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ISS ues Volume 4, number 1, April 2002
What Good is Globalization for Developing Countries?
CONTENTS
Inside this issue:
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Terrorism and International Law Nico Schrijver
On 28 February, Rector Hans Opschoor opened the 50th Anniversary Programme of the ISS by introducing the first in a series of public debates at the Institute. The debate, entitled ‘What Good is Globalization for Developing
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An Unfinished Journey Interview with Christine Sylvester
Countries?’, provided a lively start to the Anniversary Year. The two main protagonists, Professor Immanuel Wallerstein, renowned for his work on the history of the world system, and Professor Jan Willem Gunning of the Free University of Amsterdam, proved worthy adversaries and the comments from
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the floor gave them plenty of fuel for discussion and food for thought.
Alumni News
Professor Immanuel Wallerstein
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50 Years of the ISS
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SCHOLAS ORPAS Project News
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Sustainable development and the ISS Mohamed Salih Page
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Staff News
The debate, facilitated by Dr Wil Hout
in the global economy influenced
it is new at all. The capitalist world
the claim that development had been
of the ISS, was divided into two
people in the South?
market has been integrated since at
bypassed by globalization. There is
rounds, the first on the history of glo-
Professor Wallerstein opened by
least the middle of the 19th century
no point, he said, in looking at statis-
balization and the developing world,
noting that the ISS itself is a historical
and production was already transna-
tics that focus on relative levels. You
and the second on globalization and
marker, set up in the post-war period
tional in the 17th and 18th centuries.
have to look at changes, in growth
worldwide inequality. Setting the
as an expression of the new concern
Globalization is basically a return to
rates. And to look at those properly,
scene for the first round, Wil Hout
with development. He immediately
laissez-faire policies. The real issue
you should begin by abandoning
said that there tends to be a focus on
threw down the gauntlet by claiming
under debate is whether frontiers
aggregates like the industrialised and
the unprecedented nature of globali-
that globalization came along in the
should be open to allow the free flow
the developing world. The differences
zation and its positive effects. But it
latter decades of the 20th century to
of factors of production. No nation
between developing countries are
also appears to be a highly uneven
end what had become a ‘dubious
wants to open its frontiers entirely,
growing, and that is the big story, not
process. The bulk of international
discourse’ on development.
even the US, which is the most ardent
the gap between industrial and deve-
trade and financial transactions take
Development implied that states and
advocate of free flows today. So the
loping countries.
place in the industrialized world -
governments should actively assist
industrialized nations preach one poli-
mostly in the ‘triad’ of North America,
other states and governments to
cy abroad and another at home. And
Professor Gunning then addressed
Western Europe and East Asia, espe-
move forward; globalization implies
they reprimand other countries that
the first question: what does history
cially Japan.
that states and governments should
do the same. There is nothing new in
tell us about globalization? Firstly, he
stop doing this, open their frontiers
this, it is one of the cyclical features of
said, in the past 400 years or so, there
and let the market do its work.
a capitalist world economy in which
have been periods of phenomenal
the constant issue is: what will enable
divergence and convergence, both
us to accumulate capital?
with and without globalization. So his-
The first round addressed three questions: How should globalization be understood from a historical per-
Plus ça change…
spective? What impact does globali-
Globalization, he said, is not a useful
zation have on developing countries?
term. It suggests that there is some-
At this point Professor Gunning took
How has the integration of the deve-
thing new in the history of the modern
over and immediately set the tone for
loping countries
world system and he does not believe
the ensuing discussion by denying
tory does not suggest that globalization necessarily increases inequality. continued on page 11
50 Years of the ISS As an institute for advanced international education and research, the ISS generates,
The ISS 50th Anniversary celebrations are now well underway. The first two public debates in the special series have already taken place. The first, on ‘What good is globalization for developing countries?’, with worldrenowned sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, drew a full house. You can read the report on that debate above
accumulates and transfers
and continued on page 11. Reports on the other debates will follow in later issues of Development ISSues. We knowledge and know-how on
also have the next in our series of articles on the history of the ISS by key figures in the Institute’s past. On page
human aspects of economic
6, Dirk J. Wolfson describes the ups and downs of his time as Rector (1986-1990). Also on page 6, Martin Blok
and social change, with a focus
outlines some of the cultural events that will be marking the 50th Anniversary year. On the back page, there are
on development and transition.
details of the programme for the rest of the year.
The ISS is a leading centre in this field.
Development ISSues is also available online on the ISS website at www.iss.nl
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ISS ues From the Institute Board
the living standards of close to half the
Professor Gunning also addressed this
world’s population are improving and are
question. He was afraid that Wallerstein’s
The ISS has started its 50th Anniversary
Professor Wallerstein sees a capitalist world
likely to continue to improve. Given the right
perspective would make all hope for a bet-
celebrations. The first official event was a
system that is past its peak and is facing
policies (and here I believe his stance was
ter future evaporate and insisted that eco-
debate on what benefits globalization
major change. He claims that all this talk
close to what is referred to as the Washington
nomic data do not justify such pessimism
brings to developing countries, between
about globalization is largely hot air and an
Consensus) countries can indeed develop.
at all. The ISS, he said, ‘should teach its
Professor Immanuel Wallerstein and
excuse to hide from us the fact that the
So he did not see the system collapsing,
students the empirical facts’.
Professor Jan Willem Gunning, a more
world is actually in a state of transition in
but possibilities for development through
detailed report on which you can find
which future development cannot be pre-
changed aimed at pro-poor growth.
elsewhere in Development ISSues.
dicted by extrapolating from past trends. In
Professor Wallerstein is a macro-sociologist
such circumstances it seems to me that,
Answering the question how institutes like
There may also be reason enough to be
with an interest in world-systems and their
instead of trying to come up with determi-
ISS should proceed, Wallerstein wanted us
much more sceptical of the neoliberal
developments. Professor Gunning is a
nistic predictions of what the world might
to analyse lucidly what is going on, to
growth-oriented strategies that we see
development economist with a perspective
look like 30, 50 or 100 years from now,
detect opportunities and to assist people in
being advocated and deployed. I am con-
on social change from a micro-economic
social science would be better off focusing
developing the tools to make the best of
vinced that the last has not been written
viewpoint. The debate was extremely lively
on the alternative directions that the system
what will otherwise be a rather turbulent
and said about the merits and demerits of
and we had a more than full house.
might take. In phrases borrowed from
future. Indeed, in his more recent writings
the Washington Consensus-based ap-
chaos theory: what ‘attractors’ there might
he emerges as much more optimistic than
proach to economic development (in fact,
There will be four more such debates. We
be out there in the uncertain future that
one would expect from this prophet of
our next debate will address that question).
are holding them because we want to bring
seem capable of pulling processes towards
bifurcation, with some roads leading to
On what I feel are solid academic grounds I
in very different views on a range of issues
them, what possibly heterogeneous endo-
dead ends. In a recent article in Interna-
expect that more than just a bit of nibbling
related to development and social change
genous forces may drive the system from
tional Sociology, he concludes: ‘The out-
is needed. Trying to understand what chan-
in general so that, at the end of the anniver-
within, and which combinations would be
come is, I insist, intrinsically uncertain and,
ges could be made to make present econo-
sary year, we will be able to come out with a
plausible candidates for getting a feel for
therefore, precisely open to human inter-
mic and social systems work better for all
perspective on the ISS agenda for the years
future development.
vention and creativity’. During the debate,
people (rather than for average citizens and
he pointed to Porto Allegre and the forces
elites only) is as daunting an agenda as the
ahead. I will not say 50 years ahead, as that
This divergence may be a matter of differences in time scales in their analyses.
is rather too much. Too much even for a
Professor Gunning came in from another
that rallied there recently at the world social
one that aims to identify those unknown
historically underpinned macro-sociologist
angle. Also having difficulty with the phrase
summit. Some argue, though, that even
attractors. And, what is more, I am convin-
like Professor Wallerstein, who looks at past
‘globalization’, he said that the decades
those forces do little more than advocate
ced that these two agendas overlap, at
social change on time scales that are dazz-
behind us have shown that economic
that we nibble at a number of non-core ele-
least in part. I want to see ISS work on both
ling, but who restricts himself to decades
growth can benefit large masses of people.
ments of the dominant economic system
of them in the years ahead.
when looking to the future.
Referring to India and China, he said that
rather than completely overhauling it.
