Underground toronto guidefinal

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A GUIDE THROUGH TORONTO AND ITS UNDERGROUND

A GUIDE THROUGH TORONTO AND ITS UNDERGROUND

A MAP OF TORONTO THROUGH THE YEARSINDICATIONS OF TORONTOS UNDERGROUND, CITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES

INTRODUCING TORONTO

Introducing You to Toronto and Its Underground At the end of World War II there was celebration throughout the world. Though the statistic regarding the war were especially heinous, people tried to look past the grim and focus on brighter futures. In an attempt to keep peace and create a way of governing the world, the United Nations was formed. The UN came together in 1945, but it would only take two years for conflict to come around again. In 1947 the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States of America began. The war signaled a time of unrest, fear and possible destruction. The successful destruction of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by American atomic weapons in August 1945 began an arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Since 1950 when the first dig happened, Toronto’s identity has changed drastically. Toronto is a city that flourishes on tourism as people flock to see the magnificent success the city has had. Toronto is a city like no other in the world. Visitors and Torontonians cant help but feel the pride that overwhelms this city. In an act of what some call rebellion, Toronto easily accomplished what no one thought was possible. Underground nightclubs that are open 24 hours, ballets from the underground, hotels underwater and soccer games submerged under a lake are some of the few things you can expect from this city. Toronto leads the world in innovation and perseverance.

As a neighbouring country to the United States, Canada began to fear potential fallout and disaster. The prospering city of Toronto took this threat seriously. An architect by the name of Igor Yanek theorized about building the city underground. This sort of idea was not easily accepted. Igor worked with a man named Winfried Torban who helped him to persuade other company men to follow suit. In the end, Igor had brought 10 people together, including him, to form what is now known as “The Group of 10.”

Toronto’s choice to go underground has also allowed nature and wild life to prosper. Taking up little space above ground has left the habitats of many species in Toronto untouched. Toronto has laminated its identity as a city that cares about the future and shows it through its use of recycled materials and conservation. Toronto’s diversity is another feature that stands out in its identity. People coming from all over the world see and feel Toronto’s inspirational, young, reckless, welcoming identity, and can’t help but become part of the community. Welcome to Toronto, enjoy your stay.

A TIMELINE OF TORONTO

TIMELINE OF TORONTO : SINCE 1600’s 1610 - Étienne Brûlé

1803 - St. Lawerence Market

Étienne Brûlé arrives on the VKRUHV RI /DNH 2QWDULR WKH ਭUVW European to arrive the now known Toronto. He took on the lifestyles of the First Nations peoples and became an interpreter and explorer. Fun Fact: Brûle was killed and eaten by the Bear tribe of the Huron People

1600 1783 - Fort York

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1849 - First Great Fire ौLV ZDV WKH ਭUVW ਭUH 7RURQWR KDG H[SHULHQFHG also known as Cathedral Fire namely because it had completely destroyed the St.James Cathedral. 0RVW RI WKH EXVLQHVV FRUH RI WKH FLW\ ZDV ZLSH RXW DV ZHOO DV WKH 6W /DZHUHQFH 0DUNHW ौHUH ZDV QR H[DFW FDXVH RI WKH ਭUH EXW LW DOORZHG WKH FLW\ WR create safety laws for the future.

1700

1800 1858 - Union Station ौH ਭUVW 8QLRQ VWDWLRQ WKDW ZDV RSHQHG E\ WKH Grand Trunk Railway. It was shared with multiple railway companies.

1879 - Canadian National Exhibition

Fort York was built by the British Army and Canadian military troops to defend against United 6WDWHV ौH IRUW ZDV WKHQ XVHG again for World War I and II. Fort York became a historic site of PLOLWDU\ IRUWLਭFDWLRQV LQ

Inspired by a moving temporary fair, Toronto City Council proposed a permanent fair : Toronto ,QGXVWULDO ([KLELWLRQ WKH IDLU ODVWHG ZHHNV DQG KDG DERXW H[KLELWV ZLWK SDLG DGPLVVLRQV ौH\ KDG VWDUWHG ZLWK DFUHV LQ DQG KDG H[SDQGHG WR DOPRVW DFUHV 'XULQJ World War I and II the grounds became home to detachments of the Canadian military.

1894 - The Toronto Suburban Railway

1906 - Hockey Club

railway operator that incorporated many railway companies from 1890-1894. By 1894, the railway acquired 12.1km of lines in Toronto.

Profession Hockey Club operated from 1906-1909 and was one of the founders of the Ontario Professional Hockey League.

1912 - Toronto Civic Railway 1889 - Old City Hall

that City of Toronto owned, creating routes that the Toronto Railway Company had not agreed to reach with streetcars. In 1912, they created the Gerrard Division route and continued to expand from then on.

One of the largest buildings in 1899, it contained Toronto’s municipal government. decade to build with 7 floors, standing 340 feet tall.

1890

1900

1904 - Second Great Fire experienced. It burned down 20 acres of land and costed at least 5,000 people to lose their jobs. 250 firefighters was on scene to help clear the fire which lasted 9 hours. Nobody was harmed in the process however, it had caused a serious damage to the heart of Toronto.

1906 - Electricity from Niagara Falls Niagara Power Company was first built in 1881 and generated electricity to the local mills and some of the village’s streets.

1910 1918 - Prince Edward Viaduct Also known as Blood Viaduct, is a bridge that connects Bloor Street East with Danforth Avenue that crosses over the Don Valley. Residents voted every year from 1910-1913 for the construction. It was named for Prince Edward, Prince of Wales.

