23 Laboratories CI/SfB: 732 UDC: 727.3 Uniclass: F739
Catherine Nikolaou and Neville Surti Catherine Nikolaou and Neville Surti are both associates at Sheppard Robson Architects specialising in the design of laboratory facilities KEY POINTS: The planning and design of modern laboratory facilities should be based on a combination of current best practice and predictions together with recognition of the future needs for flexibility
•
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Laboratory layout guidance 3 Environment 4 Bibliography
1 INTRODUCTION 1.01 Definition A laboratory is a facility which provides controlled conditions in which scientific methods including research, experiments and measurement may be performed and/or taught. 1.02 Scope There is great diversity amongst laboratories; however, many commonalities are found in their architecture and engineering. This section of the handbook provides an indication of the basic requirements specific to a broadly representative range of laboratory facilities (the scope is too extensive to cover in any detail in this document). The information provided relates primarily to bench-scale laboratories, focusing mainly on the commonalities and provides guidance for their planning and design. The figures presented are based on average requirements. Specific needs, ascertained through detailed briefing with the stakeholders, may vary these figures. Whilst this section provides information on the design of new facilities, the broad principles can also be applied to renovation/ refurbishment projects. In these instances, compromises may need to be made due to space restraints and operational procedures may have to be put in place to compensate. 1.03 Laboratory types In this handbook, laboratories are grouped into three main types, all of which incorporate various scientific disciplines and work processes. They are:
• Wet • Dry • Microbiological/clinical Teaching laboratories are grouped separately. They may be wet, dry or microbiological/clinical laboratories but they differ in that they teach scientific method. Wet laboratories utilise, test and analyse chemicals, drugs or other material/biological matter. They typically require piped services (including water, specialised utilities) and ventilation, e.g. chemical science laboratories. Dry laboratories contain dry-stored materials, electronics and/or large instruments with few piped services. They typically require accurate temperature and humidity control, dust control and clean power, e.g. analytical, engineering laboratories. Microbiological/clinical laboratories often involve work with infectious agents. They typically require higher levels of
environmental containment including specialised ventilation and air treatment systems and utilise controlled access zones, airlocks or separate buildings or modules to isolate the laboratory, e.g. biomedical laboratories. Teaching laboratories include primary, secondary schools and higher education. They require space for teaching equipment, storage space for student belongings and typically less instrumentation. They are typically found in the academic sector. Laboratories can be found in either academic, government or private/corporate sectors. Academic laboratory facilities include both teaching laboratories and laboratories that engage in public interest or profitgenerating research. Government laboratory facilities focus on research, testing and innovation specifically in the public’s interest. They are in many respects similar to those of the private/corporate sector. Private/corporate laboratory facilities focus on research and innovation but are usually driven by the need to enhance the operation’s profit potential. In addition to the laboratories, facilities may include:
• Reception/Lobby • Office/Write-up • Auditorium/Conference/Meeting/Interaction • Seminar/Classroom storage • General Library • Foodservice • Child care • Clinic/Health unit • Physical fitness (Exercise room) • Joint use retail • Light industrial • Loading dock • Parking • The sectors differ principally in their focus and in the various space types their facilities offer. For example, private/corporate sector facilities are often more expensive and larger than academic or government facilities because competitive markets require more discoveries each year and may have more ‘incentives’ in the form of support spaces to retain and attract talented employees. 1.04 Defining environmental conditions A detailed assessment should be made with stakeholders and regulatory authorities to define the environmental conditions and operational practices required for the facility before the design starts, as this will impact on the specification of the laboratory’s physical and servicing requirements and its operational costs. In some laboratories, conditions are no more dangerous than in any other room. In many, however, hazards may be present that need to be contained and/or controlled including (but not limited to): agents • Biological/infectious Poisons/chemicals • Flammable substances • Explosives • Radioactive material • Magnetic interference •
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machinery • Moving temperatures • Extreme High voltage • These hazards must be identified and countermeasures or mitigation strategies specific for each facility determined/implemented in accordance with the relevant industry standards and regulations. Refer to the attached Bibliography for further references specific to some of the various hazards which may be present in any of the laboratory types described. For facilities such as microbiological/clinical laboratories and for teaching laboratories handling biological or potentially infectious agents, specific reference should be made to BS EN 12128 which specifies minimum physical containment levels (PCL) to be provided for handling microorganisms of different hazard groups (HG). These HG are defined by the Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) and the Advisory Committee on Genetic Modification (ACGM) as categories of risk to health ranging from Cat 1 (lowest) to Cat 4 (highest). The HG rating of the biological agents in use determines which PCL is required for each specific laboratory ranging from PCL 1 (lowest) to PCL 4 (highest). Refer to Table I for a summary of the minimum physical containment requirements for each level.
A laboratory may be designed as a cleanroom facility. A cleanroom is defined as a room in which the concentration of airborne particles is controlled; which is constructed and used in a manner to minimise the introduction, generation and retention of particles inside the room; and in which other relevant parameters such as temperature, humidity and pressure are controlled as necessary. Cleanroom conditions are typically required, for example, in micro- and nano-electronic research. The grades of cleanroom are defined by the global ISO classification system, EN ISO 14644-1 which classifies ranges from Class 8 (least clean) to Class 3 (cleanest). Table II shows how it compares to other systems used in the past. Refer to EN ISO 14644-4 for guidance on the design, construction and start-up of cleanrooms. Laboratories may be designed as both cleanroom and containment facilities. For example, some products require a containment level Category 2–4 to protect the operator and a cleanroom environment of ISO Class 5–8 to protect the product. Refer to Bibliography for further reference on the design, construction and start-up of combined cleanroom and containment facilities. Finally, the final form of the facility will also be dictated by the individual site constraints and opportunities for each project and the varied preferences and detailed needs of the stakeholders.
