Underground Toronto Gudie

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UNDERGROUND TORONTO

INTRODUCING TORONTO

HISTORY OF TORONTO TORONTO AT A GLANCE TORONTO THROUGH THE YEARS

A TIMELINE OF TORONTO

TIMELINE OF TORONTO : SINCE 1600’s 1610 - Étienne Brûlé

1803 - St. Lawerence Market

Étienne Brûlé arrives on the VKRUHV RI /DNH 2QWDULR WKH ਭUVW European to arrive the now known Toronto. He took on the lifestyles of the First Nations peoples and became an interpreter and explorer. Fun Fact: Brûle was killed and eaten by the Bear tribe of the Huron People

1600 1783 - Fort York

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1849 - First Great Fire ौLV ZDV WKH ਭUVW ਭUH 7RURQWR KDG H[SHULHQFHG also known as Cathedral Fire namely because it had completely destroyed the St.James Cathedral. 0RVW RI WKH EXVLQHVV FRUH RI WKH FLW\ ZDV ZLSH RXW DV ZHOO DV WKH 6W /DZHUHQFH 0DUNHW ौHUH ZDV QR H[DFW FDXVH RI WKH ਭUH EXW LW DOORZHG WKH FLW\ WR create safety laws for the future.

1700

1800 1858 - Union Station ौH ਭUVW 8QLRQ VWDWLRQ WKDW ZDV RSHQHG E\ WKH Grand Trunk Railway. It was shared with multiple railway companies.

1879 - Canadian National Exhibition

Fort York was built by the British Army and Canadian military troops to defend against United 6WDWHV ौH IRUW ZDV WKHQ XVHG again for World War I and II. Fort York became a historic site of PLOLWDU\ IRUWLਭFDWLRQV LQ

Inspired by a moving temporary fair, Toronto City Council proposed a permanent fair : Toronto ,QGXVWULDO ([KLELWLRQ WKH IDLU ODVWHG ZHHNV DQG KDG DERXW H[KLELWV ZLWK SDLG DGPLVVLRQV ौH\ KDG VWDUWHG ZLWK DFUHV LQ DQG KDG H[SDQGHG WR DOPRVW DFUHV 'XULQJ World War I and II the grounds became home to detachments of the Canadian military.

1894 - The Toronto Suburban Railway

1906 - Hockey Club

railway operator that incorporated many railway companies from 1890-1894. By 1894, the railway acquired 12.1km of lines in Toronto.

Profession Hockey Club operated from 1906-1909 and was one of the founders of the Ontario Professional Hockey League.

1912 - Toronto Civic Railway 1889 - Old City Hall

that City of Toronto owned, creating routes that the Toronto Railway Company had not agreed to reach with streetcars. In 1912, they created the Gerrard Division route and continued to expand from then on.

One of the largest buildings in 1899, it contained Toronto’s municipal government. decade to build with 7 floors, standing 340 feet tall.

1890

1900

1904 - Second Great Fire experienced. It burned down 20 acres of land and costed at least 5,000 people to lose their jobs. 250 firefighters was on scene to help clear the fire which lasted 9 hours. Nobody was harmed in the process however, it had caused a serious damage to the heart of Toronto.

1906 - Electricity from Niagara Falls Niagara Power Company was first built in 1881 and generated electricity to the local mills and some of the village’s streets.

1910 1918 - Prince Edward Viaduct Also known as Blood Viaduct, is a bridge that connects Bloor Street East with Danforth Avenue that crosses over the Don Valley. Residents voted every year from 1910-1913 for the construction. It was named for Prince Edward, Prince of Wales.

1921- Toronto Transportation Commission

Celebrating the centennial of Toronto, many events, exhibitions, and commemorations were held in celebration. Such events included: Flower Show, Song Judging, Stamp Exhibition, Veteran Reunion, Travel Promotions, as well and lots of music.

Railway and Toronto Railway Company were then combined into Toronto Transportation Commission (TTC) in 1921. Between 1921-1953 TTC added 35 new routes in the city.

1939- QEW connects Niagara

1929- Toronto Stock Exchange: Worst Year Stock Exchange hits it’s worst loss. Over 17% of the Depression ended in 1939 when World War II began.

1920 1933 - Christie Pits Riot In the middle of the Great Depression, about 6 months in Germany many Jewish people were being being subjected to degradation and and it was between the Jewish people and Hitler’s supporters.

1934 - Centennial of the City

1930

Way is a highway that connects Toronto with Niagara. It allowed easier access and gradually widened divided in opposite directions being travelled and used grade-separated interchanges at major crossroads.

1940

1944 - Toronto’s Worst Winter Storm city to continue to work as many factories could not operate. Traffic and business were shut down. Streetcars where knocked over and many people were stuck in their homes. 21 people died during that time, 13 of the people died from overexertion.

1950 - End of World War II

overwhelmed the city of Toronto. Many of the soldiers were welcomed home with open arms and tears of relief. Marriage rates and family sizes grew.