1921- Toronto Transportation Commission

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1939- QEW connects Niagara

1929- Toronto Stock Exchange: Worst Year ौH *UHDW 'HSUHVVLRQ KLW &DQDGD DQG WKH 7RURQWR 6WRFN ([FKDQJH KLWV LW‫ۑ‬V ZRUVW ORVV 2YHU RI WKH 7RURQWR ZHUH XQHPSOR\HG DQG PDQ\ SULFHV IHOO ौH 'HSUHVVLRQ HQGHG LQ ZKHQ :RUOG :DU ,, EHJDQ

1920

1934 - Centennial of the City

1930

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1940

1933 - Christie Pits Riot

1944 - Toronto’s Worst Winter Storm

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1947 - Silver Rail

1952 - First TV Station

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1950 - End of World War II

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Igor Janek Igor Matfey Janek was an architect and founding father of Underground Toronto. He was born in 1911 to wealthy parents and enjoyed a comfortable life in east Toronto. He had an interest in inventions and machines from a young age and was often making gadgets and dioramas in his father’s workshop. After attending enriched courses at University of Toronto School, he attended U of T for Architecture. He then participated in the Centennial of Toronto in 1930 and showcased his Architecture Thesis. His thesis was a crazy concept for an underground city that used reflective shafts for lighting and underground tunnels and waterways for transportation. He later was sent to war and experienced the harsh realities of close combat. In a particular battle he saved his colleagues by

FIG. 2 - IGOR MATFEY JANEK

FIG. 1 - WINFRIED TORBEN

constructing a clever underground hideout that was stronger and harder to detect than the common trenches. While at war, he made friends with a german army Engineer named Winfried Torben who had experience working at a mine in South Africa. Many discussions with Winfried about life underground in the mine encouraged Igor and made him believe that maybe his ideas weren’t so bizarre after all. Another of his friends was John B. Parkin who owned a firm in the 1940’s was also interested in Igor’s ideas. Parkin’s firm was responsible for the Toronto Dominion building, new subway stations, and Yorkdale Mall, among others. He Along with his architect and engineer friends, convinced the public that building underground was a novel ideal and an idea worth acting on.

The Group of Ten Dominion Steel Founded in 1928 Dominion Steel and Corporation owner Stannis Scot would become one of the greatest assests and partners for the first missions of the underground city plans. Igor Yanek would form a deal with D.S.C in 1948 to help him in the funding for the excavation of the underground city. Stannis loved the idea so much he also put his companies expertise into helping Igor in the plans on how to dig and build and underground city. D.S.C and its president Stannis Scot would later become prominent advocates of living underground rather than above.

Dufferin Construction Dufferin Construction was founded in 1912 by James F. Franchisini. With the unexpected death of James, the company was left with his inexperienced son James Jr. Igor Yanek approached James Jr. in 9148 to ask him to invest in his idea to building under Toronto. James Jr. declined Igor’s offer in fear that it would be impossible to achieve. Later that month Igor, Winfried, and Stannis all confronted James Jr. and talked about the success of Dufferin in the grading of Highway 2 and construction of Highway 5. They reassured him knowing that he was inexperienced. James Jr. agreed to help Igor. Later, Dufferin Construction would become the company to single handidly shape and build passage ways and houses for the underground city.

FIG. 3 - JAMES JR. FRANCHISINI

Walter Energy Walter Energy was founded in 1930 by Walter White. Walter Energy was the youngest company to partake in the vision for an underground city. Despite being a young company Igor and Winfried were amazed by what the company had accomplished in the past 20 years. They approached Walter in 1949. One of its greatest accolades would be being the world’s leading “pure play” metallurgical coal and methane gas producers for global steel undustry. It is no suprise that Igor approached this company in a partnership proposal.

FIG. 4 - ELECTRICAL WIRES IN DOWNTOWN AREA

Hamilton Steel

Toronto Hydro

Hamilton Steel was founded in 1910 by Tony Hamilton as a steel and refinery company, which would produce half of Canada’s steel during the Second World War. Hugh Hamilton the current president of the company was approached by Igor and Winfried, who asked him to help in the funding and providing of steel for the building of the underground city. Reluctant at first, Hugh would later agree to help. Hamilton Steel would later solve a manufacturing problem in the fast production of steel. The company used a basic oxygen furnace to process steel instead of the traditional open hearth method. In doing so Hamiltion Steel would become the first company in North America to use the oxygen furnace method for producing steel.

Toronto Hydro was founded in 1910 by Bruce Clifford. Toronto Hydro was on its way to being a power house in the electric monopoly as it sold more than 1 billion kWh for the first time in history. This alone was enough to motivate Igor and Winfried to put this company under their radar. Igor talked about how Power Corporation of Canada would also help in this process and appealed to the visions of Toronto Hydro. In 1949 a partnership was made with Toronto Hydro, Power Corporation of Canada and Igor. In the making of the city and the post war baby boom, electric consumption would increase by 75 percent. The two electric companies would build 20 new electric substations throughout the city and the electrical system was converted from 25 Hz to 60 Hz and over 200,000 meters were replaced.

