Standart Catalog of World Coins 1801-1900 (5th Edition) 2006 1/4

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Š2006 Krause Publications

Published by

Our toll-free number to place an order or obtain a free catalog is (800) 258-0929.

All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a critical article or review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper, or electronically transmitted on radio, television, or the Internet.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2006938714 ISBN 13: 978-0-89689-373-3 ISBN 10: 0-89689-373-1 Designed by Stacy Bloch Edited by Colin R. Bruce II, Tom Michael Printed in United States of America

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction........................................................................................................................................ IV Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................. VI Sending Scanned Images by Email ...................................................................................................VII Country Index ................................................................................................................................. VIII How To Use This Catalog ................................................................................................................XII Foreign Exchange......................................................................................................................... XVIII Instant Identifier.............................................................................................................................. XIX Standard International Numeral Systems .................................................................................... XXIII Legend Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... XXV Illustrated Guide to Eastern Mint Names..................................................................................... XXXI Denomination Index........................................................................................................................ XLI Hejira Date Conversion Chart ....................................................................................................... XLVI Catalog Listings ................................................................................................................................... 1 German States Instant Identifier .................................................................................................... 1195

ADVERTISING INDEX Ponterio & Associates ......................................................................................................................... V Stack’s / Coin Galleries ...................................................................................................................... IX

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION 35 years have passed since the Standard Catalog of World Coins was nurtured to life in its first edition, compiled in 1971 and released to the collecting public in March 1972. Within its pages were listings organized in a logical format by denomination, date and mint of issue. Thus was our initial coverage presentation of the world's coinage from the mid-1800's through the 1960s. The collecting of world coins has never been the same since.

Prior to the release of that first Standard Catalog of World Coins, detailed world coin collecting information was available only to those who pursued their interests with the aid of specialized country catalogs, in whatever scope they existed. Generally speaking, they were available in English only for the most popular countries, with coverage restricted to the 19th and 20th centuries.

The Standard Catalog of World Coins changed all that.

True to its stated objective of providing users a comprehensive one volume catalog, it literally replaces a shelf of often elusive specialized references, many of which were obscure, long out-of-print, non-English works. That original compilation listed the issues of all but a few countries in orderly, detailed arrangements. Several of those compilations were pioneering listings, just the first of a multitude to follow from edition to edition.

Research conducted by contributors and staff editors through the years gradually expanded the scope of the listings, embracing earlier eras and somewhat esoteric issues. Thus, the database from which annual editions of the Standard Catalog of World Coins have been drawn grew to include the first half of the 19th century, then the 18th and 17th centuries, successively, on a selective basis as useful and reliable listings could be generated.

Also folded into the listings were the more esoteric categories; patterns, pieforts, trial strikes, medallic and pretender issues, related token issues, NCLTs, collector sets, and presentation sets - any "coins" an individual pursuing an interest in a given country might logically be expected to encounter -- which related to the circulation issue coinage of the respective countries. Early on,

the resulting mass of the annual Standard Catalog of World Coins editions caused the volume to be reckoned as the "telephone book" or "bible" of the world coin field, be it the individual pursuit from the collector or dealer perspective.

The Standard Catalog quickly developed growing pains. As its distribution broadened, more suggestions and demands were visited upon the editors; the addressing of those needs and desires taxed the capability of the editors to incorporate the information in a manageable package.

The editors welcomed and listened attentively to these appeals. There was no question, the additional information merited inclusion in the listings, and the annual edition progressively grew more voluminous and unwieldy.

Something had to give. As page counts continued to climb, effective with the 1984 edition, the editors began to systematically condense the listings, overlay large coin photos, and selectively eliminate esoteric categories.

Effective with the 1988 edition, the scope of coverage was limited to issues of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Krause Publications’ catalog department determined to best suit the needs of collectors and dealers alike, individual century volumes were the logical answer. The Standard Catalog of World Coins-19th Century, 5th edition is a result of that decision. This volume provides comprehensive, detailed coverage limited to the 19th century world coinage realm.

This newly revised 19th century edition is introduced shortly after the release of the 34th edition Standard Catalog of World Coins-20th Century and the all new 1st Edition of the 21st Century Standard Catalogs.

These new releases together represent years of research by our staff and many outside contributors to provide the most accurate and complete numismatic references in the world.

Welcome to the complete, one volume reference for 19th century world coins collecting information... "Basically, a compilation of the digested knowledge," as stated in the introduction to the first edition, "which students of the numismatic science have contributed to the coin collection hobby through the years," enhanced through the incorporation of original contributions that have substantially expanded the realm of awareness...a worthy successor to the ideals embodied in the publication of the first Standard Catalog of World Coins in 1972.

Clifford Mishler INTRODUCTION

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many numismatists have contributed countless changes, which have been incorporated in this edition. While all cannot be acknowledged here, special appreciation is extended to the following individuals and organizations who have exhibited a special dedication – revising and verifying historical and technical data and coin listings, reviewing market valuations and loaning coins to photograph - for this edition.

Jan Olav Aamlid Dr. Lawrence A. Adams David Addey Esko Ahlroth Stephen Album Antonio Alessandrini Don Bailey Yuri Barshay Alex Basok Mitchell A. Battino Allen G. Berman Wolfgang Bertsch Dr. Shailendra Bhandare Joseph Boling Al Boulanger Klaus Bronny Christopher Budesa Xavier Calicó Doru Calin Ralph A. Cannito Adolfo Cayón Peter A. Chase Henry K. H. Chan Raul Chirila Scott E. Cordry Jerry Crain Vincent Craven-Bartle Jed Crump A.J. Cunietti-Ferrando Raymond Czahor Eric G. Dawson George D. Dean Jean-Paul Divo James R. Douglas Mike Dunigan Graham P. Dyer Stephen D. Eccles Wilhelm Eglseer Esko Ekman Jack Erb John Ferm Thomas Fitzgerald Luis Flores Georg H. Förster Arthur Friedberg Kent Froseth Tom Galway Dennis Gill Lawrence S. Goldberg Stan Goron Ron Guth

Marcel Häberling Liliana-Nicoleta Hanganu Brian Hannon Flemming Lyngbeck Hansen Hans Herrli James Higby Anton Holt Serge Huard Clyde Hubbard Louis Hudson Martin Jacobowitz Ton Jacobs Hector Carlos Janson Robert Johnston Roberto Jovel Robert W. Julian Børge R. Juul Alex Kaglyan John Kallman Melvyn Kassenoff George Katsikis Craig Keplinger Lawrence C. Korchnak Dmitry Kotzhkov Peter Kraneveld Prashant P. Kulkarni Ronachai Krisadaolarn Samson Kin Chiu Lai Joseph Lang Thomas Lautz Alex Lazarovici Jan Lingen Mike Locke Rudi Lotter Alan Luedeking Ma Tak Wo Enrico Manara Ranko Mandic John Means Don Medcalf Franck Medina Jurgen Mikeska Mario Gutierrez Minera Juozas Minikevicius Dr. William J.D. Mira Dr. Richard Montrey Paul Montz Horst-Dieter Müller Glenn Murray Hitoshi Nagai Arkady Nakhimovsky

Dr. Vladimir N. Nastich Oen Nelson N. Douglas Nicol Leonard Novotny Gus A. Pappas Frank Passic Marc Pelletier Juan Pena Jens Pilegaard Gastone Polacco Rick Ponterio Kent Ponterio Elena Pop Mircea Raicopol Bob Reis Kavan Ratnatunga Jorge Emilio Restrepo Dana Roberts John Sacher Erwin Schäffer Gerhard Schön Dr. Wolfgang Schuster Alexander I. Shapiro Ladislav Sin Richard Snow Jørgen Sømod Thomas Stohr Richard Stuart Vladimir Suchy Alim A. Sumana Benjamin Swagerty Barry Tabor Mehmet Tolga Taner Steven Tan M. Louis Teller Gunnar Thesen Frank Timmerman Anthony Tumonis J. L. Van der Schueren Robert van Bebber Erik J. Van Loon Jesus Vico Helen Wallace Justin C. Wang John Wells Paul Welz Stewart J. Westdal J. Hugh Witherow Joseph Zaffern

ACKNOWLEDGMEN TS

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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AUCTION HOUSES AND DISTRIBUTORS American Numismatic Rarities Dix-Noonan-Webb Jean Elsen S.A. Frankfurter Münzhandlung GmbH Gorny & Mosch - Giessener Münzhandlung Heritage World Coin Auctions

Hess-Divo Ltd. Gerhard Hirsch Thomas Høiland Møntauktion Fritz Rudolf Künker Münzhandlung Harald Möller GmbH Noble Numismatics Pty. Ltd.

Ponterio & Associates Laurens Schulman BV Stack’s – Coin Galleries Superior Galleries UBS, AG World Wide Coins of California

SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS American Numismatic Association Central Bank of Russian American Numismatic Society Federation British Museum Mint of Finland British Royal Mint Numismatics International

Smithsonian Institution Russian Numismatic Society Royal Dutch Mint

PUBLICATIONS The Statesman's Yearbook – The Politics, Culture and Economies of the World, 2004. 140th Edition by Barry Turner, editor, Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS, England.

(Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World) The World Factbook, 2006. by Central Intelligence Agency

SENDING SCANNED IMAGES BY EMAIL Over the past 3 years or so, we have been receiving an ever-increasing flow of scanned images from sources worldwide. unfortunately, many of these scans could not be used due to the type of scan, or simple incompatability with our systems. We appreciate the effort it takes to produce these images and accuracy they add to the catalog listings.

Here are a few simple instructions to follow when producing these scans. We encourage you to continue sending new images or upgrades to those currectly illustrated and please do not hesitate to ask questions about this process.

• Scan all images with a resolution of 300 dpi • Size setting should be at 100% (Actual size) • Scan in true 4-color • Save images as ‘jpeg’ or ‘tif’ and name in such a way, which clearly identifies the country of origin of the item • Email with a request to confirm receipt of the attachment • Send images to Randy.Thern@fwpubs.com • Contact Randy Thern with any questions.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

COUNTRY INDEX

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AFGHANISTAN...................................................... 1 ALGERIA .............................................................. 23 ANDAMAN ISLANDS......................................... 26 ANGOLA................................................................ 26 ANTIGUA & BARBUDA..................................... 28 ARGENTINA ........................................................ 28 AUSTRALIA......................................................... 37 AUSTRIA .............................................................. 59 AUSTRIAN STATES............................................ 72 AZERBAIJAN....................................................... 75 AZORES ................................................................ 77 BAHAMAS ........................................................... 80 BELGIUM ............................................................. 80 BHUTAN............................................................... 86 BOLIVIA ............................................................. 100 BRAZIL ............................................................... 100 BRITISH GUIANA ............................................. 122 BRITISH GUIANA & WEST INDIES ............... 122 BRITISH HONDURAS....................................... 122 BRITISH NORTH BORNEO.............................. 124 BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS ............................. 124 BRITISH WEST INDIES .................................... 125 BRUNEI............................................................... 126 BULGARIA......................................................... 126 BURMA............................................................... 128 CALIFORNIA ................................................... 1128 CAMBODIA........................................................ 130 CANADA ............................................................ 132 CENTRAL AMERICAN REPUBLIC ................ 140 CENTRAL ASIA................................................. 142 CEYLON ............................................................. 145 CHILE.................................................................. 148 CHINA................................................................. 161 COLOMBIA ........................................................ 217 COLORADO ..................................................... 1135 COMOROS.......................................................... 234 CONGO FREE STATE ....................................... 235 COSTA RICA...................................................... 236 CRETE................................................................. 243 CROATIA............................................................ 243 CUBA .................................................................. 244 CURACAO .......................................................... 245 CYPRUS .............................................................. 247 DANISH WEST INDIES .................................... 247 DANZIG .............................................................. 249 DENMARK ......................................................... 249 DOMINICA ......................................................... 257 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.................................. 258 EAST AFRICA.................................................... 260

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EASTERN ADEN PROTECTORATE.............. 1192 ECUADOR........................................................... 260 EGYPT ................................................................. 265 EL SALVADOR .................................................. 276 EMPIRE ............................................................... 978 ERITREA ............................................................. 282 ESSEQUIBO & DEMERARY ............................ 283 ETHIOPIA............................................................ 285 FINLAND ............................................................ 287 FRANCE .............................................................. 289 FRENCH COCHIN CHINA ................................ 328 FRENCH COLONIES ......................................... 329 FRENCH GUIANA ............................................. 330 FRENCH INDO-CHINA ..................................... 330 FRENCH SOMALILAND................................... 332 FRENCH STATES .............................................. 327 FRENCH WEST AFRICA................................... 333 GEORGIA .......................................................... 1136 GERMAN EAST AFRICA .................................. 334 GERMAN NEW GUINEA .................................. 335 GERMAN STATES INSTANT IDENTIFIER ................................................ 1195 GERMAN STATES ............................................. 336 GERMANY-EMPIRE.......................................... 477 GIBRALTAR ....................................................... 480 GOLD COAST..................................................... 481 GREAT BRITAIN ............................................... 482 GREECE .............................................................. 499 GREENLAND...................................................... 503 GRENADA .......................................................... 505 GUADELOUPE ................................................... 505 GUATEMALA..................................................... 507 GUERNSEY......................................................... 519 HAITI ................................................................... 520 HAWAII............................................................. 1126 HONDURAS........................................................ 525 HONG KONG...................................................... 529 HUNGARY .......................................................... 534 ICELAND ............................................................ 537 ILES DE FRANCE ET BONAPART .................. 737 INDIA - INDEPENDENT KINGDOMS ............. 542 INDIA - PRINCELY STATES ............................ 566 INDIA-BRITISH.................................................. 679 INDIA-FRENCH.................................................. 671 INDIA-MUGHAL EMPIRE ................................ 539 INDIA-PORTUGUESE ....................................... 672 INDIA-PRINCELY STATES .............................. 565 IONIAN ISLANDS.............................................. 704 IRAN .................................................................... 705

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COUNTRY INDEX

IRAQ.................................................................... 735 IRELAND ............................................................ 735 ISLE DE BOURBON .......................................... 737 ISLE DE FRANCE ET BONAPART ................. 737 ISLE OF MAN..................................................... 738 ITALIAN STATES.............................................. 740 ITALY ................................................................. 777 JAMAICA............................................................ 780 JAPAN ................................................................. 781 JERSEY ............................................................... 793 KOREA................................................................ 795 KUWAIT ............................................................. 808 LIBERIA.............................................................. 808 LIBYA ................................................................. 810 LIECHTENSTEIN............................................... 816 LUXEMBOURG ................................................. 816 MADEIRA ISLANDS ......................................... 817 MALAY PENINSULA........................................ 818 MALDIVE ISLANDS ......................................... 821 MARTINIQUE .................................................... 822 MAURITIUS ....................................................... 823 MEXICO.............................................................. 824 MOLDAVIA & WALLACHEA ......................... 880 MONACO............................................................ 881 MONTENEGRO ................................................. 883 MONTSERRAT .................................................. 883 MOROCCO ......................................................... 884 MOZAMBIQUE .................................................. 893 MUSCAT & OMAN ........................................... 896 MUTAWAKKILITE ......................................... 1191 NEPAL................................................................. 896 NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES ....................... 913 NETHERLANDS ................................................ 906 NEW ZEALAND................................................. 920 NICARAGUA ..................................................... 925 NIGERIA ............................................................. 927 NORTH CAROLINA ........................................ 1136 NORWAY ........................................................... 927 PARAGUAY ....................................................... 932 PATTERNS ....................................................... 1138 PERU ................................................................... 934 PHILIPPINES ...................................................... 947

POLAND.............................................................. 955 PORTUGAL......................................................... 961 PUERTO RICO.................................................... 972 RAGUSA.............................................................. 974 REUNION ............................................................ 974 ROMANIA........................................................... 975 RUSSIA................................................................ 978 SAINT BARTHOLOMEW.................................. 998 SAINT EUSTATIUS ........................................... 999 SAINT HELENA & ASCENSION.................... 1000 SAINT KITTS.................................................... 1000 SAINT LUCIA ................................................... 1000 SAINT MARTIN ............................................... 1001 SAINT THOMAS & PRINCE ISLAND ........... 1001 SAINT VINCENT.............................................. 1002 SAN MARINO................................................... 1003 SARAWAK........................................................ 1004 SAUDI ARABIA ............................................... 1005 SCOTLAND....................................................... 1005 SERBIA.............................................................. 1008 SIERRA LEONE................................................ 1010 SOUTH AFRICA ............................................... 1010 SPAIN ................................................................ 1012 STRAITS SETTLEMENTS............................... 1033 SUDAN .............................................................. 1035 SWEDEN ........................................................... 1037 SWISS CANTONS ............................................ 1049 SWITZERLAND................................................ 1067 THAILAND ....................................................... 1070 TIBET................................................................. 1080 TIMOR ............................................................... 1082 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO................................... 1083 TUNISIA ............................................................ 1084 TURKEY............................................................ 1092 UNITED STATES ............................................. 1106 URUGUAY ........................................................ 1156 UTAH................................................................. 1137 VENEZUELA .................................................... 1159 VIET NAM......................................................... 1164 WESTERN ADEN PROTECTORATE............. 1193 YEMEN.............................................................. 1191 ZANZIBAR........................................................ 1194 COUNTRY INDEX

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ADVERTISMENT

XI

ADVERTISMENT

Standard Catalog of

®

World Coins Series Standard Catalog of® World Coins

ADVERTISMENT

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USER’S GUIDE

HOW TO USE THIS CATALOG This catalog series is designed to serve the needs of both the novice and advanced collectors. It provides a comprehensive guide to over 400 years of world coinage. It is generally arranged so that persons with no more than a basic knowledge of world history and a casual acquaintance with coin collecting can consult it with confidence and ease. The following explanations summarize the general practices used in preparing this catalog's listings. However, because of specialized requirements, which may vary by country and era, these must not be considered ironclad. Where these standards have been set aside, appropriate notations of the variations are incorporated in that particular listing.