1947 - Silver Rail

1952 - First TV Station

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1950 - End of World War II

1954 - The Yonge Subway ौH <RQJH 6XEZD\ OLQH RSHQV DV WKH ਭUVW UDSLG WUDQVLWV XQGHUJURXQG

1954 - Hurricane Hazel ौH ZKROH ZRUOG VXਬHUHG IURP WKH :RUOG :DU ,, DQG UHOLHI RYHUZKHOPHG WKH FLW\ RI 7RURQWR 0DQ\ RI WKH VROGLHUV ZHUH ZHOFRPHG KRPH ZLWK RSHQ DUPV DQG WHDUV RI UHOLHI ौH HQG RI WKH ZDU EURXJKW WKH EDE\ ERRP WR 7RURQWR 0DUULDJH UDWHV DQG IDPLO\ VL]HV JUHZ

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1951 - Toronto-Barrie Highway /DWHU UHQDPHG DV +LJKZD\ LW OLQNV WKH FLW\ RI 7RURQWR WR WKH FHQWUDO DQG QRUWKHUQ UHJLRQV RI 2QWDULR ,W FRQQHFWHG WKH XUEDQ DQG DJULFXOWXUDO DUHDV RI WKH SURYLQFH

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1960 2I‫ڪ‬FLDO 6WDUW RI 8QGHUJURXQG 7RURQWR LPSOHPHQWV ODZ WR SUHYHQW KLJK ULVH EXLOGLQJ DOO QHZ FRQVWUXFWLRQ PXVW EH XQGHUJURXQG *7$ VXUURXQGLQJ DUHDV H[SDQVLRQ RI IDUP DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG FLW\ IHHGV LWVHOI *URXS RI EHFRPHV 7RURQWR 8QGHUJURXQG 'HYHORSPHQW &RXQFLO

1960 - Sony Centre of Performing Arts &DQDGD‫ۑ‬V ODUJHVW VR़ VHDW XQGHUJURXQG WKHDWUH ,W KDV KRVWHG D YDULHW\ RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO DिUDFWLRQV DQG VWDUV 2ULJLQDOO\ SURSRVHG LQ IRU D QHHG RI D PXOWLSXUSRVH FHQWUH IRU WKHDUH PXVLF DQG GDQFH

1960 - Purolator ौH ਭUVW XQGHUJURXQG PDLO FRPSDQ\ IRU 7RURQWR ौH\ LPSOHPHQWHG PDQ\ DLU GXFW V\VWHPV WKDW ZRXOG XVH SUHVVXUH DQG VRUW RXW PDLO WR D YDULHW\ RI XQGHUJURXQG FLWLHV

1960 - Subway Lines

1966 - Bloor-Danforth Line

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1968 - Airbase and Naval Yards

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1963 - Partial Test Ban Treaty ौH 3DUWLDO 7HVW %DQ 7UHDW\ LV IDLOHG WR EH VLJQHG E\ 8 6 6 5 1XFOHDU WHVWV DUH VWLOO FRQGXFWHG RQ WKH VXUIDFH E\ 8 6 6 5

1970 1970 - Air Canada Flight 621

1972 - Fake Windows

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1975 - First Underground Park 1970 - PHASE TWO ौH XQGHUJURXQG H[SDQVLRQ KDV IXUWKHU PRYHG LQWR PRUH VHFWLRQV 0RUH DQG PRUH DUHDV RI 'RZQWRZQ 7RURQWR KDG PLJUDWHG XQGHUJURXQG :LWK WKH JURXS RI KHDGLQJ WKH SURMHFW WKH FLW\ JRHV LQWR IXOO H[SDQVLRQ XQGHUJURXQG

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1976 - Toronto Reference Library

1983 - Beaches Luxury Resort

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1985 - CNE improved 8QGHUJURXQG &DQDGLDQ 1DWLRQDO ([KLELWLRQ 3ODFH JUDQG RSHQLQJ VKRZFDVLQJ 7RURQWR‫ۑ‬V WHFKQRORJLFDOO\ NQRZ KRZ

1977 - Toronto Eaton Centre ौH ਭUVW XQGHUJURXQG PDOO LQ 7RURQWR RSHQV %\ ‫ۑ‬V WKH\ RZQHG PRVW RI WKH ODQG DQG KDG ELJJHVW XQGHUJURXQG PDOO LQ WKH ZRUOG

1980

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1990

1980 - Blue Lights

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1982 - Roy Thompson Hall LQVHUW VWXਬ

1990 - PHASE THREE the underground pathway and most of downtown toronto have moved underground.

2006 - Four Season Centre

1995 - Russell Hill Subway Accident Oh no pain and injuries

ौH )RXU 6HDVRQV &HQWUH IRU WKH 3HUIRUPing Arts: home of the Canadian Opera Company and the National Ballet of Canada

1999 - Air Canada Centre yadadada

2000 2002 - Shepherd Subway Line Underground Canadian National Exhibition Place grand opening, showcasing Toronto’s technologically know how.

2002 - Graphene &RVW HਬHFWLYH PDQXIDFWXULQJ SURGXFWLRQ capabilities for graphene is discovered.

2005 - Boxing Day Shooting &RVW HਬHFWLYH PDQXIDFWXULQJ SURGXFWLRQ capabilities for graphene is discovered.

2008 - Under Sea Dome 8QGHU 6HD 'RPH FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRPSOHWHG Park and habitat areas open to public, originally proposed as an expansion of UCNE in 1995.

