00 wicked ecologies

Verso l’accordo sugli scali ferroviari Il verde e lo spazio

pubblico per un’infrastruttura ecologica e sociale

Landscape Design and the Reuse of Mobility Infrastructural Spaces Wicked Ecologies

Antonio di Campli

Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá

Endless Interior Urban Studies + Research

Palazzo Reale | Milano | 05.05.17

What is the role of landscape design in the regenation processes of dismantled areas, infrastructure networks or industrial spaces?

A role that has to be defined first and foremost by defining what are the expectations about those places with respect to some specific problems the city of Milan presents today.

5 terms that identify a concise mapping of design positions and discourses on the relationship between landscape design and the reuse of mobility infrastructural spaces or other dismantled urban equipments:

1 aestheticization 2 densification 3 palimpsestuous project 4 ecological machine / shared city 5 interior urbanism

social art, regional approach, hybrid, picturesque

These are different ‘postmodern’ declinations of the landscape project.

The hypothesis is that each of these positions can be used in a strategy of recovery of abandoned railways areas depending on the role the city intends to give to those places.

aestheticization

Doazan+Hirschberger, Foundries’ Garden, Nantes 2009

densification

Luis Callejas, Medellin, The River that is not, 2014

Palimpsestuous Project

Michel Desvigne, Christine Dalnoky, Issoudoun District, France 2005

Interior Urbanism

James Corner, The High Line, New York, 2009

Ecological Machine / Shared City

Herzog and De Meuron, Purification Basins, Barcelona 1992

Liz Christy, Guerrilla Gardening, New York, 1973

palimpsest / densification Landscape project as a valorisation of the palimpsest through the invention of devices / infrastructures for the management of long-term urban transformation processes.

> Wicked Ecologies

Parc aux Angéliques 1 Plan for the redevelopment of Bordeaux’s Right Bank (2000-2004)

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2 Charte des Paysages (2005)

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3 Parc aux Angéliques 2010/2017

Desvigne and Dalnoky’s Forested Urbanism

1

The post-industrial / post-port condition of Garonne’s right bank. 2000

Desvigne and Dalnoky’s proposal takes the concept of the ruderal, or opportunistic territorialization, to the scale of urban intervention.

Rather than siting a stadium, museum, entertainment complex or other architectural monument as hopeful magnet, the design assumes a broader time of transition to pragmatically ‘replant’ the urban.

In Desvigne’s description: “The project involves a set of actions based on, and playing upon, the existing parcels, the industrial areas, the abandoned parking lots, and the roads…the landscape, both public and private, determines the shape of small, buildable islands, without setting down the contours in an absurdly strict manner. The very large park takes its materials and its shape from the land – its reliefs and its river.” (Intermediate Natures, 2009).

The landscape is a structural frame.

It also offers the possibility of temporarily occupying come parts of the city undergoing transformations, in which many unknowns remain. W hile waiting for construction, these intermediate natures immediately provide positive attributes to the sites. This is an artifice: this provisory, fulfilling landscape is liable to be destroyed one day to make room for buildings.

This idea differs from the concept of prĂŠverdissement (plant today, build tomorrow), which was developed in the 1970s. It is not a question of producing the negative of a site plan, but rather of giving the land an immediate status, maintaining it, and accepting its transformations.

3 Successive States. Disused land is strategically acquired by the city and planted with increasing varieties of vegetation.

The emergent forest is a living marker of transition and urban reprogramming. Rather than insta-city, transformations are visibly inscribed in the urban surface. An example of design as urban process rather than product.

The size of the plantings is different from from one parcel to the next. It is not a false nature, rather it is a kind of artifice anyone can grasp.

The landscape, both public and private, determines the shape of small, buildable island.

As Bordeaux’s post industrial waterfront slowly shifts to forested greenspace, it engenders urban development that will build on its foundation, which in turn was dictated by the distribution of derelict terrain that preceded it. Development will build adjacent to the gridded park, or slice into and reprogram it as needed.

There’s a unique practicality and drifting urban continuity to the scheme. Rather than being abrupt, its gradual emergence out of a terrain vague condition via a process closely resembling commercial forestry is remarkable.

[The beginnings of Bordeaux’s foundational forest]

In Intermediate Natures, Desvigne speaks of the need “to design tools and methods that make it possible to integrate the idea of duration in the way that sites are transformed…What authorizes the play with these successive states is the project material itself…In Bordeaux, the proposed forest entity led us to work around the landed propriety restriction, hence the texture of the plantings and their specific density. The physical result that was obtained will give the sense of time that is necessary for this design”.