ARRANGEMENT Countries are arranged alphabetically. Political changes within a country are arranged chronologically. In countries where Rulers are the single most significant political entity a chronological arrangement by Ruler has been employed. Distinctive subgeographic regions are listed alphabetically following the countries main listings. A few exceptions to these rules may exist. Refer to the Country Index.

Diverse coinage types relating to fabrication methods, revaluations, denomination systems, non-circulating categories and such have been identified, separated and arranged in logical fashion. Chronological arrangement is employed for most circulating coinage, i.e., Hammered coinage will normally precede Milled coinage, monetary reforms will flow in order of their institution.

Non-circulating types such as Essais, Pieforts, Patterns, Trial Strikes, Mint and Proof sets will follow the main listings, as will Medallic coinage and Token coinage.

Within a coinage type coins will be listed by denomination, from smallest to largest. Numbered types within a denomination will be ordered by their first date of issue.

IDENTIFICATION The most important step in the identification of a coin is the determination of the nation of origin. This is generally easily accomplished where English-speaking lands are concerned, however, use of the country index is sometimes required. The coins of Great Britain provide an interesting challenge. For hundreds of years the only indication of the country of origin was in the abbreviated Latin legends. In recent times there have been occasions when there has been no indication of origin. Only through the familiarity of the monarchical portraits, symbols and legends or indication of currency system are they identifiable.

The coins of many countries beyond the English-language realm, such as those of French, Italian or Spanish heritage, are also quite easy to identify through reference to their legends, which appear in the national languages based on Western alphabets. In many instances the name is spelled exactly the same in English as in the national language, such as France; while in other cases it varies only slightly, like Italia for Italy, Belgique or Belgie for Belgium, Brasil for Brazil and Danmark for Denmark.

This is not always the case, however, as in Norge for Norway, Espana for Spain, Sverige for Sweden and Helvetia for Switzerland. Some other examples include: USER’S GUIDE

DEUTSCHES REICH - Germany 1873-1945 BUNDESREPUBLIC DEUTSCHLAND Federal Republic of Germany.

DEUTSCHE DEMOKRATISCHE REPUBLIK German Democratic Republic.

EMPIRE CHERIFIEN MAROC - Morocco.

ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS United Mexican States (Mexico).

ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN State of Great Lebanon (Lebanon).

Thus it can be seen there are instances in which a little schooling in the rudiments of foreign languages can be most helpful. In general, colonial possessions of countries using the Western alphabet are similarly identifiable as they often carry portraits of their current rulers, the familiar lettering, sometimes in combination with a companion designation in the local language.

Collectors have the greatest difficulty with coins that do not bear legends or dates in the Western systems. These include coins bearing Cyrillic lettering, attributable to Bulgaria, Russia, the Slavic states and Mongolia, the Greek script peculiar to Greece, Crete and the Ionian Islands; The Amharic characters of Ethiopia, or Hebrew in the case of Israel. Dragons and sunbursts along with the distinctive word characters attribute a coin to the Oriental countries of China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, Viet Nam and their component parts.

The most difficult coins to identify are those bearing only Persian or Arabic script and its derivatives, found on the issues of nations stretching in a wide swath across North Africa and East Asia, from Morocco to Indonesia, and the Indian subcontinent coinages which surely are more confusing in their vast array of Nagari, Sanskrit, Ahom, Assamese and other local dialects found on the local issues of the Indian Princely States. Although the task of identification on the more modern issues of these lands is often eased by the added presence of Western alphabet legends, a feature sometimes adopted as early as the late 19th Century, for the earlier pieces it is often necessary for the uninitiated to laboriously seek and find.

Except for the cruder issues, however, it will be found that certain characteristics and symbols featured in addition to the predominant legends are typical on coins from a given country or group of countries. The toughra monogram, for instance, occurs on some of the coins of Afghanistan, Egypt, the Sudan, Pakistan, Turkey and other areas of the late Ottoman Empire. A predominant design feature on the coins of Nepal is the trident; while neighboring Tibet features a lotus blossom or lion on many of their issues.

To assist in identification of the more difficult coins, we have assembled the Instant Identifier section presented on the following pages designed to provide a point of beginning for collectors by allowing them to compare unidentified coins with photographic details from typical issues.

We also suggest reference to the comprehensive Country Index.

DATING Coin dating is the final basic attribution consideration. Here, the problem can be more difficult because the reading of a coin date is subject not only to the vagaries of numeric styling, but to calendar variations caused by the observance of various religious eras or regal periods from country to country, or even within a country. Here again with the exception of the sphere from North Africa through the Orient, it will be found that most countries rely on Western date numerals and Christian (AD) era reckoning, although in a few instances, coin dating has been tied to the year of a reign or government. The Vatican, for example dates its coinage according to the year of reign of the current pope, in addition to the Christian-era date.

Countries in the Arabic sphere generally date their coins to the Muslim era (AH), which commenced on July 16, 622 AD (Julian calendar), when the prophet Mohammed fled from Mecca

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USER’S GUIDE

to Medina. As their calendar is reckoned by the lunar year of 354 days, which is about three percent (precisely 2.98%) shorter than the Christian year, a formula is required to convert AH dating to its Western equivalent. To convert an AH date to the approximate AD date, subtract three percent of the AH date (round to the closest whole number) from the AH date and add 622. A chart converting all AH years from 1010 (July 2, 1601) to 1421 (May 25, 2028) is presented as the Heijra Chart elsewhere in this volume.

The Muslim calendar is not always based on the lunar year (AH), however, causing some confusion, particularly in Afghanistan and Iran, where a calendar based on the solar year (SH) was introduced around 1920. These dates can be converted to AD by simply adding 621. In 1976 the government of Iran implemented a new solar calendar based on the foundation of the Iranian monarchy in 559 BC. The first year observed on the new calendar was 2535 (MS), which commenced March 20, 1976. A reversion to the traditional SH dating standard occurred a few years later.

Several different eras of reckoning, including Christian and Muslim (AH), have been used to date coins of the Indian subcontinent. The two basic systems are the Vikrama Samvat (VS), which dates from Oct. 18, 58 BC, and the Saka era, the origin of which is reckoned from March 3, 78 AD. Dating according to both eras appears on various coins of the area.

Coins of Thailand (Siam) are found dated by three different eras. The most predominant is the Buddhist era (BE), which originated in 543 BC. Next is the Bangkok or Ratanakosindsok (RS) era, dating from 1781 AD; followed by the Chula- Sakarat (CS) era, dating from 638 AD. The latter era originated in Burma and is used on that country's coins.

Other calendars include that of the Ethiopian era (EE), which commenced seven years, eight months after AD dating; and that of the Jewish people, which commenced on Oct. 7, 3761 BC. Korea claims a legendary dating from 2333 BC, which is acknowledged in some of its coin dating. Some coin issues of the Indonesian area carry dates determined by the Javanese Aji Saka era (AS), a calendar of 354 days (100 Javanese years equal 97 Christian or Gregorian calendar years), which can be matched to AD dating by comparing it to AH dating.

The following table indicates the year dating for the various eras, which correspond to 2003 in Christian calendar reckoning, but it must be remembered that there are overlaps between the eras in some instances.

Christian era (AD) 2007 Muslim era (AH) AH1428 Solar year (SH) SH1385 Monarchic Solar era (MS) MS2566 Vikrama Samvat (VS) VS2064 Saka era (SE) SE1929 Buddhist era (BE) BE2550 Bangkok era (RS) RS226 Chula-Sakarat era (CS) CS1369 Ethiopian era (EE) EE2001 Korean era 4340 Javanese Aji Saka era (AS) AS1940 Fasli era (FE) FE1417 Jewish era (JE) JE5767 Coins of Asian origin - principally Japan, Korea, China, Turkestan and Tibet and some modern gold issues of Turkey - are generally dated to the year of the government, dynasty, reign or cyclic eras, with the dates indicated in Asian characters which usually read from right to left. In recent years, however, some dating has been according to the Christian calendar and in Western numerals. In Japan, Asian character dating was reversed to read from left to right in Showa year 23 (1948 AD).

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More detailed guides to less prevalent coin dating systems, which are strictly local in nature, are presented with the appropriate listings.

Some coins carry dates according to both locally observed and Christian eras. This is particularly true in the Arabic world, where the Hejira date may be indicated in Arabic numerals and the Christian date in Western numerals, or both dates in either form.

The date actually carried on a given coin is generally cataloged here in the first column (Date). Dates listed alone in the date column which do not actually appear on a given coin, or dates which are known, but do not appear on the coin, are generally enclosed by parentheses with 'ND' at the left, for example ND(1926).

Timing differentials between some era of reckoning, particularly the 354-day Mohammedan and 365-day Christian years, cause situations whereby coins which carry dates for both eras exist bearing two year dates from one calendar combined with a single date from another.

Countermarked Coinage is presented with both ‘Countermark Date’ and ‘Host Coin’ date for each type. Actual date representation follows the rules outlined above.

NUMBERING SYSTEM Some catalog numbers assigned in this volume are based on established references. This practice has been observed for two reasons: First, when world coins are listed chronologically they are basically self-cataloging; second, there was no need to confuse collectors with totally new numeric designations where appropriate systems already existed. As time progressed we found many of these established systems incomplete and inadequate and have now replaced many with new KM numbers. When numbers change appropriate cross-referencing has been provided.

Some of the coins listed in this catalog are identified or crossreferenced by numbers assigned by R.S. Yeoman (Y#), or slight adaptations thereof, in his Modern World Coins, and Current Coins of the World. For the pre-Yeoman dated issues, the numbers assigned by William D. Craig (C#) in his Coins of the World (17501850 period), 3rd edition, have generally been applied.

In some countries, listings are cross-referenced to Robert Friedberg's (FR#) Gold Coins of the World or Coins of the British World. Major Fred Pridmore's (P#) studies of British colonial coinage are also referenced, as are W.H. Valentine's (V#) references on the Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States.

Coins issued under the Chinese sphere of influence are assigned numbers from E. Kann's (K#) Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins and T.K. Hsu's (Su) work of similar title. In most cases, these cross- reference numbers are presented in the descriptive text for each type.

DENOMINATIONS The second basic consideration to be met in the attribution of a coin is the determination of denomination. Since denominations are usually expressed in numeric, rather than word form on a coin, this is usually quite easily accomplished on coins from nations, which use Western numerals, except in those instances where issues are devoid of any mention of face value, and denomination must be attributed by size, metallic composition or weight. Coins listed in this volume are generally illustrated in actual size. Where size is critical to proper attribution, the coin's millimeter size is indicated.

The sphere of countries stretching from North Africa through the Orient, on which numeric symbols generally unfamiliar to Westerners are employed, often provide the collector with a much greater challenge. This is particularly true on nearly all pre-20th Century issues. On some of the more modern issues and increasingly so as the years progress, Western-style numerals usually

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presented in combination with the local numeric system are becoming more commonplace on these coins.

Determination of a coin's currency system can also be valuable in attributing the issue to its country of origin.

The included table of Standard International Numeral Systems presents charts of the basic numeric designations found on coins of non- Western origin. Although denomination numerals are generally prominently displayed on coins, it must be remembered that these are general representations of characters, which individual coin engravers may have rendered in widely varying styles. Where numeric or script denominations designation forms peculiar to a given coin or country apply, such as the script used on some Persian (Iranian) issues. They are so indicated or illustrated in conjunction with the appropriate listings.

I, although silver remained a popular coinage metal in most parts of the world until after World War II. With the disappearance of silver for circulation coinage, numerous additional compositions were introduced to coinage applications.

OFF-METAL STRIKES Off-metal strikes previously designated by “(OMS)” which also included the wide range of error coinage struck in other than their officially authorized compositions have been incorporated into Pattern listings along with special issues, which were struck for presentation or other reasons.

Collectors of Germanic coinage may be familiar with the term “Abschlag” which quickly identifies similar types of coinage.

PRECIOUS METAL WEIGHTS MINTAGES Quantities minted of each date are indicated where that information is available, generally stated in millions, and usually rounded off to the nearest 10,000 pieces. On quantities of a few thousand or less, actual mintages are generally indicated. For combined mintage figures the abbreviation “Inc. Above” means Included Above, while “Inc. Below” means Included Below.

“Est.” beside a mintage figure indicates the number given is an estimate or mintage limit.

MINT AND PRIVY MARKS The presence of distinctive, but frequently inconspicuously placed, mintmarks indicates the mint of issue for many of the coins listed in this catalog. An appropriate designation in the date listings notes the presence, if any, of a mint mark on a particular coin type by incorporating the letter or letters of the mint mark adjoining the date, i.e., 1883CC or 1890H. The presence of mint and/or mintmaster's privy marks on a coin in non-letter form is indicated by incorporating the mint letter in lower case within parentheses adjoining the date; i.e.

1827(a). The corresponding mark is illustrated or identified in the introduction of the country.

In countries such as France and Mexico, where many mints may be producing like coinage in the same denomination during the same time period, divisions by mint have been employed. In these cases the mint mark may appear next to the individual date listings and/or the mint name or mint mark may be listed in the Note field of the type description.

Where listings incorporate mintmaster initials, they are always presented in capital letters separated from the date by one character space; i.e., 1850 MF. The different mintmark and mintmaster letters found on the coins of any country, state or city of issue are always shown at the beginning of listings.

Listings of weight, fineness and actual silver (ASW), gold (AGW), platinum or palladium (APW) content of most machinestruck silver, gold, platinum and palladium coins are provided in this edition. This information will be found incorporated in each separate type listing, along with other data related to the coin.

The ASW, AGW and APW figures were determined by multiplying the gross weight of a given coin by its known or tested fineness and converting the resulting gram or grain weight to troy ounces, rounded to the nearest ten-thousandth of an ounce. A silver coin with a 24.25-gram weight and .875 fineness for example, would have a fine weight of approximately 21.2188 grams, or a .6822 ASW, a factor that can be used to accurately determine the intrinsic value for multiple examples.

The ASW, AGW or APW figure can be multiplied by the spot price of each precious metal to determine the current intrinsic value of any coin accompanied by these designations.

Coin weights are indicated in grams (abbreviated “g”) along with fineness where the information is of value in differentiating between types. These weights are based on 31.103 grams per troy (scientific) ounce, as opposed to the avoirdupois (commercial) standard of 28.35 grams. Actual coin weights are generally shown in hundredths or thousands of a gram; i.e., 2.9200 g., SILVER, 0.500 oz.

WEIGHTS AND FINENESSES

As the silver and gold bullion markets have advanced and declined sharply in recent years, the fineness and total precious metal content of coins has become especially significant where bullion coins - issues which trade on the basis of their intrinsic metallic content rather than numismatic value - are concerned. In many instances, such issues have become worth more in bullion form than their nominal collector values or denominations indicate.

Establishing the weight of a coin can also be valuable for METALS determining its denomination. Actual weight is also necessary to Each numbered type listing will contain a description of the ascertain the specific gravity of the coin's metallic content, an coins metallic content. The traditional coinage metals and their sym- important factor in determining authenticity. bolic chemical abbreviations sometimes used in this catalog are: Platinum - (PT) Gold - (Au) Silver - (Ag) Billion Nickel - (Ni) Zinc - (Zn) Bronze - (Ae)

Copper - (Cu) Brass Copper-nickel- (CN) Lead - (Pb) Steel Tin - (Sn) Aluminum - (Al)

During the 18th and 19th centuries, most of the world's coins were struck of copper or bronze, silver and gold. Commencing in the early years of the 20th century, however, numerous new coinage metals, primarily non-precious metal alloys, were introduced. Gold has not been widely used for circulation coinages since World War

TROY WEIGHT STANDARDS 24 Grains = 1 Pennyweight 480 Grains = 1 Ounce 31.103 Grams = 1 Ounce

UNIFORM WEIGHTS 15.432 Grains = 1 Gram 0.0648 Gram = 1 Grain

AVOIRDUPOIS STANDARDS 27-11/32 Grains = 11 Dram 437-1/2 Grains = 1 Ounce 28.350 Grams = 1 Ounce

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HOMELAND TYPES

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PHOTOGRAPHS

Homeland types are coins which colonial powers used in a To assist the reader in coin identification, every effort has colony, but do not bear that location's name. In some cases they been made to present actual size photographs of every coinage were legal tender in the homeland, in others not. They are listed type listed. Obverse and reverse are illustrated, except when a under the homeland and cross-referenced at the colony listing. change in design is restricted to one side, and the coin has a diameter of 39mm or larger, in which case only the side required COUNTERMARKS/COUNTERSTAMPS for identification of the type is generally illustrated. All coins There is some confusion among collectors over the terms up to 60mm are illustrated actual size, to the nearest 1/2mm up “countermark” and “counterstamp” when applied to a coin bear- to 25mm, and to the nearest 1mm thereafter. Coins larger than ing an additional mark or change of design and/or denomination. 60mm diameter are illustrated in reduced size, with the actual To clarify, a countermark might be considered similar to the size noted in the descriptive text block. Where slight change in “hall mark” applied to a piece of silverware, by which a silver- size is important to coin type identification, actual millimeter smith assured the quality of the piece. In the same way, a coun- measurements are stated. termark assures the quality of the coin on which it is placed, as, for example, when the royal crown of England was counter- TRADE COINS marked (punched into) on segmented Spanish reales, allowing From approximately 1750-1940, a number of nations, parthem to circulate in commerce in the British West Indies. An ticularly European colonial powers and commercial traders, additional countermark indicating the new denomination may minted trade coins to facilitate commerce with the local populace also be encountered on these coins. of Africa, the Arab countries, the Indian subcontinental, SouthCountermarks are generally applied singularly and in most east Asia and the Far East. Such coins generally circulated at a cases indiscriminately on either side of the “host” coin. value based on the weight and fineness of their silver or gold content, rather than their stated denomination. Examples include the sovereigns of Great Britain and the gold ducat issues of Austria, Hungary and the Netherlands. Trade coinage will sometimes be found listed at the end of the domestic issues.

