DevISSues volume 4, number 3, December 2002

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ISSues Volume 4, number 3, December 2002

Blood, Bullets and Bodies

CONTENTS

Inside this issue:

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In Memoriam Prince Claus

Sexual Politics below the Poverty Line On 1 November 2002 Imani M. Tafari-Ama was awarded a PhD at the ISS for her research into the political economy, gender and embodiment implications of inner-

4

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city violence in Kingston, Jamaica’s eastern capital. Her thesis ‘Blood, Bullets and

Alumni News

Bodies: Sexual Politics below the Poverty Line’, is a critical exposé of the factors subverting the political will to act in the interest of the poor even when explicit just 5

Page

Dies Natalis

6

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International Anniversary Conference

8

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cause exists for such altruistic action to take place.

Dr Tafari-Ama examines the current

for the most part unemployed. Some

discourse of violence in Southside,

are self-employed while a minority is

one of Kingston’s inner-city communi-

wage earning. These residents live in

The research uses a feminist and cul-

ceive the message and those who

ties, to show that gender, identity and

poor housing and socioeconomic

turally specific application of discour-

transmit it.

embodiment are all included in the

conditions and exist under the con-

se analysis to explore the meanings of

deployment of the existing political

stant threat of violence, due to the

power conveyed through language,

Like other patriarchal systems, violent

and masculinist power mechanisms.

activities of the gangs, security forces

practices and institutions. This

hegemonic masculinity presupposes

Profoundly then, sexual politics has

and itinerant criminals.

method provides an effective techni-

the subordination of women and,

que for deconstructing major power

while not homogeneous, women and

taken on a whole new meaning and

SCHOLAS

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Page

CERES Research School

Page

10

The Limits to Growth 30 Years on - Henk Houweling

Page

contracts and deadly gun weaponry.

verbally, in terms that have immediate meaning for both the men who re-

practice for those disadvantaged and

Violence in Southside is rooted in the

mechanisms like the divide and rule

children are particularly disadvan-

socially excluded citizens who are for-

divisive bourgeois style of democracy

tactics or binary oppositions that have

taged in the inner-city scenario.

ced to survive below the poverty line

practised by the two main parties, the

been used to realise the hegemonic

Women’s bodies are literal battlefields

in this confined environment. The

Peoples National Party (PNP) and the

objectives of those who control the

in the reproduction of structural, dis-

thesis is the story of ongoing efforts to

Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). Since the

state and its apparatuses. Discourse

cursive and gender power dynamics.

improve their lives and their streets

late 1960s, politicians from both sides

analysis also made it possible to

Ironically, some women have internali-

and therefore a practical contribution

of the divide have constructed politici-

explore the identity norms and taboos

sed and reproduced their own ver-

to the cacophony of dissent which

sed garrison communities, designed

embedded in popular culture.

sions of violence in an attempt to rein-

challenges entrenched structures and

to house party affiliates. The raison

Following from this, as expressed in

force womanpower, a response that

discourses of power.

d’être of these garrisons is to enable

Southside, a discourse of violence

only dovetails into the overarching

the two main parties to secure votes

conveys the message that a ‘real’

masculinist discourse of violence.

The 6,000 residents of Southside are,

on election day. In a clientilist exchan-

man will engage in acts of interper-

However, because of and despite

characteristically, poor people of pre-

ge, party loyalists are rewarded with

sonal violence. It is structured around

their limited options and choices,

dominantly African descent who are

scarce resources like housing, labour

such acts as well as being expressed

women strategically appropriate,

11

Book Launch A Tribute to Kurt Martin

continued on page 11

50 Years of the ISS The 50th Anniversary year of the ISS is drawing to a close. The programme of Anniversary activities reached their high point in October with the

As an institute for advanced international education and

International Conference on Globalisation, Conflict and Poverty and the Dies Natalis ceremony, at which three new Honorary Doctorates were awarded. In this last Development ISSues of the year, we take a final look at the Anniversary events. On pages 6 and 7, there is a summary of the

research, the ISS generates,

conference, followed on page 8 by a report on the Dies Natalis. On page 3 the Rector pays tribute to Prince Claus, himself an honorary fellow of accumulates and transfers

the ISS, who died sadly on the eve of the Anniversary week. And, to give you an idea of how the Institute has changed over the last half a century, knowledge and know-how on human aspects of economic and social change, with a focus on development and transition.

we have included a brief pictorial history of the ISS. This year, the Institute itself has been very much the centre of attention. Next year, however, DevISSues will be back in a completely new style, with more articles on the wider development issues that concern everyone in and outside the ISS. The editors wish you all a happy and safe Christmas break and hope to welcome you all back in the New Year.

The ISS is a leading centre in this field.

Development ISSues is also available online on the ISS website at www.iss.nl

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ISSues From the Institute Board Studying at the ISS

take the chance to look around and learn

Students often describe their time at the

something of both the strengths and the

ISS in terms of three phases: the exciting

shortcomings of life in a wealthy Northern

months after they first arrive, a harder part

country.

in the middle, and a concluding phase of

In higher education around the world there

and about and with each other. ISS partici-

is a gradual shift from models of education

pants come from all over the world and

which centre on the instructor, the lecturer,

have a wide variety of experience. At the

The fourth component of being a student

ments. While going through what might be

to models which are centred on the learner.

Institute, they have an extraordinary oppor-

here is participation in academic events

the harder part in the middle, they should

This is especially true for postgraduate

tunity to learn from each other, not only

outside the official study programme: atten-

remember that education, like life, is not so

education. The ISS tries to give students

about things directly relevant to their study,

ding seminars and debates (such as those

bad when you compare it to the alternative.

the resources, the skills and the guidance

but also about life in general. Many former

held during this 50th Anniversary year).

As postgraduate students, and mostly as

students say that this was the most valu-

Students come here, of course, to do a par-

mid-career post-work-experience students,

able and memorable part of their time here.

ticular study programme: they have to sit

ISS participants have a great opportunity:

to move ahead in learning and thinking for themselves.

more independent learning and achieve-

examinations, write essays, do a research

they have been through university studies

The experience of studying at the ISS can

The third component of studying at the ISS

paper. But it is also a special chance to

before, they have accumulated a lot of

be seen as having four main components.

is living in the Netherlands, a prosperous

explore and think, away from their normal

other relevant experience, and now, still full

One is the formal study programme, the

European country with its own character.

routines, their jobs, and their everyday com-

of energy, they have the chance to go a lot

lectures, workshops and assignments.

The Netherlands may be a small country in

mitments. We encourage students to see

further, as mature learners in a system

These are quite demanding but, we hope,

physical terms, but it is big in many other

their period at the ISS as a wide-ranging

which has many resources for learning.

also stimulating and rewarding.

ways: it has a lot of expertise, a lot of con-

experience of learning: from the staff, from

tacts, and a lot of interesting people.

each other, from the libraries and the

Students coming to the Institute should

Internet, and through their own thinking.

Second comes the informal learning from

ISS Cookbook

Des Gasper, Dean of Studies ISS

A Taste of the World

For many years, the idea of producing an ISS cookbook has been entertained by both staff and students. In the Institute’s 50th Anniversary year, a group of ISS gourmets could wait no longer and took decisive action. After much preparation, ‘A Taste of the World: Recipes from the ISS Community’ was launched at a mouth-watering party in the Institute’s Butterfly Bar just before the start of the Anniversary week celebrations. Karen Shaw and João Guimarães, who were both lucky enough to be on the committee that produced the cookbook, describe how a long-standing idea finally became a reality.

The diversity of the backgrounds and the range of international

impressive – the committee received around 250 recipes from

tion of their efforts in making the Anniversary celebrations a suc-

experience of the Institute’s staff and especially of its participants

nearly 120 respondents. People were asked to send in not just a

cess. In addition, all staff, students and Anniversary conference

confers on the ISS a character that can be said, with no exagge-

recipe but also, if they had it, a story about the recipe.

guests were given a complimentary copy of the cookbook.

ration, to be quite extraordinary. Nowhere is the diversity of this

Reactions were very positive. People were heard enthusiastically

cultural tapestry of the ISS population more richly expressed

After a strict – but often delicious – selection procedure, the

discussing the recipes and some even started talking about the

(and more closely tested) than in the range of very different foods

committee selected 77 recipes from 43 countries. The ISS photo

next edition!...

that people cook and eat. Everyday food for some is rare and

archives were then raided for suitable photographs, and mee-

exotic (and sometimes disgusting……) for others. Doubtfulness

tings were held with the designers. We were very fortunate in

‘A Taste of the World: Recipes from the ISS Community’ is now

on first exposure often leads to curiosity and learning (or forces

receiving sponsorship from several sources that helped greatly

available from the ISS bookshop. Copies can also be ordered by

people to hone their skills of diplomacy!). People bring to the ISS

with the production costs.

mail. Please send your order to Annet van Geen at the ISS

their own tastes and recipes that, even when they are very sim-

(vangeen@iss.nl) and transfer payment to the ISS bank account:

ple, reflect long accepted eating habits in their areas of origin. In

Over 200 staff and students attended the launch party. Special

51.55.50.000 (ABN AMRO, Den Haag, NL, reference: ISS Cook-

the course of their stay, their recipes are sometimes enriched

ISS cocktails (recipes in the cookbook!) were offered to all

book). The book costs 7 6 per copy from the bookshop. Mail

with ingredients and techniques learned from colleagues and

guests. Prizes were awarded to the best recipe from each sec-

order prices are 7 8,50 per copy for addresses in the Netherlands

friends, and from their increased exposure to and contact with

tion of the book and special presentation packs containing the

and 7 11 per copy for the rest of the world. All proceeds from

other cultures. In this day and age, it is hardly possible to think of

cookbook and an apron printed with the cover photo were given

sales will go towards establishing a new ISS fellowship.

a cuisine that has not been influenced by others.

to staff from ISS internal services and to the sponsors in recogni-

In this process the ISS has, over the years, also played its part.

