztgerald, was

and gender and the environment. With my forestry specialization,

‘Human Development and the Role of FDI in the 1980s’. I was awarded the Bank of Spain

I have looked more closely at forestry-related issues in India, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea (in the

Scholarship for Graduate Studies and joined the PhD programme at Oxford University. My

context of research, consultancies and supervision) but I have a broader interest in conservation,

research elaborated on social policies, the household and the distribution of incomes in Chile.

conflict resolution in the context of NRM and the social impacts of the implementation of the

During my fieldwork in Santiago de Chile, I was a visitor at Universidad de Chile, and the

Kyoto protocol.

Economic Development Department of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. I was also a consultant on social protection in Argentina and Chile for the World Bank in 1999. After I completed my PhD in 2000, I served one year as research officer for the United

Dan Smit

Nations Development Programme at the Honduran Country Office. My areas of interest are the

Dr Dan Smit joined the ISS as Associate Professor of Urban

economics of poverty and inequality, labour markets and social protection, intrahousehold econo-

Management and Governance on 1 September 2001.

mics, Latin America in general and Central America, in particular. At present I am conducting

Professional background: I am an urban planner by back-

research on the distributive impact of export liberalization in Honduras, and on the links between

ground and have ten years in academia and ten years in deve-

democracy and economics in Central America.

lopment practice. I have substantial development implementa-

Main interests and hobbies: I have many interests, but I cannot do without an intriguing novel,

tion experience including the 225 million euro Cato Manor

generously seasoned Thai cuisine, a well-aged rioja vintage, jazz sessions by Miles Davies, Herbie

Project in Durban. I was also the Executive Director of the

Hankock, or Ella FitzGerald, and above all, good company.

Metropolitan Housing Department in Durban, which builds 17,000 low-income houses a year.

George Tsogas

Main hobbies: Coaching soccer teams. (I am a former professional player and was a tactical

Dr George Tsogas joined the ISS as Senior Lecturer in Human

advisor to the national soccer coach in South Africa in the mid-1990s). I also read novels for

Resource Management on 1 July 2001

escape.

Nationality: Greek and British

Favourite food: A carnivore I’m afraid. T-bone steak and chips.

Professional background: PhD (London) in Industrial Relations,

Positive character traits: I am confident and get on with people.

MA (Rutgers) in Labour Studies, BSc (Crete) Production &

Negative character traits: Forgetful and absent-minded, and I struggle with the details of

Management Engineering.

everyday life.

Research interests: labour standards in trade,

Things to be enjoyed in life: All of it. But red wine is worth a special mention.

corporate social responsibility, international & comparative industrial relations.

Main hobbies: antiques & travelling Favourite food: seafood and chocolate cakes Positive character traits: listening and understanding Negative character traits: impatient Things to be enjoyed in life: companionship & friendship

Welcome new staff

Congratulations

Marie Louise Gambon, Secretary to the Executive Office. Email: gambon@iss.nl

Dr Karin Arts has been promoted to Associate Professor of International Law and Development

Marianne Hahn, Personnel Assistant to the Head of Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

(per 1 January 2002). Email: arts@iss.nl

(per 1 January 2002). Email: hahn@iss.nl

Dr Hotze Lont, Post-doc researcher in the ISS-KNAW project ‘Coping with the economic crisis in

Thierry van Hövell tot Westerflier, Project Leader Development Fundraising, Executive Office

Indonesia’, successfully defended his PhD thesis on ‘Juggling Money in Yogyakarta: Financial

(per 1 January 2002). Email: vhovell@iss.nl

Self-Help Organizations and the Quest for Security’ at the University of Amsterdam. Email:

Dr D. Zarkov, Senior Lecturer Women and Development, Staff Group III (per 1 July 2002)

lont@iss.nl Dr Joao Guimaraes successfully defended his PhD thesis on: ‘A Landscape of Contracts: the

Staff leaving

organization and impact of shrimp culture in southwest Bangladesh’ on 27 March at the University

Aurora Galindo, Lecturer in Political Economy, Staff Group III (per 1 March 2002)

of Utrecht. Email: guimaraes@iss.nl

Fiona Gabriel van de Linde, Administrative Assistant Public Relations and Promotions, Executive

Professor M. Salih has been appointed Professor of Political Science of Developing Countries at

Office

the University of Leiden, to which he is affiliated from the ISS.

René Hehemann, Senior Administrative Assistant, Office of Research, Projects and Advisory Services

Professor Rob Vos has been appointed Professor of Development Economics at the Free

Sarah Moodley, Assistant Editor, Development and Change (per 1 April 2002)

University Amsterdam to which he is affiliated from his position with the ISS.