Hans Opschoor, Rector
In Memorium Ranjit Dwivedi It was with great sadness that the ISS learnt on 18 February
ceptualizing and writing his dissertation, he showed himself
2002 of Ranjit Dwivedi’s passing away the previous evening
keen to explore new questions and dimensions, to challenge
in Grantham Hospital, near the Open University Residential
given assumptions as well as to be challenged on his own
School in the UK which had become his base. Ranjit’s sud-
propositions. Indeed, the preparation of his PhD topic on
den death came as a major shock to everybody who had
Resource Conflict and Collective Action: The Sardar Sarovar
known him at the ISS – which meant people right across the
Project in India, led to many stimulating dialogues and
Institute. It came most unexpectedly as Ranjit had seemed,
debates about substance and methodology.
in more than one respect, to have taken on a new lease of
Notwithstanding his medical handicap, Ranjit turned this
life at the Open University in Milton Keynes, where he had
project into a superb piece of writing and multilevel analysis
taken up a position as Lecturer in Development Studies at
of the various fields of political contestation triggered by this
the Technology Faculty as of 1 September 2001. He had
big dam project. His distinction was well earned.
immersed himself in this new position with his characteristic
ing was led by Merra Tegegne, PhD Representative, and
enthusiasm and energy, so much so that – in the short time
Throughout most of his years at the ISS, Ranjit could inva-
speakers included Dean of Studies Marc Wuyts, Ranjit’s
he was there – he quickly became a highly valued colleague
riably be found at the centre of the Institute’s intellectual and
promotors Martin Doornbos and Ashwani Saith, Professor
at the university. Some of us knew that his health, despite
social activities. He took an active part in numerous semi-
Maureen Mackintosh of the Open University, fellow PhD
a remarkable recovery, was still fragile but no one, probably
nars and workshops, especially the Rural Development
participant Odame Hannington, Martin Blok (who played
not even Ranjit himself, had been aware that it was as fra-
Seminars which he co-organized for some time, and he was
some of Ranjit’s favorite ‘crossing borders’ music), and
gile as it has now proved to be.
known and respected as a sharp and pertinent discussant
Vasant Moharir, a personal friend. The proceedings were
on a widening range of issues. While doing his PhD, he al-
closed by the Rector, Hans Opschoor, who emphasized the
Ranjit joined the ISS as a PhD candidate in September
ready published a number of first-rate articles in several
values that Ranjit had stood for and brought to the ISS
1993, and obtained his PhD with distinction in January
leading international journals. Ranjit, in short, was a very
community, and urged all its members to retain them and
2001, after a period of prolonged illness. During these years
talented postgraduate student with a highly promising aca-
carry them forward.
Ranjit was a vibrant element in the life of the Institute, both
demic career ahead of him. This was also illustrated by the
academically and socially. As a PhD participant at the ISS,
several job offers he received from prestigious institutions.
Ranjit proved a particularly gifted student, and for those of
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Our sincere condolences and sympathies go to Ranjit’s family and loved ones, in particular his partner Sharada
us on the faculty who were connected to his research pro-
On 27 March 2002, the ISS PhD participants organized a
ject it was a continuous challenge and privilege as well as a
commemoration for Ranjit, providing a fitting occasion for
pleasure to work with him. Throughout the process of con-
remembering and honouring a former comrade. The gather-
Srinivasan. Martin Doornbos, with thanks to Marc Wuyt
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ISS ues An International Law Agenda for Combating Terrorism and Ensuring Enduring Freedom Nico Schrijver Since 11 September, international lawyers have been giving considerable thought to how to respond to acts of international terrorism. The debate has covered various strands of international law, including the law of self-defence, international criminal law, international
Criminal Court. The ICC will soon become ope-
domestic criminals, but rather as the new
rational. The Rome Statute does not include
hostes humani generis.
‘international terrorism’ amongst its list of ‘serious crimes of international concern’.
It is even more important, however, to employ international law to promote social justice through
However, in view of the advance planning,
scrupulous and non-discriminating respect for
anti-terrorism law and international law aimed at the promotion of
large-scale nature and intentional targeting of
human rights, to address deep inequalities and
justice.
thousands of innocent civilians, there can in my
alleviate poverty through international coopera-
view be little doubt that the 11 September
tion on development and to manage sensitive
One of the main questions to be addressed is
defence must limit itself to repelling an armed
attacks fulfil the definition of ‘widespread or sys-
peace and security issues such as the situation
whether the terrorist attacks against the United
attack and acute terrorist threats. Furthermore,
tematic attack against any civilian population’ in
in the Middle East. This huge non-military agen-
States amounted to an ‘armed attack’, in the
any self-defence must be in strict accordance
Article 7 of the Rome Statute and carry the
da can never be pursued unilaterally, however
sense that the US, as the victim state, would
with the principles of proportionality, necessity
features of ‘murder’, ‘extermination’ or other
militarily strong one particular state may be, but
have a right to respond with military action,
and observance of international humanitarian
‘inhumane acts’, as included in the list of crimes
requires a coherent and concerted multilateral
pursuant to the right to individual or collective
law.
within the purview of crimes against humanity.
approach. Article 1 of the Charter of the United
self-defence. This was the position adopted -
In future, the ICC can provide an impartial forum
Nations provides the agenda for searching for
though not in unambiguous terms - by the UN
Targeting the overthrow of the Taliban regime as
to try international terrorists. Putting our trust in
such ‘enduring freedom’.
Security Council in its resolutions 1368 (12
such appears to go further than self-defence.
the ICC may, in the long-term, be an additional
September) and 1373 (28 September). The
Nor does the law of self-defence provide a
strategy in combating international terrorism
Nico Schrijver is Professor of International Law
Council only referred to the right of self-defence
licence for victim states to target other states,
and eliminating ‘safe havens’ for terrorists. In
at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the
in a general sense, failing to link it explicitly to
such as those currently referred to by President
addition, the adoption of one comprehensive,
Institute of Social Studies. He can be contacted
the 11 September attacks. Yet, if the words
Bush as the ‘Axis of Evil’, at their whim.
general anti-terrorism convention is desirable to
at schrijver@iss.nl or schrijver@rechten.vu.nl
‘armed attack’ and ‘self-defence’ are to retain
International criminal law has developed
streamline the nearly 20 anti-terrorism conven-
any meaning, there appear to be good reasons
progressively over the past decade, as illustra-
tions on hijacking aircraft and ships, taking
See also Professor Schrijver’s article
to acknowledge that the United States was ves-
ted by the establishment of the ad hoc criminal
hostages and financing terrorism and to ensure
‘Responding to International Terrorism: Moving
ted with a right of self-defence. This right can-
tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda,
a more integrated approach to preventing and
the frontiers of international law for “Enduring
not, however, provide the US and its allies with
and by the adoption of the Statute of Rome for
punishing international terrorism. International
Freedom”?’, in Netherlands International Law
carte blanche to do whatever they think fit. Self-
the establishment of a permanent International
terrorists should no longer be viewed as
Review, vol. 48 (2001), pp. 271-291.
Religion and globalization In Memorium Ton Heijning
Dr Hielke Wolters
Until recently, religion was regarded as a minor
Professor Gerrie ter Haar and Dr James Busuttil
issue in the area of international cooperation and
under the umbrella of the ISS Extraordinary Chair
The ISS recently received the sad news that Ton
development. However, the tensions in world
in Religion, Human Rights and Social Change.
Heijning had passed away on Thursday 21 March,
politics show that the significance of religion and
The seminar will consist of four sessions. The
after a short illness. Ton was 77.
cultural identity cannot so easily be ignored.
first session will analyse the relation between reli-
Sociologists like Manuel Castells even state that
gion and globalization. The second focuses on
globalization is an important factor in the revival
Muslim responses to globalization. The Islamic
of local cultures and religions. In the public de-
University in Rotterdam has been asked to con-
bate religious fundamentalism is attracting much
tribute to this session. The third session deals
attention. Some observers consider religion a
with Christian responses to globalization.
major cause of conflicts. Careful study of the
In the final session a case study will be analysed.
relation between globalization and religion,
In 1999 a number of Christian churches and
de Moor Chair of the Board of Trustees. At that time, the ISS was still at the
however, reveals that reality is much more com-
organizations sent an open letter on globalization
Palace Noordeinde and was busy with the preparations for the move to the
plicated.
to international organizations, including the
Ton Heijning was the Secretary of the Institute and Board of Trustees from October 1974 to 1 January 1986, when he took early retirement at the age of 61. He came to the ISS at the time that Professor Chris van Nieuwenhuijze was Rector and Professor Ruud
Wittebrug premises. Ton would later become manager of the Wittebrug. It was
World Bank and the IMF, and to communities in
also a hectic period with respect to the governance structure of the ISS. In that
For this reason the ISS, in cooperation with the
the rich countries, appealing to them to act
period the statutes and the decision-making structure were reformed and Ton,
Dutch church-based development NGO Oikos,
against the harmful effects of globalization. In
being a lawyer, was very much involved in the process.
is organizing a seminar on religion and globaliza-
June 2002 the Christian churches in Western
tion in April 2002. Oikos (www.stichtingoikos.nl)
Europe will formulate their response to this
Also much appreciated was Ton’s performance for a number of years as
is a research and educational institute that sup-
urgent appeal. What is the meaning and value of
‘Sinterklaas’.
ports campaigns on issues related to internation-
such an appeal and response?
al cooperation and development. One example Those who knew Ton will remember him as a very amiable and modest person. We will all miss him.
is the Jubilee campaign on debt relief. Other
With this seminar the ISS and Oikos hope to gain
issues on which Oikos has specialized knowled-
a deeper insight into the interrelation between
ge are climate and development, and migration.
religion and globalization. Anyone interested is welcome to join.
Hans Opschoor Rector
The seminar on religion and globalization is part of the optional course on Religion, Human
Dr Hielke Wolters is director of Oikos. He can be
Rights and Social Change, organized by
contacted at oikos@stichtingoikos.nl
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ISS ues Interview
An unfinished journey On 31 January, Dr Christine Sylvester gave her Inaugural Address as Professor of Women and Development at the Institute of Social Studies. In the address, entitled Global ‘Development’ Dramaturgies/ Gender Stagings, Dr Sylvester juxtapositioned two major events of late last year – the international wrangling around the Afghan refugees on the Tampa and the 11 September attacks on America – within the context of the ongoing drama of postcolonial migrancy. René Bekius talked to Dr Sylvester about her address, about her work in general and about how it fits in at a development institute like the ISS.