The prize-winning soup recipe: Harira (Morocco) Marie-Louise Gambon

Friendships that began with colleagues over a pot of food have stretched for years and for decades, extending to visits to each other’s countries and to new culinary experiences. Some staff

In Morocco people eat this soup at sunset, while breaking the

Preparation

add to the mélange by collecting recipes from the countries they

Ramadan. It is served with dried dates, figs and Sjebeccia (fried

Sear the chopped lamb meat in a large soup pan in some olive oil until

visit. So the potential for this cookbook has been there, for a

dough with honey).

brown, sprinkle the juice of one lemon on top of the meat and stir well.

Add the chopped onions and, after some minutes, the mashed toma-

very long time.

Call for recipes The actual idea for the cookbook started – as do so many good ideas at the ISS – over a drink one evening in the Butterfly Bar. From there a committee was formed and a call for recipes was sent out to all staff and students, and to alumni and former staff who could be contacted by email. The response was very

2

Ingredients (serves 6): 500 grams lamb, chopped into small pieces;

toes. Blend the fresh herbs, adding a little water. Mix all together with

olive oil; 6 beef stock cubes for 3 litres of soup; 3 large onions,

3 litres of water plus the beef stock cubes, lentils, saffron, cumin pow-

chopped very fine; 1 kilo tomatoes, mashed; 1/2 cup dried lentils;

der, squeezed lime and the pepper. Leave to boil for almost one hour

1/2 bunch celery leaves; 1/2 bunch parsley;1/2 bunch coriander;

until the meat is done. Mix the flour and water until it has no lumps, add

1 pinch saffron; 1 tsp. cumin powder (djinten); pepper, fresh or dried;

the beaten eggs, then stir wildly while adding this to the soup so you will

1 lime; 4 tsp. flour; 1/2 cup of water; 2 eggs; 1 tin chickpeas.

get something like vermicelli. Add the drained chickpeas.

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ISSues In Memoriam

Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Social Studies In the late 1980s Prince Claus was in Australia on an official state visit. The media there pictured him as a grey man, with grey eyes and hair, grey clothes and shoes, and grey conversation. In reaction to that he is said to have exclaimed that this was a disgrace and untrue.

‘I swear’, said the Prince, ‘I don’t even have grey shoes!’

Humour can be quite a weapon, or a shield. But

nions), and for the twinkle in his eyes that would

for many, and our Government did not stand

did the Prince make this joke to fend off some-

always betray his intentions when he was about

behind him.

One of our conference guests wondered

thing else? For instance, was his conversation

to do something extraordinary, out-of-protocol,

In his critical attitude to the global realities of

whether there wasn’t a more far-reaching sym-

‘grey’? Not in those days, as you will see; and

another coup royal.

that period, we at the ISS recognised a like-

bolic significance in the passing away of Prince

minded spirit. Prince Claus accepted and recei-

Claus, namely that an era of looking at develop-

not in the late 1990s, when I met him occasionally. He was a man with firm and often radical

Prince Claus was a person with a profound inte-

ved an Honorary Fellowship at the Institute in

ment and change in a particular way was

convictions on things that mattered and matter

rest and involvement in development issues,

1988, on the occasion of our 35th Anniversary.

coming to an end. I do not share that inter-

to the ISS community and to those with an

grown out of a long period of exposure to the

In his address, he presented 23 ‘propositions’ to

pretation. The effort – the struggle – to achieve

interest in development and change at large.

developing world, and to Africa in particular. He

elucidate his view on development. I quote a

development and transformation of societal

He was outspoken as well as well-spoken on

lived in Tanzania for several years. Apart from

few of his thoughts. The Prince showed himself

structures and processes that was so explicit in

these and many other issues.

this personal engagement, he was also profes-

to be very critical of the reality of much develop-

Prince Claus’ thinking have lost none of their

sionally involved. He was chair of the National

ment cooperation, even dubbing it ‘neo-colo-

relevance today. Jan Pronk, reflecting on Claus’

On 6 October 2002 our Honorary Fellow, Prince

Committee for Development Education (NCO)

nialism with the best of intentions’. He regarded

views when he was awarded his Honorary

Claus of the Netherlands, passed away.

and of the SNV Netherlands Development

development in the true sense of the word as

Doctorate on 9 October, observed that ‘… there

Although there is no procedure for ‘national

Organisation. Later, he also became Inspector

‘no more than a minor attempt to offset the

is more structural dependence today than at the

mourning’ in the Netherlands, its people did

General for Development Cooperation and spe-

losses which many commodity-exporting coun-

time of the proposition made by Prince Claus.

mourn him. And so did we here, at the ISS.

cial advisor to the Minister for Development

tries are suffering’ as a result of deteriorating

Globalisation is worse than what Prince Claus

At the opening of our Anniversary Conference

Cooperation.

terms of trade and of protectionism in and by

called ‘neo-colonialism with the best of inten-

countries in the North.

tions. At best, such intentions are naïve. And in

on 7 October, in the presence of the State

combination with other intentions - to exclude

Secretary for Development Cooperation, we

A list like that may seem close to what one

and our guests commemorated him. And two

would expect of any queen’s husband (except

Prince Claus did not stop at making these criti-

and neglect - they are bad’. Claus’ early plea

days later, during our official Dies Natalis, in an

that one more commonly finds them closer to

cal observations. He had very concrete views of

for democracy came 15 years before UNDP

auditorium filled with students and scholars,

the military) but in Prince Claus’ case, his enga-

what strategies would be relevant. He saw

launched its Human Development Report 2002

diplomats and national politicians and admini-

gement was a matter of will and concern, and it

development as ‘essentially a cultural process’.

about the relationship between development

strators, representatives of national and inter-

turned into a real political statement. He was

He stressed time and again that people and

and democracy and still has to be taken further.

national governmental organisations and

forced to stand down as chair of the NCO after

countries must (and will) develop themselves

His critique of what he saw around him, his

NGOs from all over the world, we stood again,

the right-wing media and conservative politi-

and put that thought into practice by creating

suggestion to see (and build on) the link

in honour of this man, our fellow.

cians criticised his involvement in boycotting

the Prince Claus Foundation for Development

between development and culture, and his

coffee imports in support of the liberation

and Culture. In his final propositions he stated

view of development as a largely ‘endogenous’

People liked Prince Claus for his genuineness,

struggle in the former Portuguese colony of

that development in the true sense of the word

process must be digested and taken on board.

for his attempts to break open the artificial bar-

Angola. The same forces spread rumours

is impossible without some form of democracy,

riers between a royal family and the world in

about financial mismanagement at the SNV,

‘by the people and for the people’. His last

which it functions, for the way he fought for his

also eventually forcing Claus out. His commit-

thesis when accepting the Fellowship was a

right to remain a person (that is, among other

ment and the way he used that in support of

compassionate plea for freedom of speech as

things: the right to have and to express opi-

development and democracy was too much

an essential element in any form of democracy.

Hans Opschoor, Rector ISS

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ISSues To keep our alumni database up to date we would ask you to send your latest address and contact details to: alumni@iss.nl

Alumni News Alumni News Prize for ISS Alumna

Profile

gans, no big pos-

Name: S.P. Jakhanwal

ters, no crowds at the polling booths! It

Dr Maha Abdelrahman, a former PhD student at the ISS, has won the Postdoctoral Thesis Competition 2001 sponsored by the Amsterdam Institute for Institutional Development and the World Bank. Dr Abdelrahman’s thesis, entitled ‘State-Civil Society Relations: The Politics of Egyptian NGOs’, was selected as the best of ten submitted theses. The prize was awarded on 24 October 2002 at the

I joined the ISS in February 1969 for a four-

was an altogether

month Industrial Development Programming

different experience

(IDP) course under a fellowship provided by the

from that in develo-

Dutch government. While at the ISS, I decided

ping democracies.

to carry on and do a Masters in Public Administration (MPA). I earned distinctions in both

During my visit, I spoke with the Rector and

courses, and was the first to do so in IDP.

then lunched with the PPA faculty. Professor Bjorkman showed me round the current premi-

Universiteit van Amsterdam. After an address by Jean Francois Rischard, Vice President of the World Bank, Professor Jan Willem Gunning read the laudatio. Maha is currently Assistant Professor in Sociology at the American University of Cairo. She can be reached at: mahadebu@aucegypt.edu or mahaabdelrahman@hotmail.com. For more information on the yearly Postdoctoral Thesis Prize, see the AIID website at www.aiid.org.

Fifty Years of the ISS: Where are the Alumni?

Joseph Balisanyuka

During the MPA, I worked on the quantitative

ses at Kortenaerkade which, during my time,

techniques of decision-making and the organi-

housed the General Post Office. The new buil-

sational implications of introducing these techni-

ding suits the professional requirements of an

ques, choosing the Dutch Department of Land

educational institution, but one misses the gran-

and Water Management for my case study.

deur of the spacious sofa-studded lounge of the

While I was studying, my wife, Neera, and our

palace. My engagements at the ISS ended with

one-year-old son joined me in the Netherlands.

a reception attended by the faculty and the par-

My wife would walk to the park adjoining the

ticipants of the PPA course. I spoke briefly on

palace with my son in the pram, and we would

my experiences of Public Grievance Redress

eat our lunch together. The year that we spent in

Systems in India.