Dr Frits Wils, Associate Professor of Sociology, Staff Group III (per 1 December 2001)

10

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ISS ues

continued from page 1

What Good is Globalization for Developing Countries?

Professor Gunning’s second point was that glo-

sufficient to put their failure down to bad poli-

large part, said professor Gunning - you cannot

balization doesn’t just happen, it’s a policy

cies: this implies that they are less intelligent

do much about that. But you can do something

choice. And the most important lesson from

than those of us who pursue ‘good policies’.

about policy. He expressed his doubts about

history is that these

Taking up Professor Gunning’s example of

increasing equality, but reiterated that, even if

choices matter a great deal. This issue of

China, he admitted that some people in China,

inequality is increasing, it comes back to policy

choice was to be become a recurrent theme

perhaps 10-20%, were better off but said that

choices. He used Africa to illustrate this point.

throughout the debate.

a lot more were worse off. So while we’re

Profitability is very high in many sectors in

breaking down aggregates like North and

Africa, but investment is low. This, he said, is

As the discussion moved to the floor, there

South, let’s break down countries, too. The

difficult to reconcile with Professor Wallerstein’s

were calls to define globalization more clearly

question is whether, within the structure of the

theory of the capitalist economy and neoliberal

and Professor Wallerstein’s claim that it was not

world capitalist economy, there has been any

economics, which would have investors

a useful term was challenged. Surely the unpre-

fundamental change. Generally speaking,

clamouring to get to Africa to invest. That is not

cedented impact of recent technological deve-

Professor Wallerstein concluded, 20% of the

happening because of policy regimes that deter

lopments, especially in transport and communi-

world’s population does quite well under the

investors.

cations, constituted a sea change? Professor Wallerstein replied that, of course technology transforms things, but does it change the basic structure? Telegraph, he said, had in its time

Professor Wallerstein replied by saying that There is hope.

And hope lies in

been heralded with the same rhetoric as the computer or the Internet.

politicians are constrained from all sides, by the necessity to get into or stay in power, so they

Professor Jan Willem Gunning

respond to all kinds of internal and external the capacity to make choices

In response to a question about the declining state of Africa, Professor Wallerstein said that

pressures. But capitalists are different. If they

ference. That is what the ISS can do: convey to

can make money, they’ll do it. This made him

people that they have a choice. Before dealing

sceptical about all these unfulfilled opportuni-

with the issue of hope and choice, Professor

ties. Increased inequality and polarization, he

Wallerstein refuted Wade’s notion of zones of

this was because, around 1970, the global eco-

present system and 80% does not. And that

said, is a reality. And again he disagreed

peace and turmoil. There are, he said, no zones

nomy moved from a Kondratieff A period to a B

has not changed in the past twenty years.

strongly that this is the result of bad policy

of peace. Conflict is increasing everywhere. The

period. During A periods, everyone does well,

Professor Gunning came straight back, saying

decisions. It may be, he said, the consequence

capitalist world economy is in crisis and he was

but not everyone goes down during a B period.

that there had been real changes. 50% of the

of very wise decisions by people in power. That

rather gloomy about the prospects for the

Africa, unfortunately, did. He also agreed with

world’s population now lived in countries with

has been the way for a very long time and glo-

coming 20 years or so. Hope, he said, can be a

the same commentator that the words mean

growth rates of 5% per capita. And as far as

balization is pushing us further in that direction.

dangerous thing. It can lead to illusions and

very little to Africans trying to survive on a daily

China was concerned, people were being lifted

Polarization is the fundamental reality of the

that can lead to disillusion. Progress is not in-

basis, that you cannot develop Africa or any-

out of poverty at an unprecedented rate. This,

capitalist world economy and you can’t explain

evitable, only possible, and history is not on

where else with slogans. Globalization, he re-

he said, was ‘the biggest historical event of the

it away by foolishness. Like Professor Gunning,

anyone’s side. But he did believe in choice.

iterated, means nothing, while development is

20th century’. Professor Wallerstein countered

he was unsure about how to address the

Free will and determinism are not opposites,

misleading. It implies that one country can

by saying that the former Soviet bloc grew at

question of institutions, but said that best con-

they are cyclical. When systems are bubbling

replicate the achievements of another by a

around 9 or 10% for a good 25 years before it

tribution the ISS and other academic institu-

along nicely, there is little opportunity to make

series of correct policy decisions. This does not

went into decline in the 1970s.

tions can make is to provide their participants

a real difference. But now, as the system wob-

with lucidity about real historical alternatives.

bles, we have reached a moment of relative

take into account that all countries are a part of world system and that there is no room in the

Globalization and worldwide inequality

system for them all to develop.