Lyon Confluence, 2000/2005 A 150 hectare site, between the Rhone and Saone rivers pushed between a railroad, a multimodal interchange, a highway, a wholesale market and a series of industrial plants.

The idea was of implementing an ‘intermediate nature’ in the form of a 2,5 km promenade along the Saone river.

A map of probable changes was prepared. It was necessary to replace a unitary project with a plan that progressed by successive steps, for this could give the area an immediate landscape quality.

The map of planned changes made it possible to consider a particular landscape structure, which, following the lot divisions, correspond to a series of branch running perpendicular to the river.

These branches are both temporary and enduring as this device will accompany the transformations. The fabric that gradually emerges, consisting of parks that are shared, provate or semi-collective is an urban fabric.

The main challenge is to make citizens want to live in the center again.

2

Charte des Paysages

In 2005 Michel Desvigne was commissioned by the city of Bordeaux to develop a plan of how to improve and enlarge urban open space. The office then drafted guidelines and developed tools for a unified design concept, a Charte des Paysages, or landscape charter.

The method developed consisted of a series of case studies: The office analysed approximately one dozen projects and investigated each area according to its spatial unity, borders, typologies, levels, soils and open space structure.

Trial plantings on site were undertaken as a result of this empirical approach in order to test the spatial, aesthetic, functional and ecological impacts.

These methods replaced traditional regulatory planning documents and led to numerous changes and adjustments in existing development plans. They allowed for increased flexibility during the implementation of large-scale interventions, which needed to be achieved under the restraints of very limited financial resources.

Le Parc de la Rive droite : 90 ha Ce programme d’aménagements envisage la création de 295 hectares d’espaces verts supplémentaire, représentant ainsi près de 16%de la superficie communale.

Structure végétale - Projet

Reconstituer une continuité naturelle du nord au sud Une forêt alluviale habitée sur la rive droite Loind’êtremonolithique, le parc fluvial compose, avec ses jardins et ses espaces publics, un « système de parcs » qui irrigue tout le territoire.

Son réseau articule une série d’espaces paysagers suivant une gradation d’usages et de statuts : promenades et activités nautiques, grandes surfaces de jeux et d’activités de plein air, squares, jardins privés.

Le front intérieur du parc est, lui, dessiné selon les décrochements du parcellaire et les îlots construits existants. Il accompagne l’organisation de la voirie.

1. Berge écologique 2. Prairies 3. Bosquets 4. Parkway 5. Parc 6. Square 7. Jardins privés

Une installation progressive. Cette transformation de la rive droite s’étendra sur plusieurs dizaines d’années, selon un processus très pragmatique, les plantations se substituant progressivement aux constructions et traces de l’activité industrielle.

Traitement des parcelles. Sur les parcelles acquises, les eaux de ruissellement sont collectées par des fossés plantés, et stockées dans des bassins ou petits ouvrages de rétention pour assurer l’autonomie de l’approvisionnement en eau des plantations. Les sols fertiles sont protégés, et les sols pollués traités par les végétaux.

Une pelouse est créée et entretenue sous les jeunes arbres, évoluant prog ressivement en prairie fleurie.

3

Parc aux Angéliques 2010-2017 Two projects completed in 2015 are a direct result of the office’s master plan: 1 the new football stadium “Stade Atlantique” 2 the riverbank park “Parc aux Angéliques”.

2 Questions: 1 Desvigne and Dalnoky’s proposal is an example of forested urbanism . forest as infrastructure > a declination of the so-called infrastructural urbanism Desvigne> Forestry as ‘Foundational Infrastructure’.

What is most striking about constructed and spontaneous urban forests is the inseparable and dominating factor of time in relation to space and performance.

Any forest requires duration to develop into a productive state. Conversely, vegetation can persist longer than desired.

Forested Urbanism > 4 Main Criteria 1. The urban forest landscape is productive and pluralistic, and must consider multiple, competing and evolving uses and users If reducing stormwater flows and increasing infiltration are a top priority, the forest might be managed to maximize canopy cover and vertical structure. By contrast, managing to expand habitat for specific wildlife species might call for a heterogeneous mix of patches with variable cover, species and stand age classes. When multiple objectives are combined and ranked (e.g. reducing stormwater flows while increasing red tailed hawk habitat), hybrid forest types emerge, each with its own potential compositions, images and experiences.