VALUATIONS Counterstamped coins are more extensively altered. The counterstamping is done with a set of dies, rather than a hand punch. The coin being counterstamped is placed between the new dies and struck as if it were a blank planchet as found with the Manila 8 reales issue of the Philippines.

COIN ALIGNMENT

Values quoted in this catalog represent the current market and are compiled from recommendations provided and verified through various source documents and specialized consultants.

It should be stressed, however, that this book is intended to serve only as an aid for evaluating coins, actual market conditions are constantly changing and additional influences, such as particularly strong local demand for certain coin series, fluctuation of international exchange rates and worldwide collection pat-

MEDAL ALIGNMENT

COIN VS MEDAL ALIGNMENT Some coins are struck with obverse and reverse aligned at a rotation of 180 degrees from each other.

When a coin is held for vertical viewing with the obverse design aligned upright and the index finger and thumb at the top and bottom, upon rotation from left to right for viewing the reverse, the latter will be upside down. Such alignment is called “coin rotation.” Other coins are struck with the obverse and reverse designs mated on an alignment of zero or 360 degrees. If such an example is held and rotated as described, the reverse will appear upright. This is the alignment, which is generally observed in the striking of medals, and for that reason coins produced in this manner are considered struck in “medal rotation”. In some instances, often through error, certain coin issues have been struck to both alignment standards, creating interesting collectible varieties, which will be found noted in some listings. In addition, some countries are now producing coins with other designated overse to reverse alignments which are considered standard for this type.

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terns must also be considered. Publication of this catalog is not intended as a solicitation by the publisher, editors or contributors to buy or sell the coins listed at the prices indicated.

All valuations are stated in U.S. dollars, based on careful assessment of the varied international collector market. Valuations for coins priced below $100.00 are generally stated in full amounts - i.e. 37.50 or 95.00 - while valuations at or above that figure are rounded off in even dollars - i.e. $125.00 is expressed 125. A comma is added to indicate thousands of dollars in value.

It should be noted that when particularly select uncirculated or proof-like examples of uncirculated coins become available they can be expected to command proportionately high premiums. Such examples in reference to choice Germanic Thalers are referred to as “erst schlage” or first strikes.

EDGE VARIETIES P-Plain

Reeded

Slant-Reeded Right

Slant-Reeded Left

Reeding

Center Slanted Reeding Right

TOKEN COINAGE Center Slanted Reeding Left At times local economic conditions have forced regular coinage from circulation or found mints unable to cope with the demand for coinage, giving rise to privately issued token HBR, HBL-Herring Bone right/left coinage substitutes. British tokens of the late 1700s and early 1880s, and the German and French and French Colonial emerS1-Security 1 gency emissions of the World War I era are examples of such tokens being freely accepted in monetary transactions over S2-Security 2 wide areas. Tokens were likewise introduced to satisfy specific restricted needs, such as the leper colony issues of Brazil, S3-Security 3 Colombia and the Philippines.

This catalog includes introductory or detailed listings with “Tn” prefixes of many token coinage issues, particularly those SETS which enjoyed wide circulation and where the series was limListings in this catalog for specimen, proof and mint sets are ited in diversity. More complex series, and those more for official, government-produced sets. In many instances prirestricted in scope of circulation are generally not listed, vately packaged sets also exist. although a representative sample may be illustrated and a speMint Sets/Fleur de Coin Sets: Specially prepared by worldcialty reference provided. wide mints to provide banks, collectors and government dignitaries with examples of current coinage. Usually subjected to rigorous inspection to insure that top quality specimens of selected MEDALLIC ISSUES All medallic issues can be found in the current edition of business strikes are provided. One of the most popular mint set is that given out by the monarch of Great Britain each year on MaunUnusual World Coins. day Thursday. This set contains four special coins in denominations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 pence, struck in silver and contained in a RESTRIKES, COUNTERFEITS little pouch. They have been given away in a special ceremony for Deceptive restrike and counterfeit (both contemporary and the poor for more than two centuries. modern) examples exist of some coin issues. Where possible, the Specimen Sets: Forerunners of today's proof sets. In most existence of restrikes is noted. Warnings are also incorporated in cases the coins were specially struck, perhaps even double struck, instances where particularly deceptive counterfeits are known to to produce a very soft or matte finish on the effigies and fields, exist. Collectors who are uncertain about the authenticity of a coin along with high, sharp, “wire” rims. The finish is rather dull to held in their collection, or being offered for sale, should take the the naked eye. precaution of having it authenticated by the American Numismatic The original purpose of these sets was to provide VIPs, monAssociation Authentication Bureau, 818 N. Cascade, Colorado archs and mintmasters around the world with samples of the highSprings, CO 80903. Their reasonably priced certification tests are est quality workmanship of a particular mint. These were usually widely accepted by collectors and dealers alike. housed in elaborate velvet-lined leather and metal cases.

Proof Sets: This is undoubtedly among the most misused terms in the hobby, not only by collectors and dealers, but also by many of the world mints.

A true proof set must be at least double-struck on specially prepared polished planchets and struck using dies (often themselves polished) of the highest quality.

Listings for proof sets in this catalog are for officially issued proof sets so designated by the issuing authority, and may or may not possess what are considered modern proof quality standards.

It is necessary for collectors to acquire the knowledge to allow them to differentiate true proof sets from would-be proof sets and proof- like sets which may be encountered.

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CONDITIONS/GRADING Wherever possible, coin valuations are given in four or five grades of preservation. For modern commemoratives, which do not circulate, only uncirculated values are usually sufficient. Proof issues are indicated by the word “Proof ” next to the date, with valuation proceeded by the word “value” following the mintage.

For very recent circulating coins and coins of limited value, one, two or three grade values are presented.

There are almost no grading guides for world coins. What follows is an attempt to help bridge that gap until a detailed, illustrated guide becomes available.

In grading world coins, there are two elements to look for: 1) Overall wear, and 2) loss of design details, such as strands of hair, feathers on eagles, designs on coats of arms, etc.

The age, rarity or type of a coin should not be a consideration in grading.

Grade each coin by the weaker of the two sides. This method appears to give results most nearly consistent with conservative American Numismatic Association standards for U.S. coins. Split grades, i.e., F/VF for obverse and reverse, respectively, are normally no more than one grade apart. If the two sides are more than one grade apart, the series of coins probably wears differently on each side and should then be graded by the weaker side alone.

Grade by the amount of overall wear and loss of design detail evident on each side of the coin. On coins with a moderately small design element, which is prone to early wear, grade by that design alone. For example, the 5-ore (KM#554) of Sweden has a crown above the monogram on which the beads on the arches show wear most clearly. So, grade by the crown alone.

For Brilliant Uncirculated (BU) grades there will be no visible signs of wear or handling, even under a 30-power microscope. Full mint luster will be present. Ideally no bags marks will be evident.

For Uncirculated (Unc.) grades there will be no visible signs of wear or handling, even under a 30-power microscope. Bag marks may be present.

For Almost Uncirculated (AU), all detail will be visible. There will be wear only on the highest point of the coin. There will often be half or more of the original mint luster present.

On the Extremely Fine (XF or EF) coin, there will be about

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95% of the original detail visible. Or, on a coin with a design with no inner detail to wear down, there will be a light wear over nearly all the coin. If a small design is used as the grading area, about 90% of the original detail will be visible. This latter rule stems from the logic that a smaller amount of detail needs to be present because a small area is being used to grade the whole coin.

The Very Fine (VF) coin will have about 75% of the original detail visible. Or, on a coin with no inner detail, there will be moderate wear over the entire coin. Corners of letters and numbers may be weak. A small grading area will have about 66% of the original detail.

For Fine (F), there will be about 50% of the original detail visible. Or, on a coin with no inner detail, there will be fairly heavy wear over all of the coin. Sides of letters will be weak. A typically uncleaned coin will often appear as dirty or dull. A small grading area will have just under 50% of the original detail.

On the Very Good (VG) coin, there will be about 25% of the original detail visible. There will be heavy wear on all of the coin.

The Good (G) coin's design will be clearly outlined but with substantial wear. Some of the larger detail may be visible. The rim may have a few weak spots of wear.

On the About Good (AG) coin, there will typically be only a silhouette of a large design. The rim will be worn down into the letters if any.

Strong or weak strikes, partially weak strikes, damage, corrosion, attractive or unattractive toning, dipping or cleaning should be described along with the above grades. These factors affect the quality of the coin just as do wear and loss of detail, but are easier to describe.

In the case of countermarked/counterstamped coins, the condition of the host coin will have a bearing on the end valuation.

The important factor in determining the grade is the condition, clarity and completeness of the countermark itself. This is in reference to countermarks/counterstamps having raised design while being struck in a depression.

Incuse countermarks cannot be graded for wear. They are graded by the clarity and completeness including the condition of the host coin which will also have more bearing on the final grade/valuation determined.

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FOREIGN EXCHANGE TABLE

FOREIGN EXCHANGE TABLE

FOREIGN EXCHANGE TABLE

The latest foreign exchange fixed rates below apply to trade with banks in the country of origin. The left column shows the number of units per U.S. dollar at the official rate. The right column shows the number of units per dollar at the free market rate.

Official Market Country #/$ #/$ Afghanistan (New Afghani) 49.6 – Albania (Lek) 102 – Algeria (Dinar) 70.8 – Andorra uses Euro .83 – Angola (Readjust Kwanza) 80 – Anguilla uses E.C.Dollar 2.70 – Antigua uses E.C.Dollar 2.70 – Argentina (Peso) 3.08 – Armenia (Dram) 450 – Aruba (Florin) 1.79 – Australia (Dollar) 1.35 – – Austria (Euro) .83 Azerbaijan (Manat) 4,600 – Bahamas (Dollar) 1.00 – Bahrain Is.(Dinar) .377 – Bangladesh (Taka) 68 – Barbados (Dollar) 2.00 – Belarus (Ruble) 2,150 – Belgium (Euro) .83 – Belize (Dollar) 1.98 – Benin uses CFA Franc West 545 – Bermuda (Dollar) 1.00 – Bhutan (Ngultrum) 44.3 – 8.00 – Bolivia (Boliviano) Bosnia-Herzegovina (Deutschmark) 1.63 – Botswana (Pula) 5.50 – British Virgin Islands uses U.S.Dollar 1.00 – Brazil (Real) 2.15 – Brunei (Dollar) 1.63 – Bulgaria (Lev) 1.63 – Burkina Faso uses CFA Fr.West 545 – Burma (Kyat) 6.42 1,250 Burundi (Franc) 975 – 4,100 – Cambodia (Riel) Cameroon uses CFA Franc Central 545 – Canada (Dollar) 1.14 – Cape Verde (Escudo) 91.8 – Cayman Is.(Dollar) 0.82 – Central African Rep. 545 – CFA Franc Central 545 – CFA Franc West 545 – CFP Franc 99.3 – Chad uses CFA Franc Central 545 – Chile (Peso) 525 – China, P.R. (Renminbi Yuan) 8.037 – Colombia (Peso) 2,255 – Comoros (Franc) 410 – 545 – Congo uses CFA Franc Central Congo-Dem.Rep. (Congolese Franc) 430 – Cook Islands (Dollar) 1.73 – Costa Rica (Colon) 503 – Croatia (Kuna) 6.09 – Cuba (Peso) 1.00 27 Cyprus (Pound) .48 – Czech Republic (Koruna) 23.8 – Denmark (Danish Krone) 6.21 – Djibouti (Franc) 175 – Dominica uses E.C.Dollar 2.70 – Dominican Republic (Peso) 32.5 – 2.70 – East Caribbean (Dollar) Ecuador uses U.S. Dollar 1.00 – Egypt (Pound) 5.74 – El Salvador uses U.S. Dollar 1.00 – England .57 – Equatorial Guinea uses CFA Franc Central 545 – Eritrea (Nafka) 15 – Estonia (Kroon) 13.02 – Ethiopia (Birr) 8.73 – Euro .83 –

SC34_ForeignExchange.indd 1

Country #/$ Falkland Is. (Pound) .57 Faroe Islands (Krona) 6.21 Fiji Islands (Dollar) 1.75 Finland (Euro) .83 France (Euro) .83 French Polynesia uses CFP Franc 99.3 Gabon (CFA Franc) 545 Gambia (Dalasi) 28.3 Georgia (Lari) 1.83 Germany (Euro) .83 Ghana (Cedi) 9,160 Gibraltar (Pound) .57 Great Britain .57 Greece (Euro) .83 Greenland uses Danish Krone 6.21 Grenada uses E.C.Dollar 2.70 Guatemala (Quetzal) 7.63 Guernsey (Pound Sterling) .57 Guinea Bissau (CFA Franc) 545 Guinea Conakry (Franc) 4475 Guyana (Dollar) 200 Haiti (Gourde) 41.9 Honduras (Lempira) 18.9 Hong Kong (Dollar) 7.76 Hungary (Forint) 210 Iceland (Krona) 66.2 India (Rupee) 44.3 Indonesia (Rupiah) 9,200 Iran (Rial) 9.130 Iraq (Dinar) 1,523 Ireland (Euro) .83 Isle of Man (Pound Sterling) .57 Israel (New Sheqalim) 4.71 Italy (Euro) .83 Ivory Coast uses CFA Franc West 545 Jamaica (Dollar) 63 Japan (Yen) 117.6 Jersey (Pound Sterling) .57 Jordan (Dinar) .71 Kazakhstan (Tenge) 130 Kenya (Shilling) 72 Kiribati uses Australian Dollar 1.35 Korea-PDR (Won) 2.2 Korea-Rep. (Won) 975 Kuwait (Dinar) .292 Kyrgyzstan (Som) 417 Laos (Kip) 10,400 Latvia (Lat) .58 Lebanon (Pound) 1,500 Lesotho (Maloti) 6.24 Liberia (Dollar) “JJ” 57 Libya (Dinar) 1.34 Liechtenstein uses Swiss Franc 1.297 Lithuania (Litas) 2.88 Luxembourg (Euro) .83 Macao (Pataca) 7.99 Macedonia (New Denar) 51 Madagascar (Franc) 2,220 Malawi (Kwacha) 135 Malaysia (Ringgit) 3.71 Maldives (Rufiya) 12.8 Mali uses CFA Franc West 545 Malta (Lira) .36 Marshall Islands uses U.S.Dollar 1.00 Mauritania (Ouguiya) 270 Mauritius (Rupee) 30.7 Mexico (Peso) 10.69 Moldova (Leu) 13 Monaco uses Euro .83 Mongolia (Tugrik) 1,200 Montenegro uses Euro .83 Montserrat uses E.C.Dollar 2.70 Morocco (Dirham) 9.73 Mozambique (Metical) 26,850 Myanmar (Burma) (Kyat) 6.42 Namibia (Rand) 6.24 Nauru uses Australian Dollar 1.35 Nepal (Rupee) 70.9

#/$ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1,930 – – – – – – – – – – – – 500 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1,250 – – –