At the end of your Inaugural Address, you
suffering from insufficiencies. There are very few
national business in their minds and another
national relations, there are few women to be
said: ‘I have Pink Panthered my way around
ordinary people either featured or talked to in
languished ignominiously in a ship off Australia
seen. Yet there are women about, too. A whole
the feminist questions in international rela-
development studies – men or women. I’m
with more development-related goals in their
shipload of mainly women sank late last year off
tions and the international questions in
interested in augmenting and transforming
minds. One group did enormous damage and
the coast of the Philippines as its passengers
feminism’. What have been your findings so
development studies and international relations
the other had humiliating damage done to it.
endeavoured to join their husbands stuck in
far on what you call this ‘unfinished jour-
- both beset with state-centrism - by applying
The interesting thing is that both revolved
detention camps in Australia. And that’s another
ney’?
postcolonial gender analysis in creative ways.
around events centred on a developing country
point: women are always ‘tragic’. They’re the
The postcolonial features philosophy, literature,
that is usually at the periphery of International
ones who are skinny and apathetic looking
Well, I don’t really have ‘findings’. I don’t do
and art that answers back to imperial histories
Relations - Afghanistan. During the Cold War
because of malnutrition, they’re the ones drow-
scientific work, I do interpretative work. I have
centred around relations of the ‘great’ colonial
there was a lot more policing of borders than
ning, trying to protect their children, often doing
sightings, sitings and citings of gender in inter-
powers. I’m very interested in the ways people
there is now, so we in International Relations
all the work. The men are out piloting the
national relations and in development studies.
who have historically been the subjects of
and we in Development Studies still don’t have
planes, or whatever the exciting newsworthy
The field of International Relations studies presi-
sufficient tools to ana-lyse the simultaneities,
item might be. When I go looking for women,
dents and soldiers and statesmen. There have
the cascades of people ignoring boundaries.
the tragic is not what I look for because, even
We especially fail to see women on the move
though it is important, there’s an obviousness in
and people, in general, as parties to internation-
it: women as cliché. I’m looking for women who
al development. I think there have been some
have some agency and who are in international
achievements in opening all this international
relations in unanticipated ways. Whether they
activity to view - through developments in
are negotiating with a large NGO at village level
social history, gender studies, postcolonial ana-
for international project aid, or writing imagina-
lysis, feminist International Relations, and popu-
tive literature or poetry about what’s happening
lar culture. I’m happy to be part of a vanguard, I
in their society, or moving around the region or
suppose.
the world in search of a better life.
been no women in the usual sites recorded and very few cited as authorities – unless they hap-
An adult male, in any society,
pen to pop up embarrassingly, like Mata Hari types, or make it to be head of state. The idea that part of relations international could be gender power relations, or could revolve around
is considered a standard human being. The Taliban just made
average, ordinary women doing average and ordinary things has yet to fully dawn on the
that absolutely clear
field. Even to speak of ‘refugees’ is something new, because the focus has been on states. If you are not at the helm of a state or parastate
development aid respond to having their whole
In the first act of your dramaturgy on post-
You recently had a book published by
or a certain type of citizen within one, you have
history described for them, or taken away from
colonial migrancy, you say that ‘not a single
Cambridge University Press, entitled
no legitimacy in international relations.
them. I’m interested in how average everyday
woman was visible’ during media coverage
Feminist International Relations: an un-
This is one of the reasons why the Palestinians
people in places like Zimbabwe formulate ans-
of the Afghan refugee drama on the Tampa.
finished journey. In the book you say that
have been so intent on getting a state, and
wers to the dilemmas they face.
How do you explain the fact that the media
you ‘incline towards postmodern feminism’.
tends to focus on images of men?
What do you understand by postmodern
Israel before them. Yet I have been insisting that there is also gender in international relations
Do you feel that you have made any
and to find it, one may have to sight, site, and
progress in achieving the things you have
Well, of course, there is a lot of stereotyping in
cite people outside the usual statist field of
just been talking about?
the press. But it’s not only in the press, it’s also
Postmodern feminism is sceptical about a lot of
in the academic field. An adult male, in any
the truth claims that come out of the modern
vision. People moving about. People producing.
feminism?
People as characters in art and novels. It is har-
Yes, I do. I hope I have contributed to develo-
society, is considered a standard human being
era: about the capacity of certain technologies
der to do this kind of work than people think.
ping new skills for a new era while also recogni-
and therefore is featured, written about. One
to fix up our lives, about the outcomes of some
Because you are a woman, you don’t necessa-
zing that older patterns are still with us. In inter-
might say that the Taliban just made that abso-
scientific research, about treatments for disea-
rily see gender more easily. Indeed, all of us are
national relations we are now into an era of glo-
lutely clear with its exaggerated laws privileging
ses like cancer, about what is advanced and
trained rigorously not to see gender as an
balization, which means we can’t rest content
males and openly rendering females invisible in
what is not and about who gets to have their
important consideration in international relations.
with simply taking account of parts of the world
flowing garb. The Taliban approach offered a
views recorded and who is neglected. It’s basi-
So I have done things like situate women in the
that interest us (like Europe or Russia), or that
certain interpretation of a larger reality in the
cally sceptical about the idea of progress and
Cuban missile crisis, or I have found women in
seem to be important because they have milita-
world; or, to put it differently, a feminist might
the claims made for it. If we in modern develop-
cooperatives in Zimbabwe, where I have wor-
ry power. As 11 September illustrates, you don’t
say that it was making what is true for most
ment studies really knew what we were doing,
ked for 20 years, dealing with the international
need military power to create a really big mess.
societies patently obvious through an over-
really had it right, then wouldn’t most ‘develo-
as well as the local in their own ways.
Moreover, it is obvious that international rela-
scripting of gender. Across the world men are
ping’ countries be in far better shape than they
tions and development intersect and that we
still supposed to be out hunting, or doing scien-
are today? Instead we are reduced to getting all
need to develop skills at that nexus.
ce or politics or art, while the women are meant
excited about four or five states that have lifted
to be located less obtrusively elsewhere. Not
themselves out of pretty bad situations.
I’ve also taken the field of development studies on theoretically, to see how it has adapted its understanding to changes in the world.
We had two events in August and September of
involved in the high politics of life, not involved
Development studies has traditionally prescri-
2001. One group of internationally migrant tra-
in decision-making. So, not surprisingly, when
bed ‘helpful’ recipes to those states seen as
vellers came to New York with one bit of inter-
you look at movements, or any aspect of inter-
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continued on page 9
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To keep our alumni database up to date we would ask you to send your latest address and contact details to: alumni@iss.nl
ISS ues
Alumni News Alumni News Profile Reflections from the Gambia
Profile Ernest Aubee
Ruben Gowricharn
The ISS offered me my first opportunity to pursue postgraduate
After finishing my MA in sociology of development at the
studies. As I flew from Paris to Amsterdam, some very wild
University of Leiden, I started the MA programme in Economic
thoughts entered my head. Was I going to the right place? How
Planning and Policy (EPP) at the ISS in 1983. I had always
would an agriculture graduate cope in a social science institute?
been interested in economics and the ISS was a golden
Would the rural policy and project planning (RPP) programme add
opportunity to explore it further. At that time I was predomi-
value to my future career path? The plane finally touched down at
nantly interested in Suriname, my country of origin, and more
Schiphol and I was brought back to reality, as I was warmly wel-
specifically in topics like labour economics, industrialization,
comed by my SCHOLAS colleagues. That was the beginning of a
and budgetary and economic policy. The EPP programme did
very important and valuable chapter in my life.
not suit my interests fully, however. Suriname is a small, open micro-economy, and enjoyed a strong foreign exchange position till the first half of the eighties. So
Academic discipline: The introductory seminar was the first indication that the RPP programme
the programme’s emphasis on IMF adjustment policies and foreign exchange constraints were
was not going to be child’s play. Within seven months we covered fifteen courses, ranging from
more or less alien to me. But from the middle of the 1980s, Suriname joined the club of IMF clients
theory to policy and practice. The RPP programme – and I believe this applies to all ISS program-
and the EPP programme paid off.
mes – allowed you to be a free thinker and I soon realised that no one school of thought has all the answers to the problems of poverty and underdevelopment in the world. The ISS also helped
One striking feature feature of the EPP was economic theory. The theories were presented and
me to build my analytical skills, beginning with the logical framework analysis during the rural pro-
dealt with as formal logical constructions, flawed or not, and having desirable and undesirable con-
jects implementation and programme evaluation and continuing during my research work on sesa-
sequences which were derived at logically. The historical or social context was either negligible or
me production in the Gambia. It might sound as though everything was perfect. But we always
totally absent. I missed this dimension in the teaching, perhaps because I was already ‘shaped’ as
complained about the mass of handouts, and the tight deadlines for assignments and presenta-
a sociologist, and it took me a lot of effort to satisfy my curiosity.
tions. We had, however, been given scholarships to come to the ISS, so we should not really complain.
After finishing the EPP II started a PhD programme at the University of Utrecht on the role of the state in the agrarian modernization of Suriname and the impact of this process on the structure of
Hotel de Minstreel: The Hotel de Minstreel, on the seafront at Scheveningen, was my hall of res-
the economy and its growth pattern. This complex research topic was the result of the combination
idence. Set in a tourist paradise, its physical structure was nothing to write home about. However,
of sociology and economics. I completed the PhD in 1990 while I was working as a consultant in
it was a small and diverse community and the atmosphere was always friendly – although some
migrant labour in Rotterdam and as a researcher for the city authorities. In both these jobs I focu-
big-time government economist would always quarrel when it was his turn to clean the kitchen.
sed on the problems of unemployment, including small-scale entrepreneurship, the organization
Peter, the hotel warden, was an elderly man and well-liked by the students. He always told us sto-
and operation of the social security system, the effects of adjustments in the social security sys-
ries about his exploits in the Dutch army.
tem, the performance of the labour market, the formation of an underclass and related issues such as poverty, marginalization and fraud. These activities resulted in a number of publications.
