APUNTES 2º ESO 2ª EVALUACIÓN
SECCIÓN BILINGÜE
1.
INTRODUCCTION
BADMINTON is a racket sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles). The badminton court is rectangular and is divided by a net. Players score points by hitting a shuttlecock with their racket so that it passes over the net and lands on the other side of the court.
Competitive badminton is best played indoors because shuttlecock flight is affected by wind. But badminton, as a casual recreational activity, can also be played outdoors. Badminton has been an Olympic sport since 1992 (Barcelona), History Games similar to badminton have existed throughout history, from ancient Greece to medieval Japan and colonial India, where a form of the game called “poona” was played. In the 1860’s, British Army officers posted to India became interested in “Poona” and took the game home to England, where the rules of badminton were set out.
This new sport was definitively launched in 1873 at the Badminton House, where the Duke of Beaufort introduced the game to his guests. The sport was then known as "The Game of Badminton" for a number of years, until the name was shortened to BADMINTON.
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BADMINTON HOUSE GLOUCESTERSHIRE painted by JOSEPH APPLEYARD
2. BADMINTON EQUIPMENT Rackets Badminton rackets are light, with top quality rackets weighting between 79 and 91 grams including the strings. The grip of the racket is very important. The choice of grip allows a player to increase the thickness of his racket handle and choose a comfortable surface to hold. Shuttlecocks A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle and also commonly known as bird or birdie) is a projectile with an open conical shape. There are different types of shuttles: Shuttlecocks with feathers. They are often used by high level players. The cork is covered in goat skin (usually).
Feathers
Cork base
Synthetic shuttles (nylon shuttles). They are often used by Recreational players and beginners. Feathered shuttles are more expensive and break more easily than nylon shuttles.
Plastic shuttles are smaller and it is almost impossible to play Badminton with them. NEVER BUY ONE OF THESE !!!
3. BADMINTON COURT Badminton is played on a court marked for both singles and doubles matches. The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a net. The doubles court is wider than the singles court, but both are the same length. The exception, which often causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles court has a shorter serve-length dimension. The doubles court is 6.10 metres wide and 13.40 m. Long.
Doubles Court
The singles court is a little smaller (5.18 m. Wide and 13.40 m. Long).
Singles Court
The net is 1.55 m. High.
4. BADMINTON RULES 1. Scoring system: 3 x 21 rally point scoring system. Before May 2006, players could only win a point on their own serve. But the scoring system was changed in 2006, and now players can earn a point on their own serve and also when their opponent serves. Each game is played with 21 points (with a margin of at least two points), with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally. If the score reaches 20-all, then the game continues until one side gains a two point lead (such as 24-22), up to a maximum of 30 points (30-29 is a winning score). A match is the best of three games. (The first player who wins two games wins the match.) 2. Service: •
At the start of the rally, the server and receiver stand in diagonally opposite service courts.
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The serve must travel diagonally to be good. The server must hit the birdie so that it passes over the net and the short service line, and would land in the receiver's service court. The server must hit the shuttle from below the waist. There is only one serve. In singles, the server stands: In his right service court when his score is even(or 0); In his left service court when his score is odd. In doubles, if the serving side wins a rally, the same player continues serving, but he changes service courts so that he serves to each opponent in turn. If the opponents win the rally and their new score is even, the player in the right service court serves; if odd, the player in the left service court serves. The winners of the previous game serve first in the following one. The server and receiver must stand inside their respective service courts until the serve is made. The server can do deceptive movements to disconcert the opponent (FEINTS).
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DOUBLES SERVICE COURT
SINGLES SERVICE COURT
3. Playing the game: The objective of the game is to hit the shuttlecock back and forth over a net without permitting it to hit the floor in bounds on your side of the net. •
The shuttlecock is not allowed to bounce on the floor.
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The rally continues until someone wins it by hitting a good shot which their opponent cannot return, or until someone loses it by hitting a fault. Faults include: Hitting the birdie into the net; Hitting the shuttle outside the court; Hitting the bird twice before it goes over the net. Each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes back over the net; Carrying the bird on the racket; It is also a fault if the shuttlecock hits the ceiling; Touching the net with the racket or any part of the body during play; Reaching over the net to hit the shuttlecock. Whoever wins the rally earns one point, and serves to start the next point. A birdie can hit the net on its way across during play and the rally can continue The players change ends at the start of the second game; if the match reaches a third game, they change ends both at the start of the game and when the leading pair's score reaches 11 points.