Country #/$ Netherlands (Euro) .83 Netherlands Antilles (Gulden) 1.79 New Caledonia uses CFP Franc 99.3 New Zealand (Dollar) 1.52 Nicaragua (Cordoba Oro) 17.15 Niger uses CFA Franc West 545 Nigeria (Naira) 130 Northern Ireland (Pound Sterling) .57 Norway (Krone) 6.64 Oman (Rial) .385 Pakistan (Rupee) 59.9 Palau uses U.S.Dollar 1.00 Panama (Balboa) uses U.S.Dollar 1.00 Papua New Guinea (Kina) 3.10 Paraguay (Guarani) 5,970 Peru (Nuevo Sol) 3.33 Philippines (Peso) 51 Poland (Zloty) 3.19 Portugal (Euro) .83 Qatar (Riyal) 3.64 Romania (New Leu) 2.89 Russia (New Ruble) 27.93 Rwanda (Franc) 545 St.Helena (Pound) .57 St.Kitts uses E.C.Dollar 2.70 St.Lucia uses E.C.Dollar 2.70 St.Vincent uses E.C.Dollar 2.70 San Marino uses Euro .83 Sao Tome e Principe (Dobra) 7100 Saudi Arabia (Riyal) 3.751 Scotland (Pound Sterling) .57 Senegal uses CFA Franc West 545 72.8 Serbia (Dinar) Seychelles (Rupee) 5.52 Sierra Leone (Leone) 2,950 Singapore (Dollar) 1.63 Slovakia (Sk. Koruna) 31 Slovenia (Tolar) 200 Solomon Is.(Dollar) 7.59 Somalia (Shilling) 1600 Somaliland (Somali Shilling) 1,800 South Africa (Rand) 6.24 Spain (Euro) .83 Sri Lanka (Rupee) 102 Sudan (Dinar) 230 Surinam (Dollar) 2.74 Swaziland (Lilangeni) 6.24 Sweden (Krona) 7.86 Switzerland (Franc) 1.29 Syria (Pound) 52.2 Taiwan (NT Dollar) 32.5 Tajikistan (Somoni) 3.21 Tanzania (Shilling) 1,200 Thailand (Baht) 38.8 Togo uses CFAFranc West 545 Tonga (Paíanga) 2.05 Transdniestra (Ruble) 6.51 Trinidad & Tobago (Dollar) 6.29 Tunisia (Dinar) 1.35 Turkey (New Lira) 1.31 Turkmenistan (Manat) 5,200 Turks & Caicos uses U.S.Dollar 1.00 Tuvalu uses Australian Dollar 1.35 Uganda (Shilling) 1,825 Ukraine (Hryvnia) 5.06 United Arab Emirates (Dirham) 3.67 United Kingdom (Pound Sterling) .57 Uruguay (Peso Uruguayo) 24.3 Uzbekistan (Som) 1,200 Vanuatu (Vatu) 113 Vatican City uses Euro .83 Venezuela (Bolivar) 2,150 Vietnam (Dong) 15,915 Western Samoa (Tala) 2.74 Yemen (Rial) 195 Zambia (Kwacha) 3,300 Zimbabwe (Dollar) 100,000

#/$ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6.40 – – – – – – 4,000 – – – 300 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2,000 – – – – –

5/8/06 10:57:42 AM

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XIX Friday, November 17, 2006 8:07 AM

INSTANT IDENTIFIER

XIX

INSTANT IDENTIFIER

INSTANT IDENTIFIER

Aachen (German States)

Albania

Austria

Baden (German States)

Brandenburg Ansbach (German States)

Finland

Jever (German States)

Frankfurt (German States)

Furstenberg (German States)

Geneva (Swiss Cantons)

German Empire

Montenegro (Yugoslavia)

N端rnberg (German States)

Milan (Italian States)

Prussia (German States)

Russia (Czarist) Russian Poland

SchwarzburgRudolstadt (German States)

SchwarzburgSondershausen (German States)

Serbia (Yugoslavia)

Teutonic Order (German States)

Genoa (Italian States)

Bulgaria

Burma (Myanmar)

Syrian Arab Republic

United Arab Republic (Egypt, Syria)

Arab Republic of Egypt Libya

Yemen Arab Republic

Ethiopia

Finland

Norway

Gorizia (Italian States)

Hannover (German States)

HesseDarmstadt (German States)

HohenloheIran (Persia) NeuensteinOehringen (German States)

Morocco

Siberia

Tibet (China)

Nepal

Morocco (AH1371-1951AD)

Manchoukuo Japan (Puppet State-China)

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XX Friday, November 17, 2006 8:07 AM

XX

INSTANT IDENTIFIER

INSTANT IDENTIFIER

HanauMunzenberg (German States)

Neuchatel (Swiss Cantons)

Hall in Swabia (German States)

Nassau (German States)

Hesse-Cassel (German States)

China China (Empire-Provincial) (Empire-Provincial)

Greenland

Sri Lanka (Ceylon)

Tibet (China)

Utrecht (Netherlands)

Venice (Italian States)

Japan

Japan

African States

Bretzenheim (German States)

German New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)

Lithuania

Mongolia

Sudan

Algeria

Ireland

Israel

Lebanon

Papal States (Italian States)

LowensteinWertheim (German States)

Maldive Islands

Afghanistan

Regensburg (German States)

Sweden

North Korea

CCCP-Russia

CCCP-Russia

Yugoslavia

Taiwan (Rep. of China)

Mainz (German States)

Solms-Laubach (German States)

Ticino (Swiss Cantons)

Fugger (German States)

Naples & Sicily (Italian States)

Saxe-Saalfeld (German States)

Stolberg-Stolberg (German States)

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXI Friday, November 17, 2006 8:29 AM

INSTANT IDENTIFIER

XXI

INSTANT IDENTIFIER

French Colonial

French Colonial

French Colonial

Bangladesh

Isle of Man Sicily

Libya

Anhalt-Bernburg (German States)

Aargau (Swiss Cantons)

Augsburg (German States)

Basel (Swiss Cantons)

Bavaria (German States)

Brazil

Bremen (German States)

Luzern (Swiss Cantons)

Chur Pfalz (German States)

Fulda (German States)

Glarus (Swiss Cantons)

Grand Duchy of Warsaw (Poland)

Graubunden (Swiss Cantons)

Hamburg (German States)

Lucca (Italian States)

Hesse-Cassel (German States)

Hesse-Homburg (German States)

Hildesheim (German States)

HohenzollernHechingen (German States)

Hungary

Julich-Berg (German States)

Gelderland (Netherlands)

Lippe-Detmold (German States)

L端beck (German States)

MecklenburgStrelitz (German States)

Oldenburg (German States)

Passau (German States)

Portugal

Vaud (Swiss Cantons)

Anhalt (Joint Coinage) (German States)

Oldenburg (German States)

Schwarzenberg (German States)

Schaffhausen (Swiss Cantons)

Paderborn (German States)

Thurgau (Swiss Cantons)

Westfrisia (Netherlands)

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXII Friday, November 17, 2006 8:29 AM

XXII

INSTANT IDENTIFIER

INSTANT IDENTIFIER

Arenberg (German States)

Rhenish Confederation (German States)

Reuss-Greiz (German States)

Sardinia (Italian States)

Saxony (German States)

SchaumburgLippe (German States)

SchleswigHolstein (German States)

St. Gall (Swiss Cantons)

Slovakia

Solothurn (Swiss Cantons)

Unterwalden (Nidwalden) (Swiss Cantons)

Württemberg (German States)

Würzburg (German States)

Zurich (Swiss Cantons)

WaldeckPyrmont (German States)

Iraq

Pakistan

Turkey-Egypt Sudan, Algeria (Ottoman Empire)

Muscat & Oman, Oman

Saudi Arabia

Tunisia

Wismar (German States)

Order of Malta

Bamberg (German States)

BrunswickWolfenbüttel (German States)

BrunswickLüneburg (German States

Erfurt Mainz (German States)

Hannover (German States)

Eichstätt (German States)

Greece

Serbia

Sitten (Swiss Cantons)

Rostock (German States)

Saint Alban (German States)

Switzerland

English East India Co. (Sumatra)

Thailand (Siam)

Japan (Dai Nippon)

China, Japan, Annam, Korea

Japan

(All Holed ‘cash’ coins look quite similar.)

South Korea

Korea

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXIII Friday, November 17, 2006 8:29 AM

STANDARD INTERNATIONAL NUMERAL SYSTEMS

STANDARD INTERNATIONAL NUMERAL SYSTEMS STANDARD INTERNATIONAL NUMERAL SYSTEMS

PREPARED ESPECIALLY FOR THE STANDARD

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XXIII

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXIV Friday, November 17, 2006 8:29 AM

XXIV

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SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXV Friday, November 17, 2006 8:29 AM

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS

XXV

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXVI Friday, November 17, 2006 8:29 AM

XXVI

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXVII Friday, November 17, 2006 8:29 AM

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS

XXVII

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXVIII Friday, November 17, 2006 8:29 AM

XXVIII

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXIX Friday, November 17, 2006 8:29 AM

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS

XXIX

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXX Friday, November 17, 2006 8:42 AM

XXX

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SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXXI Friday, November 17, 2006 8:42 AM

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO EASTERN MINT NAMES

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO EASTERN MINT NAMES Compiled by Dr. N. Douglas Nicol, 2006 Abarquh (Iran)

‘Alamgirnagar (Mughal,

‘Abdullahnagar (Pihani)

‘Alamgirpur (Bhilsa, Vidisha-Mughal, Gwalior)

Koch

Abu Arish (the Yemen) Amul (Iran) Abushahr (Bushire - Iran) ‘Adan (Aden-the Yemen) Adoni (Imtiyazgarh-Mughal)

al-‘Arabiya as-Sa‘udiya (Saudi Arabia) al-‘Ara’ish (Larache - Morocco)

Asafabad (Bareli - Mughal, Awadh) Asafabad Bareli (Mughal, Awadh)

Asafnagar (Aklooj - Mughal, Rohilkhand, Awadh) Asfarayin (Central Asia, Iran) Asfi (Safi - Morocco)

Algeria (al-Jaza’ir)

Asir

‘Alinagar (Calcutta - Mughal)

Astarabad (Central Asia, Iran)

Afghanistan

‘Alinagar Kalkatah (Calcutta - Bengal Pres.)

Atak (Attock - Mughal, Afghanistan)

Agra (Mughal)

Allahabad (Mughal, Awadh)

Atak Banaras (Mughal)

Almora (Gurkha)

Atcheh (Sultanate, Netherlands East Indies)

Adrana (see Edirne) Advani (Adoni - Mughal)

Ahmadabad (Gujarat Sultanate, Mughal, Maratha, Bombay Presidency, Baroda)

Alwar (Mughal)

Ahmadnagar (Ahmadnagar Sultanate, Mughal)

Amaravati (Hyderabad)

Ahmadnagar Farrukhabad (state, Afghanistan)

Amasya (Amasia - Turkey)

Ahmadpur (Bahawalpur, Afghanistan) Ahmadshahi (Qandahar - Afghanistan) Ahsanabad (Kulbarga - Mughal) Ajman (United Arab Emirates) Ajmer (Salimabad - Mughal, Maratha, Gwalior, Jodhpur) Ajmer Salimabad (Mughal) Akalpurakh (Kashmir, Sikh) Akbarabad (Agra - Mughal, Maratha, Bharatpur) Akbarnagar (Rajmahal - Mughal) Akbarpur (Tanda - Mughal)

Amid (Turkey) Amritsar (Ambratsar - Sikh) Amirkot (Umarkot - Mughal) Anandgharh (Anandpur - Mughal) Andijan (Andigan - Central Asia) Anhirwala Pattan (Mughal) Ankaland (Bi-Ankaland - in England, Birmingham and London mints for Morocco) Ankara (Anguriya, Engüriye Turkey) Anupnagar Shahabad (Mughal) Anwala (Anola - Mughal, Rohilkhand, Afghanistan) Aqsara (Aqsaray, Aksara - the Yemen)

Akbarpur Tanda (Mughal)

Aksu (China - Sinkiang)

al-Aliya

Athani (Maratha) Aurangabad (Khujista Bunyad - Mughal, Hyderabad) Aurangnagar (Mughal, Maratha) Ausa (Mughal) Awadh (Oudh, Khitta - Awadh state) Awbah (Central Asia) Ayasluk (Ayasoluq, Ephesus - Turkey) Aydaj (Iran) Azak (Azow - Turkey) A‘zamnagar (Gokak - Mughal) A‘zamnagar Bankapur (Mughal) A‘zamnagar Gokak (Belgaum - Mughal, Kolhapur) ‘Azimabad (Patna - Mughal, Bengal Presidency) Badakhshan (Mughal, Central Asia, Afghanistan)

Ardabil (Iran)

Bagalkot (Maratha)

Ardanuç (Turkey)

Bagchih Serai (Krim)

Ardanush (Iran)

Baghdad (Bagdad - Iraq)

Akhtarnagar (Awadh - Mughal) ‘Akka (Ottoman Turkey)

(Asirgarh - Mughal)

Arjish (Iran) Arkat (Arcot - Mughal, French India, Madras Presidency)

Bahadurgarh (Mughal)

XXXI

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXXII Friday, November 17, 2006 8:42 AM

XXXII

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO EASTERN MINT NAMES

Bahawalpur (Bahawalpur state, Afghanistan)

Belgrad (Turkey)

Bahraich (Mughal)

Bengalur (Bangalor - Mysore)

Bahrain (al-Bahrayn)

Berar (Mughal)

Bairata (Mughal)

Berlin (for Morocco)

Bakhar (Bakkar, Bakhar, Bhakhar, Bhakkar - Mughal, Sind, Afghanistan)

Bhakkar, Bhakhar (See Bakkar)

Baku (Bakuya - Iran) Balanagor Gadha (Mandla - Maratha) Balapur (two places - one in Kandesh, one in Sira - Mughal)

Bharatpur (Braj Indrapur) Bhaunagar (Mughal) Bhelah (See Bela) Bhilsa (Alamgirpur - Mughal)

Burhanpur (Mughal, Maratha, Gwalior) Bursa (Brusa - Turkey) Bushanj (Iran) Bushire (see Abushahr) ร aniรงe (Chanicha - Turkey) Chakan (Maratha) Champanir (Gujarat Sultanate) Chanda (Maratha) Chanderi (Gwalior) Chandor (Maratha, Indore)

Balhari (Bellary - Mysore)

Bhilwara (Mewar)

Balikesir (Turkey)

Bhopal (Bhopal state)

Balkh (Mughal, Central Asia, Afghanistan)

Bhuj (Kutch)

Balwantnagar (Jhansi - Mughal, Maratha, Gwalior)

Bhujnagar (Bhuj - Kutch)

Banaras (Benares, Varanasi - Mughal, Bengal Presidency, Awadh)

Bidlis (Bitlis - Turkey)

Chinapattan (Madras - Mughal)

Bidrur (Mughal)

Chinchwar (Maratha)

Bihbihan (Behbehan - Iran)

Chitor (Akbarpur - Mughal)

Banda Malwari (Maratha) Bandar (Iran) Bandar Abbas (Iran) Bandar Abu Shahr (Iran) Bandar Shahi (Mughal) Bandhu (Qila - Mughal) Bangala (Mughal) Banjarmasin (Netherlands East Indies) Bankapur (Mughal) Baramati (Sultanate, Mughal) Bareli (Bareilly - Mughal, Rohilkhand, Awadh, Afghanistan) Bariz (Paris, in Paris - Morocco) Baroda (Vadodara - Baroda state) Basoda (Gwalior) al-Basra (Basra - Iraq) Batan (Baltistan? - Ladakh) Bela (Las Bela state)

Bijapur (Bijapur Sultanate, Mughal) Bikanir (Mughal, Bikanir state) Bindraban (Vrindavan - Mughal, Bindraban state) Bisauli (Rohilkhand) Biyar (Iran) Borujerd (Iran) Bosna (Sarajevo - Turkey) Bosna Saray (Sarajevo - Turkey) Braj Indrapur (Bharatpur) Broach (Baroch, Bharoch - Mughal, Broach state, Gwalior) Brunei (Malaya)

Chhachrauli (Kalsia) Chhatarpur (Chhatarpur state) Chikodi (Maratha)

Chunar (Mughal) Cuttack (see Katak) Dadiyan (Iran) Dalipnagar (Datia) Damarvar (Mysore) al-Damigh (the Yemen) Damla (Mughal) Darband (Derbent - Azerbaijan, Iran) Darfur (see al-Fashir) Darur (Mughal) Daulatabad (Deogir - Mughal, Hyderabad) Daulat Anjazanchiya (see Comoros)

Bukhara (Central Asia)

Daulatgarh (Rahatgarh - Bharatpur, Gwalior)

Bukhara-yi Sharif (Central Asia)

Daulat Qatar (State of Qatar - Qatar)

Bundi (Bundi state)

Dawar (Iran)

Burhanabad (Mughal)

al-Dawla al-Mughribiya (Empire of Morocco)

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXXIII Friday, November 17, 2006 8:42 AM

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO EASTERN MINT NAMES Dawlatabad (Iran)

Fas

Dawraq (Iran)

Fas al-Jadid (see al-Madina al-Bayda' Morocco)

Gözlü (see Shahr-Gözlü - Krim)

al-Fashir (Darfur, Sudan)

Gulbarga (Kulbarga, Ahsanabad Mughal)

Dehdasht (Iran) Dehli (Shahjahanabad - Mughal, Afghanistan)

(Fez - Morocco)

Fathabad Dharur (Mughal)

Deli (Netherlands East Indies) Deogarh (Partabgarh) Deogir (Daulatabad - Mughal) Dera (Derah - Mughal, Sikh, Afghanistan) Derajat (Mughal, Sikh, Afghanistan) Dewal Bandar (Mughal) Dezful (Iran)

Fathnagar (Aurangabad - Mughal) Fathpur (Nusratabad, Sikri - Mughal) Fedala (Fadalat al-Muhammadiya Morocco) Fergana (Central Asia) Filastin (Palestine) Filibe (Philipopolis, Plovdiv Turkey)

