A. Bacteria (singular bacterium) (study of bacteria – bacteriology) 1. Prokaryotic 2. Unicellular 3. Size: 1/1000 the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell 4. 2 groups (discovered in 1970's) a. Archaeobacteria ancient bacteria Eubacteria true bacteria c. bacillus (rod), coccus (spherical), spirillum (spiral), vibrio (curved rod) Coccobacillus (oval) 5. Motile or nonmotile 6. photosynthetic autotrophs use energy from the sun to produce their own carbohydrates for energy 7. chemosynthetic autotrophs process inorganic molecules for energy (ex. sulfur or iron) 8. heterotrophs depend on outside sources of organic molecules (ex. carbohydrates or sugars) for energy 7. Temperature extremes: 20oC to 110oC (that’s really cold & really hot! freezing is OoC and boiling is 100oC) 8. Anthrax, Bacterial Meningitis Bacterial Pneumonia, Botulism, Cholera, Dental Caries (tooth decay), Gonorrhea, Legionnaire’s Disease, Lyme Disease, , Peptic Ulcer Disease, Pertussis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Strep Throat, Syphilis, Tetanus, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Tuberculosis, Typhus. Extra: Bacteria make yogurt and cheese Nucleus: Stores genetic info. Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes. B. Algae (singular alga) Microbial origin: Nucleus, mitochondira and chloroplasts 1. eukaryotic were free living bacteria until they were taken as 2. Unicellular or multicellular endosymbionts (living inside) living in other cells. Lag: 3. Size: some microscopic, some macroscopic (ex. kelp) Bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions. 4. Motile or nonmotile Exponential (log): Number of new bacteria appearing per 5. photosynthetic autotrophs unit/time is proportional to present population. Stationary: 6. Paralytic shell fish poisoning, Estuary Associated Syndrome Growth rate slows as a result of nutrient depletion or toxin C. Fungi (singular fungus) (study of fungi – mycology) accumulation. Death: Bacteria run out of nutrients and die. 1. Eukaryotic (viable vs nonviable) 2. Unicellular or multicellular (yeasts are unicellular, molds are multicellular) 3. Nonmotile 4. How do they obtain their energy? a. heterotrophs
b.
Scavengers; live off dead matter and thus, decompose it. Live in slightly acidic conditions. Can grow in low moisture
5. Athlete’s foot, Histoplasmosis, Ringworm, Thrush Extra: Makes bread, beer,blue cheese. Ruin ¼1/2 crops D. Protozoa ("first animals") Microbe: Microorganism; small organism that can be observed by microscope. Microscope: Magnifier 1. Eukaryotic of images of small objects. Magnification: Act of expanding something in apparent size. Estimate size: 2. Unicellular Take size of object and divide by diameter of field of view. Diatom: Rigid cell wall made of silica. 3. Motile or nonmotile Dinoflagellates: Spin. Flagella 4. Heterotrophs 5. Malaria E. Viruses (study of viruses – virology) 1. Acellular, so not considered prokaryotic or eukaryotic; obligate intracellular parasites; when they are outside a host cell, there is no evidence that these guys are alive. 2. Basic structure of a virus a piece of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) enclosed by a protein coat (capsid); possess no nucleus, organelles, cell membrane, or cytoplasm. 3. Size 1/10 to 1/1000 the size of an ordinary bacterial cell. 4. Nonmotile 5. AIDS, Chicken Pox & Shingles, Common Cold, Dengue Fever, Herpes, Influenza, Measles, Mumps, mononucleosis, polio, rabies, small pox, viral encephalitis, viral pneumonia, west Nile fever, yellow fever. Micrometer: 1000 nm, Millimeter: 1000 micrometers. BF: Uses visible light. Observing dead stained specimens and living organisms with natural color. Useless for living bacteria and organisms with no color or contrast. DF: Uses visible light with a condenser that causes rays of light to reflect off the specimen. Observing living organisms. Can see living bacteria and organisms with no color or contrast. Phase Contras: Uses a condenser that increases differences in the refractive index of structures within the specimen. 