TEMPORARY PLACE HOLDER

LIVING UNDERGROUND: CONCEPT TO REALITY

IGOR JANEK’S GROUP OF TEN FIRST DRAWINGS AND IDEAS APPEALING TO THE PUBLIC

IGOR YANEK COVER PAGE

Igor Janek Igor Matfey Janek was an architect and founding father of Underground Toronto. He was born in 1911 to wealthy parents and enjoyed a comfortable life in east Toronto. He had an interest in inventions and machines from a young age and was often making uncanny gadgets and dioramas in his father’s large garage. After attending enriched courses at University of Toronto, he attended U of T for Architecture. As the youngest of five he was always curious and inventive, and left to his own devices. He participated in the Centennial of Toronto in 1930 and showcased his Architecture Thesis. His thesis was a concept for an underground city that used reflective shafts for lighting and underground waterways for transportation. He later was sent to WW2 and experienced the harsh realities of close

FIG. 2 - IGOR MATFEY JANEK

FIG. 1 - WINFRIED TORBEN

combat. In a particular batter he saved his colleagues by constructing a clever underground hideout that was stronger and harder to detect than the common trenches. While at war, he made friends with a german army Engineer named Winfried Torben who worked on a mine in South Africa. Many discussions with Winfried about life in the deepest mine in the world encouraged Igor and made him believe that maybe his ideas weren’t so bizarre after all. Another of his friends was John B. Parkin who owned a firm in the 1940’s. His firm was responsible for the Toronto Dominion building, new subway stations, and Yorkdale Mall. Igor along with his architect and army engineer friends, convinced the public that building underground was a novel idea worth acting on.

The Group of Ten Dominion Steel Founded in 1928 Dominion Steel and Corporation owner Stannis Scot would become one of the greatest assests and partners for the first missions of the underground city plans. Igor Yanek would form a deal with D.S.C in 1948 to help him in the funding for the excavation of the underground city. Stannis loved the idea so much he also put his companies expertise into helping Igor in the plans on how to dig and build and underground city. D.S.C and its president Stannis Scot would later become prominent advocates of living underground rather than above.

Dufferin Construction Dufferin Construction was founded in 1912 by James F. Franchisini. With the unexpected death of James, the company was left with his inexperienced son James Jr. Igor Yanek approached James Jr. in 9148 to ask him to invest in his idea to building under Toronto. James Jr. declined Igor’s offer in fear that it would be impossible to achieve. Later that month Igor, Winfried, and Stannis all confronted James Jr. and talked about the success of Dufferin in the grading of Highway 2 and construction of Highway 5. They reassured him knowing that he was inexperienced. James Jr. agreed to help Igor. Later, Dufferin Construction would become the company to single handidly shape and build passage ways and houses for the underground city.

Walter Energy Walter Energy was founded in 1930 by Walter White. Walter Energy was the youngest company to partake in the vision for an underground city. Despite being a young company Igor and Winfried were amazed by what the company had accomplished in the past 20 years. They approached Walter in 1949. One of its greatest accolades would be being the world’s leading “pure play” metallurgical coal and methane gas producers for global steel undustry. It is no suprise that Igor approached this company in a partnership proposal.

FIG. 3 - JAMES JR. FRANCHISINI

Hamilton Steel

Toronto Hydro

Hamilton Steel was founded in 1910 by Tony Hamilton as a steel and refinery company, which would produce half of Canada’s steel during the Second World War. Hugh Hamilton the current president of the company was approached by Igor and Winfried, who asked him to help in the funding and providing of steel for the building of the underground city. Reluctant at first, Hugh would later agree to help. Hamilton Steel would later solve a manufacturing problem in the fast production of steel. The company used a basic oxygen furnace to process steel instead of the traditional open hearth method. In doing so Hamiltion Steel would become the first company in North America to use the oxygen furnace method for producing steel.

Toronto Hydro was founded in 1910 by Bruce Clifford. Toronto Hydro was on its way to being a power house in the electric monopoly as it sold more than 1 billion kWh for the first time in history. This alone was enough to motivate Igor and Winfried to put this company under their radar. Igor talked about how Power Corporation of Canada would also help in this process and appealed to the visions of Toronto Hydro. In 1949 a partnership was made with Toronto Hydro, Power Corporation of Canada and Igor. In the making of the city and the post war baby boom, electric consumption would increase by 75 percent. The two electric companies would build 20 new electric substations throughout the city and the electrical system was converted from 25 Hz to 60 Hz and over 200,000 meters were replaced.

Power Corporation of Canada Power Corporation of Canada was founded in 1925 by A.J Nesbitt and P.A Thompson. The company was focused on benefitting from the growing demand for industrial and domestic electrcity across Canada. By the early 1930’s Power operated 40 electric power plants and serviced 1.5 million Canadians. By 1949 word had got out that there were two visionaries that wanted to build an underground city to save everyone from the possibilities of Nuclear war. When Nesbitt and Thompson were approached by Igor and Winfried they had already prepared a counter offer. Their proposal was that they would agree to help Igor only if they can bring another electric company to partner up with, this was due to the fact that Nesbitt was not fearful of going bankrupt.