Dhamar (the Yemen)

Firozgarh (Yadgir - Mughal)

Dharwar (Mysore)

Firoznagar (Mughal, Hyderabad)

Dholapur (Dholapur state)

al-Fujaira (United Arab Emirates)

Dicholi (Mughal, Maratha)

Fuman (Iran)

Dilshadabad (Mughal, Narayanpett)

Gadraula (Mughal)

Dimashq (Damascus - Syria)

Gadwal (Hyderabad)

Diyar Bakr (Turkey)

Gajjikota (Mughal)

Djibouti (Jaibuti - French Somaliland)

Ganja (Ganjah, Genje - Elizabethpol, Kirovabad in Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey)

Dogam (Dogaon - Mughal)

Gorakpur (Muazzamabad - Mughal)

Gulkanda (Golkona - Sultanate, Mughal) Gulshanabad (Nasik - Mughal, Maratha) Gümüsh-hane (Turkey) Guti (Gooty - Mughal, Mysore) Guzelhisar (Turkey) Gwaliar (Mughal, Gwalior state, Gwalior Fort) Hafizabad (Mughal) Haidarabad (Hyderabad, Haidrabad, Farkhanda Bunyad Golkanda Sultanate, Mughal, Hyderabad state, Sind, Afghanistan) Haidarnagar (Bednur, Nagar - Mysore) Hajipur (Mughal) Halab (Aleppo - Syria) Hamadan (Iran) Hansi (Qanauj - Mughal, Awadh) al-Haramayn ash-Sharifayn (Mecca and Medina in Arabia Ottoman Turkey) al-Harar (Ethiopia)

Ganjikot (Genjikot - Mughal)

Hardwar (Haridwar, Tirath - Mughal, Saharanpur)

Gargaon (Assam)

Harput, Harburt (see Khartapirt)

Garha (Mughal)

Harran (Turkey)

Gelibolu (Gallipoli - Turkey)

Hasanabad (Mughal)

Ghazni (Afghanistan)

Hathras (Mughal, Awadh)

al-Ghurfa (Hadhramaut)

Hathrasa (Hathras)

Farahabad (Iran)

Gilan (Iran)

Hawran (Horan - Syria)

Farkhanda Bunyad (Hyderabad - Mughal)

Gobindpur (Mughal)

Hawta (the Yemen)

Farrukhabad (Ahmadnagar - Mughal, Bengal Presidency)

Gohad (Mughal, Dholapur)

Farrukhi (Feroke - Mysore)

Gokak (Belgaum, ‘Azamnagar Mughal)

Farrukhnagar (Mughal)

Gokul (Bindraban)

Farrukhyab Hisar (Chitradurga - Mysore)

Gokulgarh (Mughal)

Dogaon (Mughal) Edirne (Adrianople - Turkey) Elichpur (Mughal, Hyderabad) Erzurum (Theodosiopolis - Turkey) Faiz Hisar (Gooty - Mysore)

Hawz (Morocco) al-Hejaz (Saudi Arabia) Herat (Afghanistan, Central Asia, Iran) al-Hilla (Hille - Iraq)

XXXIII

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XXXIV

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO EASTERN MINT NAMES

Hinganhat (Maratha) Hisar (Mughal)

Ja’farabad urf Chandor (Indore)

al-Jumhuriya al-Lubnaniya (The Republic of Lebanon)

Jahangirnagar (Dacca - Mughal, Bengal Presidency)

al-Jumhuriya as-Somal (The Republic of Somalia)

Hisar (Central Asia)

Jaipur (Sawai - Mughal)

Hisar Firoza (Mughal)

Jaisalmir (Jaisalmir state)

al-Hisn (el-Hisin - Turkey)

Jalalnagar (Mughal)

Hizan (Khizan - Turkey)

Jalalpur (Mughal)

Hukeri (Mughal, Maratha)

Jalaun (Jalon - Maratha)

Husaingarh (Mughal)

Jalesar (Mughal)

Huwayza (Iran)

Jallandar (Jullundur - Mughal)

Ibb

Jalnapur (Jalna - Mughal)

(the Yemen) Ilahabad (Allahabad) Ilahabas (Mughal) Ili (China - Sinkiang) al-Imarat al-‘Arabiya al-Muttahida (United Arab Emirates) Imtiyazgarh (Adoni - Mughal) Indore (Indore state) Inebolu (Turkey) Inegöl (Turkey)

Iran al-Iraq Iravan (Eravan, Erewan, Revan – Iran, Yeravan – Armenia) ‘Isagarh (Gwalior) Isfahan (Iran) Islamabad (Mathura – Mughal, Bindraban

al-Jumhuriya al-Yaman al-Dimuqratia al-Shu‘ubiya (The Peoples' Democratic Republic of the Yemen) Jumhuriyeti Turkiye (The Republic of Turkey) Junagarh (Junagadh - Mughal)

Jaora (Jaora state)

Kaffa (Krim)

Jaunpur (Mughal)

Kalanur (Mughal)

Java (Netherlands East Indies)

Kalat (Kalat state)

Jaytapur (Jaiyatpur - Mughal)

Kalian (Kalayani - Hyderabad)

Jaza’ir (Algiers)

Kalikut (Calicut, Kozhikode - Mysore)

Jaza’ir Gharb (Algiers)

Kalkatah (Calcutta, Alinagar - Mughal, Bengal Presidency)

al-Jaza’ir-i Gharb (Algiers)

Kalpi (Mughal, Maratha)

Jelu (Jelou - Iran)

Kanauj (Qanauj - Mughal, Awadh)

Jerba (Cerbe, Gabes - Tunis)

Kanauj urf Shahgarh (Qanauj - Mughal, Awadh)

Jering (Jaring, Jerin - Thailand) Jhalawar (Jhalawar state) Jinji (Nusratgarh - Mughal) Jind (Jind state)

Islamnagar (Navanagar – Mughal)

al-Jumhuriya al-‘Arabiya al-Muttahida (The United Arab Republic Egypt, Syria and the Yemen)

Jabbalpur (Mughal)

al-Jumhuriya at-Tunisiya (The Republic of Tunisia)

Kabul (Mughal, Afghanistan)

Jordan (al-Urdunn)

Izmir (Turkey)

al-Jumhuriya as-Suriiya (The Republic of Syria)

Jammu (Jamun - Kashmir)

Islambul (Istanbul – Turkey)

Itawa (Mughal, Maratha, Rohilkhand, Awadh

al-Dimuqratiya (The Democratic Republic of the Sudan)

al-Junub al-Arabi (South Arabia)

Jodhpur (Mughal, Jodhpur state)

Italian Somaliland (Somalia)

al-Jumhuriya as-Sudan

Jambusar (Baroda)

Islam Bandar (Rajapur – Mughal)

Ismailgarh (Mughal)

al-Jumhuriya as-Sudan (The Republic of the Sudan)

al-Jumhuriya al-‘Arabiya al-Suriya (The Arab Republic of Syria) al-Jumhuriya al-‘Arabiya al-Yamaniya (The Arab Republic of the Yemen) al-Jumhuriya al-‘Iraqiya (The Republic of Iraq) al-Jumhuriya al-Libiya (The Republic of Libya)

Kanbayat (Kambayat, Kanbat, Khambayat - Mughal, Cambay state) Kandahar (see Qandahar) Kangun (Hosakote - Mughal) Kanji (Conjeeveram - Mughal) Kankurti (Mughal, Maratha) Kara Amid (Turkey) Karahisar (Qara-Hisar - Turkey) Kararabad (Karad - Mughal) Karatova (Kratova - Turkey) Karauli (Karauli state) Karimabad (Mughal)

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXXV Friday, November 17, 2006 8:42 AM

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO EASTERN MINT NAMES Karnatak (Carnatic - Mughal)

Kirman (Kerman - Iran)

Lebanon (Lubnan)

Karpa (Kurpa - Mughal)

Kirmanshahan (Kermanshah - Iran)

Legeh (Thailand)

Kars (Qars - Turkey)

Kishangar (Kishangar state)

Libya

Kashan (Iran)

Kishtwar (Mughal)

Lucknow (Lakhnau - Mughal, Awadh)

Kashgar (China - Sinkiang)

Koçaniye (Kochana - Turkey)

Machhli Bandar (Masulipatam)

Kashmir (Srinagar - Kashmir Sultanate, Mughal, Sikh, Afghanistan)

Koilkunda (Mughal)

Machhlipatan (Masulipatam - Mughal, French India, Madras Pres.)

Kastamonu (Turkey)

Kolapur (Mughal, Kolhapur)

Madankot (Mughal)

Katak (Cuttack - Mughal, Maratha)

Konya (Turkey)

Katak Banaras (Mughal)

Kora (Mughal, Maratha, Awadh)

Madrid (for Morocco)

Kosantina (see Qusantinia)

al-Maghrib (Morocco)

Kosova (Kosovo - Turkey)

Maha Indrapur (Dig, Kumbar - Mughal, Bharatpur)

Kawkaban (the Yemen) Kayeri (Turkey) Kedah (Straits Settlements, Malaya)

Kostantaniye (see Qustantaniya)

Kelantan (Straits Settlements, Malaya)

Kotah (Kotah state)

Kemasin (Straits Settlements, Malaya)

Kotah urf Nandgaon

Khairabad (Mughal)

Kubrus (Cyprus - Turkey)

Khairnagar (Mughal)

Kuch Hijri (Kunch)

Khairpur (Mughal, Sind)

Kuchaman (Mughal)

Khaliqabad (Dindigal - Mysore)

Kuche (China - Sinkiang)

Khambayat (Kanbayat - Mughal) Khanabad (Afghanistan) Khanja (Canca, Hanca - Turkey) Khanpur (Bahawalpur)

Khartapirt (Harput, Harburt - Turkey) Khizan (Turkey) Khoqand (Central Asia) Khotan (Khutan, China - Sinkiang) Khoy (Khoi, Khui - Iran) Khujista Bunyad (Aurangabad - Mughal, Hyderabad) al-Khurfa (the Yemen) Khurshid Sawad (Mysore)

Kufan (Kufin - Central Asia) Kulbarga (see Gulbarga)

Kighi (Turkey)

Mahle (Male - Maldive Islands) Mahmud Bandar (Porto Novo - Mughal) Mahoba (Maratha) Mailapur (Madras - Mughal) Makhsusabad (Murshidabad - Mughal) Malharnagar (Indore, also for Maheshwar) Malher (Malhar, Mulher - Mughal) Maliknagar (Mughal)

Kumber (Kumbar - see Maha Indrapur)

Malnapur (Mughal)

Kunar (Maratha)

Malpur (Mughal)

Kunch (Maratha)

Maluka (Netherlands East Indies)

Kurdasht (Azerbaijan) Kuwait (al-Kuwayt) Ladakh (Ladakah - Kashmir, Afghanistan) Lahej (the Yemen) Lahijan (Iran) Lahore (Lahur - Mughal, Sikh, Afghanistan) Lahri Bandar (Mughal) Lar (Iran)

Khwarizm (Central Asia)

al-Madina al-Bayda' (see Fas al-Jadid - Morocco)

Larenda (Turkey) Lashkar (Gwalior)

al-Mamlaka al-‘Arabiya as-Sa’udiya (The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) al-Mamlaka al-Libiya (The Kingdom of Libya) al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiya (The Kingdom of Morocco) al-Mamlaka al-Misriya (The Kingdom of Egypt) al-Mamlaka al-Mutawakkiliya al-Yamaniya (The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of the Yemen) al-Mamlaka al-Tunisiya (The Kingdom of Tunisia) al-Mamlaka al-Urdunniya al-Hashimiya (The Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan) Manastir (Turkey) Mandasor (Gwalior)

XXXV

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XXXVI

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO EASTERN MINT NAMES

Mandla (Maratha) Mandu (Mughal) Mangarh (Mughal) Manghir (Monghyr - Bihar)

Muhiabad Poona (Maratha)

Narwar (Sipri - Mughal, Gwalior, Narwar state)

Mujahidabad (Mughal)

Nasirabad (Sagar, Wanparti - Hyderabad)

Mujibalanagar (Rohilkhand)

Nasirabad (Dharwar - Mughal)

al-Mukala (the Yemen)

Nasiri (Iran)

Manikpur (Mughal)

Mukha (Mocca - the Yemen)

Maragha (Azerbaijan, Iran)

Mukhtara (the Yemen)

Marakesh (Marrakech - Morocco)

Müküs (Turkey)

Mar‘ash (Turkey)

Multan (Mughal, Sikh, Afghanistan)

Mardin (Turkey)

Muminabad (Bindraban)

Marv (Central Asia, Iran)

Munbai (Mumbai, Bombay - Mughal, Bombay Presidency)

Marwar (Jodhpur, Nagor, Pali, Sojat) al-Mu‘askar (Mascara - Algeria) Mashhad (Iran) Mashhad Imam Rida (Iran) Mathura (Islamabad - Mughal, Bindraban) Mazandaran (Iran) Mecca (Makkah - al-Hejaz) Medea (Algeria) Meknes (Miknas - Morocco) Menangkabau (Netherlands East Indies) Merta (Mirath - Mughal, Jodhpur) Misr (Egypt, Turkey)

Mungir (Mughal) Muradabad (Mughal, Rohilkhand, Awadh, Afghanistan) Murshidabad (Makhsusabad - Mughal, French India, Bengal Pres.)

Murtazabad (Mughal) Muscat (Oman) Mustafabad (Rampur - Rohilkhand) Muzaffargarh (Jhajjar - Mughal) Mysore (Mahisur - Mysore state) Nabha (Sirkar - Nabha state) Nagar (Ahmadnagar, Bednur Maratha, Mysore) Nagar Ijri (Srinagar in Bundelkand)

Modava (Moldava - Turkey)

Nagor (Mughal, Jodhpur)

Mombasa (Kenya)

Nagpur (Maratha)

Mosul (al-Mawsil - Iraq)

Nahan (Sirmur)

Muazzamabad (Gorakpur - Mughal, Awadh)

Nahtarnagar (Trichinopoly - Arcot)

Muhammadabad (Udaipur - Mughal)

Najafgarh (Mughal, Rohilkhand)

Muhammadabad Banaras (Mughal, Awadh, Bengal Presidency, fictitious for Lucknow)

Najibabad (Mughal, Sikh, Rohilkhand, Awadh, Afghanistan)

Muhammadabad urf Kalpi (Kalpi)

Nakhjuvan (Iran, Azerbaijan)

al-Muhammadiya (al-Masila - Morocco) al-Muhammadiya ash-Sharifa (Morocco) Muhammadnagar Tandah (Awadh)

Nasrullahnagar (Rohilkhand) Nazarbar (Mysore) Nejd (Saudi Arabia) Nigbolu (Turkey) Nihavand (Iran) Nimak (Sikh) Nimruz (Central Asia, Iran) Nipani (Maratha) Nisa (Iran) Nishapur (Naysabur - Iran) Novabirda (Novoberda - Turkey) Novar (Turkey) Nukhwi (Iran, Azerbaijan) Nusratabad (Dharwar, Nasratabad, Fathpur - Mughal) Nusratgarh (Jinji - Mughal) Ohri (Okhri, Ochrida - Turkey) Oman (‘Uman) Omdurman (Umm Durman - the Sudan) Orchha (Orchha state) Ordu-Bagh (Iran) Ordu-yi Humayun (Turkey) Orissa (Mughal) Pahang (Straits Settlements)

Pakistan

Nandgaon (Nandgano - Kotah) Nandgaon urf Kotah

Palembang (Netherlands East Indies) Palestine (see Filastin) Pali (Jodhpur)

Narnol (Mughal)

Panahabad (Iran, Karabagh)

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXXVII Friday, November 17, 2006 9:04 AM

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO EASTERN MINT NAMES Panipat (Mughal) Parenda (Purenda - Mughal) Parnala (Qila) (Mughal) Patan (Seringapatan - Mysore) al-Patani (Patani - Thailand)

Pathankot Patna (Azimabad - Mughal, Bengal Presidency) Pattan (Anhirwala - Mughal) Pattan Deo (Somnath – Mughal) Perak (Straits Settlements, Malaya) Peshawar (Mughal, Sikh, Afghanistan, Iran) Petlad (Baroda) Phonda (Mughal) Pondichery (Pholcheri - French India) Pondichery (Porcheri - French India) Poona (Punah, Pune, Muhiabad Mughal, Maratha) Pulu Malayu (Island of the Malays-Sumatra, Netherlands East Indies) Pulu Penang (Penang, Prince of Wales Island - Straits Settlements, Malaya) Pulu Percha (Island of Sumatra Netherlands East Indies) Punamali (Mughal) Punch (Mughal) Purbandar (Porbandar - Mughal) Qafsa (Capsa - Tunis, Tunisia) al-Qahira (Cairo - Egypt) Qaiti (the Yemen) Qamarnagar (Karnul - Mughal) Qanauj (see Kanauj) Qandahar (Ahmadshahi - Mughal, Afghanistan, Iran) Qarshi (Central Asia) Qasbah Panipat (Rohilkhand) Qatar wa Dubai (Qatar and Dubai - Qatar)

Qazvin (Iran) Qubba (Azerbaijan) Qumm (Qomm - Iran) Qunduz (Central Asia)

Saharanpur (Mughal) Sahibabad Hansi (Hansi state) Sahrind (Sarhind - Mughal, Cis-Sutlej Patiala, Afghanistan) Sailana (Sailana state)

Qusantinia (Qustantina, Qusantina Constantine, Algiers)

Saimur (Mughal)

Qustantaniya (Constantinople - Turkey)

al-Saiwi (Sai, Saiburi, Teluban Thailand)

Rabat (Morocco)

Sakiz (Saqyz, Scio - Turkey)

Rabat al-Fath (Rabat - Morocco)

Sakkhar (Mughal)

Rada' (the Yemen)

Sala (Sale - Morocco)

Radhanpur (Radhanpur state)

Salamabad (Satyamangalam - Mysore)

Rajapur (Islam Bandar - Mughal) Rajgarh (Alwar) Ramhurmuz (Iran) Ra‘nash (Ramhurmuz - Iran) Rangpur (Assam) Ranthor (Ranthambhor - Mughal) Ras al-Khaima (United Arab Emirates) Rasht (Resht - Iran) Ratlam (Ratlam state) Ravishnagar Sagar (Garhakota - Gwalior)

Salimabad (Ajmer - Mughal) Samandra (Turkey) Samarqand (Central Asia) San‘a (the Yemen) Sanbal (Sambhal - Mughal) Sanbhar (Sambhar - Mughal) Sangamner (Mughal) Sangli (Maratha) al-Saniya (Turkey) Sarakhs (Iran)

Rehman (Reman - Thailand)

Sarangpur (Mughal)

Revan (Iravan - Armenia)

Saray (Turkey)

Rewan (Rewa)

Sari

Reza‘iyeh (Urumi - Iran) Rikab (Rekab - Afghanistan, Iran) Rohtas (Rohtak - Mughal) Rudana (Taroudant - Morocco)

(Iran) Sari Pol (Afghanistan) Sarhind (see Sahrind) Sashti (in Devanagari) (Maratha) Satara (Mughal)

Ruha (al-Ruha - Turkey)

Saudi Arabia (see al-Hejaz, Nejd)

Sa‘adnagar (Aklaj - Mughal)

Sawai Jaipur (Jaipur, fictitious for Karauli)

Sabzavar (Iran)

Sawai Madhopur (Jaipur, fictitious for Sikar)

Sa‘da (the Yemen) Sagar (Maratha, Bengal Pres.)