2D, colorless. Observing internal structures of specimens. Ideal for living organisms. Fluorescent: Uses ultraviolet light and stain to stimulate molecules of the specimen to make it stand out from its background. Observing specimens or anti bodies in clinical studies. Targets specific things. Produces high resolution 3D pictures of microbes. Differential Interference: Prisms split light which cause interference.3D, colorful. Observing live unstained organisms. Very high resolution and contrast, 3D and colorful. Confocal: Computer guided laser illuminates specimen. Fluorescent stains are used. Focus on specific structures of 3D things. Adept at controlling depth. Slightly higher resolution than fluorescent and used when magnification + 3D is very important. Transmission Electron: Uses electron beams and electromagnetic lenses to view thin slices of cells. Observing exterior surfaces and internal sections and surfaces. 2D, no color. Thin slices. Dead organisms. Scanning Electron: Uses electron beams and electromagnetic lenses. Less refined than TEM. Less magnification, less resolution, but 3D, black/white. Color can be added. Observes surface; pollen. Gives threedimensional view of exterior surfaces of cells. Compound Microscopes: Used when high resolution is required. Used for observing things from the size of frog eggs to different organelles of a cell. Stereo Microscope. Used to create 3D view of the specimen. Used for magnification from 5x50x can reach as much as 400x. Usually used for inspection and work involving nonmicroscopic activities. F. Changing Objectives 1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power, the following changes will occur: a. the size of the field of view decreases. Formula: high power field diameter/ lower power field diameter = low power b. the field of view is darker. magnification/ high power magnification(Diameter in micrometers) c. the size of the image increases d. the resolution (ability to separate small details) increases. e. the working distance (distance between coverslip & objective) decreases. f. the depth of focus (thickness of the specimen which may be seen in focus) is reduced. 2. Relationships of magnification and the fields of view diameter and area ratios approximately (10 X ocular and listed objective) Objective Total Magnification Diameter Area Scanning 5x 50
Low 10 x High 40 x
100 400
½ Scanning ¼ Low
¼ Scanning 1/16 Low
G. Microbial Growth Four things affect growth: temperature, osmotic pressure, oxygen and nutritional requirement. For reference: Scanning power (50X) is about 3.0 to 3.2 mm and low power (100X) is about 1.5 to 1.6 mm. Sizes will vary with changes in magnification and manufacturer. Pelomorphic: Various shapes Thermophiles: Heat loving Psychrophiles: Cold loving Halophiles: Salt loving Mesophiles: Moderate loving Acidophiles: Acid loving Alkalophiles: Alkaline (high ph) loving. Chemoautotrophic: Synthesize its own food using chemicals. Photoheterotrophic: Synthesize its own food using photosynthesis and organic compounds. Chemoheterotrophic: Synthesize its own food using organic compounds. Euglena: Plantlike protist Paramecium: Protozoa. Volvox=Algae Marine Diatoms: Unicellular Algae Amoeba: Protozoa Red Algae=Algae Green Algae: Unicellular. Diffusion: HL. Osmosis: Water. Active Transport: L Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Acellular Motile NonMotile H. Passive Transport: No energy. Bacteria Yes No No Some Some Endocytosis: Engulf. Exocytosis. Expel. Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Virus No No Yes No Yes transport using proteins. Food Archaea Yes No No Some Some Production: Prions No No Yes No Yes Bread: Yeast responds to warm water. Algae No Yes No Some Some When exposed to sugars inside bread, it eats & digests the sugar, and releases Protozoa No Yes No Yes Some small amounts of Co2 + ethanol alcohol. Fungi No Yes No No Yes These bubbles make bread rise. Unicellular Multicellular Cell Wall Cell Membrane Nucleus Yogurt: Bacteria ferment the lactose in Bacteria Yes No Yes Yes No milk and produce lactic acid. Lactic acid lowers the ph of milk, causing it to Virus No No No No No thicken, preserving the yogurt since Archaea Yes No Some Yes No pathogenic bacteria can’t grow in acidic Prions No No No No No conditions. The partial digestion of milk Algae Some Some Most Yes Yes when bacteria ferment milk makes yogurt easy to digest. Beer: Yeast Protozoa Yes No No Yes Yes ferment starch, which consumes the Fungi Some Some Yes Yes Yes sugar in the grain, and expels alcohol DNA RNA Nuclear Membrane Autotrophic Heterotrophic and Co2. The bubbles and alcohol in Bacteria Yes Yes No Some Some beer are the yeast's waste products. Virus Some Some No No No Spoilage: As bacteria colonize food, they leave behind toxins. Food Archaea Yes Yes No Some Some Preservation: Preventing growth of Prions No No No No No bacteria by making conditions Algae Yes Yes Yes Most Some unsuitable for pathogenic bacteria; Fungi Yes Yes Yes No Yes sterilizing product & preventing entry (package). Medicine: Bacteria help Protozoa Yes Yes Yes No Yes digest food. Fungi. Used to make Cilia Flagella Pili Ribosomes Plasma Membrane medicines. Decomposers: Bacteria No Yes Some Yes Yes Heterotrophic bacteria decompose large Virus No No No No No chemicals into smaller ones that can be reused by other organisms. Can live in Archaea No Yes Some Yes Yes the swellings on the roots of some Prions No No No No.Body is protein No plants converting nitrogen gas from the Algae Some Some No Yes Yes air into nitrogen compounds the plant Protozoa Some Some No Yes Yes needs to grow. Environmental Fungi Yes No No Yes Yes Cleanup: Bacteria convert dangerous chemicals in oil to harmless substances. Characteristics of Diseases: Viral: Fever, coughing, long incubation period, long prodromal period (synptoms). Antibiotics don’t kill viruses. Treatment Immune system, prevention, disable virus. Comparison: Viral and bacterial diseases can be on either extreme, Some viral diseases can’t be cured, some bacterial are hard to cure. However, antibiotics work for all bacterial infections, but few viral infections. Some viral diseases can’t be prevented with vaccines, and some bacterial diseases can’t be prevented with vaccines. Lethality depends on disease. Bacterial: Similar to viral, can be misdiagnosed. Fevers, rashes, fatigue, and stiffness. Direct+ Foodborn + waterborne + airborne. Antibiotics are effective. Fungal: Infection, antibodies kill fungi (disinfectant). Protozoan + Algal: Fever, vomiting, nausea. Insect transmitted, direct contact, airborne, inhalation, consumption. Prions: Mental instability. Raises no response from immune system. No cure Petroleum : Anaerobic bacteria live underground at the interface between oil and water. The bacteria react hydrocarbons with water to produce large amounts of methane in a process similar to fermentation. Deci (d) x 1/10 Centi (c)x 1/100Milli (m) x 1/1000m Micro (µ) x 1/1,000,000 Nano (n) x 1/1,000,000,000. Lichen : Symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria can take nitrogen from air and turn it into biologically important compounds. Lichens w/ cyanobacteria help soil fertility. Good for soil, plants, and partner. Soil: Decomposers are bacteria and fungi. Soysauce: Mostly bacteria, some yeast. Ocular: magnifies the image formed by the objective. Nosepiece: holds the objectives. Objectives: lenses that receive the light from the field of view and form the first image. Stage: supports the slide and the specimen. Stage clips: hold the slide in place. Base: foundation which supports the scope & keeps it stable. Diaphragm: controls the amount of light reaching the specimen. Illuminator source of light. Course adjustment: used for initial or low power adjustment. Fine adjustment: used for fine tuning & high power focusing. Arm: supports the ocular, objectives and body tube. Body tube: tube or barrel between the ocular and the objectives.