The Hague was memorable in many ways. We were a group of young participants from Asia,

In the past ten years of government service in

On 9 October, the ISS will celebrate its 50th

ted. No development will be achieved. In deve-

Africa, Latin America and some parts of Europe.

India, I have had many challenging assign-

Anniversary. That is an exciting moment for me

loping counties, many resources are wasted

Our study was complemented by open-house

ments. I was Chief of the Delhi Development

as an ISS alumnus and as a person who has

trying to settle conflicts which would not have

discussions and social evenings. These activi-

Authority, the oldest and largest urban develop-

witnessed and participated in the Institute’s

arisen if a culture of tolerance and accommo-

ties rounded off personality edges and helped

ment authority in India. In 1995, I was asked to

cultural festivities in the Netherlands. It is a

dation had been adopted in the first place. Is it

us to understand that the core problems of

handle food policy and implement minimum

double celebration for me, as the Institute’s

so difficult to take a leaf from the ISS’ book and

development are the same, irrespective of out-

support prices of food grains. My last assign-

Dies Natalis coincides with Independence Day

enhance development?

ward differences and local dissimilarities. We

ment was as Secretary in charge of Coordina-

also developed close friendships with a few

tion and Public Grievances. Since there is no

observations about culture, based on my expe-

So much for the institutional level; what about

Dutch families, with whom we remained in

parliamentary ombudsman in India, the Directo-

rience at the ISS.

the personal level? Humanity is complex.

touch after returning to India. Back in India I

rate of Public Grievances is probably its nearest

Human nature is selfish, insatiable, with an urge

applied the knowledge acquired during the MPA

cousin.

I have read various articles in DevISSues about

to fight on and always win. Because of this,

course. In an interesting case involving the

the cultural festivities in this Anniversary year. It

few people are willing to listen to others,

selection of locations for new veterinary dispen-

My interest in Public Administration continued

is difficult to appreciate the importance of cul-

accept their mistakes and learn from them,

saries, it was discovered that the criteria follow-

after I left the ISS. In 1982 I attended a course

tural diversity unless you have been in an envi-

admit defeat and live with others in a spirit of

ed till then were unjustifiably coming up with

organised by the then Economic Development

ronment like the ISS, which is a consortium of

togetherness. Unfortunately, because our insti-

sites which did not have a sizeable bovine pop-

Institute of the World Bank, in collaboration with

various cultures in one place. It is fascinating to

tutions are made up of buildings and human

ulation – supposedly the main beneficiaries of

University of Los Banos in the Philippines. In

observe the ease with which these cultures

beings, people find their way into them and

the scheme. As the quantitative analysis was

1990, I went to West Hartford where I obtained

intermingle to forge a harmonious and enjoy-

mould them into their own images. As a result,

convincing enough, the old selection criteria

a Diploma in Public Finance Management from

able stay at the Institute.

a culture is developed and nurtured that cre-

were recast and the scheme became more

the University of Connecticut.

ates a circus of conflicts, turmoil, wars and

effective.

in Uganda. I would like to share a few brief

Secret

I am the President of the Netherlands Alumni

underdevelopment in general.

What is the secret behind these magical cultur-

On 15 May 2002, in exceptionally sunny weat-

Association of India and Professor and Senior

al unions? I will answer from personal expe-

What is the way forward? This is not an acade-

her, I revisited the ISS. Since parliamentary elec-

Advisor at the Society for Development Studies,

rience: if you want to live comfortably at the

mic paper and I have therefore not quoted any

tions were also being held that day in the

an institution reputed for its expertise in social

ISS you must first and foremost accept, appre-

empirical data. I am only expressing my per-

Netherlands, I was a little worried that there

action research. My preferred subjects are

ciate and respect other people’s cultures. The

sonal observations as an ISS alumnus.

might be a public holiday, that ISS staff may be

public policy on urban management, urban

greatest offence you can commit at the ISS is

I am, however, aware that the ISS has trained

on election duty, or that the people I was to

poverty (slums) and indices to measure good

to impose your culture above everyone else’s.

over 5000 participants in the last 20 or so years

meet might not be in a mood to discuss serious

urban governance.

The second aspect is to learn from the ISS

all over the world. This is a very large pool of

matters. But all my concerns were unfounded! It

experience. One of the reasons for continued

alumni! But where are they? Have they failed to

was not a public holiday in the Netherlands.

Our congratulations to everyone at the ISS on

conflicts and political turmoil in developing

pass on and share their own ISS experiences

People cast their votes either before or after

the occasion of its Golden Jubilee Celebrations.

countries (especially Africa) is the lack of a cul-

with others, or have they failed to preach the

work. There was no disfiguring of walls by slo-

I can be contacted at: spjakhanwal@yahoo.com

ture that respects, accepts and accommoda-

evangelism of tolerance and accommodation?

tes other people’s ideas, opinions, actions and political beliefs. Those in privileged positions

Joseph Balisanyuka is an alumnus of the ISS

will always strive to subdue others in an effort

PPA programme 1996/97 and was Secretary

to assert their ideas.

of SCHOLAS for that year. He is currently the Chief Administrative Officer, Sironko District

In memoriam It is with sadness that we received the message that Marta Charris-Lumholt had passed away earlier this year. Marta was a participant in the Regional Development

The subdued will not take this lightly and con-

Uganda, East Africa. He can be reached at:

Planning programme in 1981/82.

flict will develop, war will break out, lives will be

P.O. Box 776, Mbale – Uganda, tel: 256-045-

ISS alumna Lulu Altamirano-Berrig attended the funeral.

lost, and time and other resources will be was-

35425

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ISSues 50 years of the ISS

Dies Natalis On Tuesday 9 October, after the end of the three-day international conference, the ISS 50th Anniversary programme climaxed with the celebration of the Institute’s 50th Dies Natalis.

The keynote address was given by Dr Jo Ritzen, former Dutch education minister and currently Vice-President for Human Development at the World Bank. After the address, Honorary Doctorates were awarded to former Minister for Development Cooperation Jan Pronk, Professor Elinor Ostrom of the University of Indiana and Professor Edward Said of Columbia University.

Dr Jan Pronk

Keynote address: Tertiary

tions, while the developed world

power and homegrown expertise.

quoted American gospel singer

academic achievements, including

Education in Developing Countries

would have to do better in reducing

Good quality tertiary education is an

Mahalia Jackson: ‘Oh God, you don’t

Special Chair in International

– Post-Monterrey Perspectives

trade barriers against the developing

important avenue towards nurturing

have to take the mountains away, but

Development Policy at the ISS (1979-

Dr Ritzen, who had also taken an

world and increase their aid flows to

the teachers needed for universal pri-

give me the strength to climb them.’

1980) and the Den Uyl Chair at the

active part in the discussions during

poor countries by 24%.

mary education, the experienced

the international conference, exami-

University of Amsterdam.

doctors, nurses and community wor-

Award of the three Honorary

ned the challenges for tertiary educa-

Although the Monterrey consensus

kers needed for better water and

Doctorates

Elinor Ostrom was awarded the

tion in the light of the post Monterrey

said little explicitly about higher edu-

health facilities, the accountants,

The three new Honorary Fellows join

Honorary Doctorate for her eminent

economists, and journalists required

a long and illustrious list of Fellows of

work in policy studies in the field of

for better private business and better

the ISS, which includes Professors

institutional economics. Her excellent

governance. Unfortunately, tertiary

contribution to analysis of the use

education in many developing countries is suffering from declining quali-

and management of scarce resourThe provision of information

ty, lack of relevance, insufficient funding, elitism and weak governance.

especially influential. and expertise, as well as the Edward Said was unfortunately un-

strengthening of capacity Dr Ritzen went on to say that tertiary education in the developed countries

able to attend the ceremony personally but promised to visit the ISS in

in developing countries,

may be in better shape but it is faced with similar problems. The way for-

the near future. He was chosen as an Honorary Fellow for his research into

need to be stepped up.

ward is even greater cooperation

literature and culture from an eclectic

between institutes in the developed

Prof. Elinor Ostrom

ces in developing countries has been

international approach, in which he

and the developing world. The ISS

Jan Tinbergen and Amartya Sen, and

addresses universal issues such as

has long been involved in joint initiati-

the late Prince Claus. The honour

nationalism, the individual and socie-

ves with institutes in the South, but

was bestowed on Jan Pronk for his

ty, moral choices, the rights of minorities and political oppression.

commitment to closing the gap in

cation, Dr Ritzen said that it implied a

the provision of information and

role as a pioneer and advocate of

development. In June 2001 at

prominent role for the sector in cre-

expertise, as well as the strengthe-

development. In a career spanning

Monterrey, Mexico, the world’s

ating the capacity needed for deve-

ning of capacity in developing coun-

more than 30 years, he has made an

nations agreed on a compact that

lopment, to achieve the development

tries, need to be stepped up. Dr

invaluable contribution to the deve-

would require developing countries

goals agreed at the summit.

Ritzen concluded by saying that, for

lopment debate both in the

to work harder on improving the

Developing countries are blunted in

tertiary education in developing

Netherlands and in the international

quality of governance and institu-

their efforts by a lack of skilled man-

countries, the climb is steep, and

arena. It is also in recognition of his

Launch of TheHagueLegalCapital.nl Web Portal The Hague is often identified as the world’s

www.TheHagueLegalCapital.nl, was launched.