Table I Summary of ACDP minimum physical containment requirements from PCL 1 (lowest) to PCL 4 (highest). These requirements are for laboratory facilities handling microorganisms of different hazard groups. PCL 4 facilities are relatively rare. This level of containment represents an isolated unit functionally and when necessary, structurally independent from other areas Requirements
Laboratory rooms separated from other activities in the same building by doors Laboratory physically separated from areas open to unrestricted traffic flow Restricted access to laboratory Entry to laboratory via an airlock Door locked when room is unoccupied Controlled card access or combination lockset Self-closing doors Observation window/visibility into laboratory In-use warning light to outer door of airlock Containment level labelled and hazard zones labelled with biohazard sign (where necessary) Means of communication between laboratory/outside (e.g. fax, computer, telephone) Adequate space for each worker, storage and equipment Route for personnel, materials to avoid cross-over/contamination Finishes/furniture easy to clean Bench tops impervious to water, resistant to acids, alkalis, organic solvents, mild heat, disinfectants (where used) Minimise horizontal surface to prevent dust contamination Safe storage of biological agents Microbiological Safety Cabinet (MSC) Class I/equivalent containment device for infectious aerosols Microbiological Safety Cabinet (MSC) Class II/equivalent containment device for infectious aerosols Microbiological Safety Cabinet (MSC) Class III/equivalent containment device for infectious aerosols Laboratory to contain its own equipment where practicable Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for critical equipment Personal protective equipment storage (clean and dirty) to be provided in suite and to be suitably maintained Changing and showering area with storage for laboratory PPE Hand wash sink near exit to laboratory/suite Eyewash/safety shower near exit to laboratory/suite Knee/elbow/sensor operated taps to wash sink facilities Exposed horizontal utility pipe, ductwork and open storage cabinets to a minimum Non-recirculating mechanical ventilation Air pressure negative to atmosphere (where mechanical ventilation is provided/required and work is in progress) Interlocked supply and extract airflows to prevent positive pressurisation of room in event of extract fan failure Alarm system fitted to detect unacceptable air pressure changes Directional airflow from clean areas to contaminated areas HEPA filtered extracted air Double HEPA filtered extracted air Dedicated exhaust air ventilation system for the module HEPA filtered supply air Specified disinfection procedures (laboratory sealed to permit disinfection/fumigation where required) Laboratory design to permit vector, e.g. insect and rodent control Access to autoclave for sterilisation in building/suite Access to autoclave for sterilisation within laboratory/suite Access to double ended autoclave with interlocking doors in laboratory/lobby Means for safe collection, storage, disposal and labelling of waste Secure access to incinerator (local or distant)
Required Optional (should be decided on a case by case basis subject to risk assessment)
*
Physical Containment Level 1
2
3
4
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
Laboratories Table II Comparison of the global ISO cleanroom classification system, EN ISO 14644-1, with other systems
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Table III Factors defining the width of a typical laboratory module Width (mm)
Classification system
Classifications
EN ISO 14644-1 (1999)
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
Class 6
Class 7
Class 8
US Federal Standard 209E (1992)
1
10
100
1000
10 000
100 000
EU cGMP (1998)
–
–
A/B
–
C
D
2 LABORATORY LAYOUT GUIDANCE 2.01 Key points The planning and design of modern laboratory facilities should be based on a combination of current best practice and predictions together with recognition of the future needs for flexibility. Safe and secure environments: Safety must always be the first concern in laboratory design. Securing a facility from unauthorised access is also of critical importance to prevent theft, misuse or, for facilities handling infectious agents, the release of pathogens. Laboratory designers must work within the dense and stringent regulatory environment in order to create safe, secure and productive laboratory spaces. Statistically reproducible data: One of the most fundamental requirements of successful scientific research is to provide statistically reproducible data. The ability to achieve this relies not only on the availability of high-quality reproducible material but also on the quality and appropriateness of the controlled physical environment. Responsive to change: Laboratories should be designed to accommodate change irrespective of the scale of work or the scientific discipline involved. The need for change will result from the continuing and rapid developments in technology/equipment, evolving working methods and procedures and increasingly stringent regulations. It should, therefore, be a fundamental principle that the basic design of a building allows sufficient flexibility for future changes to be accommodated without the need for major and often costly alterations and with minimum disruption to operations. Interaction and collaboration: Scientific interaction and collaboration often leads to new inventions, new cures and faster progress. As a result, equipping laboratory facilities with spaces that encourage interaction will enhance the scientist’s ability to succeed. Recruit and retain staff: Because of increasing competition in the scientific field, more effort and money is often invested in creating high-quality facilities to attract and retain staff including state of the art laboratories, gracious public areas, extensive amenities and the latest in computer technology. These facilities serve to support employees and enhance efficiencies and productivity. Sustainability: Sustainable design is a basic responsibility and should serve as a research, teaching and policy-changing tool.
2.02 Laboratory planning modules A starting point for the planning and design of many laboratory facilities is the planning module which accommodates basic planning requirements. It should provide adequate space for partitions, benches, floor standing equipment and extract devices and aisles which minimise circulation conflicts/safety hazards. The laboratory module should also be fully coordinated with the architectural and building engineering systems. Basic laboratory module: The width of a typical laboratory planning module is defined in Table III.
2 half wall thickness between module 2 clear bench depths (600 or 900 mm) 2 service spines above bench minimum space between benches
150 1200–1800 300 1500
Total module width
3150–3750
This is the recommended minimum distance which will accommodate the required distance between a bench and a fume cupboard and also requirements for DDA compliance The minimum and maximum figures are largely dependent on equipment requirements. A 3300 mm module width is recommended for most generic laboratory facilities to ensure that a bench and a fume cupboard (nominal 900 mm) can be accommodated on either wall
The length of the module will depend on the unit size of the chosen laboratory furniture, requirements for freestanding equipment and the number of persons that will occupy the space, 23.1. Two-directional laboratory module: Further flexibility can be achieved by designing a laboratory module that works in both directions, 23.2. This allows laboratory benches and equipment to be organised in either direction. This concept is more flexible than the basic laboratory module concept but may require a larger building. Three-dimensional laboratory module: To create a three-dimensional laboratory module a basic or two-directional module must be defined, all vertical risers including fire stairs, lifts, restrooms and utilities shafts must be fully coordinated (e.g., vertically stacked) and the mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems must be coordinated in the ceiling to work with the corridor/ circulation arrangements, 23.3. This concept provides the greatest flexibility. Combining modules: In addition to accommodating the basic and functional spatial requirements, modularity maximises efficiency and the potential for flexibility/adaptability. As modifications are required because of changes in laboratory use, instrumentation or departmental organisation, partitions can be relocated and laboratory units expanded or contracted into larger or smaller units without requiring significant reconstruction of structural or mechanical building elements, 23.4.