Power Corporation of Canada Power Corporation of Canada was founded in 1925 by A.J Nesbitt and P.A Thompson. The company was focused on benefitting from the growing demand for industrial and domestic electrcity across Canada. By the early 1930’s Power operated 40 electric power plants and serviced 1.5 million Canadians. By 1949 word had got out that there were two visionaries that wanted to build an underground city to save everyone from the possibilities of Nuclear war. When Nesbitt and Thompson were approached by Igor and Winfried they had already prepared a counter offer. Their proposal was that they would agree to help Igor only if they can bring another electric company to partner up with, this was due to the fact that Nesbitt was not fearful of going bankrupt.

FIG. 5 - POTASH MINE

Agrium Inc. Agrium Inc. was founded in 1928 by Lowell Woods. Concerned about the agriculture production rate once people began going underground, Winfried suggested a partnership with an agriculture company. Igor suggested Agrium because for a short time they were a smelting company. The company is a supplier of agricultural products such a nitrogen based fertilizers, sulphur and phosphate based fertilizers from potash mines. Their services are offered from South America to North America as well as Australia. A partnership with Agrium was formed in 1950.

Thompson Creek Metals Thompson Creek Metals was founded in 1915 by Phil Thompson. This was a company that Igor chose to partner up with to meet the demand of the growing steel needs. He chose Thompson creek because it was another one of the world’s largest pure play based-metal mining companies. An agreement was reached in 1951, completing “The Group of Ten.”

1960 - Subway Lines

1966 - Bloor-Danforth Line

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1976 - Toronto Reference Library

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NEIGHBOURHOODS OF TORONTO

From Concept to Reality Shown on the left are some of the earliest concepts of the underground city. The drawings were created by Igor Janek one of the founding fathers of the underground revolution. This drawing seems to depict some of the early concepts that Igor was researching, such as underground transportation, ventilation, water mains, and food distribution. The sketches discuss possible ways in which to provide a proper waste management system while maintaining safe living conditions and keeping citizens safe. One of the largest concerns Igor was looking into is transportation and how residents and tourists would travel underground. This challenge was answered by many different concepts, within this sketch, of how one might get from one level to the next. The solutions ranged from multi-directional elevators to electric streetcars. Unfortunately at the time these technologies were not advanced enough to pursue some of his wild concepts, but his hope is that one day, advancements in technology will allow for his ideas to come to fruition to make Toronto a city of innovation. Along with assistance from his friend, Winfried Torben, Igor used the nuances of Toronto’s unique ground structure in the planning of the underground city. The plan was to dig sections larger than the building they planned to building within that space and once the ground settles, place pipes, ventilation shafts, and insulation between the ground walls and the building’s walls. This concept would allow for stronger structures and would keep pipes and vents in better condition for longer periods of time. In 1948, Janek discussed preliminary excavations

FIG. 6 - IGOR YANEK UNDERGROUND BLUE PRINT, 1950, CITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES

In 1948, Janek discussed preliminary excavations with Dominion Steel and Corporation. His vision was to carve out large sections of earth and create a steel framework to hold the loose dirt in place. After these sections of earth were properly sealed, construction would move forward. The process for building multi-story buildings was a challenging process. Once the skeleton of the building had been installed, the rough framing of the walls and exterior would begin. The buildings were covered in sheathing, a protective barrier that would prevent liquid water from seeping into the structure while allowing water vapour to escape. Unlike surface buildings, water vapour underground has nowhere to escape, so additional pipes were built that allowed vapour to travel to the surface. Once the exterior insulation had been installed, a complete roughing of plumbing, electrical and HVAC (air conditioning) was started. This included pipes for ventilation, electric wires, cables, water supply lines, and additional ductwork for the HVAC system. This was a very important process because underground shelters required reinforced piping and stronger infrastructure. A break in the ventilation system could be detrimental to life below the surface and it was important that the buildings were made to last. Interior insulation was crucial as it improved a building’s energy efficiency and created an ambient homeostasis within the environment. Since Janek’s goal was to create an eco-friendly Toronto, it was important that his buildings were energy efficient. Janek consulted with members from Walter Energy to create a design that would utilize natural materials while being cost and energy efficient.

FIG. 7 - CAD DRAWING, 2008, CITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES

Experience Living Underground

FIG. 8 -NATHAN PHILLIPS PARK, CITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES

This is a conceptual rendering for Nathan Phillips Park, Toronto's second underground park. Inspired by natural elements - leaves, forests, and running water - the park was intended to provide the downtown core with a fresh, eco-friendly environment. Enjoy a coee while basking in natural sunlight from the surface. Even the busiest commuter can't help but be soothed by the soft trickle of the park's indoor waterfall.

The Apartment: Underground living at it’s finest. Opened in late 2011, the Terrace at 125 Queen Street W. has become the #1 best-selling condominium complex in downtown Toronto. Built by award-winning developer company Diamond Corp., it was designed to be the first luxury residential area in Underground Toronto. Just seconds from shopping, entertainment, restaurants and much more, the Terrace sits in the PATH’s most prime location. Residents can enjoy the comforts of underground living while never straying too far from the modern conveniences of the surface. The Terrace is comprised of 131 sizeable units outfitted with filtered air conditioning, geo-thermal heating systems, and state-of-the-art plumbing systems. Real estate appraisers call the Terrace the ‘It Building’ of the 21st

FIG. 9 - DIAMOND CORP. CONDO ADVERTISEMENT, 2014

The residences of the Terrace are unlike any other building in the Underground. Located just two floors below the surface, the building connects with the PATH via its East and West entrances. The residential floors start at the second floor of the PATH, so at all times residents are only steps away from stores, restaurants and underground heritage sites. The Terrace offers amenities such as a private gym and pool (open year-round), private entrances to the PATH, elevators to the surface, and its very own underground garden terrace.