Life after the ISS: On 10 April 1992, I became the proud owner of an ISS postgraduate diploma. After some months in the Gambia, I returned to academia in October, to study for an MSc degree
Gradually I lost touch with economic issues in this field, largely because I was becoming more
in seed technology at the University of Edinburgh. I did my dissertation on the ‘Role of Seeds in
interested in the emergence of an embryonic elite among the major ethnic groups in the
the Farming Systems of Developing countries’. While in Edinburgh, I was proud to be awarded the
Netherlands and the development of the Dutch multicultural society. I wanted to break with the
1993 Bob Griffith Prize for Seed Technology.
developmentalist perspective, in which other groups of people and countries are defined in terms of problems and difficulties. Migrants are also bearers of success, and I found it interesting to
On the work front, I held management positions in the two biggest international non-governmental
research the emergence of an elite and how it is incorporated into the established Dutch elite. To
organizations in the Gambia, with responsibilities including programmes, policy and advocacy, food
this end, I designed and managed ongoing research at the University of Amsterdam, where I was
security, development communication, monitoring and cross-border initiatives. In October 2000, I
employed from 1997 till 2001. This resulted in an edited volume of the Journal of International
was appointed by the UNDP/ILO to lead the Fight Against Social and Economic Exclusion (FASE)
Migration and Integration (JIMI) on the emergence and incorporation of minority elites in Western
Project. This is a three-year project with 21 professional and support staff. The ISS training contri-
democracies (2001). Part of my shift in focus from underclass to elite formation consisted of an
buted a great deal to my career advancement, as I have put much of what I learnt to practical use
increased involvement in public debates on the multicultural society. For these efforts I received the
in the Gambia.
Damsko-so-mi-tan-Award from the Surinamese and Antillean communities in 1989, and exactly ten years later, the Dutch Media Prize.
In the Gambia, I serve on a number of boards/committees dealing with poverty, food security, education, microenterprise and the private sector. In December 2001, I was appointed Chairman of the
Since 1999 I have been a scientific advisor at the Verwey-Jonker Institute in Utrecht, which focuses
Board of Governors of the Gambia Technical Training Institute. I have a wife and two sons, Ola
on research to foster emancipation and to strengthen socially weak groups. During this same
(7 years) and Jeggan (5 years) who I hope will one day go to the ISS to study when I am an old man.
period, I have extended my interest of multicultural societies with transnational communities. Since January 2002, I have been professor of social cohesion and transnational studies at the University
Ernest Aubee can be contacted at: ilo@qanet.gm
of Brabant in Tilburg. This transnational dimension enables me to keep in touch with development issues, both in the West and in the less developing world. Ruben Gowricharn can be contacted at rgow@xs4all.nl
Rectification In the Alumni News in Development Issues Vol 3, no. 3, we reported that Rhoda Reddock did her MA in Women and Development while at the ISS. Rhoda informs us that her Masters specialization was in fact Comparative Development Studies. She was active in developing the MA in Women and Development and taught during the first and second years of the programme.
5
D
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ISS ues 50 years of the ISS
Crucial Years: 1986-1990 Dirk J. Wolfson Now it is my turn to write about the past, present and future of the ISS. The second half of the 1980s was a time of fundamental transition for the Institute. It started with the decision by the minister of education that the ISS and the other hitherto independent institutes for international education should merge with the general university system, to maximize the cross-fertilization of expertise, and to economize on overheads. At the same time, in a tactful gesture to win our support, the minister cut our budget. A nice jump-start for a new rector. Coming from the university system
It took Frans Koopman, our able
same reason, the universities, uppity
company on offer – a beautiful buil-
days of my rectorate. From the (now
myself, and knowing how fed up the
managing director, and myself years
as ever, were unhappy with what
ding in a choice location on the
safe) distance of the Board of
minister was with the endless belly-
of continuous pressure to finally get it
they saw as an upgrading of the
Zalmhaven. I figured, however, that
Supervisors, I see a strong and vib-
aching with which universities pro-
scrapped (which shows that the
upstart ISS. So we had to drive a
the staff and student body would
rant ISS, and that makes me feel
tracted negotiations with the ministry,
minister was not all that malleable
hard bargain. I am forever grateful to
lynch me if we were to move from
proud.
I decided on a surprise strategy: ‘Yes
after all). What I really appreciated,
minister Jo Ritzen – now vice-presi-
The Hague. But then Mayor
minister, we’ll do that, sir. Of course,
was that he came up with the two
dent for education at the World Bank
Havermans of The Hague came to
And tomorrow? The ISS has a great
sir. Splendid idea. There are, how-
million guilders for networking
– for putting the universities in their
my rescue, by changing the zoning
future. In the world as it is, after 9/11,
ever, four minor things that you will
straightaway. We used it to organize
place and changing the law in our
regulations, and development minis-
a centre of excellence for economic
want to settle first, to ensure speedy
a broad programme of research
favour, knowing that the ISS deser-
ter Jan Pronk paid up, and we were
development and cultural change is
implementation of your policy: drop
seminars with colleagues from the
ved it and could handle it, and reali-
able to buy our present building,
needed more than ever, not just as a
the budget cut, give us two million
university network, believing - it was,
zing how important this was for our
opposite the gardens of the Royal
centre of learning, but first and fore-
guilders (around 900,000 euros) extra
after all, the 1980s - that making love
position as an international centre of
Palace. Speaking of choice loca-
most as a meeting place where
to network with universities, change
before marriage would cement the
excellence in development studies.
tions…
young professionals from all over the
the law so that we can have our own
relationship. And I am very proud of
PhD programme and, lastly, give us
the love child that came of that colla-
What else? Towards the end of my
How about the present? All in all, it
respect, trust and enjoy each other’s
five years to prepare for a federation,
boration: the CERES research
rectorate, the lovely ISS building at
has taken fifteen years for the ISS to
company. I apologize for being so
not a merger, because a federation is
school, in which the ISS cooperates
the Witte Brug was condemned, the
forge a sustainable relationship with
vainglorious as to present my own
what you really mean, of course. Five
with five universities in providing PhD
roof beyond repair. Unable to gener-
the university system, but last year,
years at the ISS as crucial. For all of
years really is very fast when you
education.
ate a sense of urgency at the ministry
Rector Hans Opschoor was able to
us involved in development, all years
compare it to how long it takes the
world can get together and learn to
or at The Hague City Hall, I decided
announce our formal engagement
are crucial. Let the ISS, as an institu-
general university system to adapt,
The conception of CERES and the
to increase the pressure and started
with Utrecht University, ten years
te for economic development and
don’t you think?’
need for our own PhD programme
a flirtation with the city authorities in
after the then Rector of Utrecht, Jos
cultural change, develop and change
were closely interlinked. Without our
Rotterdam. But I almost got caught
van Ginkel (now President of the
forever!
Much to my surprise, the strategy
own PhD, the universities would not
with my pants down. Within weeks,
United Nations University in Tokyo),
worked, more or less. Getting rid of
take us seriously and treat us, at
Rotterdam had the former head of-
and I started dating, signing a first
Dirk J. Wolfson was Rector of the ISS
the budget cut was the hardest part.
best, as a junior partner. For the
fice of the P&O/Nedlloyd shipping
cooperation agreement in the final
from 1986 to 1990
A Cultural Kaleidoscope at the ISS Expressions of culture in many shapes and forms have always been given special attention at the ISS. After all, the many different cultures
ISS ‘in-crowd’, but to attract an audience from
in the year. The term multicultural cuisine does
outside the Institute to achieve an even broader
not even begin to describe the culinary adven-
cultural exchange.
ture on which we will all embark on that day. Let
represented at the Institute provide us with a wonderful platform for
us just say that our taste buds will be challenMany alumni and former staff of the institute will
ged…!
have fond memories of International Day, when
It all promises to be a special year for cultural
the world. A platform where people meet and literally exchange culture…
the exchange of cultures reaches a peak. The
exchange in many different ways. The richness
from gumboot dancers from South Africa to Chinese classical music.
exhibitions, the food market and, of course, the
of all the cultures represented at the ISS will be
musical performances, theatre, exhibitions, etc. by artists from all over
Performance Night can always count on a
highlighted in an unprecedented way. We are
The artists themselves find it very challenging to be performing in front
warm reception by the audience, in a presenta-
looking forward to making the celebration of the
of such a diverse and usually very responsive audience.
tion which is unique in the world…! Where else
Institute’s 50th anniversary a celebration of our
can you attend such an eclectic show with per-
cultural diversity, our kaleidoscope of cultures!
formers from over 30 countries with such a On the occasion of the 50 th Anniversary of the
tries, music from Suriname, an art exhibition
ISS, a cultural committee has been established
from Bolivia, music from Costa Rica, visits to
which has put together an elaborate program-
museums and many other events. A special
For this anniversary year, International Day will
me of cultural events for this special year.
lecture programme has been drawn up, where
be celebrated on two occasions. First, there will
Information on the cultural activities during the
Throughout 2002, the programme will show-
distinguished speakers will present their views
an open day with exhibitions and displays from
Anniversary year can be obtained from Martin
case classical Indian music, jazz from South
on culture and diversity.
the many countries represented here. The food
Blok at blok@iss.nl
Africa, spoken word artists from different coun-
The programme aims not only to entertain the
market will be organized on a second day, later
wide range of cultural expressions?