2.03 Structure Key design issues to consider in evaluating a structural system include: to coordinate the structure with the laboratory planning • Ability modules • Slab thickness and effective floor to floor height
23.1 The basic planning module needs to accommodate basic planning requirements for partitions, laboratory benches, equipment, extract devices and circulation in addition to laboratory personnel
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to create penetrations for laboratory services in the • Ability initial design as well as over the life of the building for vertical or horizontal expansion • Potential loads • Superimposed criteria • Vibration • Cost
23.2 Two-directional laboratory planning module
Structural grid: Once the basic laboratory planning module is established, the structural grid should be determined to provide efficiency and cost effectiveness. In most cases, the structural grid width equals two basic laboratory modules, 23.5. The structural grid length is determined by not only the basic planning requirements but also the cost effectiveness and functional requirements of the structural system. Floor to floor height: Actual floor to floor heights will need to be determined through thorough discussion with the stakeholders and the needs of the equipment and building services to be incorporated within the space. The issue of flexibility will also need to be reviewed and heights proposed to maximise the future use of the space, Table IV, 23.6. Flexibility: Fixed elements of structure, for example, floor slabs, columns, braced bays, shear walls, service shafts, lift shafts and staircases, should be planned to minimise constraints on the extension and reconfiguration of the layout, 23.7. Superimposed loads: Structures must be designed to withstand the loadings set out in BS 6339. They must also be designed in accordance with the appropriate British Standards which will depend on the structural material adopted for the structure. For generic/bench-scale laboratories including equipment and corridors subject to loads greater than from crowds, such as wheeled vehicles, trolleys and similar, design for: 5:0kN=m2 þ 1kN=m2 for lightweight partitions Heavy-engineering equipment and rigs such as cyclotron, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron microscopes, etc. are most economically located on ground floors and require individual and separate consideration. Vibration: The structural frame system and selection of furniture base should take into account vibration throughout the laboratory areas where sensitive equipment balances and microscopes are being utilised. The main vibration sources include external and internal sources. Common sources (and their indicative frequencies) are: building sway (0.1–5 Hz) • Tall and upper floor resonance (5–50 Hz) • Ground Street/vehicular traffic (5–100 Hz) • Machinery (10–200 • Motorised equipmentHz)and instruments (20 þ Hz) • Acoustic vibrations (10–500 Hz) •
23.3 Three-dimensional laboratory planning module (section)
The accurate selection of vibration criteria and prediction of vibration levels is important in laboratory design because construction costs increases as designed floor vibration levels decrease.
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23.4 Utilising the concept of modularity in laboratory planning to create efficient, flexible and adaptable spaces that can be expanded and contracted to meet changing requirements
23.5 The building’s structural grid derived from the laboratory planning module, the cost effectiveness and the functional requirements of the structural system Table IV Effective floor to floor height, minimum and maximum recommended figures Height (m)
Minimum ceiling height in laboratories Minimum ceiling void Preferred ceiling void Slab thickness (nominal allowance)
2.7 1.0 1.5–2.0 0.3
Floor to floor height
4.0–5.0
To allow clearance height for extract cabinets To allow adequate depth for the installation of building services. Consider exposed mechanical, electrical and piped systems for easy maintenance access from the laboratory
Vibration criteria can be determined based on published vibration limits, manufacturer-provided criteria, and subjective tests of vibration-sensitive equipment. Vibration criteria for areas intended to accommodate sensitive equipment are based on RMS velocity level as measured in one-third octave bands of frequency over the
frequency range of 8–100 Hz. Generic vibration criterion (VC) curves have been developed for different types of equipment, shown in Table V. Criterion curves VC-A to VC-E are applicable to laboratory facilities. International Standards Organisation (ISO) criteria for human exposure to vibration are also shown. The structural floor system should be designed to meet the required VC criteria in accordance with the applicable guidelines (refer Bibliography). Whilst it is a requirement to provide a high level of flexibility, it is normally accepted that to design all parts of the building such that extremely sensitive research equipment can be placed anywhere without further local isolation is not practical. Therefore, a vibration design criterion and design strategy must be adopted that will satisfy the majority of needs, whilst accepting that local isolation devices will be used where a particular item of equipment has more stringent requirements. Table VI lists basic techniques that should be utilised where possible to control vibration.
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23.6 Effective floor to floor height (minimum and maximum recommendations)
23.7 Maximising flexibility through the rational placement of fixed structural elements
2.04 Building services Typically, more than 35–50% of the construction cost of a laboratory building can be attributed to the building services systems (mechanical, electrical and process). Close coordination of these systems is necessary to ensure a flexible, economic and successfully operating facility. Three common strategies for servicing laboratories are as follows though needs may dictate a combination of any of them: service risers • Embedded Sidestitial service zone • Interstitial floor service zone •
Embedded service risers: Vertical service risers are located within the building floor plate as required, 23.8. Whilst this option offers the most economical solution, it is also the least flexible with respect to floor planning, Table VII. Sidestitial service zone: A vertical continuous service zone is located within the length of the laboratory area, 23.9. This option offers good flexibility and maintenance access and is potentially best suited to sites with unsuitable/undesirable views to one side – Table VIII. Interstitial floor service zone: A complete service floor zone is located either above or between laboratory floors,
Laboratories
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Table V Design criteria for sensitive instrumentation and equipment not otherwise vibration-isolated Criterion curve
VRMS (mm/s)
Velocity level (dB) Ref: 0.025 mm/s
Detail size (mm) N/A
Description of use
Workshop (ISO)
800
90
Distinctly feelable vibration. Appropriate to workshops and nonsensitive areas.
Office (ISO)
400
84
N/A
Feelable vibration. Appropriate to offices and non-sensitive areas.
Residential Day (ISO)
200
78
75
Barely feelable vibration. Appropriate to sleep areas in most instances. Probably adequate for computer equipment, probe test equipment and low-power to 20 microscopes.
OP. Theatre (ISO)
100
72
25
Vibration not feelable. Suitable for sensitive sleep areas. Suitable in most instances for microscopes to 100 and for other equipment of low sensitivity.
VC-A
50
66
8
Adequate in most instances for optical microscopes to 400 , microbalances, optical balances, proximity and projection aligners, etc.
VC-B
25
60
3
An appropriate standard for optical microscopes to 1000 , inspection and lithography equipment (including steppers) to 3 mm line widths.
VC-C
12.5
54
1
A good standard for most lithography and inspection equipment to 1 mm detail size.
VC-D
6
48
0.3
Suitable in most instances for the most demanding equipment including electron microscopes (TEMs and SEMs) and E-Beam systems, operating to the limits of their capability.
VC-E
3
42
0.1
A difficult criterion to achieve in most instances. Assumed to be adequate for the most demanding of sensitive systems including long path, laser-based, small target systems and other systems requiring extraordinary dynamic stability.