2 The forest landscape operates locally at multiple scales Urban forest must cope with specific site conditions such as the fertility, depth and percolation rate of the soil. They must tolerate contaminants, pest invasions and browsing by local populations of herbivores. Operating within an urban environment often means working in tight spaces with compacted and nutrient-poor or polluted soils. As a response, building an urban forest might not begin with trees at all, but with the restoration or generation of urban soils, a long-term process that significantly affects the viability and growth rates of plantings .

3. The artifactual forest is a product of cultural practices that accumulates value over time Urban forests must be responsive to the needs and preferences of large numbers of local residents. While potential forest benefits and services are prioritized at the municipal level, residents living nearby should be allowed to express their concerns and desires for both what the forest looks like and what it provides. Some urban residents may be unfamiliarwithandevenfearfulofdenselywoodedtracts. Alternativeformsoftheforestlandscapemightbedeveloped to respond to local values, encouraging emotional attachment to the forest as a respite within the city, a place for social interaction and a way to connect to a new home and country. The urban forest landscape inspires attachment to place by extending the spectrum of outdoor sensory experiences and offering people an active role in its design.

4. Managing the forest as landscape leaves room for novelty and accepts disturbance Disturbances and setbacks tend to be frequent in the urban context, and the impacts of drought, flood, windstorms, air pollution, and changing climate may be amplified because plants are living with increased stress due to difficult urban conditions. Recovery post-disturbance via the introduction of a new cohort group of trees may be slowed by the lack of nearby seed source areas. Both punctuated post-event and continuous monitoring and interventions by managers are needed, especially if performance targets are to be met.

The forest as an alternative model of urbanism > ADAPTIVE PLANNING Urban forests point toward an alternative landscape type for the contemporary city. Urban forests are multiple-use landscapes operating locally at multiple scales and offer a way to adapt to changing conditions and social values. The urban forest is heterogeneous across scales due to diverse, constructed and anomalous site conditions, changing mandates and priorities, expanding and contracting funding streams and day-to-day concerns of community residents.

The urban forest landscape can’t pretend to be ‘natural’; it’s a construction that emerges from factors on the ground and that relies on both ecological processes and accumulated human knowledge and ingenuity to survive.

2 Bordeaux confronts a problem of sprawl It is a question, then, to make the center of the city attractive again, combining density and landscape.

In the 1970s, parkswere created in the periphery, This proposal aims at creating a continuous park in the center of the city, linked to the river forming a lasting framework, approximately of more than 100 hectares.

Giving the landscape its unity is the strategy to trigger urban densification processes.

> physical densification > intensification of uses and social exchanges

palimpsest / densification

Can landscape deseign be an instrument of ‘urban densification’ meaning by this expression a form of intensification of uses of space and of forms of social exchange?

The Atlanta Belt-Line

35 km long 3-5 km from downtown 45 neighborhoods 100,000 people within walking distance 2k ha for redevelopment

The Atlanta Belt-Line

Intown Atlanta has a huge amount of neglected urban land ready for reinvestment particularly on the city’s south and west. The city also has a tremendous amount of urban redevelopment underway, increasing density and straining traffic, particularly on the city’s north and east. On reclaimed industrial land and along renewed commercial corridors now stand tall condominiums, restaurants and grocery stores with limited transportation options in an auto-dominated landscape.

The BeltLine is a former railway corridor around the core of Atlanta, Georgia, under development in stages as a multi-use trail.

Some portions are already complete, while others are still in a rough state.

Using existing rail track easements, the BeltLine is designed to improve: transportation, add green space, and promote redevelopment The BeltLine will feature a continuous path encircling the central part of the city, generally following the old railroad right of way, but departing from it in several areas along the northwest portion of the route.

In total 53 km of multi-use paths are to be built, including spur trails connecting to neighborhoods.

The BeltLine plan calls for the creation of a series of parks throughout the city creating what the working plan, The Beltline Emerald Necklace, calls the thirteen “Beltline Jewels�; they would be connected by the trail and transit components of the plan.

In total, the BeltLine will create or rejuvenate 530 ha of greenspace expanding existing parks and creating new parks.

It takes a Partnership

Atlanta BeltLine Corridor Design Team Atlanta BeltLine, Inc. Project Administrator

> Perkins+Will, Design/Project Lead

+ Amec, Inc. Lead Engineer and Surveyor James Corner Field Operations Conceptual Design Partner HDR – Transit Engineer Stantec Consulting – Roadway Engineer + Surveyor B&E Jackson Associates – Engineer + Surveyor Agility Surveying Company – Surveyor Kimley-Horn Associates – Civil Engineer + PDP Pond / Ecos – Landscape Architect + PDP Leni Schwendinger Light Projects – Lighting Designer Buro Happold – Sustainability Engineer Biohabitats – Ecologist Danielle Roney LLC – Public Art Consultant Morrison Design LLC – Cultural Historian BCN Consulting – Public Realm O+M Consultant HR&A – Economics + Operations Strategist Lord Aeck Sargent Architecture – Preservation Architect Costing Services Group – Cost Estimator Panache Communications – Community Engagement Consultant

The BeltLine idea was submitted to city officials in 2001 by a former Georgia Tech graduate student, Ryan Gravel.