Agrium Inc. Agrium Inc. was founded in 1928 by Lowell Woods. Concerned about the agriculture production rate once people began going underground, Winfried suggested a partnership with an agriculture company. Igor suggested Agrium because for a short time they were a smelting company. The company is a supplier of agricultural products such a nitrogen based fertilizers, sulphur and phosphate based fertilizers from potash mines. Their services are offered from South America to North America as well as Australia. A partnership with Agrium was formed in 1950.

Thompson Creek Metals Thompson Creek Metals was founded in 1915 by Phil Thompson. This was a company that Igor chose to partner up with to meet the demand of the growing steel needs. He chose Thompson creek because it was another one of the world’s largest pure play based-metal mining companies. An agreement was reached in 1951, completing “The Group of Ten.”

First Drawings and Ideas Shown on the left are some of the earliest concepts of the underground city. The drawings were created by Igor Janek one of the founding fathers of the underground revolution. This drawing seems to depict some of the early concepts that Igor was researching, such as underground transportation, ventilation, water mains, and food distribution. The sketches discuss possible ways in which to provide a proper waste management system while maintaining safe living conditions and keeping citizens safe. One of the largest concerns Igor was looking into is transportation and how residents and tourists would travel underground. This challenge was answered by many dierent concepts, within this sketch, of how one might get from one level to the next. The solutions ranged from multi-directional elevators to electric streetcars. Unfortunately at the time these technologies were not advanced enough to pursue some of his wild concepts, but his hope is that one day, advancements in technology will allow for his ideas to come to fruition to make Toronto a city of innovation. Along with assistance from his friend, Winfried Torben, Igor used the nuances of Toronto’s unique ground structure in the planning of the underground city. The plan was to dig sections larger than the building they planned to building within that space and once the ground settles, place pipes, ventilation shafts, and insulation between the ground walls and the building’s walls. This concept would allow for stronger structures and would keep pipes and vents in better condition for longer periods of time.

APPEALING TO THE PUBLIC COVER PAGE

The Apartment: Underground living at it’s finest. Opened in late 2011, the Terrace at 125 Queen Street W. has become the #1 best-selling condominium complex in downtown Toronto. Built by award-winning developer company Diamond Corp., it was designed to be the first luxury residential area in Underground Toronto. Just seconds from shopping, entertainment, restaurants and much more, the Terrace sits in the PATH’s most prime location. Residents can enjoy the comforts of underground living while never straying too far from the modern conveniences of the surface. The Terrace is comprised of 131 sizeable units outfitted with filtered air conditioning, geo-thermal heating systems, and state-of-the-art plumbing systems. Real estate appraisers call the Terrace the ‘It Building’ of the 21st

The residences of the Terrace are unlike any other building in the Underground. Located just two floors below the surface, the building connects with the PATH via its East and West entrances. The residential floors start at the second floor of the PATH, so at all times residents are only steps away from stores, restaurants and underground heritage sites. The Terrace offers amenities such as a private gym and pool (open year-round), private entrances to the PATH, elevators to the surface, and its very own underground garden terrace.

The Westin Harbour Castle Hotel At the end of the 1980s the PATH began expanding South toward the Toronto waterfront. A pedestrian bridge was built beneath the Lake Shore Boulevard/Gardiner Expressway and connected the Air Canada Centre to WaterPark Place on Queens Quay. Among the list of new buildings integrated into the PATH were a series of hotels and office buildings that spanned the Harbour front. One of the most notable venues was the Westin Harbour Castle Hotel, built in 1987.

The Westin Hotel is located at 1 Harbour Square, adjacent to the Jack Layton Ferry Terminal. It is famously known as the world’s first partial underwater hotel, with its bottom three floors submerged in the waters of Lake Ontario. Visitors share breathtaking views of Toronto’s freshwater lake, the marina, and see the harbour from a whole new perspective below the surface.

As the Harbourfront revitalization began in the 1975, the Harbour Castle hotel was one of the first commercial buildings built in what used to be an industrial district. The City of Toronto hoped to convert the Harbourfront into a thriving residential and commercial space that would draw locals and tourists alike to the water. The Campeau Corporation began construction in 1975 and opened the 34-story building in 1977. It features a massive convention centre, Grand Metro Ballroom and two in-

house restaurants. A decade later, they renovated the bottom three floors, transforming them into underwater hotel suites. Altogether there are 50 modern underwater suites available for booking to the public. The overnight rate is high in comparison to neighbouring hotels, but the views are definitely worth it. At night, dancing blue and purple lights from the ferry terminal can be seen from the underwater floors. The experience is described to be a visceral underwater aurora borealis.