The portal was created to meet the high

tional information (news, articles, reviews, etc.).

legal capital. Today it serves as host to twelve

This portal is the main entrance to a virtual ‘The

demands of professionals and those of the

Currently under consideration are to add in the

major international institutions involved with

Hague’, enabling a visit to a wide network of

interested public. It uses a powerful search

future a virtual university, bookshop, museum,

international law, arbitration among states,

international and national organisations dealing

engine, which in the near future will enable the

conference centre and e-learning facilities.

trials of war criminals, combating chemical

with justice, peace and security. Its mission is

user to easily search through the sites of the

weapons and criminal investigation. The

to be a primary site for the exchange of infor-

participating organisations and link to relevant

Dr James J. Busuttil, Associate Professor of

International Criminal Court is the latest addi-

mation and a forum for all aspects of interna-

sites. The site will also serve as a virtual village,

International Law and Organisation at the ISS,

tion to this impressive list.

tional law and international relations. The infor-

where questions, ideas and suggestions can

is the Editor-in-Chief of the portal. You can con-

mation is presented in an understandable and

be exchanged. On the portal’s own pages

tact him at busuttil@iss.nl

readable format.

there will be a wealth of specially created addi-

On 18 September 2002 an Internet portal,

5

D

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ISSues ISS 50th Anniversay Conference

Globalisation, Conflict and Poverty From 7-9 October, the ISS brought the official programme for its 50th Anniversary year to a close with an international conference on ‘Globalisation, Conflict and Poverty’. Academics and scholars from around the world gathered at the Institute to discuss this topical theme at five lively and interesting sessions. Below is a short summary of the discussions. The full proceedings of the conference will be published in the near future.

Day 1: Monday 7 October

lopment and change and the Institute’s con-

the multilateral institutions. He, too, called for

look at the concept of self-help, not denying its

The Conference was opened by ISS Rector

cern with the development challenges facing

the financial architecture to be renewed, but by

validity but warning that it could be an excuse

Hans Opschoor. The Rector spoke fondly of

us today: globalisation, conflict and poverty

reforming the existing institutions rather than

for governments to wash their hands of the

Prince Claus, an honorary fellow of the

reduction.

by creating new ones.

problem and leave the poor to their own devi-

Institute, and asked for one-minute’s silence to

ces. Dr Berner added that homogenising the

be observed. He went on to describe the ISS

The opening address was given by the State

Professor Ashwani Saith then discussed globa-

poor leads to exclusion of sectors of the com-

as a window to the world, trying to achieve

Secretary for Development Cooperation,

lisation, technological progress and poverty.

munity. Identifying which groups among the

sustainable development through capacity

Agnes van Ardenne-van der Hoeven. She told

He pointed out the difficulties facing poor

poor should be targeted for poverty alleviation

building and international cooperation in edu-

those present that, 50 years on, the ISS is still

countries hoping to leapfrog on technological

is important.

cation from the Arctic to the Antarctic. The ISS

relevant in the context of global change

change. This demands a large pool of skilled

has trained about 10,000 students from deve-

through civil participation. It has successfully

labour, which developing countries do not

ISS PhD student Mahmoud El-Zain Hamid then

loping countries in Masters and PhD degrees.

adapted its agenda to meet the new demands

have. With no foreign direct investment (FDI),

presented a paper on the development dis-

The theme for the anniversary conference, the

of globalisation and good governance. Moving

no aid and low local investment, it is extremely

course in Sudan. He argued that the state’s

Rector concluded, reflected the accumulated

on to the theme of the conference, the state

difficult to close the technolo-gical gap.

development policies have led to environmen-

knowledge of 50 years of involvement in deve-

secretary said that globalisation, conflict and

External participants in the international conference

poverty are interconnected. There can be no

The morning session closed with a look at the

and civil strife. He called for development in

development without conflict, which becomes

history of globalisation. Dr Mansoob Murshed

Sudan to be released from the authoritarian

a problem if governments and institutions are

explained that globalisation is not new, but

trap and for the promotion of institutions that

too weak to resolve it. Globalisation undermi-

there are now new rules and less gunboat

would guarantee the equitable distribution of resources.

nes local control and increases international

diplomacy. In the nineteenth century, globalisa-

on Globalisation,

insecurity. Local elites exploit the situation in

tion created the Third World, now it is perpetu-

Conflict and Poverty

weak states to plunder natural resources and

ating it. Although it is said to be accelerating

In his second presentation of the day, Dr

enrich themselves. These problems demand

the integration of the world, globalisation also

Mansoob Murshed looked at the relationship

inclusive policies at global and local level, with

marginalises, leaving out many countries. By

between conflict, inequality and poverty. He

public and private participation at all levels.

way of illustration, some 11 developing coun-

said that the key to avoiding conflict is good

This is an ambitious agenda, the state secreta-

tries account for 66% of total developing

institutions to manage it, and that even a small

ry admitted, adding that the Netherlands can-

country exports, as well as receiving the lion’s

reduction in the intensity of conflict can yield

not go it alone. She concluded with the motto

share of FDI inflows. China, Mexico and Brazil

beneficial economic results.

‘Think global but act local.’

account for 50% of all developing country FDI

Stephany Griffith-Jones, University of Sussex, England Kunibert Raffer, University of Vienna, Austria Branko Milanovic, World Bank John Weeks, School of Oriental and African Studies, England Janine Wedel, George Mason University, USA Rudo Gaidzanwa, University of Zimbabwe Willem Reuben, World Bank Ton Dietz, Universiteit van Amsterdam Elinor Ostrom, Indiana University, USA Qu Futian, Nanjing Agricultural University, China Sharachchandra Lélé, Institute for Social and Economic Change, India Jo Ritzen, World Bank Thandika Makandawire, UN Research Institute for Social Development, Switzerland David Hulme, University of Manchester, England Dan Kaseje, Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development in Africa, Kenya

6

tal degradation, the displacement of people

inflows. Dr Murshed concluded by saying that,

Day 2: Tuesday 8 October

Theme 1: Globalisation and marginalisation

then and now, ‘globalisation has left out the

(Chair: Professor Louis Emmerij)

poor countries, and the poor only feel its nega-

Theme 3: Crisis in Governance

The first speaker on this theme, Professor

tive effects.’

(Chair: Dr Pascal Mihyo)

Stephany Griffith-Jones, addressed the need

Professor Bert Helmsing opened the second

for a new international financial architecture.

Theme 2: Poverty, inequality and conflict

day of the conference with a paper on local

International finance, she said, has been the

(Chair: Professor Valpy FitzGerald)

governance hybrids. He argued that policy-

Achilles’ heel of globalisation in the past deca-

The Monday afternoon session started with

making should come down to the local level

de. Although changes have been made, they

a presentation by Dr Branko Milanovic on

through enabling policies that allow citizens to

are insufficient, given the scale of the crisis the

world inequality. Using a battery of statistics,

participate. This should be combined with syn-

world is facing. She was also critical of the

Dr Milanovic showed that there is growing

chronisation of activities at central, local and

asymmetrical relations in international markets

income divergence between the rich and the

community level. This set the scene for the

and in the international financial institutions.

poor countries. With 78% of people in the

presentations that followed. ISS PhD student

Poor countries are not represented in global

world classified as poor, inequalities are greater

Nicholas Awortwi looked at public-private part-

fora and the decisions made in their absence

than ever before in history. In his paper ‘The

nerships in the context of waste collection in

are harmful to them. She called for a new

Seeds of Conflict’, Professor Grahan Pyatt pre-

three cities in Ghana. He said that these pro-

financial architecture from a development per-

sented a complementary agenda to that of

jects had failed because the public sector had

spective, to provide stable and sufficient flows

Dr Milanovic. Professor Pyatt was concerned

got the fundamentals wrong, not making the

of funds to support development and to pre-

with developing a model to explain conflict. He

system attractive enough for the private sector

vent crises. The following speaker, Dr Kunibert

concluded that divergence and unequal distri-

and not involving all stakeholders. Dr Janine

Raffer, then went on to consider the debt crisis

bution of wealth can lead to conflict.

Wedel then talked about ‘flex organisations’

in the era of globalisation. Dr Raffer said that

and the decline of accountability. The bounda-

debt relief programmes are always too little,

Linked to the issue of inequality is that of how

ries of the state-private divide are blurring,

too late. The belief that sovereign debt will ever

the poor themselves can take action to remedy

resulting in less accountability and a lack of

be paid is a fiction upheld by the North and by

their dilemma. Dr Erhard Berner took a critical

clarity. She concluded that we need a new

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues vocabulary to place these organisations within

accountable to those it represents.

our concepts of governance.

and the mangrove forests protected by the community as a whole. Professor Mohamed

Theme 4: Resource Degradation,

Salih closed the session by pointing out the

ISS alumnus Professor Rudo Gaidzanwa spoke

Institutions and Conflict

limitations of institutions. There are, he said,

of the governance crisis in Zimbabwe, focusing

(Chair: Professor Ton Dietz)

power relations inherent in institutions which

on the controversial land reform programme.

The discussion on this theme was opened by

can prevent from them functioning as they

She said that independence had brought

Professor Elinor Ostrom, who called for multi-

should. ‘We must demystify institutions and not

government without democracy, and no redis-

level organisation for natural resource manage-

romanticise them,’ he concluded.

tribution of wealth to the poor. Social unrest

ment as a way of avoiding institutional mono-

increased as the social contract between the

poly. Professor Ostrom’s conference paper, co-

In his closing remarks, Professor Hans

state and labour started to crack. The gover-

authored by Marco Janssens, examines long-

Opschoor, who had been described by the

nment pushed the land issue onto the agenda

established institutions - including the Dutch

Chairman as the ‘godfather of Dutch environ-

to divert attention from the worsening situation.