Introducing the second round of the debate,

Less talk, more hope

it is not a matter of choices made by gover-

Wil Hout said that several recent reports had

The comments from the floor once again chal-

nments, but by people. He called this the spirit

Professor Gunning agreed that slogans mean

pointed out that the Least Developed Countries

lenged Professors Wallerstein and Gunning.

of Davros against the spirit of Porto Allegre -

little, adding colonialism to the list of dangerous

are persistent pockets of poverty. After identi-

How does all this affect people in the South? Is

and he came down firmly on the latter side. The

stereotypes. Many former colonies, he said,

fying some of the problems and possible solu-

it not just the same old story, over and over

Porto Allegre movement is different in two

have now overtaken their former colonial mas-

tions relating to inequality, he once again posed

again? Is comparing growth rates in developing

ways: it is not trying to take over state struc-

ters. But he disagreed very strongly with

three questions: How should we account for

countries not the same as comparing the tem-

tures, and there is no idea of centralizing the

Professor Wallerstein’s statement that there is

the growing gap between the rich and the

peratures of sick people? Are Africa’s woes not

movement. It is a very loose coalition of thou-

insufficient space in the world system for all

poorest? What role do institutions play in this?

the result of too much integration rather than

sands of movements. And that gives us cause

countries to develop, claiming that develop-

How does the technology gap influence the

ment is possible for very many countries. To

future role of the developing countries?

free will and choices do matter. But, he added,

for reasoned hope.

Polarization is the

support this he quoted the recent World Bank report on globalization, which listed 24 develo-

Professor Gunning now took the floor first.

ping countries that are currently growing very

Dismissing the second question as too vague,

rapidly - including China and India, which

he went on to address the first. He did so by

together account for half the world’s popula-

reference to the work of Robert Hunter Wade of

tion. That, he said, is very good news for

the London School of Economics. Wade says

billions of people.

the world is splitting into a zone of peace and a

fundamental reality of the capitalist world and

On that cautiously hopeful note, the Rector closed the official proceedings and the discussion continued, lubricated by a little light refreshment, at the reception that followed.

you can’t explain it away by foolishness

Professor Immanuel Wallerstein is Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Director of the

zone of turmoil. The zone of peace is characte-

Fernand Brudel Center for the Study of

….. plus la même

rized by economic growth, liberal tolerance and

too little? Several asked for less talk and more

Economies, Historical Systems and Civilizations

Professor Wallerstein replied immediately,

technical change outpacing depletion of natural

hope for the future.

at Binghampton University (emeritus).

saying that even though countries may move

resources. The zone of turmoil is home to failed

Professor Gunning replied first. Perhaps inspi-

from one category to another, relative percenta-

states, and is typified by economic stagnation

red by the emotive response from the floor, he

Professor Jan Willem Gunning is Professor of

ges don’t change much over time. Referring to

and violence. The challenge is to integrate the

took to task those who refused to accept that

Economics at the Free University, Amsterdam

the recent crisis in Argentina, he added that it is

regions in the zone of turmoil into the zone of

there is progress. There is hope, he said. And

and Director of the Amsterdam Institute for

as important to look at the downwardly mobile

peace. And this brought the discussion back to

hope lies in the capacity to make choices.

International Development.

countries as those that are doing well. It is not

policy choices. History and geography play a

Political decisions can make an enormous dif-

11

D

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ISS ues

ISS Working Papers can be found on the ISS website at: www.iss.nl/research/working papers. They can also be ordered in hard copy from The Bookshop, PO Box 29776, 2502 LT The Hague, the Netherlands]

Working Papers

ISS 50th Anniversary 2002

ISS WORKING PAPERS

Beyond Development?

Meeting New Challenges

GENERAL SERIES • ISSN 0921-0210 353

A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, ‘Landlords are taking back the Land’: the Agrarian Transition in

Publications Vietnam (November 2001

Public Debate Series 25 April

Holes in the Wall? Fortress Europe and Migration in the 21st century

30 May

Whither Gender Beyond Development?