INVENTIONS

BLUE LIGHTS AND FAKE WINDOWS ARTIFICIAL SKY AND SOLATUBE THE HARBOUR FRONT

Blue Lights and Fake Windows During the 1980’s, as a lot of underground apartment building projects emerged in the wake of a nuclear scare, it was also necessary to study the effects that 24-hour living underground would have on people. Among other concerns, there was a need to establish how a person could still have a normal circadian rythm while living without the benefits of the sun. Blue lights were installed in many apartments to combat the fatigue many people experienced without the normal daylight. Soon it became part of the English slang especially around the bigger cities around

Northern America which had significant underground areas - to refer to electric lights as ‘blues’. E.g. used in a sentence: “Turn off the blues.” Simulating the outside would was a big trend when the construction for underground living began for real in the 60’s. At first people put up paintings to cover up the walls in place of windows; in the 70’s it was in fashion to get custom made pictures (paintings, photos) made from the person’s favourite places to look like windows. Next came the fake windows imitating changeable billboards outside; you could rotate the pictures in

the frame to change the picture for something else if you got bored with the one you had. In the 21st century with the age of computers Microsoft saw its opportunity and launched a line of wall installed screens with a simple version of Windows operating system, which had a variety of options to choose from. For example, a live feed of a certain view around the world. The screen would also tell you the weather outside, subway schedules, air quality and notifications from a special underground network, if there was e.g. some maintenance work coming up.

Artificial Sky and Solatube For the first underground square surrounded with different apartment blocks, an artist was commissioned to paint the ceiling to look like a sky. Later on when technology developed more, special proectors were made to project live feeds of the real sky to the ceiling. The Solatube is a device that captures the sun’s rays and uses them to illuminate the interiors of homes. In its most basic form, this unique device is made up of a dome, tubing, and a diffuser. With extending tubing and material to cause reflections, these tubes are used to light lower levels of underground buildings. Using Solatube in underground buildings helps maintin healthy circadium rythms.

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TORONTO NEIGHBOURHOODS

YONGE AND DUNDAS ENTERTAINMENT/ FINANCIAL DISTRICT THE HARBOUR FRONT

HISTORY OF TORONTO YONGE AND DUNDAS

Underground Shopping If you are searching for a wide variety of stores and a vibrant social environment, there is no other place like the underground Eaton Centre. Opened in 1977, the Eaton Centre is home to 235 shops and services and sits beneath the popular hub of Dundas Square between een and Dundas. e building’s first floor is easily accessed by TTC, as it is perfectly situated between the een (South) and Dundas (North) subway stations.

tourist araction. e Eaton Centre is four stories deep and spans a massive 1 722 000 square feet, making it the largest underground mall in Canada. e first phase of the mall was a three-story Eaton’s store, which opened in 1977. e south half of the building opened two years later in 1979 and was built further underground. It included the largest underground multiplex cinema in the world at that time.

Urban planners decided that the complex would be geared towards in the interior. Naturally very few stores exist on street level, which meant that the architect’s focus was driven toward the inside of the complex, most of which existed three to four stories below the surface. e wide glass ceiling that spans the length of the galleria is open to the surface, providing a great deal of natural light to the shopping space. e effect is a bright, roomy atmosphere that is designed to make shoppers feel like they are dwelling above the surface.

Some of the amenities include an underground multiplex cinema, a stunning glass-ceiling galleria and access to aboveground aractions including Dundas Square and Trinity Square via. the Bay street entrance.

History of the Underground Eaton Centre In the early 1960s, Canada’s largest department store (Eaton’s) partnered with the Cadillac Fairview development company and the Toronto Dominion Bank to construct the Eaton Centre. Designed by Eberhart Zeidler and Bergman & Hamann Architects, it was modelled aer the Galleria Viorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy. e goal was to reinvigorate Underground Toronto by building a grand multi-story underground complex that would serve as both a shopping hub and a local

Transportation

Emergency Services

e Eaton Centre has access to two subway stations - Dundas and een - at its North and South entrances respectively. e first underground level of the building was excavated in the 1970s alongside the Yonge-University line for beer access to transportation. One of the great appeals of this shopping complex is that it lies directly on the subway route, making it simple for tourists to visit as they travel about the Downtown area

Due to the nature of the underground complex, the Toronto Police Service office was relocated to the North of the Centre, close to Dundas and Yonge street. In case of emergency, officers can be deployed from within the Eaton Centre. e convenient location of the complex makes access to subway and underground travel far easier for emergency services in the Yonge-Dundas region.

By use of the subway, areas closeby (i.e. Yorkville, Entertainment District, Financial District, and Downtown East) can also be easily accessed by emergency services. Underground facilities are generally difficult to access by services from the surface, so it was important to have a local station built into the Eaton Centre. In the early 2000s, the Toronto Police Service office was relocated to the middle of the complex on the second underground floor (beside the Trinity Square entrance). From this convenient location, it is equidistant from the North and South of the building as well as the upper and lower floors, which shortens the time for emergency response. In the case of power outage, authorities can make use of the stairs located beside the office to access the 1st, 3rd and 4th floors.

Amenities In 2012, the Eaton centre introduced its first multiyear accessibility plan that addresses and projects the design of public spaces as well as the accessibility of the venue. Currently, the complex is handicap friendly and makes use of the following accessibility features: Elevators Escalators Barrier Free Washrooms

ComplimentaryWheelchair loans Barrier free underground parking In accordance with the Yonge Dundas Elevator Accessibility (AODA), users are able to find routes to the surface through the following entrances: Yonge Street (East) Dundas Street (North) Trinity Square Albert Way een Street (Between Yonge and Bay Streets) een subway *Note: Each entrance has access to elevators and staircases.

e PATH links more than 50 buildings in the Yonge-Dundas, Financial and Entertainment districts. In the 1990s the PATH added cardinal directions which are color coded: P (red for South), A (orange for West), T (blue for North), H (yellow for East). In 2011, the City of Toronto created a long-term expansion plan intended to expand the walkway of the PATH to as long as 100 kilometres. e Eaton Centre connects to important hubs such as the Ted Rogers School of Business Management, Bell Trinity Square, and Cadillac Fairview Tower. ere is also access to several hotels, underground shopping plazas, office buildings and much more.