The plan was originally developed in 1999 as a masters thesis.

Upon completion in 2030, the $4.8 billion project will connect 45 neighborhoods — rich and poor, black and white — thus easing old divisions of class and race.

Organizers say it will promote healthy living and reduce obesity, and will provide new jobs, affordable housing, performance space, areas for urban farming and public art, as well as 2,000 acres of new and upgraded parks.

The High Line in New York, which turned an elevated stretch of Manhattan rail line into a linear park, is perhaps the best known of the nation’s urban infrastructure makeovers.

Chicago’s has also converted an old elevated track into a greenway.

Miami’s Underline is reimagining 10 miles of underused land under its elevated Metrorail system as an art-lined “urban trail.”

The proposal envisions new light rail or bus transit lines woven through the city on existing belt line railroad rights-ofway and connected to five MARTA stations.

At a length of 35 km with 45 stations, the Belt Line loops around downtown and midtown Atlanta on an hour and a half journey through over 4,000 acres of redevelopment sites.

With over half of that land suitable for residential and mixed-use development, between 60,000 to 100,000 future residents can be accommodated in new mixed-use, brownfield, transit-oriented districts.

Furthermore, the Belt Line slides between 40 historic intown neighborhoods, which would be protected from highdensity development through zoning, but reinvigorated with infill housing on vacant land and commercial and cultural districts in appropriate areas.

This project lays out a strategy for building infrastructure in ways that accomplish public goals – such as renewed and densified neighborhoods, clean air and multiple means of transportation. It envisions a complex network of infrastructure, connecting all parts of the region. Growth is spurred in part by public policy and public investment in infrastructure.

Private investment along the entire proposed route has surged to $3 billion. Foundations and private donors have given more than $54 million for paths, parks and other amenities.

Home prices have risen in formerly overlooked working-class neighborhoods where the BeltLine is set to expand.

1 reduction of socio-spatial fragmentation 2 urban densification

Analysis: Political Context

35 Km of Variety Variety – Character Rooms

Variety – “BeltLine Spaces”

Variety - Landscape

Canopy

Landform

Development Interface

BeltLine MasterPlan Study Areas

Neighborhood residents have informed and shaped the plans by providing detailed feedback at public meetings and in writing. Subarea by subarea, planners worked with the community until all 10 areas were completed.

>MASTER PLANNING

The 10 master plans and appendices contain:

land use recommendations transportation improvement recommendations park master plans (where applicable)

Master plans, by their nature, are subject to periodic review and changes to reflect changing local conditions, refined neighborhood visions and city policies, demographic shifts, and other factors.

Plans have been developed for the year 2035 based on a variety of data, including:

projections of population employment growth economic conditions travel patterns and behaviors existing physical constraints and opportunities.

From time to time, with appropriate community and technical input, these plans may be revisited and adjusted.

Rosa L. Burney Park

4 Corners/Stanton Development Option

Brown Middle School

Four Corners Park

Daniel Stanton Park

Adair Park II Rose Circle Park

Gideons Elementary School

Recommended Catherine Street “green street� or linear park in existing right-of-way

Pittman Park

Recommended street/bridge along BeltLine, subject to study during transit planning

Metropolitan Parkway

Avon Avenue

S

S

University Avenue

S

S

The Schools at Carver

7 Dill Avenue Park Preferred Route A*

Route B* Preferred Route A*

On-Street Bike Route

Sylvan Middle School

. vd Bl

Stairway

gh

Sylvan Road

S

S ou on

Existing Industrial Urban Enterprise Zone (Expires 12/31/2021)