Martin Blok Chair ISS Cultural Committee
5 0 Ye a r s o f t h e I S S w i l l b e c o n t i n u e d i n t h e n e x t D e v e l o p m e n t I S S u e s 6
D
E V E L O P M E N T
ISS ues SCHOLAS
Sustainable Development Discussion Group
‘Let there be no action (contrary to nature) and there will be nothing that will not be well regulated.’ Tao Te Ching
Maribel Sinfonte Sustainable development is an idea that stretches back for centuries. It is
development, its implications for the South and
public seminars open to the entire ISS commu-
its viability, through the exchange of ideas, rea-
nity. The first was introduced by Hans
dings, seminars, and lectures by ISS staff,
Opschoor, who re-read his inaugural speech;
various tribes in Africa, and some of the earliest civilizations in the Fertile
audiovisual presentations, field trips and facili-
the second was a very interesting presentation
Crescent, amongst others. Only recently has the idea been ‘rediscovered’
tating attendance by SDDG members at
by Sasha Charney from Nature Conservancy,
events and international conferences on sustai-
an NGO working with local communities in the
nable development.
Watersheds of Ecuador.
The SDDG idea is motivated by its members’
The SDDG is also supporting the Environ-
interest in self-study, using the possibilities the
mental Committee in its efforts to make the ISS
ISS and the Netherlands can offer in the terms
a more environmental friendly institute, such as
a complex topic that was practised by the ancient Chinese, the Incas,
and it is slowly being incorporated into modern day life. As institutions and governments begin to look at ways of becoming more sustainable, it will be important to gain a true understanding of what sustainable development is and what it has been through the ages.
of knowledge of the environment and sustaina-
educating students on recycling, implementing
The sustainable development concept is
and environmental degradation have not yet
ble development. The SDDG aims to create a
a campus-wide plan to reduce, reuse and
based on equal access to development for
become regular features in the curriculum. As
space for the participants to expose them-
recycle, and replacing disposable plastic cof-
present and future generations. Using this
more and more institutions are adopting ‘envi-
selves to critical sustainable development
fee cups with reusable mugs.
definition as a guideline, a group of participants
ronmental thinking’, the SDDG hopes that the
thinking and the current debate on major envi-
from across the ISS majors and a number of
ISS will also start moving in that direction.
ronmental concerns.
staff members have created a Sustainable
Because environmental degradation is such a
Development Discussion Group (SDDG).
critical issue for many developing countries, it
Activities
ment will take root at the ISS and eventually be
Currently the group consists of about 15 parti-
is imperative that the ISS introduces these
The sessions will consist of audiovisual presen-
a key component in the curriculum so students
cipants and 2 staff members.
topics to students. This will not only help edu-
tations, structured lectures, discussion works-
will return to their home countries with a clear
Even though the SDDG is still taking shape, it hopes that the idea of sustainable develop-
cate students on issues of sustainability, but
hops, and visits to bodies concerned with
idea of how to incorporate environmental awa-
Environmental problems such as pollution, the
will help to avoid complacency towards envi-
sustainable development, such as the Dutch
reness and the potential of sustainable deve-
depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiver-
ronmental problems. It is also important to exa-
environment ministry and non-governmental
lopment.
sity, land degradation, deforestation and decli-
mine the criticism of sustainable development
organizations.
ning environmental quality have gained unpre-
and analyse new ideas in the field.
cedented recognition worldwide. Although the
Maribel Sinfonte is a participant in the MA Although the group was only set up at the end
programme Politics of Alternative Development
ISS as an institute focuses on development,
The main objectives of the SDDG include dis-
of last year, in order to raise awareness among
Strategies (PADS). She can be contacted at
the group feels that sustainable development
cussions of the core concept of sustainable
the students we have already organized two
pad0125@iss.nl
ORPAS Project News
Innovative Methods of Urban Governance In its first project in Russia and its largest yet in any of the countries in transition, the ISS is cooperating with a number of academic institutions in Siberia to improve urban governance in the region. The project, which started in December 2001, will run until March 2004.
Novosibirsk is the capital of the Siberian
is still a top-down and departmental city admi-
This implies a redefinition of the role of the city
and innovative forms of cooperation and con-
federal okrug, which unites 16 Russian regions.
nistration and decision-making regime, which
administration, and active participation of the
sultation. The combination of international
The city is a major transport and trade hub for
is inflexible and insensitive to social innovation
private sector, citizens’ organizations and the
experience and expertise, and knowledge of
Russia. At the same time it is beset by pro-
and has no tradition of balancing the interests
media in urban management processes. The
the situation in Russia will lead to innovative
blems that reduce the urban quality of
of different social groups. Parallel to the vertical
project entails elaboration and implementation
tools and technologies for urban management,
Novosibirsk and negatively affect the everyday
administration, there is a process of monopoly-
of a teaching and training curriculum at the
including improved communication, coopera-
life of its citizens, such as poor infrastructure
building and concentration of power and infor-
Novosibirsk State Academy of Economics and
tion and partnerships. We also expect it to be
and technical, social and cultural services.
mation. Graft and corruption are the logical
Management and other academic institutions
the basis of original research and joint publica-
Some of these problems are caused by the
consequences.
in the Siberian region. A core group of trainers
tions.
fact that the city is in a transitional period in
will be trained, while practitioners’ courses are
which old methods of urban administration are
Redefining the role of city administration
to be given and new teaching methods and
For more information, please contact Veronica
no longer viable and effective, while new ones
This project, financed by the Dutch gover-
materials are being developed in an interactive
Goussachenko at vego@iss.nl
have yet to be introduced. The problems are
nment through its MATRA programme, is
way with academic institutions, urban gover-
aggravated by the large and sparsely popula-
attempting to strengthen the capacity of urban
nance agencies and civil society organizations.
ted city territory, a run-down infrastructure, and
governance in Novosibirsk and other Siberian
The main target of the curriculum development
lack of coordination between the planning and
cities by introducing new methods of urban
is to familiarize the actors involved with new
administrative branches of government. There
management within an enabling framework.
tasks, responsibilities, styles of governance
7
D
E V E L O P M E N T
ISS ues Crosscutting themes
Sustainable Development in Teaching, Training and Research at the ISS M. A. Mohamed Salih Together with poverty reduction and gender, the environment - and sustainable development in particular - is a crosscutting theme at the ISS. In the first of three articles looking at these themes, Mohamed Salih describes how sustainable development has been mainstreamed into the Institute’s teaching, training and research programmes.
Very few institutes concerned with
neered to augment. Likewise, some
cularly during the early 1990s, a
also taught at MA level.
Economics of Sustainable
development studies have escaped
of the social forces behind sustaina-
number of courses relating to sustai-
These courses are supported by a
Development (SG1) and Rural
the tidal wave of sustainable deve-
ble development are equally critical
nable development were introduced
large number of related subjects,
Development, Environment and
lopment debate and teaching. Many
and at times unruly – anti-capitalism,
focusing on at least four major
including cost-benefit analysis, pop-
Population Studies (SG2). Research
in fact found in sustainable develop-
anti-free trade, and anti-globalization.
sustainable development concerns:
ulation, natural resources manage-
on gender and the environment and
ment, economic policy reforms,
women and sustainable develop-
decentralization and empowerment,
ment is focused in Human
to mention but a few.
Resources and Local Development
ment a glimmer of hope in the midst of otherwise depressing conventional
It is not surprising therefore that the
development outcomes and the dim
socio-political and economic context
prospects for more than a billion
of destructive development has pro-
The courses under this sub-theme
poor across the globe.
duced the very dynamics that heral-
included sustainable development
Sustainable development training
ment politics, policies, institutions
• Theoretical, political and critical perspectives
(SG3) and on sustainable develop-
ded the prominence of sustainable
theories, concepts and strategies,
and research
and legal instruments in States,
Sustainable development - a vision
development as a field for teaching,
political ecology, and gender con-
The ISS has produced a large quanti-
Societies and World Development
of development subjected to social
training and research. The ISS was
flicts and sustainable development,
ty of high-quality publications on sus-
(SG4). These research groups also
justice, environmental preservation
no exception in seeking to engage
taught at MA level. Some aspects of
tainable development and sustaina-
operate in tandem with the Research
and regeneration - was an enticing
sustainable development concepts
environmental justice and global
ble development research. At MA
School for Resource Studies for
prospect, but a complex, controver-
and strategies. This was inspired by
advocacy are also taught at diploma
level, a considerable number of stu-
Development (CERES).
sial and an elusive endeavour.
a number of factors. First, born in the
level.
dents have been able to use the
Likewise, although narrow concep-
optimistic early years of development
tions of sustainable development are
studies and the developing countries’
not uncommon, the concept is too
urge to press ahead with accelerated
large to be captured by a single
development, the ISS - like many
social or natural scientific discipline.
other international education institu-
As a crosscutting issue, sustainable development questions the efficacy
knowledge acquired through class-
Policy and advisory research is con-
room teaching in Research Paper
ducted under the auspices the Office
dissertations, with diverse perspecti-
of Research, Projects and Advisory
These courses are concerned with
ves, in-depth and critical commenta-
Services (ORPAS), which has imple-
environmental policy instruments and
ry on local, national, regional and glo-
mented more than 30 long-term pro-
tions - was not in a position to ques-
institutions, and the economics of
bal sustainable issues. This is also
grammes of cooperation with over-
tion the dangerous liaison between
sustainable development. At MA
reflected in the publication of PhD
seas institutions and hundreds of
of fragmentation and separation and
the destructive nature and the non-
level two courses are instructive:
theses completed by ISS students
assignments for around 40 client
encourages cooperation between
sustainability of the environmental life
sustainable growth and human deve-
over the past 16 years.
organizations, involving a total of
disciplines, institutions and sectors. It
support system. Second, due to its
lopment, and aspects of economic
is these qualities that made sustain-
proximity to developing countries,
growth and sustainable develop-
The major sustainable development
tion countries. The main objective of
able development the antithesis of
the ISS’s geopolitical constituency
ment, both of which are part of the
perspectives researched by staff and
these advisory research and acade-
conventional development thinking.
consists of locations where most
Economics of Development (ECD)
PhD students include the following:
mic research projects is capacity
Professionals who engage in con-
destructive development takes place,
programme.