Visitors have access to underground parking near to the Toronto Eaton Centre including the Yonge Parkade (220 Yonge St.) and Bay-Dundas Parkade. e former can be reached via elevators located within various locations inside the complex. e laer can be reached via the PATH which connects the Eaton Centre to the Bay-Dundas intersection. Visitors can pay by credit card or cash.

e PATH

According to the Guinnness World Records, it is also houses the largest man-made subterrannean greenspace at approximately 21 000 square metres. is space extends from the Toronto Coach Terminal (at Dundas and Bay streets) all the way to Waterpark Place on eens ay. In the 1960s urban sprawl had taken over the downtown core of Toronto. With crowded sidewalks and massive office towers, there was not much space for smaller businesses on the surface. Underground living was growing more popular at this time, so many small businesses started seing up establishments underground. With funding from the Toronto-Dominion bank, the first set of underground developments began in 1961 and

e PATH is the largest underground shopping complex in the entire world.

Connection to the PATH e first underground pedestrian tunnel in Toronto was constructed in 1900 when Eaton’s d epartment store excavated an underground tunnel beneath James street, connecting the main store at Yonge and een streets to the Eaton’s Annex. Currently, the Eaton’s tunnel remains a part of the north PATH system, connecting the Toronto Eaton Centre to the Bell Trinity office complex.

were completed in 1967. e first expansion came at the end of the 1960s, as America was making its first manned mission to the moon. Canada saw its opportunity to make its name on the world stage and decided to create one of the largest underground developments in history. With nearly 500 000 daily commuters, including thousands of international tourists and residents, the PATH became a central hub in the downtown core. It became a popular place to freuqent due to its its immunity to severe outdoor climates. Due to the high volume of traffic flowing in and out of the tunnels, the City of Toronto decided to create lower floors in the PATH to streamline traffic. In 1969, the first underground expansion occured, adding two additional levels below the exisiting path. Later, in the 1970s, parks and recreational greenspaces were added to give the space a feeling of life and nature that existed on the surface.

Above: A concept of the reinvented PATH beneath the Yonge-Dundas intersection. Large ceiling windows allow light from the surface to illuminate the underground, giving the space a more open feel. The upper floors of the path are dedicated to shopping and entertainment and other lucrative tourist attractions.

The Parks There are three major underground parks which branch off from the PATH: Osgoode Park, Eaton Park and Dundas Square Park. Each park is happily situated near tourist attractions and is seamlessly integrated with structures that exist on the surface. Inspiration for the parks began when people began taking up private residence in the PATH during the mid to late 1970s. As the underground became more of a recreational space, it was suggested that developments for greenspace should be in progress. The Parks were excavated in 1975, the first being Yonge-Dundas Square. Though it is the smallest park by area, it is one of the most popular. In the late 1960s, The City of Toronto was hoping to establish a prominent landmark in his area of the downtown core. As Yonge-Dundas was already a popular tourist district, they wanted to incorporate more greenspace to improve the eco-friendly image of the city. Today, it is one of the busiest intersections in Canada with 100 000 visitors daily. Many major landmarks surround the park including the Toronto Eaton Centre (across the street), Ryerson University, the Ed Mirvish Theatre, and the Atrium on Bay. Due to its central location it is often called the Central Park of Toronto.

Four Seasons Performing Arts Centre e Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts is the world’s largest underground ballet stage. Located on the Southeast corner of University Avenue and een Street West, it is the home to the Canadian Opera Company (COC) and the National Ballet of Canada. With the expansion of the PATH, Toronto saw a push for new and modern architecture in its downtown core. As a result, several firms began

Above: Conceptual art for Dundas Square park. The concrete base has been replaced with sod and excavated two stories in the earth. Underground, a new park has been dug out and landscaped with flowers, paths, and public seating areas.

to submit proposals for innovative architectural structures. At the end of the 20th century, the COC issued invitations for designs for a new building that would serve as their permanent home. e Government of Ontario gied the company with underground space on which they could build this new space. In 2002, Diamond and Schmi Architects began building their massive four-story cathedral that would soon become one of the world’s most prestigious performing arts stages. e opera house was opened in September 2006 and debuted with Richard Wagner’s famed

tetralogy e Ring of Nibelung. e Four Seasons Centre seats roughly 2000 guests and hosts four balconies in its main theatre. e complex totaled an estimated cost of $180 million, which grew to $200 million aer expenses for the underground lot were factored in. It took three years to excavate and build. e concourse level of the Centre was built so that the public could access Osgoode subway station from the underground. It is also has North and East entrances to the PATH. e entire building is fully wheelchair accesible and has several elevators that lead to various platform levels including the first floor subway. e main stage is famous for its great obelisk-shaped ceiling. Designed by award-winner Jack Diamond, the great window of the theatre was inspired by the designs of French cathedrals of the late 15th century. e original design had been intended to incorporate stained glass panels but, aer much deliberation, the idea was turned down in favour of reinforced filtered white glass. e filters allow light technicians to adjust the amount of sunlight that enters the threatre. During matinee performances, the filters shut, immersing the threatre in complete darkness. In the evening, the windows give breathtaking views of Toronto’s starry night sky.