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All lines are considered in bounds.
4. Badminton strokes A. Forehand and backhand. Badminton offers a wide variety of basic strokes. All strokes can be played either forehand or backhand. A player's forehand side is the same side as his playing hand: for a right-handed player, the forehand side is his right side and the backhand side is his left side.
Forehand shot
Backhand shot
B. Basic strokes. You can play upper arm shots or under arm shots. The choice of stroke depends on: How near the shuttlecock is to the net; How high the birdie is; The current position of the opponent. Players have much better attacking options if they can reach the shuttle well above net height, especially if it is also close to the net. •
Service (under waist shot): Short service; Long service; Drive service (hitting the shuttle as far as you can with a horizontal direction and fast); Backhand service.
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Clear (upper arm or overhead shot - hitting the shuttle high and to the back of the opponents' court, the rear court): Attacking clear - 2 Defensive clear - 1 Drop shot - 5 (upper arm or overhead shot - hitting the shuttle so that it falls softly downwards into the opponents' forecourt, very close to the net). Smash – 4 (upper arm or overhead shot – hitting the shuttle downwards and fast, attempting to win the rally immediately). It is also called “kill”. Drive – 3 (hitting the shuttle as far as you can, not too high, horizontally and fast) HAIRPIN NET SHOT - 6 (under arm shot - hitting the shuttle softly back to the net) Lob (under arm shot – hitting the shuttle high and to the back of the opponents ‘court): Attacking lob, used when your opponent is very close to the net; Defensive lob, often used to get time enough to return to the midcourt.
7 1 2 5 3
4 6
1. Defensive clear; 2. Attacking clear; 3. Drive; 4. Smash; 5. Drop shot; 6. Net shot; 7. Lob.
5. Badminton strategy To win in badminton, players need to employ a wide variety of strokes in the right situations. The position in the court is also really important. Doubles Badminton Strategies During a doubles badminton match, the players can use one of the following strategies: Front-Back Position: attacking formation
Side by side Position: defensive formation
High level players tend to use both, changing positions depending on the situation.
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When you defend, try to hit the shuttle deep into your opponent's court. This is to prevent your opponent in the front position intercepting the shuttle from mid to front court.
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Whenever is possible try to smash or drive the shuttle to the middle ground between your opponents in order to take advantage of confusion and clashes.
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Another possibility is to play a drop shot or a net shot, forcing your opponents to lift the shuttle.
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And remember...Teamwork is the success formula in doubles!
Singles Badminton Strategies
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Remember always to get back to your HOME POSITION in the midcourt area after making each shot. This is a position where you can possibly reach any of your opponent's shots.
HOME POSITION
FOUR CORNERS STRATEGY. Always try to hit the shuttle away from your opponent and make your opponent move around the court. The singles court is narrower than the doubles court, but the same length (with the service exception). Since one person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to move as much as possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the court, combining lobs and clears with drop shots and net shots.
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If you are in a difficult situation during the rally, you need to make time for yourself to get back to a good position. Do this by hitting the shuttle high towards the back of the court, near the middle of the baseline (if possible).
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Try to use a WIDE VARIETY OF STROKES, depending on the situation. The key is to be flexible.
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One simple badminton strategy often used in singles is to serve long and high to your opponent's back court. This will force your opponent to move back to the baseline and open up their forecourt.
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Observe your opponent's strength, weakness, favourite shots and pattern of play. Use it to your advantage.
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CONCENTRATION during the game is also very important to reach any of your opponent’s shots.
Badminton Vocabulary (www.englishclub.com)
Word
Example sentence
Meaning
Ace
Jenny's accuracy means she serves lots of aces.
a serve that the opponent fails to hit
Backcourt
I ran to the backcourt to return his lob.
back third of the court (same as "rear court")
Backhand
If his backhand is weak, play more to his left side.
a stroke made on the side of the body opposite the racket side
Baseline
The shuttlecock landed just inside the baseline.
back line of the court
bird / birdie
The U.S. players say birdie instead of shuttlecock.
shuttlecock (mostly used in North America)
Carry
The umpire called my shot a carry, so I lost the point.
an illegal stroke in which the shuttle is caught and held on the racket before being released; also called a "sling" or "throw"
centre line
The centre line divides the court into two service courts.
a line that separates the left and right service courts
Clear
She hit a clear high and to the back of her opponent's court.
a shot hit deep into the opponent's court
Doubles
Why don't you ask her to be your partner in mixed doubles?
a game between teams of two players
Drop shot
He was at the back of the court, so I played a drop shot and he couldn't reach it.