The detail size refers to the line widths for microelectronics fabrication, the particle (cell) size for medical and pharmaceutical research, etc. The values given take into account the observation that the vibration requirements of many items depend upon the detail size of the process
Table VI Basic vibration control techniques Vibration control
Technique
Building location
Away from traffic, vibration sources
Room location and floor features
Slab-on-grade/stiff floor/isolated floor
Equipment location
Away from centre of bay, motorised equipment
High rigidity and low-weight tables/ benches
Top honeycomb structures
Direct isolation of equipment
Rubber mounts/air springs/isolators
Active vibration isolation
Piezoelectric/electrodynamic actuators
Table VII Pros and cons of embedded service risers within the building floor plate Pros Potentially unrestricted views out
Restricted flexibility
Short horizontal service runs within ceiling void
Changes could disrupt adjacent spaces
Least space required out of floor plate
Maintenance access within ‘clean’ environment
Low-cost impact
23.8 Embedded service risers within the building floor plate
Cons
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23.9 Sidestitial service zone Table VIII Pros and cons of a sidestitial service zone
Table IX Interstitial floor service zone
Pros
Cons
Pros
Cons
Good flexibility especially if services are modular
Restricted views on one side
No restrictions to views out
High-cost impact
Total flexibility for laboratories above or below
Increased building height
Short horizontal service runs within ceiling void
Medium cost impact
Maintenance access outside ‘clean’ environment
Dedicated zone required out of floor plate
23.10. This is potentially the most expensive of the options however it offers the greatest flexibility and excellent access for maintenance with minimum disruption to the laboratory functions – Table IX. 2.05 Space organisation The following definitions apply for the purpose of measurement: worker: A user who is allocated a bench space • Laboratory within the primary laboratory space. A user who is directly involved in scientific work, • Researcher: including staff that may not have an allocated bench space
23.10 Interstitial floor service zone
Maintenance access outside ‘clean’ environment Limited horizontal service runs within ceiling void
within the primary laboratory space (e.g. staff working predominantly on computer applications or senior staff who may work principally from an office space).
2.06 Space designation For the purpose of organisation, the different spaces in a laboratory facility are designated as primary, secondary, tertiary and balance spaces. Primary space: Primary space is the area in which researchers perform their tasks. It is divided into primary laboratory space and primary office/write-up space, each with different accommodation and service requirements.
Laboratories
Primary laboratory space will normally include: bench space for laboratory workers, including those • Designated who also have the use of an office/write-up space equipped with appropriate services and local storage.
workstations associated with a piece of equipment or • Additional an experimental procedure, which are not the principal work
• • • •
location of a particular person, but may be used by one or more persons from time to time including PC and other IT terminals, fume cupboards, extract cabinets and laminar flow cabinets. Shared storage for laboratory equipment and materials. Shared general facilities including display and notice boards, telecoms, dispensers. Facilities for waste disposal. Services as applicable to the laboratory type.
Primary office/write-up space will normally include: areas for laboratory workers • Write-up Offices of laboratory workers • Offices forsenior members of the team who do not use a laboratory • workstation for secretaries • Workstations Services as applicable • office environment) to the space type (similar to a standard Secondary space: Secondary spaces (sometimes referred to as ‘ancillary areas’ or ‘slave spaces’) include all areas which accommodate functions directly related to the operations carried out in the primary space. Secondary space will normally include:
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plant rooms is particularly difficult to define at the early stages of design as, depending on requirements, this could be anything between 25 and 100% of the laboratory floor area. Therefore, comparative data is more useful if plant rooms are excluded from Balance Area and GIA. GIA ¼ NUA þ Balance space
2.08 Assembly Primary, secondary and tertiary space functional adjacencies: Zoning the building between laboratory and non-laboratory spaces will reduce costs. For example, the ventilation of laboratories may require 100% outside air while non-laboratory spaces can be designed with recirculated air or naturally ventilated, similar to an office building. Primary laboratory space is typically designed as modules to suit the laboratory team sizes and their requirements with secondary laboratory spaces in close proximity to the primary space. As the secondary spaces will be shared by the laboratory teams, a separation zone or corridor should be included between the two to ensure no interference to the on-going research in the primary areas. The primary office/write-up functions should be physically separated from the laboratory functions in accordance with Workplace Health and Safety guidelines. This ensures that laboratory activities are contained to areas where appropriate finishes, containment and air handling can be provided. Considerations for adjacencies between the write-up and laboratory space include: Visibility/safety: If processes are occurring in the laboratory that require viewing from a write-up space or the laboratories are small so fewer people may be in the laboratory at any one time, then laboratories and write-up should be directly adjacent to each other with glass vision walls between.
such as equipment rooms, instrument rooms and pre- • • Facilities paration rooms, which may not have special accommodation or
• •
service requirements, but which are better separated from the primary laboratories to increase utilisation through shared use. Highly specialised laboratory facilities such as containment suites, fermentation suites and decontamination suites whose accommodation needs are very different from primary laboratory spaces. A full range of mechanical, electrical, data/telecom and piped services as applicable to the space type.
Tertiary space: Tertiary spaces are those whose functions, in addition to the primary and secondary spaces, support the goals and aspirations of the facility. They include other space types such as conference/meeting rooms, interaction spaces, general storage, etc. Balance space: Balance space will normally include:
If the user is writing up an experiment and conducting • Convenience: an experiment simultaneously then direct adjacency is desirable. preference: If neither of the above applies, then this is a • User matter of user preference. Tertiary spaces do not always need to be close to the primary and secondary areas. Their location is a matter of preference and is determined through discussion with the stakeholders. 23.11 illustrates one of many ways of assembling primary, secondary and tertiary space in a facility. The example shown would be suitable for a biomedical facility. Refer Table X for a ration of the areas relative to the gross floor plate.
• Reception rooms • Cleaner’s Layout considerations • Corridors/lifts/stairs space: Do the stakeholders want a view from their Lavatories • Views/wall • Service risers laboratories to the exterior or will the laboratories be located on • Circulation/support areas which are not defined as primary, the interior with wall space used for laboratory benches and • secondary or tertiary space equipment? sensitivity: Some scientific methods do not require or • Light cannot be exposed to natural light. Special instruments and 2.07 Area calculation The Net Useable Area (NUA) is the sum of primary, secondary and tertiary space. In laboratories and large open plan spaces (e.g. multi-occupancy offices or grouped write-up spaces), the measurement of secondary circulation spaces as contributing to NUA or to Balance Area may depend upon the configuration of the spaces and the extent to which circulation space may be considered to contribute to the use of the space, other than exclusively for access and circulation. Schedules and drawings will clearly need to identify which areas have been measured as part of the Balance Area. NUA ¼ Primary space þ Secondary space þ Tertiary space The Gross Internal Area (GIA) is the sum of NUA and Balance space. The GIA does not include plant areas. The area required for
• •
equipment such as NMR apparatus, electron microscopes and lasers cannot function properly in natural light. These are typically located in the interior of the building. Shape of space: Regular and rectangular shapes are generally the most efficient for laboratories. Irregularities on the perimeter of a space will reduce the overall effective area. Open/cellular laboratories: The open plan laboratory concept is significantly different from that of the cellular laboratory of the past which was based on accommodating the individual principle investigator. In open plan laboratories, researchers share not only the space itself but also the equipment, bench space and support staff. This format facilitates communication between scientists and makes the laboratory more easily adaptable for future needs.