Waterboards - to determine why they have

mental science’, expressed his exhilaration at

Professor Gaidzanwa said that the highly publi-

been more resilient than other institutions. The

being among colleagues and students who

cised campaign of intimidation should not be

authors found that these long-established insti-

dwell on a diversity of issues. He noted that the

allowed to overshadow the positive aspects of

tutions are polycentric or multi-level in struc

connectiveness between the social sphere and

land reform, which has benefited some 60,000

ture. Studying these complex adaptive sys-

the biosphere (and the cultural diversity under-

Dr Jo Ritzen

people, most of them peasants. The problem

lying these processes) is highly dynamic and

in Zimbabwe is to achieve economic democra-

makes analysis difficult. The easy way out is to

been radical change at many levels, socio-poli-

look at static analysis. But, he encouraged

tical as well as economic. These transforma-

researchers at the ISS to keep dynamics in

tions are marked by macroeconomic contrac-

mind, if the Institute is to make a difference.

tion, with catastrophic inflation rates (e.g.,

cy. Without that, political democracy and good

Governments don’t spend

governance will not work. enough on the right things The following speaker, Dr Dele Olowu, looked at the crisis in African governance in general,

4743% in Ukraine in 1993) and a marked - or they spend too much

Day 3: Wednesday 9 October

asking whether it was a cause or a consequen-

withdrawal of the state. One consequence of this is the re-emergence of absolute and relati-

on the wrong things

ce of the development crisis. After tracing the history of governance in Africa, he said that, if

or the wrong people.

bad governance was the cause of the development crisis, there should have been an improvement after the upsurge of attention to good

Theme 5: Why Poverty Still Endures

ve poverty (from 13.6 to 168 million poor

(Chair: Dr Rob Visser)

throughout the region), and increasing inequali-

Dr Jo Ritzen kicked off the final session of the

ty (the Gini coefficient has risen from 0.25 to

conference on why poverty endures. He said

between 0.40 and 0.50). Child poverty, too, is

that, although some progress had been made,

very high and still increasing in several coun-

governance. The fact that this has not occur-

tems, Professor Ostrom argued, will help us

poverty was still very much with us. 1.2 billion

tries. Thus, the growth observed in these coun-

red suggests that theory is out of line with

build more resilient systems for addressing

people are still living on less than a dollar a day.

tries is generated and enjoyed by a small elite

practice. For Dr Olowu, the governance crisis

environmental problems in the future.

‘Governments don’t spend enough on the right

only. This results in growth without equity.

things – or they spend too much on the wrong

Sound policies must be pursued aimed at

things or the wrong people,’ he said.

growth with equity, or civil conflict could be the

is a rules problem. We need to rebuild institutions, at local and at international level, and get

In the following presentation, Professor Qu

the rules of governance right, if we are to

Futian demonstrated how institutional arrange-

achieve sustainable development.

ments contributed to environmental change in

Speaking on the impoverishing of democracy,

result.

the case of farmland conversion in China. He

Dr Thandika Mkandawire told the audience that

The final speaker, Dr Dan Kaseje, returned the

Mr William Reuben then shifted the focus to

showed that unclear land property rights, an

the main concern was a growing awareness of

focus of attention to Africa. Poverty cannot be

civil society and how to improve civil engage-

imperfect land market, and economic develop-

poverty and the rise of democratic move-

reduced in Africa without targeting health,

ment. In neo-classical thought, he said, the

ment incentives of local governments led to

ments. The challenge is to establish a social

since economic activity on the continent is

state and civil society are seen in contradictory

excessive loss of farmland. Stopping this pro-

order that is developmental, democratic and

essentially labour intensive. People’s health

terms, while in fact they should be seen as

cess will require changes to land market and

inclusive. He agreed with Dr Ritzen that chan-

status determines their socioeconomic status –

complementary. Effective government

price systems and to the division of responsibi-

ges in national and international governance

the poor are more exposed to infection and its

depends on a dynamic civil society and provi-

lities between levels of government, Professor

are an important precondition for development

consequences. Research has shown that mor-

des the environment in which it can function.

Futian concluded.

and poverty alleviation.

tality among the poor is three times higher than

The key is that the expectations of those represented are fulfilled, and that government is

among the better off. Poverty must therefore Dr Sharachchandra Lélé then made an appeal

Professor David Hulme then brought the dis-

be reduced if economic improvement is to be

to go beyond the traditional state-community

cussion right down to ground level by telling

achieved. The challenge is to break out of the

polarisation. He called for mixing and matching

the story of Maymana and Mofizul, two child-

vicious circle in which poverty leads to ill health

institutions as appropriate and emphasised the

ren in Bangladesh. Their father, the head of the

and ill health to poverty. Investments in health

importance of multilayered institutional arran-

household, has died and they and their mother

will reduce the disease burden and lead to a

gements. Using forest management as a spe-

have to struggle to survive. The story illustrated

multiple economic return.

cific case, Dr Lélé demonstrated the relative

the endurance of poverty and why people in

strength of institutions ranging from village

such situations remain poor. It is a typical situ-

Closing Remarks by

committees to forest management agencies

ation, not only in India and Bangladesh, but in

Professor Hans Opschoor

for carrying out different forest management

Africa, too, as a result of the HIV/AIDS epide-

Professor Opschoor expressed his thanks to

functions.

mic. One of the main conclusions to emerge

all the participants of the conference and to

from this case study was that there is still a

the five chairpersons for their creativity in

ISS PhD student Le Thi Van Hue presented a

strong gender bias in these societies, and the

chairing the conference. He also thanked the

case study of mangrove management in a villa-

empowerment of women by government will

conference sponsors. He noted that even

ge in Vietnam. She portrayed the social impact

go a long way to help relieve their struggle.

though the conference was not strong on

of mangrove management systems over a

State Secretary for Development Cooperation, Agnes van Ardenne-van der Hoeven.

policy conclusions, the academic argument

period of remarkable institutional change in

Dr Max Spoor looked at the re-emergence of

Vietnam. She concluded that here, too, multi-

poverty in the countries in transition in the for-

layered resource management was most

mer Eastern bloc. Although economists tend to

appropriate, with state control of the dike sys-

see the transformation in terms of a transition

tem, households managing the shrimp ponds

from a planned to a market economy, there has

was equally important.

7

D

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ISSues

African Students Conference 2002

SCHOLAS

Akinyinka Akinyoade and Joy Assimwe Annual conferences for and by African students enrolled in institutes of higher education in the Netherlands have been organised at the ISS since 1999. These conferences, which are supported by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deal with crucial issues in the field of advancing peace. They have been flagship events to raise awareness and encourage research and action on pursuing the goals of the Global Coalition for Africa (GCA). This year’s conference, entitled ‘Building Peace in Africa: The Challenges of Integrating Good Governance and Poverty Alleviation in the African Peacebuilding Agenda’, was organised by the African Committee (TAC) and the United Nations of Youth Foundation (UNOY). It was held at the ISS on 27 September.

In his welcoming address, ISS Rector Hans

right way at the right moment, and complemen-

perspective, opined that adequate funding is

Overall, it was agreed that peacebuilding is a

Opschoor posited that good governance is

ted by other measures. Dr Abdullah Mohamoud

needed to build local capacities for peace.

difficult task, as it is a process that takes time

positively linked to peaceful conditions. Rabbi

(Universiteit van Amsterdam) expressed the

Soetendorp, the Honorary President of UNOY,

view that, to tackle the issue of post-conflict

In the final session, participants convened in

ness of a peacebuilding programme is liable to

then stressed that peace is ‘not beyond us, it is

situations, there is a need to integrate traditional

interactive working groups that addressed the

adjustment depending on the context in which

within us, and together we will achieve it’. TAC

and modern structures of governance. In addi-

major subjects addressed by the guest spea-

it is employed. Finally, good governance is

president Jeffrey Isima welcomed the partici-

tion it is essential to create an environment con-

kers. In a working group on peacebuilding, it

achievable only if those who are ruled also take

pants and gave a brief but concise exposition

ducive to the transfer of central power to local

was concluded that humanitarian interventions

part in decision-making and if there is gender

on the workings and agenda of TAC.

authorities to shape a new Africa. Dr Remi

could take any or a combination of the follo-

sensitivity and the inclusion of different social

Ajibewa of the Centre for Democracy and

wing forms – relief, rehabilitation, recovery,

groups, transparency and accountability in the

The conference programme was divided into

Development in London reappraised strategies

reconciliation, and reparation. It was recognised

use of resources leading to growth, and the

four parts. Part one was about the theory and

for poverty reduction and sector-wide appro-

that, in some cases, intervention can become

availability of basic human needs and services

practice of peacebuilding and conflict manage-

aches, and noted that the IMF and WB strate-

‘inhuman’ or aggravate conflict. Therefore, in

such as health and education.

ment in Africa. Guest speaker Dr Timothy

gies on poverty reduction perpetuated poverty

order to make humanitarian intervention more

Murithy, from UNITAR Geneva, surmised that

rather than alleviated it.