Existing Industrial Urban Enterprise Zone (Expires 12/31/2021)

cD

Oakland City Park

S

M

Finch Elementary School

LEGEND Daniel Stanton Park

Stairway

Pryor Road

e Av en u M

ur ph y

Adair Park I

School

Four Corners Park

Parks Middle School

Street Framework and Land Use

D.H. Stanton Elementary

Hill Street

S

S

Hank Aaron Drive

Bonnie Brae Park

Chosewood Park

South Atlanta Park

#

Route B* Kimpsom Park

Emma Millican Park Arthur Langford Jr. Park

Transit Stations Recommended Street Public Art Opportunity Multi-Use Trail BeltLine Mixed Use 10+ Stories Mixed-Use 5-9 Stories Mixed-Use 1-4 Stories Residential 10+ Stories Residential 5-9 Stories Residential 1-4 Stories High Density Commercial Low Density Commercial Office/Institutional Industrial Proposed Park Space Existing Park Space Community Facility Potentially Historic Building** Height Step Down Recommended Maximum Building Stories

**Subject to further consideration.

For information contact: James Alexander Atlanta BeltLine, Inc. jalexander@atlbeltline.org

Perkerson Park

Price Middle School

March 2, 2009

Lakewood Fairgrounds

*Please see page 48 of the Subarea 2 Master Plan: Plan Recomendation

Report. Route B represents a non-viable option given neighborhood concerns and feasible alternative alignments.

Subarea 2 Master Plan in the areas of land use, mobility and parks The map includes designs for green space, residential and commercial development, transit.

This concept plan shows one possible option for the long-term development of the Murphy Triangle area. It includes restored historic buildings, new parks, hew housing, new mixed-use structures, and even opportunities for light industrial infill.

This concept plan shows one possible option for the long-term development of the Peoplestown/Pryor Road area.

Plan Summary: Parks and Open Space

Existing open spaces in the subarea should be enhanced and expanded with 125 acres of new public and private open space. These will range in size from less than 1 acre to over 20.

Urban park space should be designed for a range of people and should not be limited only to green space, but should include plazas, pocket parks, and other urban forms. Parks should be fronted by buildings to help define the space and provide informal supervision.

Playgrounds should be incorporated where appropriate, to provide amenities for families in urban environments. Art and preserved historic structures can help tell the history of the area in parks.

Park space should allow for vendor space and should follow the BeltLine arboretum plan in order to preserve and enhance the city’s tree canopy. Proposed greenway trails would link new parks to residences and nearby destinations.

MAIN OBJECTIVES 1 Establish a series of centers along the BeltLine Centers fall into two categories: neighborhood and employment.

Neighborhood centers provide retail for one or two neighborhoods.

Employment centers create jobs for several neighborhoods. Each will be scaled to context.

2 Establish a new street pattern that supports these centers, regardless of land uses.

3 Connect centers with parks and open spaces.

4 New parks, multi-use trails, and streetscapes will create a network of high quality public spaces.

5 Promote smaller block size in new development through mandatory street connections.

New streets and small blocks will create healthy communities that decrease congestion, support transit, encourage bicycling and walking.

6 Increase density of mixed use development near transit stops and other appropriate properties.

Increased density near transit will support ridership and ensure the success of the transit and trail systems. Density will decrease near existing single-family areas

> CORRIDOR PLANNING

The overall vision for the Atlanta BeltLine includes many components; rail, trail, parks and greenspace, economic redevelopment. However, the backbone for this entire project is the fairly narrow 35-km existing rail corridor.

All related elements radiate from the primary corridor, and with the condition of the corridor varying greatly from section to section, a comprehensive corridor design plan is essential to give the entire project a solid foundation.

WHAT IS CORRIDOR PLANNING? While master planning dealt with the area outside the Atlanta BeltLine corridor, a separate process, known as corridor design, began in February 2010.

The scope includes civil and structural engineering; surveys; utilities; streetscapes; landscape design; trails; transit; stations; bridges; tunnels; historic preservation; public art locations; and signage.

Even though just a small fraction of the loop trail has been completed, Atlantans have already passionately embraced the project.

More than 30,000 people have taken a three-hour bus tour of the proposed loop; the answer to “Have you taken the tour?� has become a kind of litmus test of Atlanta civic pride.

Planners say Atlanta’s population, which stands at about 463,000, could double in the next 15 years. Many of the new residents could end up living along the BeltLine.

Gentrification fears are also widespread.

The city has built only a small fraction of the 5,600 affordable housing units it promised along the loop, largely because the recession from 2007 to 2009 depressed property values and lowered the revenue from a tax-increment funding plan.

palimpsest / densification

>

sociospatial fragmentation reduction

palimpsest / densification

urban densification

01 bordeaux’s forested urbanism

corridor planning / master plannings

adaptive planning sprawl time / temporality flexibility

Wicked Ecologies

infrastructure intermediate nature temporal occupation opportunistic attitudes

landworks / canopies intefaces new centralities industrial infill

02 the atlanta beltLine

thank you for your attention