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23.11 Plan layout illustrating an example of a typical relationship between primary, secondary, tertiary and balance laboratory spaces in a biomedical facility
Table X Table of relative areas for primary, secondary and tertiary spaces in a laboratory facility. Relative Areas Laboratory space type
% of gross
Primary laboratory space Primary office/write-up spaces Total primary space Secondary space Total primary plus secondary space Tertiary space
18–23 14–18 32–36 16–23 50–59 9–18
Total net useable space Gross internal area (excluding plant rooms)
65–70 100
The ratio of secondary to primary space is in the range 40–70%. It will depend, among other things, on the disposition of equipment between laboratory space and special instrument rooms.
2.09 Areas/workspace Academic (teaching): In primary schools, science is regarded as one of the specialist practical activities in the curriculum and generally utilises a space that could also be used to teach design and technology (including food) and art. This space can either be a stand-alone discrete room or an open bay within a standard classroom, 23.12a. The base requirements for these spaces are a sink, washable floor and furniture for ‘wet’ practical activities. Area requirements are indicated in Table XI. In secondary schools, laboratories are generally located as suites. In addition to the laboratories (the number which can be estimated from Table XII), non-teaching support spaces are required such as preparation and storage areas. These areas would also provide a departmental staff base with space for the secure storage of pupil’s records and other paperwork. Other associated teaching spaces for post-16-year-old students could include spaces such as a small science project room, green house or microbiology room, 23.12b and 23.12c. In higher education, the traditional distinction between teaching and working laboratories has become less important and an increasing number of institutions are integrating these areas. There are several reasons for creating ‘homogenous’ laboratory facilities:
at all levels are introduced to current techniques. • Students is encouraged between faculty, graduate students • Interaction and undergraduates. standard serviced laboratory module accommodates change • Areadily. and specialised equipment may be shared reducing • Common project costs. facilities can share support spaces and specialty rooms. • Common utilisation of space and equipment enhances project cost • Greater justification. laboratories can be used for faculty research during • Teaching semester breaks. For these reasons, the standards applicable to academic research laboratories are also applicable to higher education Table XIII. Academic (research), government, private/corporate: Laboratory allocation may be driven by space per researcher (e.g. biology and chemistry laboratories) or by equipment needs (e.g. analytical and engineering laboratories) leading to greater variances between facilities. In this handbook, the areas provided are based on space per researcher. Equipment driven laboratories require individual consideration with the stakeholders on a project basis. Table XIII provides recommended average areas for laboratory workers/ researchers in the academic (research) and government sectors. Note that, for example, a biologist needs far less fume cupboard space than say a chemist, however, there is a significantly greater need for ancillary equipment such as refrigerators, incubators, centrifuges and environmental rooms. The overall space requirements balance and, for the purpose of flexibility, should be generic. Private/Corporate sectors often have their own standards for space organisation. They typically use benchmarking to estimate the amount of space and benching to be provided to each researcher. Benchmarking can be an unreliable process in part because it is difficult to acquire solid, relevant data. There is a very wide range between the minimum and maximum for commercial data which reflects the complexity of uses in laboratory environments (e.g. US laboratories can range from 22.7 to 41.1 m2/ person, net primary plus secondary space/researcher). The areas provided in Table XIV are the guidelines adopted by a large UK private pharmaceutical company.
Laboratories 23-11 Table XI Space standards for primary education laboratories Primary School (combined food/science/design and technology room) Space standards based on Building Bulletin 99: Briefing Framework for Primary School Projects, DFES (BB 99, refer Bibliography) Number of places Less than 120 121-419 420 and above
Group size (maximum number)
Average room size (m2)
Number of rooms (minimum)
8 8 15
24 38 38
1 1 2
Table XII Space standards for secondary education laboratories Secondary School 11–16 years old with no curricula emphasis Space standards based on Building Bulletin 98: Briefing Framework for Secondary School Projects, DFES (BB 98, refer Bibliography)
a
Number of places 577–642 850–945 1125–1251 1399–1555
Group size (maximum number)
Average room size (m2)
Number of rooms (minimum)
30 30 30 30
90 90 90 90
5 7 9 11
Secondary School 11–16 years old with science, design and technology curricula emphasis Space standards based on BB 98 Number of places 834–927
Group size (maximum number)
Average room size (m2)
Number of rooms (minimum)
30
90
5
In addition to the above, a total preparation and storage area of approximately 0.4 m2 per workplace is required. Secondary Post-16 years old (with no curricula emphasis) Space standards based on BB 98 Number of places 100 250
b
Group size (maximum number)
Average room size (m2)
Number of rooms (minimum)
30 30
90 90
1 2
Secondary Post-16 years old (with science, design and technology curricula emphasis) Space standards based on BB 98 Number of places 137–361
Group size (maximum number)
Average room size (m2)
Number of rooms (minimum)
30
90
3
In addition to the above, a total preparation and storage area of approximately 0.5 m2 per workplace is required
Table XIII Table of average areas per person (academic, government sectors) Area/person (m2) Net primary laboratory area/laboratory worker Net total primary space/researcher Net primary plus secondary space/researcher Gross internal area (excluding plant rooms)/person
6–10 10–16 15–25 20–30
Add 2–3 m2 when a writing place is included in the laboratory area
Table XIV Table of average areas per person (example of guidelines adopted by a large UK private pharmaceutical company) (m2)
c
23.12 Typical layouts for academic (teaching) facilities (a) primary school; (b and c) secondary school laboratory suite
Net primary laboratory area/laboratory worker Net total primary space/researcher Net primary plus secondary space/researcher Gross internal area (excluding plant rooms)/person
10–11 14–17 18–24 23–34
23-12
Laboratories
2.10 Circulation Corridors, stairs, lifts, ramps, holding and other balance areas must allow ease of movement of people, materials, waste and equipment in respect of access routes dimensions, configuration and doors. Circulation should provide safe pedestrian egress from each individual laboratory and laboratory support space through an uncomplicated path of egress to the building exterior at grade. Separation of workspace and circulation reduces the likelihood of accidents and eases the problem of escape from hazards. The circulation system should accommodate the preferred adjacencies identified for the relationships between primary, secondary and tertiary laboratory spaces.