FIG. 10 -BLUE LIGHTS, $49.99, CANADIAN TIRE ADVERTISEMENT, 2014

Blue Lights and Fake Windows During the 1980’s, as a lot of underground apartment building projects emerged in the wake of a nuclear scare, it was also necessary to study the effects that 24-hour living underground would have on people. Among other concerns, there was a need to establish how a person could still have a normal circadian rythm while living without the benefits of the sun. Blue lights were installed in many apartments to combat the fatigue many people experienced without the normal daylight. Soon it became part of the English slang especially around the bigger cities around

Northern America which had significant underground areas - to refer to electric lights as ‘blues’. E.g. used in a sentence: “Turn off the blues.” Simulating the outside would was a big trend when the construction for underground living began for real in the 60’s. At first people put up paintings to cover up the walls in place of windows; in the 70’s it was in fashion to get custom made pictures (paintings, photos) made from the person’s favourite places to look like windows. Next came the fake windows imitating changeable billboards outside; you could rotate the pictures in

the frame to change the picture for something else if you got bored with the one you had. In the 21st century with the age of computers Microsoft saw its opportunity and launched a line of wall installed screens with a simple version of Windows operating system, which had a variety of options to choose from. For example, a live feed of a certain view around the world. The screen would also tell you the weather outside, subway schedules, air quality and notifications from a special underground network, if there was e.g. some maintenance work coming up.

FIG. 11 - FAKE WINDOWS, OFFICE INSTALLATION, 2014

FIG. 12 -ARTIFICIAL SKY, UKNOWN ARTIST COMMISION, 1990, CITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES

Artificial Sky and Solatube For the first underground square surrounded with different apartment blocks, an artist was commissioned to paint the ceiling to look like a sky. Later on when technology developed more, special proectors were made to project live feeds of the real sky to the ceiling. The Solatube is a device that captures the sun’s rays and uses them to illuminate the interiors of homes. In its most basic form, this unique device is made up of a dome, tubing, and a diffuser. With extending tubing and material to cause reflections, these tubes are used to light lower levels of underground buildings. Using Solatube in underground buildings helps maintin healthy circadium rythms. FIG. 13 -SOLATUBE, http://www.solatube.com/, 2010

The Westin Harbour Castle Hotel At the end of the 1980s the PATH began expanding South toward the Toronto waterfront. A pedestrian bridge was built beneath the Lake Shore Boulevard/Gardiner Expressway and connected the Air Canada Centre to WaterPark Place on Queens Quay. Among the list of new buildings integrated into the PATH were a series of hotels and office buildings that spanned the Harbour front. One of the most notable venues was the Westin Harbour Castle Hotel, built in 1987.

The Westin Hotel is located at 1 Harbour Square, adjacent to the Jack Layton Ferry Terminal. It is famously known as the world’s first partial underwater hotel, with its bottom three floors submerged in the waters of Lake Ontario. Visitors share breathtaking views of Toronto’s freshwater lake, the marina, and see the harbour from a whole new perspective below the surface.

FIG. 14 - 1 HARBOUR SQUARE, TORONTO, ON

As the Harbourfront revitalization began in the 1975, the Harbour Castle hotel was one of the first commercial buildings built in what used to be an industrial district. The City of Toronto hoped to convert the Harbourfront into a thriving residential and commercial space that would draw locals and tourists alike to the water. The Campeau Corporation began construction in 1975 and opened the 34-story building in 1977. It features a massive convention centre, Grand Metro Ballroom and two in-

house restaurants. A decade later, they renovated the bottom three floors, transforming them into underwater hotel suites. Altogether there are 50 modern underwater suites available for booking to the public. The overnight rate is high in comparison to neighbouring hotels, but the views are definitely worth it. At night, dancing blue and purple lights from the ferry terminal can be seen from the underwater floors. The experience is described to be a visceral underwater aurora borealis.

Above Ground Agriculture Braeburn Farm Braeburn farms is a small warmblood breeding operation in Etobicoke. Braeburn Farm breeds horses for sale in the prospects of hunter, mares from Europe that performs excellently. Braeburn Farm have competed internationally in Canada and United States.

Horses at Braeburn Farm are infused from the same bloodline as some of the well known stallions such as Escudo, Voltaire, Carthago, mares are matched with top North American and European Stallions for best possible results and horses with a disposition to win.

Hidden among the trees lining west branch of the humber river are standing two of Toronto’s oldest private homes known as Elm Bank. John Grubb built this stone house around 1834, on his farm called “Elm Bank”. It was the second house on the property. Grubb established two farms in this part of Toronto, once called “Brae Burn”, and the other called “Elm Bank”. Grubb was involved in the subdivision of his lands for the creation of a village around

the intersection of present-day purchased this farm from their Islington Avenue and Albion Road, which was known as nine room farm house located St. Andrew before being re- on Lot 27, Concession 1, South of Dundas Street. According as an area magistrate on the Home District Council, Grubb property, it was purchased by directed several companies John Lepard in 1807 from the that constructed plank roads Crown. A year later, in 1808, in the district, including sec- the property was sold to Dr. tions of present-day Weston Anson Buck, a physician and Road and Albion Road. In prominent gentleman in mu1918, Mr. William Tovell Senior bought the farm from Dr. Anson Buck’s estate. In 1940 and existing home on this the Tovell Brothers business property in about 1868.