• Gender and the environment
building in the field of international
ventional development practice
coupled with the absence of tangible
• Environmental and resource
development. Due to the primacy of
venomously resist the ideals enshri-
signs of poverty reduction. Third, as
ned in sustainable development
a bridge for South-North understan-
ethos and practice.
ding, the ISS has historically advan-
In the past the ISS offered courses
ced standpoints critical of mainstre-
on international environmental law
Sustainable development research
am debate on global issues, inclu-
and on environment and develop-
and teaching in any institution of lear-
ding agenda-setting, negotiation and
ment in world politics at diploma
• Environmental anthropology
In short, given the diversity of specia-
ning should be conceived with a
implementation, while continuing to
level. Two of the new diploma pro-
• Environmental movements
lization, teaching capabilities,
clear awareness of the negative con-
build capacities to improve develop-
grammes are concerned with inter-
sequences of countless incidents of
ment performance and taking sides
national law and sustainable deve-
• International environmental law
sibilities, the sustainable develop-
destructive development. Although
with the disfranchised communities
lopment and managing rural resour-
• Local environmental change
ment potential of the ISS is greater
sustainable development holds high-
in the world. Fourth, the majority of
ces and resource conflicts.
er ethical and moral ground than
ISS students are from developing
conventional development, its tenets
countries and the Institute has pro-
are no less conflictual. Like conven-
portionately more international staff
tional development, sustainable
than the average Dutch University.
development has in some instances
• Integration of environment into economic policy
• Global environmental governance and legal instruments
more than 60 developing and transi-
economics • Sustainable development policy and institutions • Natural resource management
management Prominent among the courses taught at the ISS is the one on sustainable
and ethics, none of these activities can afford to work outside its premises.
and conflicts
and politics
and society • Environmental impacts of
• Environment and natural resource
sustainable development paradigm
development • Women and sustainable
research orientation and training pos-
than what the Institute actually offers. Opportunities for a Major and policyspecific training programmes are real and well within the grasp of the ISS.
development • Environmental governance
Mohamed Salih is Professor of
been greeted with collective resist-
Sustainable development teaching
development policy and public
ance and armed conflicts, for instan-
Sustainable development teaching at
action, which is part of the Agri-
• Environmental and human security
ce in the case of ecofascism and aut-
the ISS coincided with the rise of the
culture and Rural Development (ARD)
• Pastoral resource competition
horitarian conservation. Conventional
multilateral environmental movement
programme. Courses on economic,
development produced the social
during the early 1970s although it did
social and environmental project
These sub-themes are also reflected
ment at the ISS, see the SCHOLAS
forces that have resisted it and shat-
not develop then into a full institution-
analysis and world economy, rural
in the research orientations of the
article on the Sustainable Develop-
tered the very hopes that it was engi-
al identity. A decade later, and parti-
livelihood and the environment are
four staff groups, particularly
ment Discussion Group on page 7.
8
and institutions
Politics of Development at the ISS. He can be contacted at salih@iss.nl For more on sustainable develop-
D
E V E L O P M E N T
ISS ues continued from page 4
An unfinished journey
Postmodern analysis tends to look at how we
tain resource allocations and capabilities. They
have constructed our world view and how that
are rarely the ones investing in the stockmarket,
construction shapes what we can see, know,
say, or who are privy to a lot of the decisionma-
can be and can do – in the corporate world, in
king going on in government, although they are
economics, with respect to gender relations, in
affected by it.
international relations, in health care and so on. The postmodern approach comes down to an
Yet these people are also not just victims. There
examination of the assumptions underlying-
are very clever ways in which people evade and
ways we have represented ourselves and
resist and solve problems and I’m interested in
others, and a search to include within scholar-
these aspects of development. Part of the
ship and practice the people we have relegated
postmodern approach to development is to
to the sidelines of sustainable development,
ask: how do people evade being what they’re
poverty reduction, modern development,
meant to be? How do kids who find a gun
grassroots development. Postmodern research
thrust in their hands, instructed to go and kill
does not always come up with ‘findings,’ but it
people, get out of that? There are instances of women in Africa, for example, who don’t want or need any more children and who hide their
If we really knew what we were doing, wouldn’t most ‘developing’ countries be in far better shape than they are?
birth control pills in the food supplies – so their men don’t find out. There is a shared problematic of certain groups
You refer a great deal to art and literature in
How do you think the ISS could better
of people habitually being outside information
your work. How do you integrate these into
respond to the new demands of the era of
and capability loops in their own societies and
gender studies?
globalization?
who don’t log on to the Internet to get their
Well, art is a site of international gender rela-
I am hoping it will launch an initiative on conflict
now in the globalizing world. They’re the ones information or nip down to the shops in their
tions. I’ve always been very interested in art,
and development. One of the things you study
does come up with spaces and interpretations
cars. But they just might be mobilizing tradition-
but only in the past 10 years or so have I taken
when you are trained in International Relations
and narratives – and people! And postmodern
al methods of conservation quite effectively.
feminism is sceptical about women, about the
They might be working out an unconventional
existence of women as an authentic identity,
entrepreneurial scheme. What happens when
because when you think you are talking to a
you are outside the loop of what is a fast-
woman, what you are doing is reading gender
moving, fast information-transmitting world and
off her body. She may not feel like a woman;
yet inside it in terms of the ways you adjust to
is conflict. In fact, the core of the field is the study of war. In development studies conflict If you are not in the information/education loop, your ability to get into
has often been alluded to but not directly analysed, until recently. Often the underlying assumption has been that conflict in a development setting is transient rather than intractable.
she may be feeling something else altogether.
life? If you are not in the information/ education
the material loop
While I was studying gender and work in
loop, your ability to get into the material loop
might be affected.
Zimbabwe, I asked people who look like
might be affected - but not necessarily in ways
conflict and war – to say nothing about the
women: Are you women? Often they would
we think.
structural forms of violence that affect the daily
reply that they were, but in some ways they did
insights from my hobby into my work. Once I
But of course, particularly since the end of the Cold War, we’ve been in a period of incessant
lives of women even in peaceful settings.
not want be women. They were really tired of
Women and Development is one of the
started to do so, a whole new world opened up
being women because of the way women are
three crosscutting themes at the ISS,
to me. I found myself writing, on how the
Development is occurring in situations of con-
configured in their society. When I interviewed
together with environment and poverty
United States promoted abstract impressionist
flict, and we cannot understand why certain
150 members of the international overseas aid
reduction. In what way could these themes
art during the Cold War as a counter to the
development approaches do or do not work if
community in Zimbabwe and 400 ‘women’
be better integrated into the Institute’s four
socialist realist art of the Soviet Union. Abstract
we don’t understand the context. Look at
across four economic sectors, I found that you
main programmes?
expressionism was very virile, gendered art,
Zimbabwe today: development efforts have
large-scale, sweeping and brash. And although
come to a crashing halt; there is incessant con-
To integrate is to mainstream gender issues.
average viewers in any country dislike abstract
flict, bad governance, bad economics, bad
The idea is that instead of having separate
art, especially in the United States, it was inte-
public policy. Conflict seems ubiquitous there.
So I concluded that it’s not surprising certain
departments in government, or separate gen-
resting to discover agencies like the CIA finan-
development projects might fail: the women
der offices in NGOs, or separate programmes,
cing the new virility of an American abstract art
So I’m interested in issues of conflict and deve-
they are intended for are not the same ‘women’
gender runs through all the programmes. Now
abroad (even funnier when we recall that
lopment and, being in the gender programme,
who are receiving a project. That is a post-
that’s easier said than done. It’s difficult to get
Jackson Pollock had Communist leanings).
I want to take a gender angle on it. I’m encou-
modern understanding of the problem, whereas
people to take on new missions if these don’t
We can also see running through art a whole
raging the ISS to look further, though, towards
a modern understanding would say: ‘all right
interest them or seem to have a payoff. There
international relations of culture and perspec-
a Masters in conflict and development, be-
let’s go and talk to the women’ and just walk
has to be an incentive structure for main-
tive - as in what is considered ‘primitive art’
cause I can’t think of an instance anywhere in
over and talk to people that look like women,
streaming. The World Bank, for example, has
(historical crafts of Africa and Oceania), how are
the world where there isn’t conflict occurring
under the assumption that they are authentic
decided to make its departments accountable
women depicted in art, who gets to have exhi-
while development is being attempted too. It’s
women and therefore must have a woman’s
for mainstreaming gender issues. As far as I
bitions and who doesn’t (Pollock had many
messy and complex and the problem is how to
point of view.
know that hasn’t yet happened here at the ISS.
more than his artist wife, Lee Krasner, for
factor that into development. So I’m very inte-
We coax and cajole, and that’s a problem
instance). Through analyses of what I call ‘art
rested in seeing that we get that programme off the ground.
could a drive lorry through the gaps between what the two groups understood as ‘women.’
because it’s hard for other programmes to be
diplomacy,’ a part of the field that has never
What problems confront women in develo-
sensitive to something they may not know
been revealed before suddenly appears in all its
ping countries in the 21st century?
much about, and it’s hard to find the time to
gender ‘splendour.’
learn more about it. I think it’s an organizational Women, but also children, and other minorities
problem that requires more thinking about
of some sort or another share the problem of
implementation.