• • • •
Adjacencies with corridors can be organised with a single, two corridor (racetrack) or a three corridor scheme. There are a number of variations to organise each type, 23.13–23.15. Distance between aisles: Recommended clear distances between aisles in laboratories is indicated in Table XV and illustrated in 23.16. Aisles and corridor widths: Recommended clear distances between aisles and corridors in laboratories is indicated in Table XVI and illustrated in 23.17. Doors: Table XVII indicates the minimum width dimension (clear opening) recommended for at least one door into laboratories and equipment rooms to accommodate the periodic movement of equipment. This can be accomplished using an opening with a 900 mm active leaf (with a clear opening of 800 mm for DDA
requirements) and a 300 mm inactive leaf. Future equipment should be anticipated and equipment lists reviewed to verify that individual pieces of equipment can be transported and manoeuvred between spaces. Escape: Under the Building Regulations 2000 Approved Document B Volume 2, laboratories are considered under the same purpose group as an office whereby the maximum travel distance where travel is possible in more than one direction is 45 m while if in one direction only it is 18 m. In the past, the Building Regulations stipulated a variation to this of 18 m travel distances where travel is possible in more than one direction while 9 m if in one direction only for laboratories with open heat sources (e.g. bunsen burners) defining them as ‘Places of Special Fire Hazard’. This is no longer included in the latest amendment as all fire safety in work places is covered by Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 where the onus now is for a ‘responsible person’ to arrange for a risk assessment for fire safety to be undertaken, 23.18. Where a piece of equipment in a laboratory, which could be the source of a health hazard (such as a fume cupboard exploding), is located within an escape route it is recommended that an alternative route be allowed for in the design. In addition to this, if gas cylinders are required within a laboratory they should be securely fixed in a position away from any escape route or final exit, 23.19. Lifts: The service lift also often doubles up as access to the plant room for items of plant. Engineers will typically ask for a lift with
PRIMARY LAB
SECONDARY LAB CORRIDOR
MATERIAL
PEOPLE
OFFICE AND TERTIARY
23.13 Plan layout illustrating a single corridor arrangement. This layout is efficient however the single circulation route may result in material/people flow cross-over and conflict
PRIMARY LAB
CORRIDOR
MATERIAL
PEOPLE
MATERIAL
OFFICE AND TERTIARY
SECONDARY LAB
CORRIDOR
MATERIAL
OFFICE AND TERTIARY
PEOPLE
MATERIAL
PRIMARY LAB
23.14 Plan layout illustrating two corridor (racetrack) arrangement. This layout effectively separates people and material circulation within the facility
Laboratories 23-13
MATERIAL (CLEAN)
CORRIDOR
23.15 Plan layout illustrating threecorridor arrangement. This layout provides the greatest opportunity for optimising circulation within the facility however it is also potentially the most inefficient with respect to area
MATERIAL (DIRTY)
OFFICE AND LAB SUPPORT
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LAB
CORRIDOR
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LAB
MATERIAL (CLEAN)
PEOPLE
CORRIDOR
23.16 Aisle distances (a) bench and wall/equipment, single throughway; (b) bench and/or equipment, no workstations, single throughway; (c) two workers back to back, single throughway; (d) two workers back to back, multiple throughways Table XVI Aisle and corridor widths
Table XV Recommended aisle distances in laboratories Minimum Distance Between front of bench or work station and a facing wall, other furniture or equipment or pedestrian route (with one person at bench)
1000 –1400
Between benches, furniture or equipment without work spaces either side allowing passage of one person at a time
1000
Between two people back to back but no need for a third person to pass between front of facing benches, work stations or equipment where people work allowing one of the people to pass behind the other
1400
Between two people back to back where space is required for a third person to pass between front of facing benches, work stations or equipment where people work allowing a third person to pass behind the others
1450 –1650 (1800 exceptionally)
Width (mm)
Width (mm)
Aisles running along the ends of benches providing circulation within a laboratory Similar aisles, where there is no separate corridor for general circulation outside the laboratory General circulation corridors
1200–1500 1800–2000 1500–2000
Allowance must be made when the aisle may be partially obstructed, for example by staff using bench-end sinks, by doors opening into the aisle, by equipment and by fume cupboards and microbiological safety cabinets
1200 mm is required for DDA compliance and 1500 mm when opposite a fume cupboard or microbiological safety cabinet
Table XVII Door width requirements (minimum)
At least one doors into laboratories and equipment rooms
Leafs
Leaf width (mm)
1.5 leafs
1200
23-14
Laboratories
23.17 Aisle and corridor widths (a) at the ends of benches, additional means of circulation within the laboratory; (b) at the ends of corridors, single means of circulation within the laboratory; (c) general circulation
23.18 Means of escape in a laboratory
Laboratories 23-15 Table XVIII Recommended student laboratory benching dimensions for primary schools Dimension (mm) Length of bench per student
600
Clear bench depth for normal requirements
500–750
Bench height: Seated Standing/seated on laboratory stool
600–650 650–725
23.19 Alternative means of escape where potential sources of hazards exist the capacity to take a 2 m cube (minimum) to allow items of air handling equipment to be dismantled and taken down in the lift and this would generally be a suitable size to accommodate most large equipment in a laboratory, for example, a 80oC freezer or an item of furniture. Specific requirements should be confirmed with the stakeholder. 2.11 Furniture Laboratories should be designed to allow relocation of furniture within the limits of the modular configuration. Particular reference is made to: of laboratory benching and storage systems • Selection Distribution of services systems • Ideally, benches should be movable and in modular lengths (typically in increments of 1000 mm for the UK furniture manufacturers and 600, 900 or 1200 mm for other European manufacturers), depths and heights to allow space to be reconfigured and adapted with ease. Provide height adjustable furniture where possible to accommodate various equipment and DDA requirements. Provide at least one DDA compliant workstation/write-up area for each laboratory unit and in accordance with stakeholder requirements. Bench length, depth and height – primary schools: As science is undertaken in a multi functioning area around clusters of tables, perimeter benching or a combination of the two and limited to groups of eight children the only critical dimension in planning such a space is to ensure wheelchair access to key facilities within it, Table XVIII, 23.20. Bench length, depth and height – secondary schools: See Table XIX, 23.21. Bench length, depth and height – higher education/research: A height adjustable bench and laboratory chair is recommended where possible (subject to budget and requirements for vibration control and cleanliness). Flexibility can be further increased by providing removable bench tops which allow floor standing equipment to be accommodated as required – Table XX, 23.22.
23.20 Recommended student laboratory benching dimensions for primary schools (a) plan of bench; (b) seated; (c) standing/seated on laboratory stool
Table XIX Recommended student laboratory benching dimensions for secondary schools Dimension (mm) Secondary (11–16 years )
Secondary (post-16 years)
DDA
Length of bench per student
600
600–1200
1200
Clear bench depth for normal requirements
600–750
600–750
600–750
640 850
720 900
850
Bench height: Seated Standing/seated on laboratory stool Height adjustable
700–1050
700–1050
700–1050
Height adjustable recommended where possible
2.12 Storage
located storage rather than local is preferred (for ease • Centrally of maintenance, avoiding duplication, diversity and more
• • •
intense use of equipment). Storage depth and height dimensions should be based on convenient reach. Modular (based on industry standard sizes where possible). Movable/adjustable.