Sawuj Balaq (Iran) Selam (Selam state)

XXXVII

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XXXVIII

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO EASTERN MINT NAMES

Selanghur (Selangor - Straits Settlements, Malaya) Selanik (Salonika - Turkey) Selefke (Turkey) Semnan (Simnan - Iran) Serbernik (Turkey) Serez (see Siroz - Turkey) Seringapatan (Mysore) Shadiabad Urf Mandu (Mughal) Shadman (Central Asia) Shadora (Gwalior) Shahabad (Awadh) Shahabad Qanauj (Mughal, Rohilkhand, Awadh) Shahgarh Qanauj (Mughal) Shahjahanabad (Dehli - Mughal, Bhilwara, Bindraban, Chitor, Mathura, Shapura, Udaipur, also fictitious for Bagalkot, Jaisalmir, Satara-EIC)

Siirt (Sa‘irt - Turkey) Sijilmasa (Sizilmassa - Morocco) Sikakul (Chicacole - Mughal) Sikandarah (Sikandra – Mughal)

Singgora (Thailand)

Tappal (Mughal)

Sira

Taqidemt (Algiers)

(Mughal) Sironj (Mughal, Indore, Tonk) Siroz (see Serez - Turkey)

Sitamau (Sitamo)

Tarim (the Yemen)

Sitapur (Mughal) Sitpur (Sidhpur in Gujarat? Mughal) Sivas (Siwas - Turkey) Sofia (Turkey)

Shamakhi (Shamakha, Shemakhi - Iran, Azerbaijan)

Sreberniçe (Serbernichna - Turkey) Sri

Shergarh (Shirgarh - Mughal) Sherkot (Mughal) Sherpur (Shirpur - Mughal) Shikarpur (Sind) Shiraz (Iran) Shirvan (Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey) Sholapur (Mughal) Shustar (Iran) Siak (Netherlands East Indies) Sidrekipsi (Turkey)

Tarablus Gharb (Tripoli West - in Libya) Tarapatri (Mughal)

al-Somal al-Italyaniya (Italian Somaliland, Somalia)

Sheopur (Gwalior)

Tarablus (Tripoli in Lebanon)

Sistan (Iran)

Shakola (Mughal)

Shekki (Iran)

Tanda (Akbarpur - Bengal Sultanate, Mughal, Awadh) Tanja (Tangier - Morocco)

Sojat (Jodhpur)

ash-Sharja (Sharja - United Arab Emirates)

Tana Ugi (Land of the Bugis Netherlands East Indies)

Sind (Mughal, Sind state, Afghanistan, Iran)

Shahr-Gözlü (see Gözlü - Krim)

Sharakat Almaniya (German East Africa Co.)

Tanah Malayu (Land of the Malays Sumatra, Malacca, Straits Settlements)

(Amritsar)

Tashkand (Tashkent - Central Asia) Tashqurghan (Afghanistan) Tatta (Tattah - Mughal, Sind, Afghanistan) Tehran (Iran) Tellicherry (French India, Bombay Presidency) Termez (Central Asia) Tetuan (Tetouan, Titwan - Morocco) Tibet (Mughal, Ladakh)

Sri Akalpur (Malkarian)

Tiflis (Georgia, Iran)

Srinagar (Mughal, Garhwal, Kashmir)

Tilimsan (Tlemcen, Aghadir - Algiers)

Srinagar (in Bundelkhand - Maratha) Sultanabad (Iran) Sultanpur (Mughal) Sumenep (Netherlands East Indies) Surat (Mughal, French India, Bombay Presidency, fictitious for Chand) Suriya (Syria) al-Suwair/al-Suwaira (Essaouir, Essaouira Mogador, Morocco) Tabaristan (Iran) Tabriz (Iran, Turkey) Tadpatri (Mughal) Ta‘izz (the Yemen)

Tirat Hardwar (Hardwar) Tire (Turkey)

Tokat (Tuqat - Turkey) Tonk (Tonk state) Toragal (Mughal, Maratha) Trabzon (Trebizond - Turkey) Trengganu (Straits Settlements, Malaya) Tunis (Tunisia) Tuyserkan (Iran) Udaipur (Muhammadabad - Mughal) Udgir (Mughal) Ujjain (Mughal, Gwalior)

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XXXIX Friday, November 17, 2006 9:04 AM

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO EASTERN MINT NAMES Ujjain Dar al-Fath (Gwalior) Ujjainpur (Mughal)

MINT EPITHETS Geographical Terms:

Umarkot (Mughal)

Baldat (City - Agra, Allahabad, Burhanpur, Bikanir, Patna, Sarhind, Ujjain)

Umm al-Qaiwain (United Arab Emirates)

Bandar (Port - Dewal, Hari, Surat, Machhlipatan)

United Arab Emirates (see al-Imarat al-‘Arabiya al-Muttahida)

Dakhil (Breach, Entrance - Chitor)

Urdu (Camp mint - Mughal, Central Asia, Iran)

Dawla/Daula (State, State of)

Urdu Dar Rahi-i-Dakkin (Mughal)

Hazrat (Royal Residence - Fas, Marakesh, Dehli)

Urdu Zafar Qirin (Mughal)

Khitta (District - Awadh, Kalpi, Kashmir, Lakhnau)

al-Urdunn (Jordan) Urumchi (China - Sinkiang)

Urumi (Urumia, Urmia, Reza’iya - Iran)

Negri (State of - Straits Settlements, Malaya, Netherlands East Indies, Thailand) Qasba (Town - Panipat, Sherkot) Qila (Fort - Agra, Alwar, Bandhu, Gwalior, Punch)

Dar-ul-Mansur (Abode of the Victorious Ajmer, Jodhpur) Dar-ul-Mulk (Seat of Kingship - Dehli, Fathpur, Kabul) Dar an-Nusrat (Abode of Succor - Herat) Dar-ur-Riyasa (Seat of the Chief of State Jaisalmir) Dar-us-Salam (Abode of Peace - Dogaon, Mandisor, Legeh) Dar-us-Saltana (Seat of the Sultanate Ahmadabad, Burhanpur, Fathpur, Herat, Kabul, Kora, Lahore) Dar-ul-Surur (Abode of Happiness Bahawalpur, Burhanpur, Saharanpur) Dar-uz-Zafar (Seat of Victory - Advani, Bijapur) Dar-uz-Zarb (Seat of the Mint - Jaunpur, Kalpi, Patna) Farkhanda Bunyad (Of Auspicious Foundation Hyderabad)

Ushi (China - Sinkiang)

Qila Muqam (Fort Residence - Gwalior)

Hazrat (Venerable - Dehli)

Üsküp (Uskub, Skopje, Kosovo Turkey)

Qita

Khujista Bunyad (Of Fortunate Foundation Aurangabad)

Van (Wan - Turkey, Armenia) Varne (Turkey) al-Yaman (the Yemen) Yarkand (China - Sinkiang) Yarkhissarmaran (China - Sinkiang) Yazd (Iran) Yenishehr (Larissa - Turkey) Za (Taorirt - Morocco)

(District - Bareli) Sarkar (County - Lakhnau, Torgal) Shahr (City - Anhirwala Pattan) Suba (Province - Awadh) Tirtha (Shrine - Hardwar)

Poetic Allusion: Ashraf al-Bilad (Most Noble of Cities Qandahar/Ahmadshahi) Baldat-i-Fakhira (Splendid City - Burhanpur)

Zabid (the Yemen)

Bandar-i-Mubarak (Blessed Port - Surat)

Zafarabad (Bidar - Mughal, Gurramkonda - Mysore)

Dar-ul-Aman (Abode of Security - Agra, Jammu, Multan, Sarhind)

Zafarnagar (Fathabad - Mughal)

Dar-ul-Barakat (Abode of Blessings Jodhpur, Nagor)

Zafarpur (Mughal)

Dar-ul-Fath (Seat of Conquest - Ujjain)

Zain-ul-Bilad (Ahmadabad - Mughal)

Dar-ul-Islam (Abode of Islam - Bahawalpur, Dogaon, Mandisor)

Zanjibar (Zanjibara - Zanzibar)

Dar-ul-Jihad (Seat of Holy War Hyderabad)

Zebabad (Mughal, Sardhanah)

Dar-ul-Khair (Abode of Beneficence Ajmer)

Zegam (Zigam - Iran)

Dar-ul-Khilafa (Abode of the Caliphate Agra, Ahmadabad, Akbarabad, Akbarpur Tanda, Awadh, Bahraich, Daulatabad, Dogaon, Gorakpur, Gwalior, Jaunpur, Kanauj, Lahore, Lakhnau, Malpur, Shahgarh, Shahjahanabad, Tehran, the Yemen)

Zinjan (Zanjan - Iran) al-Zuhra (the Yemen)

Mustaqarr-ul-Khilafa (Residence of the Caliphate Akbarabad, Ajmer) Mustaqarr-ul-Mulk (Abode of Kingship Akbarabad, Azimabad) Sawai (One-fourth, i.e. “a notch better” - Jaipur) Umm al-Bilad (Mother of Cities - Balkh) Zain-ul-Bilad (The Most-Beautiful of Cities – Ahmadabad)

XXXIX

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XL Friday, November 17, 2006 10:05 AM

XL

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SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XLI Friday, November 17, 2006 8:50 AM

DENOMINATION INDEX

XLI

DENOMINATION INDEX Abazi ............................................................................................ Georgia Abbasi ...................................................................................... Azerbaijan Abbasi ................................................................................................. Iran Ackey....................................................................................... Gold Coast Adli Altin ..........................................................................................Turkey Akahi Dala ...................................................................................... Hawaii Akce ................................................................................................Turkey Akcheh ............................................................................................. Egypt Altin .................................................................................................Turkey Amman Cash .................................................................................... India Anataraya .......................................................................................... India Anna .................................................................................................. India Anna .......................................................................................... Mombasa Anna ................................................................................ Muscar & Oman Anna ............................................................................................... Yemen Argentino ....................................................................................Argentina Ashrafi .................................................................................... Afghanistan Ashrafi ............................................................................................... India Asper .............................................................................................. Algeria Asper ................................................................................................ Egypt Att..............................................................................................Cambodia Att................................................................................................ Thailand Aurar...............................................................................................Iceland Baht............................................................................................. Thailand Baiocchi................................................................................ Italian States Baiocco ................................................................................ Italian States Baiza ...............................................................................................Kuwait Baiza .............................................................................................. Yemen Ban ..............................................................................................Romania Bani .............................................................................................Romania Banu ............................................................................................Romania Batzen ............................................................................... Swiss Cantons Batzen .....................................................................................Switzerland Bazarucos ......................................................................................... India Benduqi ....................................................................................... Morocco Birr................................................................................................ Ethiopia Bisti .......................................................................................... Azerbaijan Bisti .............................................................................................. Georgia Bit ............................................................................................... Dominica Bit ......................................................................... Essequibo & Demerary Bit ................................................................................................ Grenada Bit .............................................................................................St. Vincent Black Dog .................................................................................St. Vincent Bolivar ...................................................................................... Venezuela Bolivar ...................................................................................... Venezuela Boliviano..........................................................................................Bolivia Bolognino ............................................................................. Italian States Bu .................................................................................................... Japan Budju .............................................................................................. Algeria Buqsha ........................................................................................... Yemen Cache ................................................................................................ India Cagliarese ............................................................................ Italian States Candereen .......................................................................................China Carlini ................................................................................... Italian States Carolin .......................................................................................... Sweden Cash .................................................................................................China Cash .................................................................................................. India Cash ........................................................................................... Viet Nam Cavalli................................................................................... Italian States Cedid Mahmudiye ...........................................................................Turkey Cent.................................................................................British Honduras Cent.......................................................................... British North Borneo Cent.................................................................................................Brunei Cent...............................................................................................Canada Cent................................................................................................ Ceylon Cent..................................................................................................China Cent............................................................................ Danish West Indies Cent..........................................................................French Cochin China Cent..............................................................................French Indo-China Cent......................................................................................... Hong Kong Cent................................................................................................ Liberia Cent............................................................................................... Pahang Cent............................................................................................... Penang Cent............................................................................................ Mauritius

Cent ....................................................................................... Netherlands Cent .................................................................... Netherlands East Indies Cent .............................................................................................Sarawak Cent ...................................................................................... Sierra Leone Cent ............................................................................ Straits Settlements Cent ..................................................................................... United States Cent ................................................................................................ Hawaii Centavo...................................................................................... Argentina Centavo........................................................................................... Bolivia Centavo............................................................................................. Chile Centavo.................................................................................... Costa Rica Centavo............................................................................................. Cuba Centavo......................................................................Dominican Republic Centavo................................................................................... El Salvador Centavo.................................................................................... Guatemala Centavo...................................................................................... Honduras Centavo.......................................................................................... Mexico Centavo..................................................................................... Nicaragua Centavo...................................................................................... Paraguay Centavo.............................................................................................. Peru Centavo.................................................................................... Philippines Centavo...................................................................................Puerto Rico Centavo..................................................................................... Venezuela Centecimo....................................................................................... Bolivia Centesimi ........................................................................................ Eritrea Centesimi ..............................................................................Italian States Centesimi ............................................................................................ Italy Centesimi ................................................................................ San Marino Centesimo..................................................................Dominican Republic Centesimo.............................................................................Italian States Centesimo........................................................................................... Italy Centesimo.................................................................................. Paraguay Centesimo.................................................................................... Uruguay Centime ........................................................................................Belgium Centime .................................................................................... Cambodia Centime ...................................................................................... Comoros Centime ........................................................................ Congo Free State Centime ........................................................................................... Egypt Centime ..........................................................................................France Centime ...........................................................................French Colonies Centime ............................................................................. French Guiana Centime ............................................................................ German States Centime ............................................................................................. Haiti Centime ........................................................................... Isle de Bourbon Centime .................................................................................Luxembourg Centime ....................................................................................Martinique Centime ........................................................................................Monaco Centime ....................................................................................... Reunion Centime .............................................................................Swiss Cantons Centime ......................................................................................... Tunisia Centimo ............................................................................................. Peru Centimo ................................................................................... Philippines Centimo ..................................................................................Puerto Rico Centimo ........................................................................................... Spain Centimo .................................................................................... Venezuela Chang ..........................................................................................Thailand Ch'ien............................................................................................... China Chifte Rumi ...................................................................................... Egypt Cho Gin............................................................................................Japan Chon ................................................................................................ Korea Christians D'Or ........................................................................... Denmark Chuckram...........................................................................................India Convention Thaler............................................................. Austrian States Corona ........................................................................................... Austria Crown ................................................................................... Great Britain Crown .......................................................................................St. Helena Daler .........................................................................................Greenland Dam ................................................................................................. Nepal Decime............................................................................................France Decime..........................................................................................Monaco Decimo.............................................................................................. Chile Decimo......................................................................................... Ecuador Denari ...................................................................................Italian States Denari ................................................................................Swiss Cantons DENOMINATION INDEX