An upper arm shot that just clears the net and then drops sharply
Drive
She played a forehand drive straight down the line and won the point.
a fast hard shot, not too high, with an horizontal trajectory
Fault
It is also a fault if the shuttlecock hits the ceiling during a rally.
a foul shot, such as one that hits the net or lands outside the court the front third of the court
Forecourt
If you play from the forecourt, you'll have a better chance of hitting a winner.
Home position
Players in singles matches try to get back to the home position whenever they can during a game.
Lob
Her lob flew high into the air and dropped into the back of the court, just inside the baseline.
Net
The shuttlecock hit the top of the net and just went over, so she won the point.
central position on court which is halfway between the baseline and net, and the two sidelines a shot that is hit in a high arc, usually over the opponent's head the length of meshed material supported on a cord between two posts that divides the court
Net shot / hairpin net shot
Net shots are good to play if your opponent is in his or her rear court.
a shot hit from the forecourt that just clears the net and drops sharply
Racket (also Racquet)
A badminton racket is smaller and lighter than a tennis racket.
the instrument used by players to hit the shuttlecock
Rally
The crowd applauded after watching another long, exciting rally.
a series of shots hit back and forth across the net
Rear court
Serve / service
Players try not to get caught in the rear court if possible. In tennis players use overhead serves, but in badminton they use underarm serves.
rear third of the court (same as "back court") a shot which begins play
Service court
You have to serve from inside your own service court.
the area into which a serve must be hit
Smash/�kill�
Dan jumped high in the air and hit a powerful smash to win the rally.
a powerful overhead shot
Wood shot
He was lucky when he hit a wood shot and the shuttlecock still went over the net.
a legal shot in which the shuttlecock hits the frame of the racket
1. INTRODUCCION How many people do you know who deal with pain in the: Lower back Neck Wrists For example, at my workplace I know 5. And our group counts 12 people doing a desk job. Some took medication. Others had surgery. Unfortunately, the pain never went away. It always comes back. Why? Because the cause isn't addressed: posture.
2. POSTURE Posture is the key to health. If your posture is not as it was meant to be, you'll experience pain sooner or later. How do you sleep? How do you pick up something from the floor? How's your posture, right now, reading this article? Time for a check-up :
POSTURAL HABITS YOU MUST MAKE NOW TO INCREASE YOUR HEALTH. 1. Squat Down. Picking up something from the floor by bending over stresses your lower back. The heavier the object, the greater the stress. The correct way is to Squat down: bend your knees. Squatting down relies on your leg muscles. Consider Strength Training if you have weak legs. It will make it easier. 2. Sleep On Your Side. Lose the habit of sleeping on your stomach or back:
Sleeping on the stomach is bad for your neck. Sleeping on the back is bad for your lower back. Sleep on your side and try a pillow between your knees. 3. Shoulders Back & Down. Slouching the shoulders leads to rounding of the upper back. This stresses your neck, elbows & wrists.
Whether you're: Sitting at your desk Driving your car Performing a Bench Press Put your shoulders back & down. It will keep you in good health.
4. Weight on Your Heels. Never put the weight on your toes: it's bad for the knees. Put the weight on your heels when:
Climbing stairways Walking around Sitting on a chair Curl your toes up if you have problems keeping your heels on the floor.
5. Head Back. Especially if you're a desk jockey. Letting your head tilt forward stresses the neck muscles. Put your head back & tuck your chin in.
6. Back Straight. Two postural habits that will eventually cause problems: Excessive rounding of the back; or excessive arching of the back Avoid at all costs. Keep your back straight and your shoulders back & down.
7. Move More. You sit too much. Sitting for extended periods of time causes lower back problems. Move more. I know it's not easy, but you need to. If you're a desk jockey: get up every 30mins, stretch all muscles, then get back to work.
1. INTRODUCTION In ancient times, men had to hunt, grow the land, and breed cattle in order to survive and these activities meant a continued physical activity. Nowadays, a lot of people live without doing any kind of physical exercise, this can be dangerous for our health and so we need to practice some physical activity. A sedentary lifestyle implies the absence of this physical activity. What dangers does it have? • Atrophy of the body functions. • A worse physical state. • You’ll suffer from more illnesses • You’ll put on weight.