19 September

The Right to Development

354

Bridget O’Laughlin, Proletarianization, Agency and Changing Rural Livelihoods: Forced

355

Arjun S. Bedi, Paul K. Kimalu, Damiano Kulundu Manda and Nancy Nafula

Labour and Resistance in Colonial Mozambique (December 2001)

The Decline in Primary School Enrolment in Kenya (January 2002) 356

an Empirical Analysis (January 2002)

International Conference 7 - 9 October

Admasu Shiferaw Sioum, Private Investment and Public Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa:

357

Globalization, Conflict and Poverty

Jeff Powell, Petty Capitalism, Perfecting Capitalism or Post-Capitalism? Lessons from the Argentinian Barter Network? (January 2002)

The conference will bring together national and international scholars and representatives from politics, international organizations, NGOs, etc. to review and discuss current and

358

emerging thinking on a wide range of topics relevant to development and social change

359

Irene van Staveren, Towards Monitoring Mutual Trade-Gender Links (January 2002) Ardeshir Sepehri and A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, A Crouching Tiger? A Hidden Dragon?

Transition, Savings and Growth in Vietnam (February 2002)

360

50th Dies Natalis 9 October

361

address and the awarding of Honorary Doctorates

Des Gasper, Is Sen’s Capability Aproach an Adequate Basis for Considering Human Development? (February 2002)

Official celebration of the ISS’ 50th birthday. With the Dies Natalis

Wim Hardeman, Considering Equity in Health Sector Reform, Case Study of a New Deal in Sotnikum, Cambodia (February 2002)

Cultural programme The ISS is running a full and varied programme of cultural events throughout the Anniversary Year. For more information, see the article on page 6.

ISS 50th Anniversary 2002 The journal Development and Change is published five times a year by Blackwell Publishers (Oxford, UK) on behalf of the Institute of Social Studies.

For more information, see the ISS web site, or email us at d&c@iss.nl. Available online at http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/online

Volume 33

Number 1

January 2002

DAVID A. SONNENFELD Social Movements and Ecological Modernization: The Transformation of Pulp and Paper Manufacturing

three times a year by: Institute of Social Studies PO Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Tel:

+ 31 (0)70 4260 443 or 4260 525

Fax:

+ 31 (0)70 4260 799

ISS website: www.iss.nl Email: DevISSues@iss.nl Editors: René Bekius, Andy Brown Editorial assistant: Karen Shaw Editorial Board: Karin Arts, Erhard Berner, Max Spoor, Peter de Valk, Daniel C. Oshi and Sakura Yamasaki (Scholas) Photos: Unless otherwise stated, all photographs are by courtesy of Jager & Krijger Design and Production: Seinen & v. Leeuwen Circulation 9,000 Material from Development ISSues may be reproduced or adapted without permission, provided it is not distributed for profit and

Number 2 April 2002 Gender and the Silences of Social Capital: Lessons from Latin America

FADZILAH MAJID COOKE

Vulnerability, Control and Oil Palm in Sarawak: Globalization and a New Era?’

t n e m p o l e v e e g D n a h C d n a

LISA M. CAMPBELL Development ISSues is published

Volume 33 MAXINE MOLYNEUX

CHRISTIAN A. KULL

Conservation Narratives in Costa Rica: Conflict and Coexistence

Empowering Pyromaniacs in Madagascar: Ideology and Legitimacy in CommunityBased Natural Resource Management

DOROTHY L. HODGSON The Maasai in Tanzania: Dilemmas of AND RICHARD A. Counter-Mapping Community Resources SCHROEDER CLAIRE MERCER

DORTE THORSEN

SHASHI KOLAVALLI AND JOHN KERR

Scaling up Participatory Watershed Development in India

Aid as a Catalyst: Comments and Debate (I) JAMES K. BOYCE

Unpacking Aid

LOUIS EMMERIJ

Aid as a Flight Forward

GUS EDGREN

Aid is an Unreliable Joystick

The Discourse of Maendeleo and the Politics of Women’s Participation on Mount Kilimanjaro

JOHN DEGNBOLMARTINUSSEN

Development Goals, Governance and Capacity Building: Aid as a Catalyst

‘We Help our Husbands!’ Negotiating the Household Budget in Rural Burkina Faso

JAMES PETRAS AND HENRY VELTMEYER

Age of Reverse Aid: Neoliberalism as Catalyst of Regression

AJIT SINGH

Aid, Conditionality and Development

A. GESKE DIJKSTRA

The Effectiveness of Policy Conditionality: Eight Country Experiences

DAVID SLATER AND MORAG BELL

Aid and the Geopolitics of the Post-Colonial: Critical Reflections on New Labour’s Overseas Development Strategy

is attributed to the original author(s), Development ISSues and the Institute of Social Studies. Unless otherwise stated, all photographs are by courtesy Jager & Krijger.

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