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XLII Friday, November 17, 2006 8:50 AM

XLII

DENOMINATION INDEX

Denga............................................................................................. Russia Denier................................................................................................. Haiti Denier................................................................................ Swiss Cantons Dhinglo .............................................................................................. India Dime ..........................................................................................Nicaragua Dime .................................................................................... United States Dime ............................................................................................... Hawaii Dinar.................................................................................................... Iran Dinar................................................................................................Serbia Dinara..............................................................................................Serbia Dinero.................................................................................................Peru Dinero............................................................................................... Spain Dirham......................................................................................... Morocco Dog........................................................................................... Montserrat Dokdo ................................................................................................ India Dollar ........................................................................... British West Indies Dollar ............................................................................................ Canada Dollar ................................................................................................China Dollar ................................................................................................China Dollar .....................................................................................Great Britain Dollar ....................................................................................... Hong Kong Dollar ...................................................................................... Puerto Rico Dollar ............................................................................... St. Kitts & Nevis Dollar .................................................................................... Sierra Leone Dollar ........................................................................................... Thailand Dollar ................................................................................... United States Doppia .................................................................................. Italian States Double ....................................................................................... Guernsey Doudou.............................................................................................. India Drachma........................................................................................ Greece Drachmai ....................................................................................... Greece Dreiling ..............................................................................German States Dub.................................................................................................... India Ducat .............................................................................................. Austria Ducat .................................................................................Austrian States Ducat .................................................................................German States Ducat ........................................................................................... Hungary Ducat ......................................................................................Netherlands Ducat ............................................................................................ Sweden Ducat Specie .............................................................................. Denmark Ducati ................................................................................... Italian States Ducaton ...............................................................Netherlands East Indies Duit ......................................................................Netherlands East Indies Duitola Asarphi .................................................................................Nepal Dukat .............................................................................................. Poland Duplone ............................................................................. Swiss Cantons Duro.................................................................................................. Spain Escalin................................................................................... Guadeloupe Escalin................................................................................................ Haiti Escalin......................................................................................... St. Lucia Escudo .......................................................................................Argentina Escudo ........................................................................................... Bolivia Escudo ........................................................... Central American Republic Escudo ..............................................................................................Chile Escudo ....................................................................................... Colombia Escudo .................................................................................... Costa Rica Escudo .........................................................................................Ecuador Escudo .................................................................................... Guatemala Escudo ...........................................................................................Mexico Escudo ...............................................................................................Peru Escudo .....................................................................................Philippines Escudo .........................................................................................Portugal Escudo ............................................................................................. Spain Fals................................................................................................. Tunisia Falus....................................................................................... Afghanistan Falus...................................................................................... Central Asia Falus.................................................................................................China Falus.................................................................................................. India Falus.................................................................................................... Iran Falus............................................................................................ Morocco Fanam ............................................................................................ Ceylon Fanam ............................................................................................... India Fano .................................................................................................. India Fanon ................................................................................................ India Farthing ....................................................................... Antigua & Barbuda Farthing .................................................................................Great Britain Farthing .......................................................................................... Ireland Farthing ................................................................................... Isle of Man Farthing ........................................................................................Jamaica

Farthing.........................................................................Trinidad & Tobago Fels ................................................................................................ Algeria Fen ................................................................................................... China Filler .............................................................................................Hungary Florin .............................................................................................. Austria Florin ..................................................................................... Great Britain Florin ...................................................................................... Netherlands Florino ...................................................................................Italian States Forint............................................................................................Hungary Franc .............................................................................................. Austria Franc ............................................................................................ Belgium Franc ........................................................................................... Comoros Franc ............................................................................. Congo Free State Franc .................................................................................................. Zara Franc .............................................................................................. Croatia Franc ................................................................................................ Egypt Franc .............................................................................................. France Franc ............................................................................................Hungary Franc .....................................................................................Italian States Franc .........................................................................................Martinique Franc .............................................................................................Monaco Franc ...................................................................................... Montenegro Franc ..............................................................................................Cattaro Franc ............................................................................................ Reunion Franc ..................................................................................Swiss Cantons Franc ....................................................................................... Switzerland Franc .............................................................................................. Tunisia Francescone .........................................................................Italian States Franchi ..................................................................................Italian States Franchi ...............................................................................Swiss Cantons Franco ........................................................................Dominican Republic Franco ................................................................................Swiss Cantons Frank ..................................................................................Swiss Cantons Franken ............................................................................. German States Franken ..............................................................................Swiss Cantons Franken ................................................................................... Switzerland Frederiks D'Or.............................................................................Denmark Friedrich D'Or.................................................................... German States Fuang........................................................................................ Cambodia Fuang...........................................................................................Thailand Fun...................................................................................................Japan Fun................................................................................................... Korea Gazetta ............................................................................... Ionian Islands Gazettae ............................................................................. Ionian Islands Gersh ........................................................................................... Ethiopia Giulio.....................................................................................Italian States Goldgulden........................................................................ German States Goryoban .........................................................................................Japan Gourde ............................................................................................... Haiti Gram .........................................................................................Venezuela Gramo ........................................................................................ Argentina Grana ....................................................................................Italian States Grani .....................................................................................Italian States Grano ....................................................................................Italian States Groschel............................................................................ German States Groschen .......................................................................... German States Groschen ....................................................................................... Poland Grosetti ......................................................................................... Ragusa Grosso ..................................................................................Italian States Grosz ............................................................................................. Danzig Grosz ............................................................................................. Poland Grosze ........................................................................................... Poland Groszy............................................................................................ Poland Grote ................................................................................. German States Guilder ................................................................................British Guiana Guilder ................................................................. Essequibo & Demerary Guinea .................................................................................. Great Britain Gulden .........................................................................................Curacao Gulden .............................................................................. German States Gulden ................................................................................... Netherlands Gulden ................................................................ Netherlands East Indies Gute Groschen.................................................................. German States Half Dollar ............................................................................ United States Hapa Haneri.................................................................................... Hawaii Hapaha ........................................................................................... Hawaii Hapalua........................................................................................... Hawaii Hapawalu ........................................................................................ Hawaii Harf .................................................................................................Yemen Hayriye Altin ........................................................................................ Iraq

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XLIII Friday, November 17, 2006 8:50 AM

DENOMINATION INDEX Hayriye Altin ....................................................................................Turkey Heller .............................................................................................. Austria Heller .................................................................................German States Ja'u .................................................................................................... India Jokoh........................................................................................... Kelantan Kabir ............................................................................................... Yemen Kali Fanam ........................................................................................ India Kazbeg ..................................................................................... Azerbaijan Keping ..........................................................................................Malacca Keping .............................................................................................. Perak Keping .........................................................................................Selangor Keping ...................................................................................... Trengganu Keping ................................................................. Netherlands East Indies Keping ......................................................................................... Sarawak Keping ......................................................................................... Thailand Kham Rupee ..................................................................................... India Kharub............................................................................................ Tunisia Kharuba.......................................................................................... Algeria Khumsi ........................................................................................... Yemen King-Par Tangka ................................................................................ Tibet Koban .............................................................................................. Japan Kopek ............................................................................................. Poland Kopek ............................................................................................. Russia Kori .................................................................................................... India Korona......................................................................................... Hungary Krajczar ....................................................................................... Hungary Kran..................................................................................................... Iran Kreuzer........................................................................................... Austria Kreuzer..............................................................................Austrian States Kreuzer..............................................................................German States Kreuzer.............................................................................. Swiss Cantons Krona............................................................................................ Sweden Krone.............................................................................................. Austria Krone.......................................................................................... Denmark Krone.................................................................................German States Krone.................................................................................... Liechtenstein Krone............................................................................................. Norway Kronen.................................................................................. Liechtenstein Kroner ........................................................................................ Denmark Kroner ...................................................................................... Greenland Kroner ........................................................................................... Norway Kronor .......................................................................................... Sweden Kupang ........................................................................................ Thailand Kurush .............................................................................................Turkey Kyat ................................................................................................ Burma Lang ........................................................................................... Viet Nam Lari ................................................................................... Maldive Islands Lariat ................................................................................ Maldive Islands Larin ................................................................................. Maldive Islands Lei ...............................................................................................Romania Lepta ................................................................................................ Crete Lepta ............................................................................................. Greece Lepta ................................................................................... Ionian Islands Lepton .............................................................................................. Crete Lepton ........................................................................................... Greece Lepton ................................................................................. Ionian Islands Leu ..............................................................................................Romania Lev................................................................................................ Bulgaria Leva.............................................................................................. Bulgaria Liang ................................................................................................China Libra ...................................................................................................Peru Lira ................................................................................................. Eritrea Lira ....................................................................................... Italian States Lira ......................................................................................................Italy Lira ..........................................................................................San Marino Lire ....................................................................................... Italian States Lire ......................................................................................................Italy Lire ..........................................................................................San Marino Livre .......................................................................................Guadeloupe Livre ................................................................................. Isle de Bourbon Livre ............................................................................................ St. Lucia Livres........................................................................................ Martinique Mace ................................................................................................China Macuta ........................................................................................... Angola Mahaleki ....................................................................................... Ethiopia Mahbub ............................................................................................ Egypt Mahmudi .............................................................................Saudia Arabia Mahmudi .............................................................................. Hejaz & Nejd Mameita Gin .................................................................................... Japan

XLIII

Mangir ............................................................................................... Libya Mangir ............................................................................................. Turkey Maravedi .......................................................................................... Spain Maravedi ...................................................................................Venezuela Mariengroschen ................................................................ German States Mark .........................................................................German New Guinea Mark .................................................................................. German States Mark ............................................................................................Germany Markka ...........................................................................................Finland Markkaa .........................................................................................Finland Mat.................................................................................................. Burma Maticaes ............................................................................... Mozambique Melgarejo ........................................................................................ Bolivia Memduhiye Altin ............................................................................. Turkey Mil ............................................................................................Hong Kong Miscal............................................................................................... China Mohar............................................................................................... Nepal Mohur......................................................................................Afghanistan Mohur.................................................................................................India Mohur.................................................................. Netherlands East Indies Momme ............................................................................................Japan Mon..................................................................................................Japan Mu ................................................................................................... Burma Mudra.................................................................................................India Mun.................................................................................................. Korea Nasri .............................................................................................. Tunisia Nazarana Mohur ................................................................................India Nazarana New Paisa .........................................................................India Nazarana Old Paisa ...........................................................................India Nazarana Rupee.....................................................................Afghanistan Nazarana Rupee................................................................................India Nazarana Takka .................................................................................India Neu-Grosshen .................................................................. German States New Adli Altin.................................................................................. Turkey New Paisa ..........................................................................................India Oban ................................................................................................Japan Obol .................................................................................... Ionian Islands Oboli ................................................................................... Ionian Islands Octavo...................................................................................... Philippines Onca ..................................................................................... Mozambique Oncie ....................................................................................Italian States Onza ............................................................................................... Bolivia Onza ........................................................................................ Costa Rica Ore.............................................................................................. Denmark Ore............................................................................................Greenland Ore.................................................................................................Norway Ore................................................................................................Sweden Pagoda...............................................................................................India Pai................................................................................................Thailand Paisa ..................................................................................................India Paisa ..................................................................................................India Paisa ................................................................................................ Nepal Pana...................................................................................................India Paoli ......................................................................................Italian States Paolo.....................................................................................Italian States Para ................................................................................................. Egypt Para .................................................................................... Ionian Islands Para .................................................................................................... Iraq Para .................................................................................................. Libya Para ................................................................................................ Serbia Para ................................................................................................ Sudan Para ................................................................................................ Turkey Para ................................................................................................Yemen Parado ...............................................................................................India Parale...................................................................... Moldavia & Wallachia Pasa........................................................................................Afghanistan Pavali .................................................................................................India Pe.................................................................................................... Burma Pe.............................................................................................. Cambodia Peca ............................................................................................. Portugal Pence...........................................................................................Australia Pence.................................................................................. British Guiana Pence..............................................................................................Tortola Pence..........................................................................................Dominica Pence...................................................................................... El Salvador Pence.................................................................................... Great Britain Pence..............................................................................................Ireland Pence....................................................................................... Isle of Man Pence.............................................................................................. Jersey

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XLIV Friday, November 17, 2006 8:50 AM

XLIV

DENOMINATION INDEX

Pence ................................................................................... Mozambique Pence ....................................................................................... St. Helena Pence .............................................................................. St. Kitts & Nevis Pence .......................................................................................... Scotland Pence .................................................................................... South Africa Pence ........................................................................... Trinidad & Tobago Penni ............................................................................................. Finland Pennia ........................................................................................... Finland Penny .......................................................................................... Australia Penny ......................................................................................... Bahamas Penny ............................................................................. British Honduras Penny ........................................................................................... Canada Penny ....................................................................................Great Britain Penny ............................................................................................. Ireland Penny ...................................................................................... Isle of Man Penny ...........................................................................................Jamaica Penny ..............................................................................................Jersey Penny ................................................................................... New Zealand Penny .............................................................................................Nigeria Penny ....................................................................................... St. Helena Penny ................................................................................... Sierra Leone Penny .................................................................................... South Africa Penny ........................................................................... Trinidad & Tobago Perpero..........................................................................................Ragusa Pesa ...........................................................................German East Africa Peseta ................................................................................................Peru Peseta .............................................................................................. Spain Peso ...........................................................................................Argentina Peso ..................................................................................................Chile Peso ........................................................................................... Colombia Peso ........................................................................................ Costa Rica Peso ................................................................................................. Cuba Peso ............................................................................................ Curacao Peso .......................................................................... Dominican Republic Peso ........................................................................................El Salvador Peso ........................................................................................ Guatemala Peso .......................................................................................... Honduras Peso ...............................................................................................Mexico Peso ........................................................................................... Paraguay Peso ...................................................................................................Peru Peso .........................................................................................Philippines Peso ....................................................................................... Puerto Rico Peso .............................................................................................Uruguay Peso Fuerte................................................................................ Paraguay Pfennig .................................................................... German New Guinea Pfennig ..............................................................................German States Pfennig ....................................................................................... Germany Pfennig .............................................................................. Swiss Cantons Pfennige ............................................................................German States Pfenning ............................................................................Austrian States Pfenninge ..........................................................................German States Phan ........................................................................................... Viet Nam Phoenix ......................................................................................... Greece Piastre ............................................................................................Cyprus Piastre .............................................................................................. Egypt Piastre ..................................................................... French Cochin China Piastre ......................................................................... French Indo-China Piastre ................................................................................................. Iraq Piastre .............................................................................................Sudan Piastre ............................................................................................ Tunisia Pice ................................................................................................ Ceylon Pice ..........................................................................................East Africa Pice ........................................................................................... Mombasa Pie ..................................................................................................... India Pilon ...............................................................................................Mexico Pistole................................................................................German States Pit ................................................................................................ Thailand Pitis..................................................................................................Brunei Pitis.............................................................................................. Kelantan Pitis..............................................................................................Selangor Pitis........................................................................................... Trengganu Pitis......................................................................Netherlands East Indies Pitis.............................................................................................. Thailand Poltina............................................................................................. Russia Polupoltinnik ................................................................................... Russia Polushka......................................................................................... Russia Pond ...................................................................................... South Africa Pot Dueng.................................................................................... Thailand Pound .......................................................................................... Australia

Pound............................................................................................... Egypt Pound.................................................................................... Great Britain Pound....................................................................................... St. Vincent Pul.......................................................................................... Central Asia Puli ................................................................................................Georgia Puttun.................................................................................................India Pya.................................................................................................. Burma Pysa ................................................................................................Yemen Qirsh ................................................................................................ Egypt Quan ...........................................................................................Viet Nam Quart............................................................................................Gibraltar Quarter Dollar ...................................................................... United States Quarto...................................................................................... Philippines Quarto.............................................................................................. Spain Quattrini ................................................................................Italian States Quattrino ...............................................................................Italian States Ranjana Tangka ................................................................................ Tibet Rappen ..............................................................................Swiss Cantons Rappen ................................................................................... Switzerland Reaal............................................................................................ Curacao Real............................................................................................ Argentina Real................................................................................................. Bolivia Real.................................................................Central American Republic Real................................................................................................... Chile Real............................................................................................ Colombia Real.......................................................................................... Costa Rica Real................................................................................................... Cuba Real............................................................................Dominican Republic Real.............................................................................................. Ecuador Real......................................................................................... El Salvador Real.......................................................................................... Guatemala Real............................................................................................ Honduras Real................................................................................................ Mexico Real....................................................................................... Mozambique Real........................................................................................... Nicaragua Real............................................................................................ Paraguay Real.................................................................................................... Peru Real.......................................................................................... Philippines Real.........................................................................................Puerto Rico Real....................................................................................... St. Eustatius Real.................................................................................................. Spain Real.................................................................................................. Timor Real...........................................................................................Venezuela Real Batu ............................................................ Netherlands East Indies Reale.....................................................................................Italian States Reichsbank Schilling......................................................... German States Reis................................................................................................ Angola Reis................................................................................................ Azores Reis...................................................................................................Brazil Reis....................................................................................................India Reis.................................................................................. Madeira Islands Reis....................................................................................... Mozambique Reis.............................................................................................. Portugal Reis.......................................................................... St. Thomas & Prince Rial.................................................................................. British Honduras Rial...................................................................................................... Iran Rigsbankdaler .............................................................................Denmark Rigsbankskilling .......................................................................... Denmark Rigsdaler..................................................................................... Denmark Rigsdaler...................................................................................Greenland Rijksdaaler ............................................................................. Netherlands Riksdaler .......................................................................................Sweden Riksdaler Riksmynt .......................................................................Sweden Riksdaler Specie ...........................................................................Sweden Rin....................................................................................................Japan Rixdollar ......................................................................................... Ceylon Riyal .............................................................................French Somaliland Rouble............................................................................................ Russia Royalin ...............................................................................................India Royaliner ............................................................................................India Ruble.............................................................................................. Poland Rumi Altin........................................................................................ Turkey Rupee .................................................................................... Afghanistan Rupee ............................................................................Andaman Islands Rupee ............................................................................................ Bhutan Rupee ..........................................................................French Somaliland Rupee ................................................................................................India Rupee ........................................................................................Mombasa Rupee ................................................................................... Mozambique