2. HEALTHY HABITS 2.1 WHICH BENEFITS DO WE OBTAIN WHEN WE PRACTISE A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY REGULARLY? • A better working of the heart and the circulatory system. • It improves the respiratory capacity. • It improves our muscles, bones and joints. • It improves the activity of the nervous system. • It improves the PHYSICAL CONDITION. • It helps you to make friends. 2.2.
REST • • • •
It’s necessary to keep enough time to sleep. Otherwise: Your quality of life will get worse. Your productivity will be reduced. You’ll suffer from more physical and psychological damage. You won’t pay attention to what happens around you.
Advice to sleep in a better way: Sleep for as long as necessary (7 hours) Don’t take either long siestas or sleep very close to the time of going to bed. (these siestas must be for 15 or 20 minutes) Physical activity during the day will be easier to sleep at night. Think about positive things, leave aside the negative thoughts. Sleep in the darkness.
Choose a fixed time to get up every day. 2.3.
A CORRECT DIET A correct diet is essential to get a good physical condition. The nutrients we get from food are: • Carbohydrates. They provide mainly energy and they are very important for students and athletes. They are found in cereals, bread, sugar, vegetables and fruit. The proportion of carbohydrates in the diet is 60%. • Proteins. They are found in milk, fish, meat, eggs. Either the abuse or the lack of them are harmful. The proportion is 15 %. • Fats. They provide energy. It’s better to eat uncooked fats and to avoid fats from animal origins and fried products. Olive oil and blue fish are very healthy. The proportion of fats in the diet must be 2530%. It’s advisable not to take too many fats because they’re fattening. • Vitamins and minerals. Some vitamins are only present in some vegetables and fruit, so, it’s important to eat them. • Water is essential for life. You must drink a great quantity of water after a physical activity. During a long physical exercise you must drink as well but every now and then. START YOUR DAY WITH A GOOD BREAKFAST, you need energy to study, do exercise, enjoy…. ORGANISE YOURSELF BECAUSE YOUR HEALTH IS AT STAKE!!!
2.4.
HABITS OF BODY HYGIENE 1. Go to the doctor and make sure you don’t have physical problems. 2. Wear the right clothes for the activity. • Wear sports clothes • Avoid useless accessories (rings, watches, dangerous earrings…) • Wear trainers. Tie them up correctly. 3. Wait for 2 hours after eating before starting any kind of physical activity. 4. Do a good warm up. 5. Get washed after the exercise, clean your sweat. 6. Drink enough water and if possible, eat some fruit (not sweets or snacks).
3. NON-HEALTHY HABITS 3.1. TOBACCO In Spain, tobacco causes about 40,000 deaths every year. It brings about plenty of illnesses such as lung or mouth cancer, cough or heart attacks. Besides, tobacco can damage, not only to smokers, but also to people who breathe in the smoke. Remember: the law protects non smokers. It’s forbidden to smoke in schools, hospitals or in any kind of enclosed public places.
3.2.
ALCOHOL Alcohol is the most consumed toxic substance in our society. • It limits our body functions, above all brain functions. • It damages our nervous system and makes us slower. • It causes loss of memory and heart illnesses.
3.3.
DRUGS Cannabis: Its by-products are the hashish and the marijuana. When smoking it, it’s absorbed by the lungs and goes to the brain, quickly. Problems you may have: • Problems in the capacity of concentration and with your memory. • It reduces the coordination. • Change the sexual maturing hormones.
3.4.
OBESITY
Obesity or overweight are defined as a great accumulation of fats that can be damaging for your health. According to WHO (World Health Organization) in 2005 there were 1,600 million adults overweight and at least 400 million suffering from obesity. The WHO estimates that, by 2015 there will be 2,300 million adults overweight and more than 700 obese. Causes of obesity The main cause is a nutritional disorder between what you eat and what you burn up. Factors of obesity are: • A worldwide change in the diet is, eating food with a great quantity of calories (fats and sugars) but few vitamins and minerals. • We tend to reduce our physical activity due to sedentary nature of many jobs or to several changes in transport. Obesity and overweight have serious consequences for your health: Cardiovascular illnesses. Diabetes. Osteoarthritis Cancer.