Beretta Organic Farms alternatives for families since the purchase of their farm life, growing their own family of livestock, and experiencing everything the rural and rustic terrain Mike and Cynthia had the unfortunate experience of losing their barn and their entire family of live-

Devastated, the couple reached out for support and in the spring of 1975 on the day of Mikes produce an organic line of meat with no antibiotics and hormone free beef, chicken, pork and

Anga’s Farm and Nursery

lands of the Humber River, by the Etobicoke city council on October 6th 1960.

however they also have a small portion of their farmland to produce and sell their own honey, the also breed their own chicken.

Under Ground Agriculture Agrium farm Agrium farm as suggested by the name was the started by Lowell Woods in 1952. Agrifarms. As you can see in the picture Lowell had to come up with a way to cultivate and grow plants underground which meant no sunlight. To solve this problem Lowell originally came up with High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Bulbs that produce a red-orange light

plants, however since it doesn’t produce light in the blue spectrum which is needed for growing big leafy plants as well as enormous amounts of vegetation at a time, this method of light source was discarded and Lowell went back to the drawing board with determination to solve this problem. Only after a few months Lowell had engineered a High Intensity Discharge (HID) Bulbs which were the brightest bulbs he had created so far and gave of light in the blue spectrum, moreover these light bulbs were also very Lowell had monopolized the underground agriculture market.

idea of HId bulbs growing vegetation. Pictures on the left showcase the farm-like structure that was invented by Lowell to farm and cultivate vegetation underground. As you can see a racking system was used to cultivate smaller vegetations such as herbs and a long extended path with walkable space around it was used to grow much bigger vegetations such as carrots, corn,tomatoes etc.

Malone’s and Potter’s Farm With the monopolization of Agrium opening a sustainable farm was just not a right business residents in 1965. Because it was a small family run business they were using the cheaper High

to buy and make room for HID bulbs.

Sullivan’s Mushroom Kingdom of which was the lack of vegetation for your daily needs such as tomatoes, corn, mushrooms, potatoes etc. Sandy had some background in cultivating because she grew some of her own vegetables and fruits in her back yard when she used to live above ground. So she decided to start her own business however she had decided to focus in only in underground mushroom cultivation because of how easy it would be to start a business in mushgrooms which dont need much sunlight and mushrooms excell at growth in damp moist areas. Later her mushroom business would be one of the few agricultural farms that would be able to compete at the same level of Agrium Farm.

As her business grew she started to purchase more and more land to cultivate even more mush-

Sullivan’s Mushroom Kingdom now produces mushrooms in millions with lands as big and go as far as the eye can see. Pictures were taken in 2012

YONGE AND DUNDAS

Underground Shopping If you are searching for a wide variety of stores and a vibrant social environment, there is no other place like the underground Eaton Centre. Opened in 1977, the Eaton Centre is home to 235 shops and services and sits beneath the popular hub of Dundas Square between een and Dundas. e building’s first floor is easily accessed by TTC, as it is perfectly situated between the een (South) and Dundas (North) subway stations. Some of the amenities include an underground multiplex cinema, a stunning glass-ceiling galleria and access to aboveground aractions including Dundas Square and Trinity Square via. the Bay street entrance.

History of the Underground Eaton Centre In the early 1960s, Canada’s largest department store (Eaton’s) partnered with the Cadillac Fairview development company and the Toronto Dominion Bank to construct the Eaton Centre. Designed by Eberhart Zeidler and Bergman & Hamann Architects, it was modelled aer the

Galleria Viorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy. e goal was to reinvigorate Underground Toronto by building a grand multi-story underground complex that would serve as both a shopping hub and a local tourist araction. e Eaton Centre is four stories deep and spans a massive 1 722 000 square feet, making it the largest underground mall in Canada. e first phase of the mall was a three-story Eaton’s store, which opened in 1977. e south half of the building opened two years later in 1979 and was built further underground. It included the largest underground multiplex cinema in the world at that time. Urban planners decided that the complex would be geared towards in the interior. Naturally very few stores exist on street level, which meant that the architect’s focus was driven toward the inside of the complex, most of which existed three to four stories below the surface. e wide glass ceiling that spans the length of the galleria is open to the surface, providing a great deal of natural light to the shopping space. e effect is a bright, roomy atmosphere that is designed to make shoppers feel like they are dwelling above the surface.

Transportation e Eaton Centre has access to two subway stations - Dundas and een - at its North and South entrances respectively. e first underground level of the building was excavated in the 1970s alongside the Yonge-University line for beer access to transportation. One of the great appeals of this shopping complex is that it lies directly on the subway route, making it simple for tourists to visit as they travel about the Downtown area

Emergency Services Due to the nature of the underground complex, the Toronto Police Service office was relocated to the North of the Centre, close to Dundas and Yonge street. In case of emergency, officers can be deployed from within the Eaton Centre. e convenient location of the complex makes access to subway and underground travel far easier for emergency services in the Yonge-Dundas region. By use of the subway, areas closeby (i.e. Yorkville, Entertainment District, Financial District, and Downtown East) can also be easily accessed by emergency services.