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XLV Friday, November 17, 2006 8:50 AM

DENOMINATION INDEX Rupee.................................................................. Netherlands East Indies Rupee............................................................................................. Yemen Rupi ..................................................................................................... Iran Rupia ................................................................................................. India Rupie ..........................................................................German East Africa Rupien ........................................................................German East Africa Ruspone ............................................................................... Italian States Ryal ................................................................................................ Yemen Salu'ng ........................................................................................ Thailand Sanar...................................................................................... Afghanistan Sapeque ...................................................................French Cochin China Sapeque .......................................................................French Indo-China Satang ......................................................................................... Thailand Satimi ...................................................................... Moldavia & Wallachia Schilling .......................................................................................... Poland Schilling ............................................................................. Swiss Cantons Schsling.............................................................................German States Schwaren ..........................................................................German States Scudi .................................................................................... Italian States Scudo ..............................................................................................Bolivia Scudo ................................................................................... Italian States Sechsling...........................................................................German States Seer................................................................................................... India Sel ..................................................................................................... India Sen .................................................................................................. Japan Shahi ...................................................................................... Afghanistan Shahi ................................................................................................... Iran Shahi Sefid .......................................................................................... Iran Shilling......................................................................................... Australia Shilling.............................................................................British Honduras Shilling............................................................................................ Tortola Shilling...........................................................................................Canada Shilling........................................................................................ Dominica Shilling..................................................................................... El Salvador Shilling...............................................................................German States Shilling................................................................................... Great Britain Shilling........................................................................................Guernsey Shilling............................................................................................ Ireland Shilling......................................................................................Isle of Man Shilling.............................................................................................Jersey Shilling...................................................................................Mozambique Shilling...................................................................................... St. Helena Shilling......................................................................................St. Vincent Shilling......................................................................................... Scotland Shilling................................................................................... South Africa Shilling.......................................................................... Trinidad & Tobago Sho .................................................................................................... Tibet Shu .................................................................................................. Japan Silbergroschen ..................................................................German States Skildingar .......................................................................................Iceland Skilling ........................................................................ Danish West Indies Skilling ........................................................................................ Denmark Skilling ...................................................................................... Greenland Skilling ........................................................................................... Norway Skilling .................................................................................... Puerto Rico Skilling .......................................................................................... Sweden Skilling Rigsmont........................................................................ Denmark Sol ..............................................................................................Argentina Sol ...................................................................................................Bolivia Sol ...................................................................................................... Haiti Sol ......................................................................................................Peru Sol ..................................................................................... Swiss Cantons Soldi ..................................................................................... Italian States Soldi .................................................................................. Swiss Cantons Soldo .................................................................................... Italian States Song Pai...................................................................................... Thailand Sou ................................................................................................Canada Sou .....................................................................................French Guiana Sou .........................................................................................Guadeloupe Sou ............................................................................................. Mauritius Sou ..................................................................................St. Bartholomew Sou .............................................................................................. St. Lucia Sovereign .................................................................................... Australia Sovereign ..............................................................................Great Britain Sovereign .......................................................................................... India Sovrano ................................................................................ Italian States Specie Daler.................................................................................. Norway Speciedaler ................................................................................ Denmark Stampee ...................................................................................... St. Lucia

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Stampee .................................................................................. St. Vincent Stella .................................................................................... United States Stiver................................................................................... British Guiana Stiver.............................................................................................. Ceylon Stiver.....................................................................Essequibo & Demerary Stiver............................................................................... St. Bartholomew Stotinki ......................................................................................... Bulgaria Stuber ............................................................................... German States Stuiver.......................................................................................... Curacao Stuiver.................................................................................... Netherlands Stuiver................................................................. Netherlands East Indies Stuiver................................................................................... St. Eustatius Stuiver........................................................................................ St. Martin Sucre ........................................................................................... Ecuador Sueldo.............................................................................................. Spain Sultani ............................................................................................ Algeria Sultani ............................................................................................... Libya Sultani ............................................................................................ Tunisia Surre Altin ....................................................................................... Turkey Szelag ............................................................................................ Danzig Tackoe......................................................................................Gold Coast Tael .................................................................................................. China Takka .................................................................................................India Talar ................................................................................................Poland Talara ..............................................................................................Poland Taler ............................................................................................. Hungary Tallero ............................................................................................. Eritrea Tamlung .......................................................................................Thailand Tanga .................................................................................................India Tangka ...............................................................................................Tibet Tari ........................................................................................Italian States Tek Rumi .......................................................................................... Egypt Tenga ..................................................................................... Central Asia Testone .................................................................................Italian States Thaler............................................................................................. Austria Thaler................................................................................ Austrian States Thaler................................................................................ German States Thaler................................................................................... Liechtenstein Thaler.................................................................................... Mozambique Tical .......................................................................................... Cambodia Tien............................................................................................. Viet Nam Tilla .........................................................................................Afghanistan Tilla ........................................................................................ Central Asia Tilla .................................................................................................. China Tlaco .............................................................................................. Mexico Toka Cash ..........................................................................................India Tola .................................................................................................. Nepal Toman .....................................................................................Afghanistan Toman ................................................................................................. Iran Tornese .................................................................................Italian States Tornesi ..................................................................................Italian States Tot ................................................................................................Thailand Tra ................................................................................................... Kedah Trade Dollar .....................................................................................Japan Trade Dollar ......................................................................... United States Trambiyo ............................................................................................India Umi Keneta ..................................................................................... Hawaii Unit ............................................................................. French West Africa Van.............................................................................................. Viet Nam Vararaya Fanam.................................................................................India Velli Fanam ........................................................................................India Venezolano ...............................................................................Venezuela Warn ................................................................................................ Korea Werk .............................................................................................Ethiopia Xerafim ..............................................................................................India Yang ................................................................................................. Korea Yen ...................................................................................................Japan Yuzluk ............................................................................................. Turkey Zecchino ...............................................................................Italian States Zechini ..................................................................................Italian States Zeri Mahbub..................................................................................... Egypt Zeri Mahbub...................................................................................... Libya Zeri Mahbub.................................................................................... Turkey Zlote ................................................................................................Poland Zloty ................................................................................................Poland Zlotych ............................................................................................Poland Zlotych ............................................................................................Russia Zolota.............................................................................................. Turkey

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XLVI Friday, November 17, 2006 8:50 AM

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HEJIRA DATE CONVERSION CHART

HEJIRA DATE CONVERSION CHART HEJIRA DATE CONVERSION CHART

HEJIRA (Hijira, Hegira), the name of the Muslim era (A.H. = Anno Hegirae) dates back to the Christian year 622 when Mohammed â&#x20AC;&#x153;fledâ&#x20AC;? from Mecca, escaping to Medina to avoid persecution from the Koreish tribemen. Based on a lunar year the Muslim year is 11 days shorter. *=Leap Year (Christian Calendar) AH Hejira 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082

AD Christian Date 1601, July 2 1602, June 21 1603, June 11 1604, May 30 1605, May 19 1606, May 19 1607, May 9 1608, April 28 1609, April 6 1608, April 28 1609, April 6 1610, March 26 1611, March 16 1612, March 4 1613, February 21 1614, February 11 1615, January 31 1616, January 20 1617, January 9 1617, December 29 1618, December 19 1619, December 8 1620, November 26 1621, November 16 1622, November 5 1623, October 25 1624, October 14 1625, October 3 1626, September 22 1627, Septembe 12 1628, August 31 1629, August 21 1630, July 10 1631, July 30 1632, July 19 1633, July 8 1634, June 27 1635, June 17 1636, June 5 1637, May 26 1638, May 15 1639, May 4 1640, April 23 1641, April 12 1642, April 1 1643, March 22 1644, March 10 1645, February 27 1646, February 17 1647, February 6 1648, January 27 1649, January 15 1650, January 4 1650, December 25 1651, December 14 1652, December 2 1653, November 22 1654, November 11 1655, October 31 1656, October 20 1657, October 9 1658, September 29 1659, September 18 1660, September 6 1661, August 27 1662, August 16 1663, August 5 1664, July 25 1665, July 14 1666, July 4 1667, June 23 1668, June 11 1669, June 1 1670, May 21 1671, May 10

1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176

1672, April 29 1673, April 18 1674, April 7 1675, March 28 1676, March 16* 1677, March 6 1678, February 23 1679, February 12 1680, February 2* 1681, January 21 1682, January 10 1682, December 31 1683, December 20 1684, December 8* 1685, November 28 1686, November 17 1687, November 7 1688, October 26* 1689, October 15 1690, October 5 1691, September 24 1692,September 12* 1693, September 2 1694, August 22 1695, August 12 1696, July 31* 1697, July 20 1698, July 10 1699, June 29 1700, June 18 1701, June 8 1702, May 28 1703, May 17 1704, May 6* 1705, April 25 1706, April 15 1707, April 4 1708, March 23* 1709, March 13 1710, March 2 1711, February 19 1712, Feburary 9* 1713, January 28 1714, January 17 1715, January 7 1715, December 27 1716,December 16* 1717, December 5 1718, November 24 1719, November 14 1720, November 2* 1721, October 22 1722, October 12 1723, October 1 1724, September 19 1725, September 9 1726, August 29 1727, August 19 1728, August 7* 1729, July 27 1730, July 17 1731, July 6 1732, June 24* 1733, June 14 1734, June 3 1735, May 24 1736, May 12* 1737, May 1 1738, April 21 1739, April 10 1740, March 29* 1741, March 19 1742, March 8 1743, Febuary 25 1744, February 15* 1745, February 3 1746, January 24 1747, January 13 1748, January 2 1748,December 22* 1749, December 11 1750, November 30 1751, November 20 1752, November 8* 1753, October 29 1754, October 18 1755, October 7 1756,September 26* 1757, September 15 1758, September 4 1759, August 25 1760, August 13* 1761, August 2 1762, July 23

Hejira Chart 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270

1763, July 12 1764, July 1* 1765, June 20 1766, June 9 1767, May 30 1768, May 18* 1769, May 7 1770, April 27 1771, April 16 1772, April 4* 1773, March 25 1774, March 14 1775, March 4 1776, February 21* 1777, February 91 1778, January 30 1779, January 19 1780, January 8* 1780,December 28* 1781, December 17 1782, December 7 1783, November 26 1784,November 14* 1785, November 4 1786, October 24 1787, October 13 1788, October 2* 1789, September 21 1790, September 10 1791, August 31 1792, August 19* 1793, August 9 1794, July 29 1795, July 18 1796, July 7* 1797, June 26 1798, June 15 1799, June 5 1800, May 25 1801, May 14 1802, May 4 1803, April 23 1804, April 12* 1805, April 1 1806, March 21 1807, March 11 1808, February 28* 1809, February 16 1810, Febauary 6 1811, January 26 1812, January 16* 1813, Janaury 26 1813, December 24 1814, December 14 1815, December 3 1816,November 21* 1817, November 11 1818, October 31 1819, October 20 1820, October 9* 1821, September 28 1822, September 18 1823, September 18 1824, August 26* 1825, August 16 1826, August 5 1827, July 25 1828, July 14* 1829, July 3 1830, June 22 1831, June 12 1832, May 31* 1833, May 21 1834, May 10 1835, April 29 1836, April 18* 1837, April 7 1838, March 27 1839, March 17 1840, March 5* 1841, February 23 1842, February 12 1843, February 1 1844, January 22* 1845, January 10 1845, December 30 1846, December 20 1847, December 9 1848,November 27* 1849, November 17 1850, November 6 1851, October 27 1852, October 15* 1853, October 4

1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365

1854, September 24 1855, September 13 1856, September 1* 1857, August 22 1858, August 11 1859, July 31 1860, July 20* 1861, July 9 1862, June 29 1863, June 18 1864, June 6* 1865, May 27 1866, May 16 1867, May 5 1868, April 24* 1869, April 13 1870, April 3 1871, March 23 1872, March 11* 1873, March 1 1874, February 18 1875, Febuary 7 1876, January 28* 1877, January 16 1878, January 5 1878, December 26 1879, December 15 1880, December 4* 1881, November 23 1882, November 12 1883, November 2 1884, October 21* 1885, October 10 1886, September 30 1887, September 19 1888, September 7* 1889, August 28 1890, August 17 1891, August 7 1892, July 26* 1893, July 15 1894, July 5 1895, June 24 1896, June 12* 1897, June 2 1898, May 22 1899, May 12 1900, May 1 1901, April 20 1902, april 10 1903, March 30 1904, March 18* 1905, March 8 1906, February 25 1907, February 14 1908, February 4* 1909, January 23 1910, January 13 1911, January 2 1911, December 22 1913, November 30 1914, November 19 1915, November 9 1916, October 28* 1917, October 17 1918, October 7 1919, September 26 1920,September 15* 1921, September 4 1922, August 24 1923, August 14 1924, August 2* 1925, July 22 1926, July 12 1927, July 1 1928, June 20* 1929, June 9 1930, May 29 1931, May 19 1932, May 7* 1933, April 26 1934, April 16 1935, April 5 1936, March 24* 1937, March 14 1938, March 3 1939, February 21 1940, February 10* 1941, January 29 1942, January 19 1943, January 8 1943, December 28 1944,December 17* 1945, December 6

1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1409 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450

1946, November 25 1947, November 15 1948, November 3* 1949, October 24 1950, October 13 1951, October 2 1952,September 21* 1953, September 10 1954, August 30 1955, August 20 1956, August 8* 1957, July 29 1958, July 18 1959, July 7 1960, June 25* 1961, June 14 1962, June 4 1963, May 25 1964, May 13* 1965, May 2 1966, April 22 1967, April 11 1968, March 31* 1969, march 20 1970, March 9 1971, February 27 1972, February 16* 1973, February 4 1974, January 25 1975, January 14 1976, January 3* 1976,December 23* 1977, December 12 1978, December 2 1979, November 21 1980, November 9* 1981, October 30 1982, October 19 1984, October 8 1984,September 27* 1985, September 16 1986, September 6 1987, August 26 1988, August 14* 1989, August 3 1990, July 24 1991, July 13 1992, July 2* 1993, June 21 1994, June 10 1995, May 31 1996, May 19* 1997, May 9 1998, April 28 1999, April 17 2000, April 6* 2001, March 26 2002, March 15 2003, March 5 2004, February 22* 2005, February 10 2006, January 31 2007, January 20 2008, January 10* 2008, December 29 2009, December 18 2010, December 8 2011,November 27* 2012, November 15 2013, November 5 2014, October 25 2015, October 15* 2016, October 3 2017, September 22 2018, September 12 2019,September 11* 2020, August 20 2021, August 10 2022, July 30 2023, July 19* 2024, July 8 2025, June 27 2026, June 17 2027, June 6* 2028, May 25

SCN05_Frontmatter.fm Page XLVII Friday, November 17, 2006 8:50 AM

Hejira Chart

ADVERTISMENT

ADVERTISMENT

The World is Coming to the ......

32nd Annual Chicago International Coin Fair Thursday-Friday-Saturday-Sunday April 26-29, 2007 (Professional Preview Thursday, April 26 • 2 p.m.-6 p.m.)

Crowne Plaza Chicago O’Hare 5440 North River Road, Rosemont, Illinois Hotel Reservations: Call the Crowne Plaza Chicago O’Hare at (847) 671-6350 and ask for the $112 Chicago International Coin Fair rate. Mention rate code “CHC”. Book early. Space is limited.

• 85 Dealer Bourse Area • Society Meetings • Ponterio and Associates Auction • Educational Programs • Complimentary Airport Shuttle For more information on this show, go to our Web site:

www.cicfshow.com Show Hours: Thursday, April 26 2-6 pm Saturday, April 28 10 am-6 pm (Early Bird Day — $50) Sunday, April 29 10 am-1 pm Friday, April 27 10 am-6 pm A Two-Day Pass Valid Friday and Saturday is $5.00.

Free admission Sunday only.

Children 16 and younger are free.

Bourse Information: Kevin Foley – CICF Chairman P.O. Box 573 – Milwaukee, WI 53201 (414) 421-3484 – FAX: (414) 423-0343 E-mail: kfoley2@wi.rr.com

The Chicago International Coin Fair is sponsored by F+W, the world’s largest publisher of hobby related publications, including World Coin News and the Standard Catalog of World Coins.

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