Christine Sylvester can be contacted at sylvester@iss.nl
being located outside or at the margins of cer-
9
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ISS ues
STAFF News
Profiles José Cuesta
Marlene Buchy
Dr José Cuesta joined the ISS as Lecturer in Development
Dr Marlene Buchy joined the ISS as Lecturer in Rural
Economics in February 2002.
Development, Environment and Population Studies on
Professional background: I gained gained a BSc in Economics
1 December 2001
at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain, in 1994, having spent
Professional background: I have a background in development
the previous year at the University of Warwick, UK, working
studies (PhD in Laboratoire Tiers Mondes, Paris) and in tropical
alongside Professor Tony Addison. At Warwick, I discovered
forestry (Montpellier). For the last nine years, I have worked in
development economics, in which I obtained an MSc degree at
Natural Resource Management-related departments in the UK
Oxford University in 1995. The topic of my Masters dissertation,
and Australia, looking mainly at participatory approaches
which was supervised by Professor E.V.K. Fiztgerald, was
and gender and the environment. With my forestry specialization,
‘Human Development and the Role of FDI in the 1980s’. I was awarded the Bank of Spain
I have looked more closely at forestry-related issues in India, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea (in the
Scholarship for Graduate Studies and joined the PhD programme at Oxford University. My
context of research, consultancies and supervision) but I have a broader interest in conservation,
research elaborated on social policies, the household and the distribution of incomes in Chile.
conflict resolution in the context of NRM and the social impacts of the implementation of the
During my fieldwork in Santiago de Chile, I was a visitor at Universidad de Chile, and the
Kyoto protocol.
Economic Development Department of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. I was also a consultant on social protection in Argentina and Chile for the World Bank in 1999. After I completed my PhD in 2000, I served one year as research officer for the United
Dan Smit
Nations Development Programme at the Honduran Country Office. My areas of interest are the
Dr Dan Smit joined the ISS as Associate Professor of Urban
economics of poverty and inequality, labour markets and social protection, intrahousehold econo-
Management and Governance on 1 September 2001.
mics, Latin America in general and Central America, in particular. At present I am conducting
Professional background: I am an urban planner by back-
research on the distributive impact of export liberalization in Honduras, and on the links between
ground and have ten years in academia and ten years in deve-
democracy and economics in Central America.
lopment practice. I have substantial development implementa-
Main interests and hobbies: I have many interests, but I cannot do without an intriguing novel,
tion experience including the 225 million euro Cato Manor
generously seasoned Thai cuisine, a well-aged rioja vintage, jazz sessions by Miles Davies, Herbie
Project in Durban. I was also the Executive Director of the
Hankock, or Ella FitzGerald, and above all, good company.
Metropolitan Housing Department in Durban, which builds 17,000 low-income houses a year.
George Tsogas
Main hobbies: Coaching soccer teams. (I am a former professional player and was a tactical
Dr George Tsogas joined the ISS as Senior Lecturer in Human
advisor to the national soccer coach in South Africa in the mid-1990s). I also read novels for
Resource Management on 1 July 2001
escape.
Nationality: Greek and British
Favourite food: A carnivore I’m afraid. T-bone steak and chips.
Professional background: PhD (London) in Industrial Relations,
Positive character traits: I am confident and get on with people.
MA (Rutgers) in Labour Studies, BSc (Crete) Production &
Negative character traits: Forgetful and absent-minded, and I struggle with the details of
Management Engineering.
everyday life.
Research interests: labour standards in trade,
Things to be enjoyed in life: All of it. But red wine is worth a special mention.
corporate social responsibility, international & comparative industrial relations. Main hobbies: antiques & travelling Favourite food: seafood and chocolate cakes Positive character traits: listening and understanding Negative character traits: impatient Things to be enjoyed in life: companionship & friendship
Welcome new staff
Congratulations
Marie Louise Gambon, Secretary to the Executive Office. Email: gambon@iss.nl
Dr Karin Arts has been promoted to Associate Professor of International Law and Development
Marianne Hahn, Personnel Assistant to the Head of Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
(per 1 January 2002). Email: arts@iss.nl
(per 1 January 2002). Email: hahn@iss.nl
Dr Hotze Lont, Post-doc researcher in the ISS-KNAW project ‘Coping with the economic crisis in
Thierry van Hövell tot Westerflier, Project Leader Development Fundraising, Executive Office
Indonesia’, successfully defended his PhD thesis on ‘Juggling Money in Yogyakarta: Financial
(per 1 January 2002). Email: vhovell@iss.nl
Self-Help Organizations and the Quest for Security’ at the University of Amsterdam. Email:
Dr D. Zarkov, Senior Lecturer Women and Development, Staff Group III (per 1 July 2002)
lont@iss.nl Dr Joao Guimaraes successfully defended his PhD thesis on: ‘A Landscape of Contracts: the
Staff leaving
organization and impact of shrimp culture in southwest Bangladesh’ on 27 March at the University
Aurora Galindo, Lecturer in Political Economy, Staff Group III (per 1 March 2002)
of Utrecht. Email: guimaraes@iss.nl
Fiona Gabriel van de Linde, Administrative Assistant Public Relations and Promotions, Executive
Professor M. Salih has been appointed Professor of Political Science of Developing Countries at
Office
the University of Leiden, to which he is affiliated from the ISS.
René Hehemann, Senior Administrative Assistant, Office of Research, Projects and Advisory Services
Professor Rob Vos has been appointed Professor of Development Economics at the Free
Sarah Moodley, Assistant Editor, Development and Change (per 1 April 2002)
University Amsterdam to which he is affiliated from his position with the ISS.
Dr Frits Wils, Associate Professor of Sociology, Staff Group III (per 1 December 2001)
10
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ISS ues
continued from page 1
What Good is Globalization for Developing Countries?
Professor Gunning’s second point was that glo-
sufficient to put their failure down to bad poli-
large part, said professor Gunning - you cannot
balization doesn’t just happen, it’s a policy
cies: this implies that they are less intelligent
do much about that. But you can do something
choice. And the most important lesson from
than those of us who pursue ‘good policies’.
about policy. He expressed his doubts about
history is that these
Taking up Professor Gunning’s example of
increasing equality, but reiterated that, even if
choices matter a great deal. This issue of
China, he admitted that some people in China,
inequality is increasing, it comes back to policy
choice was to be become a recurrent theme
perhaps 10-20%, were better off but said that
choices. He used Africa to illustrate this point.
throughout the debate.
a lot more were worse off. So while we’re
Profitability is very high in many sectors in
breaking down aggregates like North and
Africa, but investment is low. This, he said, is
As the discussion moved to the floor, there
South, let’s break down countries, too. The
difficult to reconcile with Professor Wallerstein’s
were calls to define globalization more clearly
question is whether, within the structure of the
theory of the capitalist economy and neoliberal
and Professor Wallerstein’s claim that it was not
world capitalist economy, there has been any
economics, which would have investors
a useful term was challenged. Surely the unpre-
fundamental change. Generally speaking,
clamouring to get to Africa to invest. That is not
cedented impact of recent technological deve-
Professor Wallerstein concluded, 20% of the
happening because of policy regimes that deter
lopments, especially in transport and communi-
world’s population does quite well under the
investors.
cations, constituted a sea change? Professor Wallerstein replied that, of course technology transforms things, but does it change the basic structure? Telegraph, he said, had in its time
Professor Wallerstein replied by saying that There is hope. And hope lies in
been heralded with the same rhetoric as the computer or the Internet.
politicians are constrained from all sides, by the necessity to get into or stay in power, so they
Professor Jan Willem Gunning
respond to all kinds of internal and external the capacity to make choices
In response to a question about the declining state of Africa, Professor Wallerstein said that
pressures. But capitalists are different. If they
ference. That is what the ISS can do: convey to
can make money, they’ll do it. This made him
people that they have a choice. Before dealing
sceptical about all these unfulfilled opportuni-
with the issue of hope and choice, Professor
ties. Increased inequality and polarization, he
Wallerstein refuted Wade’s notion of zones of
this was because, around 1970, the global eco-
present system and 80% does not. And that
said, is a reality. And again he disagreed
peace and turmoil. There are, he said, no zones
nomy moved from a Kondratieff A period to a B
has not changed in the past twenty years.
strongly that this is the result of bad policy
of peace. Conflict is increasing everywhere. The
period. During A periods, everyone does well,
Professor Gunning came straight back, saying
decisions. It may be, he said, the consequence
capitalist world economy is in crisis and he was
but not everyone goes down during a B period.
that there had been real changes. 50% of the
of very wise decisions by people in power. That
rather gloomy about the prospects for the
Africa, unfortunately, did. He also agreed with
world’s population now lived in countries with
has been the way for a very long time and glo-
coming 20 years or so. Hope, he said, can be a
the same commentator that the words mean
growth rates of 5% per capita. And as far as
balization is pushing us further in that direction.
dangerous thing. It can lead to illusions and
very little to Africans trying to survive on a daily
China was concerned, people were being lifted
Polarization is the fundamental reality of the
that can lead to disillusion. Progress is not in-
basis, that you cannot develop Africa or any-
out of poverty at an unprecedented rate. This,
capitalist world economy and you can’t explain
evitable, only possible, and history is not on
where else with slogans. Globalization, he re-
he said, was ‘the biggest historical event of the
it away by foolishness. Like Professor Gunning,
anyone’s side. But he did believe in choice.
iterated, means nothing, while development is
20th century’. Professor Wallerstein countered
he was unsure about how to address the
Free will and determinism are not opposites,
misleading. It implies that one country can
by saying that the former Soviet bloc grew at
question of institutions, but said that best con-
they are cyclical. When systems are bubbling
replicate the achievements of another by a
around 9 or 10% for a good 25 years before it
tribution the ISS and other academic institu-
along nicely, there is little opportunity to make
series of correct policy decisions. This does not
went into decline in the 1970s.
tions can make is to provide their participants
a real difference. But now, as the system wob-
with lucidity about real historical alternatives.
bles, we have reached a moment of relative
take into account that all countries are a part of world system and that there is no room in the
Globalization and worldwide inequality
system for them all to develop.