human, there should be better needs analysis,

In closing, Ms Akapelwa (TAC) and Mr Juan

recognition of multiple actors and reciprocity,

Salgado (UNOY) thanked all those involved for

strengthening subregional organisations, nego-

and requires patience, and that the effective-

tiated settlements that include the interests of

The third session explored the concept of local

and building on community institutions and

their contribution to the success of the pro-

all parties in conflict, and increasing the role

capacities for peace and reflected on the les-

resources. In a working group on poverty alle-

gramme. All participants later attended a recep-

of civil society in peacebuilding initiatives are

sons learnt for peacebuilding in Africa. Mrs

viation, it was noted that to critically address

tion in the ISS atrium, offered by the City of

essential to building peace in Africa in the

Dekha Abdi presented a case study of the Wajir

the issue of poverty and good governance,

The Hague, with traditional West African back-

twenty-first century.

in northeast Kenya. The strategies used for

there is a need for government policies that

ground music from Messrs Minta and Ouattara.

sustaining peace included the mobilisation of

promote agricultural production and address

Next year, UNOY and TAC will have a follow-up

In the second session, Mr Jonathan Wolsey of

women, students and youths in the peace pro-

the needs of the informal sector. In another

conference, which will produce a Communiqué

EURODAD Brussels dwelt on the IMF and

cess, facilitation by minority groups, creation of

group, a bottom-up decision-making approach

to be presented to the GCA and other relevant

World Bank criteria for classifying countries eli-

local laws that were eventually harmonised with

to problem-solving programmes directed at

institutions.

gible for aid. He concluded that aid does not

national constitutional laws, and peace celebra-

poverty alleviation was advocated. This deman-

seem to be a miracle solution to peacebuilding,

tion. Corrie Roeper of the Interchurch

ded recognition of the importance of people at

Akinyinka Akinyoade can be contacted at

conflict resolution and poverty reduction. It can,

Organisation for Development Cooperation

the grassroots level, community-based organi-

yinka@iss.nl.

however, be more effective if provided in the

(ICCO), approaching the issue from a donor

sations, and local and international NGOs.

Diploma Programmes: still some places left!

You may be aware of the postgraduate Diploma

(Special Graduate Programme) (7 weeks, star-

• 7-week programme: Euro 840

Applications for admission are processed and

programmes offered by ISS. We can still accept

ting 19 May 2003)

This includes tuition, registration and study

decided upon irrespective of the financial situ-

visits. Accommodation is not included.

ation of the applicant. It is assumed that appli-

applications for the following programmes, starting in April and May:

Entrance requirements

Modelling and Accounting for Sustainable

• a Bachelors degree in one of the social

Development (10 weeks, starting 16 April 2003) Governance, Democratisation and Public Policy (10 weeks, starting 16 April 2003) Globalisation and Development (10 weeks, starting 16 April 2003) Children, Youth and Development (10 weeks,

cants will be capable of meeting their travel Deadline for application 1 February 2003

sciences with at least class 2.2, B or equivalent • relevant professional experience of at least 2-3 years • English language proficiency (TOEFL 500, IELTS/British Council 5.5)

starting 16 April 2003)

expenses and of financing their study, residential and other costs while at the Institute. After

How to apply

admission to the ISS a student needs to secure

You can download an application form from

funding. Several options may be explored.

http://www.iss.nl/index2.htm or ask for one

Please note that in most cases procedures are

from the ISS student office. You can also obtain

long, so make sure you send your application in

additional information from the student office.

early. Admissions are valid for two years, so if

ISS student office, PO Box 29776,

you are unable to obtain funding in time for the

Policy Analysis Skills for Transition

Fees

2502 LT The Hague, the Netherlands.

2003 programmes, you can use the same

Economies (6 weeks, starting 14 May 2003)

• 10-week programme: Euro 3840

E-mail student.office@iss.nl, fax +31-70-

admission letter to find support for the 2004

Development, Law and Social Justice

• 6-week programme: Euro 2540

4260799

programme.

8

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISSues CERES: The Next Phase Professor Ton Dietz As many readers will know, CERES is a Dutch school for research and PhD training in the field of resource studies for development. The ISS is one of its founding members and an active participant. ISS Rector Hans Opschoor is chair of the CERES Board and one of the Institute’s core scholars, Dr Max Spoor, represents the ISS in the CERES directorate.

There have been quite a few changes at CERES recently, reason enough for new Chair Professor Ton Dietz to take a closer look at the School and at some of the debates within it.

Changing the guard: former Chair Prof. Ari de Ruyter (left) welcomes his successor, Prof.Ton Dietz

CERES has entered its eighth year as an acknowledged research

topics, crosscutting the existing structure of the working pro-

research school system in the Netherlands. One solution might

school. In the course of its existence it has developed from a

grammes.

be to change from a membership to a ‘membership and netw-

‘survival mechanism’ for a scientific field under siege, to a large

ork’ organisation, and to widen the possibilities for association

and successful research school in the social sciences in the

One of the problems of a research school like CERES is the wide

Netherlands. When an international mid-term evaluation group

diversity of PhD arrangements, backgrounds and research sites.

visited CERES in the course of 2001 its main message was:

On average, PhD students take too long to get their degrees.

There is, however, a question of scale. Although CERES is large

‘count your blessings, and improve your strengths. CERES is

There is a growing need to restrict the period to a maximum of

from a Dutch social science perspective (with more than 200

beyond survival and should now strive for excellence’. The work

four years, and to urge supervisors and facilitators to help candi-

PhD students and 200 senior scholars), it is relatively small com-

of the international advisory group discussing the School’s state

dates to get their work ready in time.

pared to schools in the natural sciences and to some social

of affairs and future directions resulted in much debate. Some of the issues that arose are considered here below.

with CERES’ work.

science research centres abroad. If the School gets any bigger, it The last evaluation committee of the Royal Netherlands

will have organisational repercussions, especially for the size and

Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) recommended more uni-

capacity of the office.

In the training of the next generation of scholars the first PhD

formity in ‘mission’ and approach, and was critical of the contin-

year has always received most attention and is generally seen as

uing use of the word ‘development’ in CERES’ presentation.

There is also a clear challenge to develop closer links with part-

very successful. However, with the change to a Bachelor-Master

However, the mid-term evaluation committee and a considerable

ner institutes and colleagues in Europe. The annual summer

structure at Dutch universities, and the possible introduction of

number of CERES members would like to see more debate and

schools could well become a vehicle for effective networking at

two-year Research Masters’ programmes, CERES should prepa-

more emphasis on diversity.

European level.

re itself for a new role.

Although the School clearly started as a bundling of research

Communication is central to the success of the School and its

In a number of universities the emphasis is shifting back from

efforts in social and related sciences in ‘faraway parts of the

members. The CERES website (http://www.fss.uu.nl/ceres) plays

participation in national research schools to a more central role

globe’, it has gradually moved towards a truly ‘global’ emphasis,

an important and growing role and could do more, through web-

for university-specific graduate schools and research institutes.

in which problems of social change, societal transformation, the

site publishing and increasing the availability of research results.

The challenge for CERES is to maintain the positive sides of the

social dynamics of resource use, development attempts, diversi-

CERES also realises that scientific assessment procedures

network organisation it has become and of the advantages of its

ty and multiculturality can be studied anywhere, and with a com-

strongly rely on publications in top-level, peer-reviewed scientific

scale.

parative perspective. The inclusion in CERES of a growing num-

journals. It therefore needs to improve its journal rating system

ber of scholars who do research in the Netherlands and other

and to try and improve members’ access to journals and publis-

More effort and more rigour will be needed in training PhD stu-

parts of Europe is important. It has resulted in a separate working

hers.

dents who have gone beyond their first year. In the CERES trai-

programme on ‘the management of meaning and the meaning of

ning architecture the working programmes should play an active

management’, with a focus on problems of multiculturality.

role, but this does not always happen. However, as a training

CERES has worked hard to become a strong and innovative research and training environment. And there is an eager new

ground and a research arena for specific themes within the

With ‘societal transformation’ gradually becoming the core of

School, the working programmes should not develop into ‘sub-

CERES’ research agenda, there is a need to break through some

Schools’. Think-tank groups have been set up around core

of the research boundaries created with the formalisation of the

generation pushing for further improvements!

Professor Dietz can be contacted at A.J.Dietz@frw.uva.nl

ISS Students Travelling Through Europe In addition to in-house seminars, conferences

has become a recurrent event that many stu-

Some other field trips that have taken place this

and workshops, the ISS organises yearly study

dents look forward to. During almost a full week

year:

visits and field trips within the Netherlands and

the students received a thorough exposure to

Joint trip: Politics of Alternative

to neighbouring countries in Europe to leading

the ILO’s work. They participated in several in-

Development Strategies and Population &

national and international institutions.

depth discussions on fundamental human and

Development Programme

labour rights and attended presentations on

14-18 October: trip to Copenhagen, Denmark,

HRE study trip to ILO in Geneva

ILO’s efforts to bring decent work to the infor-

including the Human Rights Centre, Centre of

On 1-5 October, the students of the Human

mal economy, and on the Committee for the

African Studies, DANIDA, several NGOs and

Resources and Employment (HRE) Programme

Social Dimensions of Globalisation. On 9

the University of Roskilde.

at the ISS went on a study trip to the

December, the HRE students are also going on

International Labour Organisation (ILO) in

a trip to the ICFTU in Brussels, Belgium.

Women & Development

Geneva, Switzerland. This was the fourth year

December: trip to Brussels, including the

in a row that the trip has been organised, and it

European Commission and a number of NGOs.