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HISTORY OF TORONTO ENTERTAINMENT AND FINANCIAL DISTRICT

from the 1900’s

1980s: Arrival of

first nightclubs

beyond partying at the 7ZLOLJKW =RQH

In January 1980 the Assoon brothers (David, Albert, Tony and Michael), Luis Collaco, and Bromely 9DVVHOO RSHQHG ौH 7ZLOLJKW =RQH 7RURQWR V ਭUVW large dance nightclub, at 185 Richmond Street West EHWZHHQ 6LPFRH DQG Duncan Streets. In 1982 5R\ ौRPVRQ +DOO RSHQHG at King and Simcoe, EHFRPLQJ WKH QHZ KRPH of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra thus expanding entertainment options in the neighbourhood

,W ZDVQ W XQWLO ODWH that the still mostly deserted area got another nightclub — Stilife ZDV RSHQHG E\ 25-year-old Charles Khabouth at the corner of Richmond West and Duncan. Its young RZQHU TXLFNO\ PDQDJHG WR PRQHWL]H LW E\ DिUDFWLQJ DਰXHQW 7RURQWR FURZGV D EXVLQHVV VXFFHVV WKDW ZRXOG LQ D IHZ \HDUV EULQJ PDQ\ QHZ QLJKWFOXEV WR WKH area.

Yonge Street Slip, Looking North December 30, 1926 City of Toronto Archives Fonds 1231, Item 927

ौH UDLOZD\ ODQGV WR WKH VRXWK ZHUH DOVR FRQYHUWHG WR RWKHU XVHV ौH 6N\Dome sports arena opened in 1989, bringing thousands of fans of the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Argonauts as ZHOO DV IDQV RI ELJ PXVLFDO acts to the area.

Toronto. King Street West (1856). City of Toronto Archives

Financial District One of the most densely built-up area of Toronto, home to numerous banking companies, corporate KHDGTXDUWHUV KLJK SRZered legal and accounting ринUPV LQVXUDQFH FRPSDnies and stockbrokers. In turn, the presence of so many decision-makers has brought in advertising agencies and marketing Old Union Station City of Toronto Archives FRPSDQLHV реМH EDQNV 1907 Fonds 1244, Item 99 KDYH EXLOW ODUJH RрипFH WRZHUV PXFK RI ZKRVH Toronto's core, are space is leased to these connected by a system of FRPSDQLHV реМH EDQN WRZHUV DQG PXFK HOVH LQ XQGHUJURXQG ZDONZD\V

NQRZQ DV 3$7+ ZKLFK LV OLQHG ZLWK UHWDLO HVWDEOLVKments making the area one of the most important shopping districts in 7RURQWR реМH YDVW PDMRULW\ of these stores are only RSHQ GXULQJ ZHHNGD\V during the business day ZKHQ WKH ринQDQFLDO GLVWULFW is populated. During the HYHQLQJV DQG ZHHNHQGV WKH ZDONZD\V UHPDLQ open but the area is almost deserted and most of the stores are closed. реМH GLVWULFW V RULJLQV GDWH back to the mid to ODWH WK FHQWXU\ ZKHQ D

Policeman, Corner of King and Yonge Streets 1912 City of Toronto Archives Fonds 1244, Item 1008

number of early banks had KHDG RਯFHV ORFDWHG LQ Toronto. Most of these EDQNV ZHUH UHJLRQDO DQG FDPH DQG ZHQW ,W ZDV QRW until the second half of the 20th Century that the Big Five banks located WKHLU KHDGTXDUWHUV WKHUH Of the big banks, only CIBC and Toronto-Dominion Bank (including the banks existing before mergers) had full head RਯFHV LQ 7RURQWR Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) (1961) — both Imperial Bank of Canada (1875) and Canadian Bank of Commerce (1867) had head

RਯFHV LQ 7RURQWR Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) (1976) — relocated FRUSRUDWH KHDG RਯFHV from Montreal; maintains OHJDO KHDG RਯFH LQ 0RQtreal Bank of Montreal (BMO) (1975) — relocated corpoUDWH KHDG RਯFHV IURP Montreal; maintains legal KHDG RਯFH LQ 0RQWUHDO

ोHHQ 6WUHHW Subway (Looking East) November 17, 1897 City of Toronto Archives Series 376, File 2, Item 8

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Proposals For Underground and Rooftops

I

n 1983, there was talk of expanding the underground into the core of Toronto and having main buildings turned into JUHHQKRXVHV DQG URR़RS IDUPV IRU vertical farming, dairy, and eggs. Brought on from the success of the outer regions of Toronto having bigger community booms and also a closer sense of community with each other, the Mayor of Toronto and the City of Toronto Underground believed that it was time to expand their underground. Union