23.21 Recommended student laboratory benching dimensions for secondary schools (a) plan of bench; (b) seated; (c) standing/ seated on laboratory stool
23-16
Laboratories
Table XX Recommended laboratory benching dimensions for higher education/research
Table XXI Convenient reach dimensions for ages 7–18þ and DDA compliance Age
Convenient Reach (mm)
Dimension (mm) Length of bench per researcher
1800–2000 (2400 exceptionally)
Clear bench depth for normal requirements
600–900
Bench height: Seated Standing/seated on laboratory stool Height adjustable Height of services control (sitting/standing) Limit of vertical work zone (sitting/standing)
720 900 700–1050 1100/1450 1550/1800
7 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 17 years 18 years þ DDA reach height
1100 1170 1260 1300 1375 1640 1675 1160
Suitable length will depend upon the amount of bench-mounted equipment. 2000 mm is a good starting point. Exceptional cases include benchmark allowances made in private/corporate sectors Certain operations and pieces of equipment may require a greater bench depth. These need to be identified early in the briefing process and are generally accommodated on double depth peninsular benches. 750 mm is a good median figure Increases to 850 mm for DDA compliance Care should be taken to co-ordinate the bench height with under bench equipment such as refrigerators and freezers as these vary in height Accommodates DDA requirements and is recommended where possible (subject to budget and requirements for vibration control and cleanliness)
600–900 1800 limit of vertical work zone
1800–2000
1800–2000
1450 height of services control
23.23 Convenient reach dimensions for ages 7–18þ and DDA requirements
900 bench height 580 stool height
a
1550 limit of vertical work zone 1100 height of services control
23.24 Storage depths based on convenient reach
1800–2000
720 bench height 450 stool height
Table XXII Recommended storage heights based on convenient reach
Higher education/research
c 900
720
b
23.22 Recommended laboratory benching dimensions (length, depth and height) for higher education/research. (a) plan of bench; (b) seated; (c) standing/seated on laboratory stool
Convenient reach: Comfortable reach into a 300–500 mm deep cupboard above floor level is as follows – Table XXI, 23.23. Cupboard depth and height: The depth of storage cupboards should be between 300 and 500 mm for ease of access and fit with bench top and rail, 23.24. The maximum height and lowest level of storage which is frequently used should be based on convenient reach. Extreme high and low zones tend to be used for dead storage – Table XXII, 23.25. Underbench storage: Underbench storage ideally should not exceed 50% of the underbench space and should be removable.
Dimension (mm) Light objects infrequently used Light objects frequently used Heavy & light objects frequently used Heavy objects infrequently used DDA control height
1700–2200 1100 –1700 800–1100 600–800 1200 max–380 min
Options include suspended (movable), on castors or glides (movable) and plinth mounted. Movable units are recommended for ease of maintenance and relocation, 23.26. Shelves: Shelves and trays within storage units should be height adjustable and removable. Pull out drawers with shelves are recommended. Gas cylinder storage: The mechanical engineering consultant will be primarily responsible for defining gas cylinder storage requirements, however, the following should be considered: types of gas required and whether they are to be temporarily • The stored for later transportation or permanently stored for piping to their locations.
store proximities, cylinder separation for different gas • Gas types, explosion proofing/venting/fire rating, accessibility for delivery lorry to refill Dewar/s.
Laboratories 23-17
Special equipment: Special equipment may include:
• NMR • Microscopy and other imaging equipment • X-ray equipment • ITBalances and other measuring equipment • Mass spectrometers • Autoclaves • 23.25 Recommended storage heights based on convenient reach
23.26 Underbench storage options (a) suspended; (b) on castors or glides; (c) plinth mounted distribution routes, venting, proximity to electrical • Pipework services. detection and alert systems including links to fire alarm/ • Leak building management system (BMS)/shut off at manifold and
• • • •
laboratory. Electrical equipment in store and laboratory. Ventilation equipment in laboratory. Gas supplier to the facility. Facility representative responsible for the above.
Liquid nitrogen storage fill point is located internally, continuous ventilation and • Ifantheoxygen level detection system will be required. Ideally, store externally, located against a fire rated external • wall. This requires no specialist venting. The only requirement for an external fill point would be a lightweight lean-to-roof arrangement, to protect it from the elements.
2.13 Equipment General/standard floor standing equipment may include items noted below (note that confirmation with manufacturers is necessary as individual sizes vary considerably pending capacity and make. Sizes indicated are nominal):
• Fridge/freezer (600d 600w 650h) • Underbench Tall/floor standing (600–750d 600–750w 1800h) • Centrifuge (900–1200d 900w 950h) • Oven (1000d 1000w 800h) •
(Note: large storage freezers, typically 80 C, requiring approximately 1 m2 minimum footprint should be located within designated freezer rooms which will provide sufficient noise attenuation and local cooling.) Space allocation is dependant on individual requirements which are subject to change. Utilise removable or relocatable equipment in preference to purpose built fixed facilities where possible. Ideally, laboratory benching should be removable to allow floor standing equipment to be incorporated as required during the life of the laboratory.
Room dimensions, structural loading, rigidity and resonance, environmental conditions, wave and particle shielding and services connections for special equipment require individual consideration and therefore should be dealt with on a case by case basis and must take full account of manufacturer’s and health and safety requirements. Fume cupboards (FCs): All FC setting out should comply with BS 7258 and give optimum protection to the user working with chemicals/aerosols. Single person fume cupboards are generally 1500–1800 mm long. They should be positioned to avoid disturbances to the cupboard and its operator, 23.27 and 23.28. Disturbances include people walking parallel to it, open windows, air supply registers or laboratory equipment that creates air movement such as, for example, vacuum pumps and centrifuges. They should be located away from high traffic areas, doors and air supply/exhaust grilles that may interrupt airflow patterns. There should be an alternative means of escape in the event of an explosion/fire. The use of recirculating fume cupboards (non-ducted) can greatly reduce energy consumption although the cupboard usage may be limited. Relocatable FCs with flexible ducting and variable extract are recommended for maximising flexibility and minimising energy consumption. The number of fume cupboards required should be confirmed with stakeholders. Microbiological safety cabinets (MSCs): All MSC setting out should comply with BS5726 and EN12469 to give optimum protection to the user working with biological agents up to Hazard Group 4. Single person safety cabinets are generally 1500– 1800 mm long. They should be positioned to avoid disturbances to the cupboard and its operator, 23.29 and 23.30. Disturbances include people walking parallel to it, open windows, air supply registers or laboratory equipment that creates air movement such as, for example, vacuum pumps and centrifuges. They should be located away from high traffic areas, doors and air supply/exhaust grilles that may interrupt airflow patterns. In general, we would recommend that all have ducted exhausts (not recycling air within the laboratory). Note, moving a cabinet can cause damage to the high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and its seals. The number of cabinets required should be confirmed with stakeholders.
2.14 Fittings Handwashing sinks: Handwashing sinks where required, should be located near the point of exit from the laboratory or in the anteroom. Emergency eyewash and safety shower facilities (EE/SS): EE/SS where required, should be provided in accordance with Workplace Health and Safety Requirements. They should be placed in the corridor, close to and highly visible from the laboratory exits.