Underground facilities are generally difficult to access by services from the surface, so it was important to have a local station built into the Eaton Centre. In the early 2000s, the Toronto Police Service office was relocated to the middle of the complex on the second underground floor (beside the Trinity Square entrance). From this convenient location, it is equidistant from the North and South of the building as well as the upper and lower floors, which shortens the time for emergency response. In the case of power outage, authorities can make use of the stairs located beside the office to access the 1st, 3rd and 4th floors.

Amenities In 2012, the Eaton centre introduced its first multi-year accessibility plan that addresses and projects the design of public spaces as well as the accessibility of the venue. Currently, the complex is handicap friendly and makes use of the following accessibility features: Elevators Escalators Barrier Free Washrooms ComplimentaryWheelchair loans

Barrier free underground parking In accordance with the Yonge Dundas Elevator Accessibility (AODA), users are able to find routes to the surface through the following entrances: Yonge Street (East) Dundas Street (North) Trinity Square Albert Way een Street (Between Yonge and Bay Streets) een subway *Note: Each entrance has access to elevators and staircases. Visitors have access to underground parking near to the Toronto Eaton Centre including the Yonge Parkade (220 Yonge St.) and Bay-Dundas Parkade. e former can be reached via elevators located within various locations inside the complex. e laer can be reached via the PATH which connects the Eaton Centre to the Bay-Dundas intersection. Visitors can pay by credit card or cash.

Connection to the PATH e first underground pedestrian tunnel in Toronto was constructed in 1900 when Eaton’s

department store excavated an underground tunnel beneath James street, connecting the main store at Yonge and een streets to the Eaton’s Annex. Currently, the Eaton’s tunnel remains a part of the north PATH system, connecting the Toronto Eaton Centre to the Bell Trinity office complex. e PATH links more than 50 buildings in the Yonge-Dundas, Financial and Entertainment districts. In the 1990s the PATH added cardinal directions which are color coded: P (red for South), A (orange for West), T (blue for North), H (yellow for East). In 2011, the City of Toronto created a long-term expansion plan intended to expand the walkway of the PATH to as long as 100 kilometres. e Eaton Centre connects to important hubs such as the Ted Rogers School of Business Management, Bell Trinity Square, and Cadillac Fairview Tower. ere is also access to several hotels, underground shopping plazas, office buildings and much more.

e PATH e PATH is the largest underground shopping complex in the entire world. According to the Guinnness World Records, it is also houses the largest man-made subterrannean greenspace at approximately 21 000 square metres. is space extends from the Toronto Coach Terminal (at Dundas and Bay streets) all the way to Waterpark Place on eens ay. In the 1960s urban sprawl had taken over the downtown core of Toronto. With crowded sidewalks and massive office towers, there was not much space for smaller businesses on the surface. Underground living was growing more popular at this time, so many small businesses started seingup establishments underground. With funding from the Toronto-Dominion bank, the first set of underground developments began in 1961 and were completed in 1967. e first expansion came at the end of the 1960s, as America was making its first manned mission to the moon. Canada saw its opportunity to make its name on the world stage and decided to create one of the largest underground developments in history.

With nearly 500 000 daily commuters, including thousands of international tourists and residents, the PATH became a central hub in the downtown core. It became a popular place to freuqent due to its its immunity to severe outdoor climates. Due to the high volume of traffic flowing in and out of the tunnels, the City of Toronto decided to create lower floors in the PATH to streamline traffic. In 1969, the first underground expansion occured, adding two additional levels below the exisiting path. Later, in the 1970s, parks and recreational greenspaces were added to give the space a feeling of life and nature that existed on the surface. Below: A concept of the reinvented PATH beneath the Yonge-Dundas intersection. Large ceiling windows allow light from the surface to illuminate the underground, giving the space a more open feel. The upper floors of the path are dedicated to shopping and entertainment and other lucrative tourist attractions.

Four Seasons Performing Arts Centre e Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts is the world’s largest underground ballet stage. Located on the Southeast corner of University Avenue and een Street West, it is the home to the Canadian Opera Company (COC) and the National Ballet of Canada. With the expansion of the PATH, Toronto saw a push for new and modern architecture in its downtown core. As a result, several firms began to submit proposals for innovative architectural structures. At the end of the 20th century, the COC issued invitations for designs for a new building that would serve as their permanent home. e Government of Ontario gied the company with underground space on which they could build this new space. In 2002, Diamond and Schmi Architects began building their massive four-story cathedral that would soon become one of the world’s most prestigious performing arts stages. e opera house was opened in September 2006 and debuted with Richard Wagner’s famed tetralogy e Ring of Nibelung.

e Four Seasons Centre seats roughly 2000 guests and hosts four balconies in its main theatre. e complex totaled an estimated cost of $180 million, which grew to $200 million aer expenses for the underground lot were factored in. It took three years to excavate and build. e concourse level of the Centre was built so that the public could access Osgoode subway station from the underground. It is also has North and East entrances to the PATH. e entire building is fully wheelchair accesible and has several elevators that lead to various platform levels including the first floor subway. e main stage is famous for its great obelisk-shaped ceiling. Designed by award-winner Jack Diamond, the great window of the theatre was inspired by the designs of French cathedrals of the late 15th century. e original design had been intended to incorporate stained glass panels but, aer much deliberation, the idea was turned down in favour of reinforced filtered white glass. e filters allow light technicians to adjust the amount of sunlight that enters the threatre. During matinee performances, the filters shut, immersing the threatre in complete darkness. In the evening, the windows give breathtaking views of Toronto’s starry night sky.