Left to right: Alex Avila (Philippines), Juan Somavia ILO Director General, Indrasari Tjandraningsih (Indonesia)

9

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ISSues The Limits to Growth 30 years on

A Realist Perspective on a Doomsday Scenario Henk Houweling In 1972, the Club of Rome published the influential report The Limits to Growth, which predicted the dire consequences of unbridled economic growth on the environment, population and the global economy. In this article, Professor Henk Houweling looks at the report’s predictions to see how they have stood the test of time. 1

The Limits to Growth addresses the constraints

The authors of The Limits to Growth were cor-

between the countries that developed first and

melting of glaciers on the Himalayan Plateau,

on growth inherent in the Fordist stage of

rect in their assumptions about the sources of

those that industrialised later. The report was

the effects of water shortages will extend to the

heavy-industry industrialisation. At that stage,

environmental constraints on industrial produc-

completed at a time when the Fordist model of

hundreds of millions of people still dependent

manufacturing production expands as a result

tion. However, they underestimated the rate of

capital accumulation had run into a crisis. It did

on farming in South Asia and parts of Southeast

of more people working in large-scale industrial

change in the capacity to locate metals and

not anticipate economic restructuring, i.e. the

Asia. A better modelling tool is King’s notion of

plants, with more machinery and with more raw

minerals, in the efficiency of their extraction, and

internationalisation of industrial production,

demographic entrapment of agricultural peo-

material inputs (metals and minerals in particu-

in anti-pollution technology. Assuming fixed

which strongly reduced the unit-level material

ples, in particular those living in fertile river val-

lar), resulting in more material throughput. The

stocks of metals and minerals and calculating

throughput of developed economies, and the

leys surrounded by deserts.2

material originates in ‘nature’, and returns to it in

the timing of their depletion at observed rates of

relocation of the labour/material intensive parts

the form of waste. First in America and later,

extraction, they were most often completely

of industrial production processes overseas.

The notion of sustainable development was

after World War II, in Western Europe and

wrong in anticipating stock depletion times and

Consequently, industrial waste is no longer only

invented in the West as a political-ideological

Japan, Fordist industrialisation brought about a

in estimating the environmental consequences

produced by Western societies. So an ever-

response by the ‘pro-growth’ coalition after The

mass production/mass consumption society.

of material throughput.

larger portion of rapidly growing mankind has

Limits to Growth had cast doubt on the legiti-

Economists tend to stop their analysis of the cir-

become at least mentally incorporated into a

macy of income growth in the rich countries.

cular flow of income and goods here. They the-

sort of world in which ‘income growth with pol-

Political entrepreneurs in Western societies have

lution’ has become the norm. All other forms of

a common interest in postponing conflict over

social existence lost out and became extinct. At

distribution by increasing the size of the cake by

the international level, that means that ex-colo-

pro-growth policies. The paradox is that people

nial societies are continually striving to catch-

are marvels at producing social and environ-

up. Lagging behind others implies being over-

mental change, but tend to lose control over the

run by them. The economy of power is particu-

direction in which it goes. Modern economic

larly visible in the international domain.

growth, including the expectation of growth, is

refore tend to miss the links between the circu-

So we now have

lar flow model of an economy and the natural environment. That would not be a problem as

agricultural societies in Africa

long as the capacity of nature to deliver inputs and to absorb waste is not exceeded. A mass

and the Middle East

consumption society, however, creates forces leading to the expansion of production far be-

that are unable

of rather recent date (since about 1850 in

yond the physiological digestive capacity of humans: people derive status from gaining

to feed themselves

access to goods which others cannot afford.

The vast increase in productivity in food produc-

Western Europe and the US). Today, the world

tion in developed countries since World War II,

as a whole has been caught up in that expecta-

and the willingness of political entrepreneurs in

tion. However, in the high-income societies of

trial capitalism is capable of diverting the strug-

Due to the limited time frame of their study, they

these countries to get rid of the surplus by

the West, the linkage between growth in income

gle for power and status from control over terri-

failed to specify correctly in their model the

exporting subsidised foods to agricultural eco-

and self-reported well-being or happiness has

tories and people to control over markets, and

impacts of earlier demographic developments,

nomies, was not anticipated in the report. Since

been broken. Yet these societies have institu-

to the creation and satisfaction of tastes.

causing them to underestimate the rates of

the completion of the Uruguay Round in 1994,

tions geared to growth. No politician can afford

change in the value of the population variable.

export subsidies for agro-producers have been

to argue in favour of limiting growth to low-inco-

Writing about a period of strong economic

Due to the liquidation of native populations in

replaced by income support to farms, leading to

me societies, where the linkage between self-

growth, the authors of The Limits to Growth

the Western Hemisphere and in Australasia by

a production and export boom. In 2000, farms

reported happiness and income wealth is

built a computer simulation model of the multi-

the Europeans, followed by land occupation,

in the US and the EU received the equivalent of

strong, and hope to get re-elected.3

ple interactions and their feedback loops

the latter increased their share in world popula-

about US$ 19,000 in transfers from their gover-

between the manifold variables involved in the

tion and landholdings between 1750 and the

nments. The per capita income in China in that

Dr Henk Houweling is Professor of Political

Fordist stage of industrialisation and the natural

1930s. At that time, agricultural production had

year was US$ 850. In the liberalising world tra-

Science at the University of Amsterdam. He can

environment. In the period under study, the

not lost its ecological autonomy. Nineteenth-

ding system, the PRC is ‘opening up’ its agricul-

be contacted at houweling@pscw.uva.nl

international division of labour between develo-

century industrialising Europe ‘needed’ an

tural markets, satisfying urban consumers with

ping countries and developed countries was

expanded land base to feed a growing popula-

‘modern’ tastes in industrialising China.

based on the colonial pattern: agro-raw material

tion. Colonisation by the countries in Europe

However, food exports to Third World countries

in Transactie - Tijdschrift over de wetenschap

and mineral exports by the former in exchange

that industrialised first created access to essen-

are inducing a preference change to the disad-

van oorlog en vrede, Volume 28, No 1, 1999,

for manufactured products produced in the lat-

tial industrial inputs as cotton, oil, rubber, and

vantage of local food crops. So we now have

Because of its extraordinary productivity, indus-

1

This article was originally published in Dutch

pp. 71-105.

2

Maurice King, ‘Demographic Entrapment’, in

ter. In developed countries, however, agriculture

metals. After 1950, preventive medicine – deve-

agricultural societies in Africa and the Middle

was rapidly losing its ecological autonomy: food

loped by the European countries between the

East that are unable to feed themselves. Agro-

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical

production had increased since World War I due

1870s and World War I – was exported to their

production in these societies is dispersed over

Medicine and Hygiene (1993), vol. 87,

to inputs from outside the agro-sector itself, lea-

colonies. Since World War II it has been profes-

an infinite number of producers, leading to zero-

Supplement 1, pp. 23-28.

3

The theoretical basis of this argument can be

ding to overproduction of basic foodstuffs. At

sionally distributed in the former colonial

level profits. Zero-level profits prevent invest-

time of the report’s publication, rapid growth of

regions, resulting in a decline in mortality. Since

ment to cope with the pressures on the land

found in Andrew Bard Schmookler, The para-

the world population was no doubt on the

1950, the proportion of the world population in

generated by population growth, leading to land

ble of the tribes: the problem of power in

cards: it took until 1820 for it to reach the one

developed countries has been declining.

degradation.

social evolution, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,

the second billion, in 1930. However, the vast

Due to the cumulative nature of knowledge

Renewable resources - such as fresh water,

Norman Schwartz (eds), Well-being: the foun-

potential implied by these numbers had not yet

added to production in enterprises in the coun-

topsoil, forests, grazing land and fresh air - have

dations of hedonic psychology. New York:

been demonstrated to the full.

tries that industrialised first, the authors vastly

turned into the bottleneck of the process of

Russel Sage 1999.

underestimate the gap in per capita income

development. If global warming leads to the

1984 and Daniel Kahneman, Ed Diener, and

billion level, but just over 100 years to achieve

10

D

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ISSues

continued from page 1

Sexual Politics below the Poverty Line

reproduce and disrupt the stereotype of power-

died transactions and representations serve to

a poster exhibition, among other replicable pro-

cultural communications techniques, which

lessness vis-à-vis (violent) men. In this regard,

overturn entrenched values of bourgeois mora-

ducts that can be used as educational tools.

promote collective consciousness and commu-

practices like exchanging sex for materiality

lity and its institutional network of power, these

and parenting are primordial self-realisation and

embodied expressions of subaltern agency are

This ‘advocate journalist’ method falls under

economic and otherwise – by people who are

survival mechanisms. To theoretically tackle the

also fraught with myriad binary contradictions.

nity action, with the redistribution of power – the rubric of cultural communications, which

in administrative control of the state and its

power structures and discourses highlighted in

involves the use of media like music, dance,

apparatuses.

the problematic, the research analyses the ide-

theatre, poetry etc., as teaching tools on an

ological hegemonies that result in the race,

individual level, and ultimately as tools for com-

Finally, the creation principle invoked by the

class, gender and age-specific stratification of

munity mobilisation. The method was also used

embodied discourses of resistance examined

Jamaican society and the super-subordinated

to fulfil the requirements of conscientisation

can be used as an effective metaphor in opera-

status of the subjects of the case study. It also

praxis – to raise the consciousness of research

tionalising peace and love politics in Southside.

uses gender analysis to problematise the

participants – and to address the reflexivity

Of course, tackling all these needs in a mea-

power relations inherent to popular construc-

required of feminist ethnographers by sharing

ningful way will take strong political will.

tions of femininity and masculinity, which

the multimedia products with the same indivi-

Conversely, if such ameliorative action is not

makes it possible to show that the gender-

duals and/or community from which the data

taken, the present political economy of violen-

identity-embodiment nexus is fundamental to

was derived. Cultural communications techni-

ce, power, gender and sexual embodiment in

both discourses of domination and discourses

ques are thus also relevant for addressing pro-

Jamaica’s inner city will remain rigidly in place,

of resistance.

blems similar to those tackled in Southside,

no doubt leading to even more blood, bullets

which have taken root in other parts of the

and power-crossed bodies.