Introducing the second round of the debate,
Less talk, more hope
it is not a matter of choices made by gover-
Wil Hout said that several recent reports had
The comments from the floor once again chal-
nments, but by people. He called this the spirit
Professor Gunning agreed that slogans mean
pointed out that the Least Developed Countries
lenged Professors Wallerstein and Gunning.
of Davros against the spirit of Porto Allegre -
little, adding colonialism to the list of dangerous
are persistent pockets of poverty. After identi-
How does all this affect people in the South? Is
and he came down firmly on the latter side. The
stereotypes. Many former colonies, he said,
fying some of the problems and possible solu-
it not just the same old story, over and over
Porto Allegre movement is different in two
have now overtaken their former colonial mas-
tions relating to inequality, he once again posed
again? Is comparing growth rates in developing
ways: it is not trying to take over state struc-
ters. But he disagreed very strongly with
three questions: How should we account for
countries not the same as comparing the tem-
tures, and there is no idea of centralizing the
Professor Wallerstein’s statement that there is
the growing gap between the rich and the
peratures of sick people? Are Africa’s woes not
movement. It is a very loose coalition of thou-
insufficient space in the world system for all
poorest? What role do institutions play in this?
the result of too much integration rather than
sands of movements. And that gives us cause
countries to develop, claiming that develop-
How does the technology gap influence the
ment is possible for very many countries. To
future role of the developing countries?
free will and choices do matter. But, he added,
for reasoned hope. Polarization is the
support this he quoted the recent World Bank report on globalization, which listed 24 develo-
Professor Gunning now took the floor first.
ping countries that are currently growing very
Dismissing the second question as too vague,
rapidly - including China and India, which
he went on to address the first. He did so by
together account for half the world’s popula-
reference to the work of Robert Hunter Wade of
tion. That, he said, is very good news for
the London School of Economics. Wade says
billions of people.
the world is splitting into a zone of peace and a
fundamental reality of the capitalist world and
On that cautiously hopeful note, the Rector closed the official proceedings and the discussion continued, lubricated by a little light refreshment, at the reception that followed.
you can’t explain it away by foolishness
Professor Immanuel Wallerstein is Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Director of the
zone of turmoil. The zone of peace is characte-
Fernand Brudel Center for the Study of
….. plus la même
rized by economic growth, liberal tolerance and
too little? Several asked for less talk and more
Economies, Historical Systems and Civilizations
Professor Wallerstein replied immediately,
technical change outpacing depletion of natural
hope for the future.
at Binghampton University (emeritus).
saying that even though countries may move
resources. The zone of turmoil is home to failed
Professor Gunning replied first. Perhaps inspi-
from one category to another, relative percenta-
states, and is typified by economic stagnation
red by the emotive response from the floor, he
Professor Jan Willem Gunning is Professor of
ges don’t change much over time. Referring to
and violence. The challenge is to integrate the
took to task those who refused to accept that
Economics at the Free University, Amsterdam
the recent crisis in Argentina, he added that it is
regions in the zone of turmoil into the zone of
there is progress. There is hope, he said. And
and Director of the Amsterdam Institute for
as important to look at the downwardly mobile
peace. And this brought the discussion back to
hope lies in the capacity to make choices.
International Development.
countries as those that are doing well. It is not
policy choices. History and geography play a
Political decisions can make an enormous dif-
11
D
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ISS ues
ISS Working Papers can be found on the ISS website at: www.iss.nl/research/working papers. They can also be ordered in hard copy from The Bookshop, PO Box 29776, 2502 LT The Hague, the Netherlands]
Working Papers
ISS 50th Anniversary 2002
ISS WORKING PAPERS
Beyond Development? Meeting New Challenges
GENERAL SERIES • ISSN 0921-0210 353
A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, ‘Landlords are taking back the Land’: the Agrarian Transition in
Publications Vietnam (November 2001
Public Debate Series 25 April
Holes in the Wall? Fortress Europe and Migration in the 21st century
30 May
Whither Gender Beyond Development?
19 September
The Right to Development
354
Bridget O’Laughlin, Proletarianization, Agency and Changing Rural Livelihoods: Forced
355
Arjun S. Bedi, Paul K. Kimalu, Damiano Kulundu Manda and Nancy Nafula
Labour and Resistance in Colonial Mozambique (December 2001)
The Decline in Primary School Enrolment in Kenya (January 2002) 356
an Empirical Analysis (January 2002)
International Conference 7 - 9 October
Admasu Shiferaw Sioum, Private Investment and Public Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa:
357
Globalization, Conflict and Poverty
Jeff Powell, Petty Capitalism, Perfecting Capitalism or Post-Capitalism? Lessons from the Argentinian Barter Network? (January 2002)
The conference will bring together national and international scholars and representatives from politics, international organizations, NGOs, etc. to review and discuss current and
358
emerging thinking on a wide range of topics relevant to development and social change
359
Irene van Staveren, Towards Monitoring Mutual Trade-Gender Links (January 2002) Ardeshir Sepehri and A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, A Crouching Tiger? A Hidden Dragon? Transition, Savings and Growth in Vietnam (February 2002)
360
50th Dies Natalis 9 October
361
address and the awarding of Honorary Doctorates
Des Gasper, Is Sen’s Capability Aproach an Adequate Basis for Considering Human Development? (February 2002)
Official celebration of the ISS’ 50th birthday. With the Dies Natalis
Wim Hardeman, Considering Equity in Health Sector Reform, Case Study of a New Deal in Sotnikum, Cambodia (February 2002)
Cultural programme The ISS is running a full and varied programme of cultural events throughout the Anniversary Year. For more information, see the article on page 6.
ISS 50th Anniversary 2002 The journal Development and Change is published five times a year by Blackwell Publishers (Oxford, UK) on behalf of the Institute of Social Studies. For more information, see the ISS web site, or email us at d&c@iss.nl. Available online at http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/online
Volume 33
Number 1
January 2002
DAVID A. SONNENFELD Social Movements and Ecological Modernization: The Transformation of Pulp and Paper Manufacturing
three times a year by: Institute of Social Studies PO Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Tel:
+ 31 (0)70 4260 443 or 4260 525
Fax:
+ 31 (0)70 4260 799
ISS website: www.iss.nl Email: DevISSues@iss.nl Editors: René Bekius, Andy Brown Editorial assistant: Karen Shaw Editorial Board: Karin Arts, Erhard Berner, Max Spoor, Peter de Valk, Daniel C. Oshi and Sakura Yamasaki (Scholas) Photos: Unless otherwise stated, all photographs are by courtesy of Jager & Krijger Design and Production: Seinen & v. Leeuwen Circulation 9,000 Material from Development ISSues may be reproduced or adapted without permission, provided it is not distributed for profit and
Number 2 April 2002 Gender and the Silences of Social Capital: Lessons from Latin America
FADZILAH MAJID COOKE
Vulnerability, Control and Oil Palm in Sarawak: Globalization and a New Era?’
t n e m p o l e v e e g D n a h C d n a
LISA M. CAMPBELL Development ISSues is published
Volume 33 MAXINE MOLYNEUX
CHRISTIAN A. KULL
Conservation Narratives in Costa Rica: Conflict and Coexistence
Empowering Pyromaniacs in Madagascar: Ideology and Legitimacy in CommunityBased Natural Resource Management
DOROTHY L. HODGSON The Maasai in Tanzania: Dilemmas of AND RICHARD A. Counter-Mapping Community Resources SCHROEDER CLAIRE MERCER
DORTE THORSEN
SHASHI KOLAVALLI AND JOHN KERR
Scaling up Participatory Watershed Development in India
Aid as a Catalyst: Comments and Debate (I) JAMES K. BOYCE
Unpacking Aid
LOUIS EMMERIJ
Aid as a Flight Forward
GUS EDGREN
Aid is an Unreliable Joystick
The Discourse of Maendeleo and the Politics of Women’s Participation on Mount Kilimanjaro
JOHN DEGNBOLMARTINUSSEN
Development Goals, Governance and Capacity Building: Aid as a Catalyst
‘We Help our Husbands!’ Negotiating the Household Budget in Rural Burkina Faso
JAMES PETRAS AND HENRY VELTMEYER
Age of Reverse Aid: Neoliberalism as Catalyst of Regression
AJIT SINGH
Aid, Conditionality and Development
A. GESKE DIJKSTRA
The Effectiveness of Policy Conditionality: Eight Country Experiences
DAVID SLATER AND MORAG BELL
Aid and the Geopolitics of the Post-Colonial: Critical Reflections on New Labour’s Overseas Development Strategy
is attributed to the original author(s), Development ISSues and the Institute of Social Studies. Unless otherwise stated, all photographs are by courtesy Jager & Krijger. ISSN: 1566-4821 The views expressed are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute.
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