The Parks There are three major underground parks which branch off from the PATH: Osgoode Park, Eaton Park and Dundas Square Park. Each park is happily situated near tourist attractions and is seamlessly integrated with structures that exist on the surface. Inspiration for the parks began when people began taking up private residence in the PATH during the mid to late 1970s. As the underground became more of a recreational space, it was suggested that developments for greenspace should be in progress.

In the late 1960s, The City of Toronto was hoping to establish a prominent landmark in his area of the downtown core. As Yonge-Dundas was already a popular tourist district, they wanted to incorporate more greenspace to improve the eco-friendly image of the city. Today, it is one of the busiest intersections in Canada with 100 000 visitors daily. Many major landmarks surround the park including the Toronto Eaton Centre (across the street), Ryerson University, the Ed Mirvish Theatre, and the Atrium on Bay. Due to its central location it is often called the Central Park of Toronto.

The Parks were excavated in 1975, the first being Yonge-Dundas Square. Though it is the smallest park by area, it is one of the most popular.

Above: Conceptual art for Dundas Square park. The concrete base has been replaced with sod and excavated two stories in the earth. Underground, a new park has been dug out and landscaped with flowers, paths, and public seating areas.

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TORONTO ENTERTAINMENT AND FINANCIAL DISTRICT

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Proposals For Underground and Rooftops

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n 1983, there was talk of expanding the underground into the core of Toronto and having main buildings turned into vertical farming, dairy, and eggs. Brought on from the success of the outer regions of Toronto having bigger community booms and also a closer sense of community with each other, the Mayor of Toronto and the City of Toronto Underground believed that it was time to expand their underground. Union

Station was the talk of the century for a new revitalization project with having the insides hallowed and also connected to the already made subway and PATH. Below is an image of a rendering and an acrylic model of how the areas would be proposed. Under the main sections, the top would be greenspace for commuters and travelers to relax and mingle before starting or ending off their days.

“Being able to facilitate my commute no matter the weather really puts me in a better mood…it’s like a sunshine in itself” -JAMES HARRIS

7KH )RXU 6HDVRQV &HQWUH IRU WKH 3HUIRUPLQJ $UWV LV D 2,071-seat theatre in Toronto. Located at the southeast corner of University Avenue and Queen Street West, across from 2VJRRGH +DOO 7KH ODQG RQ ZKLFK LW LV ORFDWHG ZDV D JLIW IURP the Government of Ontario. It is the home of the Canadian Opera Company (COC) and the National Ballet of Canada.

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Rogers Centre

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The Sony Centre for the Performing Arts is Canada’s largest soft-seat theatre. The centre opened as the O’Keefe Centre on 1 October 1960, and has played host to a variety of international attractions and stars.

Fairmont Royal York Opened in 1929, this upscale hotel retains original features such as hand-painted ceilings and travertine pillars. Around the 1950’s, the Fairmont was the tallest building in downtown Toronto.

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The Air Canada Centre (ACC) is a multi-purpose indoor sporting arena located on Bay Street in the South Core district of Downtown Toronto. The ACC has, from its initial design to completion, revolutionized many concepts included in new arenas and stadiums built since then. Adding extension in the underground in 1988, the ACC is now a venue with a hockey rink above ground, and also one underground. The rink underground has its own dome and is able to seat more than the above with three objectives: to improve the quality and capacity of pedestrian movement; to restore heritage elements; and to transform Union Station into a major destination for shopping, dining and visiting. (Union Station Continued)

Enter UNDERTO: Blush When Toronto decided to begin building underground, they never expected how much the city would change. Creating an underground city caused Toronto to be very unique. Tourism in Toronto grew exponentially as people everywhere wanted to experience what life was like underground. One of the most unique areas of Toronto is the Entertainment District. Unlike anywhere else in the world, Toronto’s underground entertainment district was booming. The Entertainment District is concentrated around King Street West between

University Avenue and Spadina Avenue. It is home to theatres and performing arts centres, Toronto's four major-league sports teams, and an array of cultural and family attractions. The stand out features for the entertainment district comes from its underground nightclub neighbourhood. This section of the Entertainment District is called, “UNDERTO,” which is a play on Under TO or Under Toronto. It’s an exclusive neighbourhood lined with bars, multiple story nightclubs, arcades, tattoo parlours, fast food joints, restaurants and hotels.

FIG. X - ENTERTAINMENT DISTRICT, 13 UNDERTO STRIP, TORONTO, ON

The buildings in UNDERTO are specially designed to portray the atmosphere of the city. All the buildings are illuminated in bright lights. The lights glow with colours like red, purple, blue and green. They create a fun, interesting and unique dynamic. UNDERTO is contained in a large dome underground. The dome allows for streets, alleyways and side walks to be constructed. The biggest building in UNDERTO is Blush. Blush is made up of everything you can ďŹ nd in UNERTO topped with a luxurious hotel. The building was created to not only include modern

architecture and sustainable material, but also to encourage a longer stay for visitors of UNDERTO. Blush uses curbed curtain glass on its bottom oors made up of pyramids. The pyramids are bevelled to form an oval shape. The designs for this section of Blush are used in the nightclubs. The glass wall allows for guests to see out into the underground city, which has beautiful views. Metal panels made out of recycled material help keep the building light and long lasting durability. Finally the building is engineering for compression by using materials such as concrete and steel.

THE HARBOUR FRONT

Toronto Island International Airport

Toronto Naval Shipyards

Built in 1968 the Canadian Air Force base on Toronto Island was expanded because of Cold War tensions with the U.S.S.R. However after the signing of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty by the major powers, the air base was expanded into civilian use from 1970 to the present.