As the discursive bridge between the culture

world.

and the individual, the body is the site of the

Dr Imani M. Tafari-Ama is a multimedia journa-

inscription of binary oppositions, which serve to

In terms of development, sexual and social

list-researcher with several years’ experience

prescribe, circumscribe, proscribe and sanction

healing is mandatory in Southside in order to

working on women, gender and children’s

engendered values, identity definitions and

reclaim and nurture human minds and bodies

rights, and social and cultural affairs in Jamaica,

embodied practices. This discussion also re-

The combination of research methods used

deeply damaged in the manipulative applica-

the Caribbean, Africa, North America and

veals the persistence of political interests in

reaffirmed that the mass media in general and

tion of hegemonic power mechanisms. The

Europe. Dr Tafari-Ama is currently living in her

the maintenance of a patriarchal gender order,

individual media practitioners have a crucial

elite and grassroots agents of violence also

native Jamaica where for the spring semester

dominated by violence.

part to play in providing the space for disen-

need to take responsibility for their actions. At

2003 she will be working as Academic Director

franchised subjects to come to voice as a pre-

the same time, activists and academicians

of the School For International Training’s

Finally, the research uses agency to explore

requisite for development. The participatory

need to rigorously reflect on the power contra-

Women and Gender Studies Study Abroad

resistance, making it possible to explain the

action research process yielded a year-long

dictions intrinsic to popular cultural discourses

programme, which caters to college students

symbolic and pragmatic practices through

radio magazine programme on Jamaica’s first

in order to introduce a respect for difference in

from North America. She can be contacted at

which the body is reclaimed in the self-realisa-

inner-city community radio station; three video

the gender power discourses that shape the

itafari@aol.com.

tion project of subordinated subjects in

documentaries broadcast on local cable sta-

body politic. Development resources should

Southside. Significantly, while subaltern embo-

tions; a PowerPoint/CD-ROM presentation and

therefore be invested in combining multimedia

A Tribute to Kurt Martin Book launch On 8 October, to coincide with the

Ndulu. To each of these experts an

of institutional change. This makes

ISS Anniversary celebrations, there

ISS faculty member ‘replied’ with

Kurt Martin worth reading at the

was a book launching ceremony at

another paper. These contributions

beginning of this new century.

the Institute to commemorate the life

form the basis of the book ‘Social

and work of one of the most signifi-

Institutions and Economic

‘Social Institutions and Economic

cant development economists of the

Development: A Tribute to Kurt

Development: A Tribute to Kurt

twentieth century. Professor Kurt

Martin’. The papers contain analyses

Martin’, edited by Valpy Fitzgerald, is

Martin was a professor of develop-

of change in institutions in different

published by Kluwer, ISBN 1-4020-

ment economics at the ISS from 1969

areas of economic development in

0894-5.

until 1985 and remained actively

different parts of the world. The volu-

involved in the Institute until his death

me starts with a previously unpublis-

in 1995.

hed paper on agrarian reform by Kurt Martin himself.

Throughout 2001, the ISS held a series of public lectures in honour of

In his foreword to the book, Jan

Kurt Martin. The series brought

Pronk says that Professor Martin was

together a distinguished cast of inter-

a pupil of the great classical econo-

national experts on social institutions

mists of the early twentieth century.

and economic development, inclu-

He did not belong to a particular

ding Richard Nelson, José Antonio

school but took his inspiration both

Ocampo, Frances Stewart and Ben

from other disciplines and the reality

11

D

E V E L O P M E N T

ISS Working Papers can be found on the ISS website at:

ISSues

Working Papers

www.iss.nl/research/working papers. They can also be ordered in hard copy from The Bookshop, PO Box 29776, 2502 LT The Hague, the Netherlands]

ISS WORKING PAPERS GENERAL SERIES • ISSN 0921-0210 368

Irene van Staveren, Social Capital: What’s in it for Feminist Economics? (August 2002)

369

Karel Jansen, The Scope for Fiscal Policy; with Examples from Thailand (September 2002)

370

Esteban Tapella, Old Wine in New Bottles? Rural Finance and Social Funds in Argentina (September 2002)

New Netherlands Fellowships Programme

371

Tony Addison and S. Mansoob Murshed, Transnational Terrorism as a Spillover of Domestic Disputes in Other Countries (October 2002)

372

Bridget O’Laughlin, Contingent Identity and Socialist Democracy in the Port of Maputo (October 2002)

THE FREEDOM TO DO GOD’S WILL: RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM AND SOCIAL CHANGE

In line with changes in Dutch development policy, the government programme of providing fellowships for foreign students has undergone a number of changes. If you are

In the wake of the events of September 11th 2001, no government or individual can afford to ignore

interested in studying at the ISS or elsewhere

religious fundamentalism. This collection of essays, based on a series of Public Lectures at the ISS in

in the Netherlands and might be interested in

2000 but revised and updated, considers the global impact of fundamentalism on the major religious

applying for a Dutch government fellowship,

traditions. The volume is edited by Gerrie ter Haar, Professor of Religion, Human Rights and Social

you can obtain more information on the new

Change at the ISS, and James Busuttil, Associate Professor of International Law and Organisation

Netherlands Fellowship Programme on the

at the ISS.

website of the Netherlands Organisation for International Cooperation in Higher Education

Published by Routledge

(Nuffic): www.nuffic.nl/development coope-

ISBN 0-415-27034-0 (hardback)

ration/scholarships.

ISBN 0-415-27035-9 (paperback)

The journal Development and Change is published five times a year by Blackwell Publishers (Oxford, UK) on behalf of the Institute of Social Studies.

For more information, see the ISS web site, or email us at d&c@iss.nl. Available online at http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/online

Development ISSues is published three times a year by: Institute of Social Studies PO Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Tel:

+ 31 (0)70 4260 443 or 4260 525

Fax:

+ 31 (0)70 4260 799

ISS website: www.iss.nl Email: DevISSues@iss.nl Editors: René Bekius, Andy Brown Editorial assistant: Karen Shaw Editorial Board: Karin Arts, Erhard Berner, Kristin Komives, Sandra Nijhof, Peter de

Volume 33

Number 4

September 2002

DAVID LEWIS

Civil Society in an African Context: Reflections on the Usefulness of a Concept

ELIZABETH HARRISON

‘The Problem with the Locals’: Partnership and Participation in Ethiopia

CAROLYN BAYLIES

The Impact of AIDS on Rural Households in Africa: A Shock like any Other?

HARIPRIYA RANGAN AND

Gender, Traditional Authority and the Politics of Rural Reform in South Africa

II Anatomies of Failure and Collapse The Politics of Insurgency in Collapsing States WILLIAM RENO SPYROS DEMETRIOU Rising From the Ashes? The Difficult (Re)Birth of the Georgian State Try Again, Fail Again, Fail Better?

CHRISTOPHER War, the State and the ‘Post-Conflict’ CRAMER AND ONATHAN G OODHAND Challenge in Afghanistan J

Gender and Witchcraft in Agrarian Transition: MARY GILMARTIN ATHERINE S. D OLAN The Case of Kenyan Horticulture C

ABDEL-FATAU MUSAH Privatization of Security, Arms Proliferation and the Process of State Collapse in Africa

TOM DE HERDT

Economic Action and Social Structure: ‘Cambisme’ in Kinshasa

NEIL COOPER

RANJIT DWIVEDI

Models and Methods in Development-induced Displacement (Review Article)

Volume 33

Photos: Unless otherwise stated, all photo-

Special Issue State Failure, Collaps and Reconstruction Guest Editor: Jennifer Milliken

Design and Production: Seinen & v. Leeuwen

State Collapse and its Implications for Peace-Building and Reconstruction

t n e m p o l e v e e g D n a h C d n a

Valk, Bunmi Dipo-Salami (Scholas) graphs are by courtesy of Jager & Krijger

ALEXANDROS YANNIS

Number 5

November 2002

State Collapse as Business: The Role of Conflict Trade and the Emerging Control Agenda

III Relief and Reconstruction DANIEL P. L. CHONG Untac in Cambodia: A New Model for Humanitarian Aid in Failed States?

JARAT CHOPRA

Building State Failure in East Timor

MARINA OTTAWAY

Rebuilding State Institutions in Collapsed States

JAMES K. BOYCE

Aid Conditionality as a Tool for PeaceBuilding: Opportunities and Constraints

MARK DUFFIELD

Social Reconstruction and the Radicalization of Development: Aid as a Relation of Global Liberal Governance

Circulation 9,000 Material from Development ISSues may be reproduced or adapted without permission,

JENNIFER MILLIKEN State Failure, State Collapse and AND KEITH KRAUSE State Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies

provided it is not distributed for profit and is attributed to the original author(s), Development ISSues and the Institute of Social Studies. Unless otherwise stated, all photographs are by courtesy Jager & Krijger.

I States, Statebuilding and State Collapse The Challenge to the State in a Globalized CHRISTOPHER LAPHAM World C

ISSN: 1566-4821 The views expressed are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute.

12

MARTIN DOORNBOS State Collapse and Fresh Starts: Some Critical Reflections