Station was the talk of the century for a new revitalization project with having the insides hallowed and also connected to the already made subway and PATH. Below is an image of a rendering and an acrylic model of how the areas would be proposed. Under the main sections, the top would be greenspace for commuters and travelers to relax and mingle before VWDUWLQJ RU HQGLQJ Rਬ WKHLU GD\V

“Being able to facilitate my commute no matter the weather really puts me in a better mood...it’s like a sunshine in itself” -JAMES HARRIS

7KH )RXU 6HDVRQV &HQWUH IRU WKH 3HUIRUPLQJ $UWV LV D 2,071-seat theatre in Toronto. Located at the southeast corner of University Avenue and Queen Street West, across from 2VJRRGH +DOO 7KH ODQG RQ ZKLFK LW LV ORFDWHG ZDV D JLIW IURP the Government of Ontario. It is the home of the Canadian Opera Company (COC) and the National Ballet of Canada.

Royal Alexandra Theatre Four Seasons Centre of the Performing Arts

ौH 5R\DO $OH[DQGUD ौHDWUH LV D WKHDWUH LQ Toronto, Ontario, Canada located near King and Simcoe Streets. Built in 1907, the 1,497-seat Royal Alex is the oldest continuously operating legitimate theatre in North America.

Rogers Centre

Rogers Centre, originally named SkyDome, is a PXOWL SXUSRVH VWDGLXP LQ GRZQWRZQ 7RURQWR 2QWDULR &DQDGD VLWXDWHG MXVW VRXWKZHVW RI WKH &1 7RZHU QHDU WKH QRUWKHUQ VKRUH RI /DNH 2QWDULR While it is primarily a sports venue, it also hosts other large-scale events such as conventions, trade fairs, concerts, travelling carnivals, and monster WUXFN VKRZV

Union Station Union Station is Canada's busiest, most important multi-modal passenger transportation hub, a GHVLJQDWHG 1DWLRQDO +LVWRULF 6LWH DQG a significant part of Toronto's history and identity. More than a TXDUWHU PLOOLRQ SHRSOH XVH 8QLRQ Station daily. The City of Toronto is leading Union Station's revitalization

ࢌH (OJLQ DQG *DUGHQ :LQWHU ࢌHDWHU

ौH (OJLQ DQG Winter Garden ौHDWUHV DUH D pair of stacked theatres in Toronto, Ontario, &DQDGD ौH Winter Garden ौHDWUH LV VHYHQ storeys above WKH (OJLQ ौHDWUH ौH\ are the last surviving (GZDUGLDQ stacked theatres in the world.

6RQ\ &HQWUH IRU WKH 3HUIRUPLQJ $UWV

The Sony Centre for the Performing Arts is Canada’s largest soft-seat theatre. The centre opened as the O’Keefe Centre on 1 October 1960, and has played host to a variety of international attractions and stars.

Fairmont Royal York Opened in 1929, this upscale hotel retains original features such as hand-painted ceilings and travertine pillars. Around the 1950’s, the Fairmont was the tallest building in downtown Toronto.

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The Air Canada Centre (ACC) is a multi-purpose indoor sporting arena located on Bay Street in the South Core district of Downtown Toronto. The ACC has, from its initial design to completion, revolutionized many concepts included in new arenas and stadiums built since then. Adding extension in the underground in 1988, the ACC is now a venue with a hockey rink above ground, and also one underground. The rink underground has its own dome and is able to seat more than the above with three objectives: to improve the quality and capacity of pedestrian movement; to restore heritage elements; and to transform Union Station into a major destination for shopping, dining and visiting. (Union Station Continued)

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Toronto Island International Airport Built in 1968 the Canadian Air Force base on Toronto Island was expanded because of Cold War tensions with the U.S.S.R. However after the signing of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty by the major powers, the air base was expanded into civilian use from 1970 to the present.

Toronto Naval Shipyards Having a protected harbour within the St. Lawrence helped Toronto become one of the major naval ports for the Canadian Navy and for commercial shipping. After cold war tensions simmered down in the 1970’s the harbour was slowly transitioned to civilian personal use. By the early 2000’s the port saw more yachts than it did Destroyers.

Underground Canadian National Exhibition Expansion The U.C.N.E also known as the Ex is an annual event. The first Exhibition took place in 1879, however because of fears during the cold war and the underground movement of the early 60’s. The Exhibition grounds were expanded underground in the early 1980’s. It has become a vital part of the city where people can go to relax and have fun with friends and family.

Underground Sea Dome An extension of the U.C.N.E the Under Sea Dome is a hybrid community. Filled with parks, recreational centers and residential areas. It has become the go to place for the wealthy to live in, but also provides an experience of underwater views like no other in the world.

Gardiner Underground High-Speed Rail Proposed in 1964 and completed in 1970 the Gardiner provides a vital link to the Niagara and other regions in southern Ontario. The ability to move logistics and personal safely across vast distances has made the Gardiner an important route for military and civilian lives.

Beaches Luxury Resorts An expansion by the Group of 10 to allow a place for tourist to come and enjoy the pristine waters and parks of Toronto. This Luxury resort caters to many dierent types of tourist from around the world. Becoming a major attraction gateway into Toronto.

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