Having a protected harbour within the St. Lawrence helped Toronto become one of the major naval ports for the Canadian Navy and for commercial shipping. After cold war tensions simmered down in the 1970’s the harbour was slowly transitioned to civilian personal use. By the early 2000’s the port saw more yachts than it did Destroyers.

however because of fears during the cold war and the underground movement of the early 60’s. The Exhibition grounds were expanded underground in the early 1980’s. It has become a vital part of the city where people can go to relax and have

FIG. X - AIRCRAFT TAKE OFF, 2005

Underground Sea Dome An extension of the U.C.N.E the Under Sea Dome is a hybrid community. Filled with parks, recreational centers and residential areas. It has become the go to place for the wealthy to live in, but also provides an experience of underwater views like no other in the world.

FIG. X - NAVY SHIPYARD, 2010

Underground Canadian National Exhibition Expansion The U.C.N.E also known as the Ex is an annual event. The first Exhibition took place in 1879,

FIG. X - ENTRANCE TO UNDERGROUND, 2012

FIG. X - U.C.N.E. UNDER WATER DOME , 2010

Gardiner Underground High-Speed Rail Proposed in 1964 and completed in 1970 the Gardiner provides a vital link to the Niagara and other regions in southern Ontario. The ability to move logistics and personal safely across vast distances has made the Gardiner an important route for military and civilian lives.

Beaches Luxury Resorts An expansion by the Group of 10 to allow a place for tourist to come and enjoy the pristine waters and parks of Toronto. This Luxury resort caters to many dierent types of tourist from around the world. Becoming a major attraction gateway into Toronto.

FIG. X -GARDINER UNDERGROUND EXPRESSWAY, 2010

FIG. X - BEACHES LUXURY RESORT, 2011

FIG. - AERIAL SHOT OF TORONTO PIERSON AIRPORT, CITY OF TORONTO ARCHIVES

DOWNTOWN EAST

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2. Sony Performance Art Centre

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4. Massey Hall

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Parks Since Toronto has gone underground, people may still com aboveground to the view of the sun DQG HQMR\ WKH SDUNV WKDW WKH ZKROH 7RURQWR KDV WR RਬHU (DFK SDUN RਬHUV D GLਬHUHQW H[SHULHQFH Notable parks are, St. James Park which was created in the 2000’s and has a Victorian inspired garden and water fountain that is highly popular with lovers to meet. David Crombie Park was created in 1980’s and has tunnels to the distillery district, perfect for the winter days in Toronto. %HORZ DUH D OLVW RI SDUNV WKDW 'RZQWRZQ 7RURQWR (DVW KDV WR RਬHU

• Regent Park North • Oak Street Park • Riverdale Park West • Wellesley Park • Toronto Necropolis • Winchester Park • Moss Park • Bercy Park • St. James Park • Parliament Square Park • David Crombie Park • Parliament Square park • Regent Park South

Schools For an underground city, education still is a part of our whole community. Many schools that were built from 1950 and onwards were built underground. Notable schools are George Brown. George %URZQ RਬHUV D ZLGH YDULHW\ RI SURJUDPV LQ DUW DQG GHVLJQ EXVLQHVV FRPPXQLW\ VHUYLFHV HDUO\ childhood education, construction and engineering technologies, health sciences, hospitality and culinary arts, preparatory studies, as well as specialized programs and services for recent LPPLJUDQWV DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWXGHQWV 2़HQ HQRXJK DV \RX ZDON E\ \RX ZRXOG VPHOO WKH FUHDWLRQ RI GHOLFLRXV IRRG E\ WKH FXOLQDU\ VWXGHQWV ौH 6W /DZHUHQFH /LEUDU\ ZDV RSHQHG LQ DQG ZDV PHUJHG XQGHUJURXQG KRXVLQJ PRUH DQG PRUH ਮRRUV XQGHUJURXQG E\ %HORZ DUH D OLVW RI VFKRROV WKDW 'RZQWRZQ 7RURQWR (DVW KDV WR RਬHU

• George Brown Campus • St. Lawerence Library • Nelson Mandela Park Public School Ûš /RUG 'XਬHULQ -XQLRU DQG 6HQLRU 3XEOLF School • Rose Avenue Jr Public School • Jarvis Collegiate Institute

ETOBICOKE

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The Most Culturely Distinctive Neighborhood In Toronto Chinatown & .HQVLQJWRQ 0DUNHW

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Bright Pearl Seafood Restaurant ौLV ZRQGHUIXO VHDIRRG UHVWDXUDQW LV RQH RI the best restaurants serving fresh seafood specialties throughout the day. If you would OLNH WR HDW 'LP 6XP WKHQ NHHS LQ FRPLQJ ZKHQ \RX YLVLW WKLV UHVWDXUDQW 'LP 6XP LV VHUYHG DOO GD\ ORQJ DQG \RX FDQ JHW DV PXFK DV \RX ZRXOG OLNH RQ \RXU YLVLW 6RPH RI WKHLU IDPRXV VSHFLDOW\ GLVKHV LQFOXGH 3HNLQJ 'XFN DQG ZRQGHUIXO -XPER 6KULPS ZLWK YHJHWDEOHV 'R QRW IRUJHW WR WU\ WKHLU &ULVS\ /HPRQ &KLFNHQ

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