2.15 Services requirements Systems must deliver laboratory services suitable for the accurate and reliable conduct of research procedures, conforming to relevant standards and codes of practice and satisfying specific criteria, in respect of parameters, including:
• Composition • Purity
23-18
Laboratories
a
b
c
FC
FC
2000
air flow requirements
1500
occasional traffic
1000
undisturbed zone
FC
bench top
d
FC
f
FC
1500
minimise air flow disturbance
FC
air flow requirements
3000
e
300 air flow requirements
FC
g
h
i FC
FC plane of FC sash column
FC column plane of FC sash
300
a Separation of undisturbed zones from traffic routes b Spacing where operator uses fume cupboard and bench top or where occasional traffic only is anticipated
c Spacing determined by air-flow requirements – wall in front of fume cupboard d Spacing determined by air-flow requirements – fume cupboards on both sides e Spacing determined by air-flow requirements – corner condition
1000 minimise air flow disturbance
minimise air flow disturbance
f Spacings that avoid undue disturbance of air flow – door in front of fume cupboard
g Spacings that avoid undue disturbance of air flow – column face in front of plane sash
h Spacings that avoid undue disturbance of air flow – column face not in front of plane sash
i Spacings that avoid undue disturbance of air flow – door on either sides of fume cupboard
23.27 Fume cupboard minimum distances for avoiding disturbances to the fume cupboard and its operator and reliability (e.g. temperature, pressure, uninterrup• Stability tible power supply (UPS), flow rate) • Control of delivery A well-controlled system will provide flexibility and minimise the operational cost of the building. Considerations should include: space allowed in the utility corridors, ceilings and • Expansion vertical chases for future heating, ventilation and air condition-
• •
ing (HVAC), plumbing and electric needs. Easy connects/disconnects at walls and ceilings to allow for fast and affordable hook up of equipment. Modular distribution.
Power: Three types of power are generally used for most laboratory projects. Requirements should be confirmed with stakeholders during the briefing phase. power: Circuits are connected to the utility supply only, • Normal without any backup system. Loads that are typically on normal
•
•
power include some HVAC equipment, general lighting and most laboratory equipment. Standby power: Depending on the size or height of the building, standby power, which is created with generators, may be required for life safety systems (e.g. smoke control systems, sprinkler pumps, fireman’s lift, car park extract, etc.). Standby power may also be necessary from a business continuity/loss of product point of view in the event of a normal power cut-off (e.g. power to plant servicing critical temperature rooms, maintaining pressure to containment or clean room applications, power to sump and sewage pumps, extract systems for radioactive areas, etc.). Uninterruptible power supply (UPS): UPS is required to condition and maintain uninterrupted power to critical loads for data recording, certain computers and microprocessor controlled equipment and selected bench outlets where long running experiments may be connected. The UPS can be either a central unit or a portable system pending extent of requirement, cost and space
constraints. UPS systems are very expensive and therefore careful consideration is necessary when defining their rating. Load: Connected electrical loads are anticipated loads estimated during the briefing phase. The loads provided in Table XXIII are indicative to assist with preliminary sizing of a generic bench scale laboratory building. Services distribution: The method of distributing services to furniture and equipment has a major influence on the flexibility of layout possible during the laboratory’s total life. Where services are integral to the furniture, equipment and partitions, any major change in layout will involve adaptation or extension of the service runs. If, however, the distribution of services within the laboratory can be separated and flexible connections made to loose services units, layouts can be adjusted directly by stakeholders to meet new requirements. There are three main methods of distributing services (power, data, gas, water) to laboratory benching and equipment:
• Overhead • Perimeter • Floor This allows furniture to be arranged in peninsular/perimeter and/or island configurations, 23.31–23.33. Power and data services outlets: Utilise accessible trunking that can readily accommodate the future addition and subtraction of outlets as required. Extension leads should be avoided for health and safety reasons. Socket outlets should not be placed immediately adjacent to sinks where splashing could present a risk (refer BS7 671). The number of outlets required should be confirmed with stakeholders and the services engineers. An indicative guide (typically maximum) for generically designed laboratories is as follows: power at 450 mm centres/bench and equipment run • Double Double data at 900 mm centres/bench and equipment run •
Laboratories 23-19
23.28 Fume cupboard planning arrangements for avoiding disturbances to the fume cupboard and its operator and from other personnel Cleaner’s sockets should be provided and clearly identified to avoid cleaner’s equipment interfering with active experiments/ laboratory equipment. Piped services: Laboratory piped services should be delivered to each laboratory on a modular basis (even though all services may not be initially required in all of the laboratories) for flexibility and to minimise remodel and retrofit costs as laboratory use changes. Each laboratory unit should have separate shut-off valves located in a consistent, accessible manner for repairs or emergency shutoff without affecting other laboratories. Except for waste and vent systems, distribution systems are recommended to be looped. Initially, the frequency and quality requirements should be assessed. Where demand is intermittent or a particular quality is required, localised sources may be provided. Basic requirements include: water, hot and cold (HW, CW) • Potable Industrial water, hot and cold (IHW, ICW) • Optional (as required): water (DI) • Deionised Purified water (PW) •
air (Air) • Laboratory Natural Gas (NG) • Vacuum (VAC) • Compressed air (CA) • Steam • Specialty gases (as required):
• Should be provided by local cylinders Table XXIV provides guidance for basic requirements (to be determined with the engineer and stakeholders).
3 ENVIRONMENT 3.01 General The typical laboratory uses far more energy and water per square metre than the typical office building due to intensive ventilation requirements and other health and safety concerns. Therefore, designers should strive to create sustainable, high performance, and low-energy laboratories that will minimise overall environmental impacts and optimise whole building efficiency on a life-cycle basis.
23-20
Laboratories
23.29 Microbiological safety cabinet minimum distances for avoiding disturbances to the cabinet and its operator
Systems must however maintain background environments suitable for the accurate and reliable conduct of research procedures satisfying criteria for each accommodation type, in respect of:
The following specific laboratory heat loads in Table XXVI are based on anticipated loads for generic research scale laboratories and are provided to assist with the preliminary sizing of the building systems. Equipment extract rates: Schedules should be developed for each space during briefing for each project. The extract schedule in Table XXVII is provided to assist with the preliminary sizing of the building systems.
• Temperature • humidity • Relative Ventilation rates (air change rate, heat loads, equipment extract) • Room pressurisation • Control and variation of environmental parameters • Room pressurisation: For environments requiring containment, 3.02 Design criteria Temperature: The recommended temperature values listed in Table XXV for laboratory and laboratory support spaces are generally acceptable, however, individual requirements should be confirmed with stakeholders. Higher or lower values can be specified depending on type of activity, equipment and personnel wearing. Relative humidity (RH): Requirements should be confirmed with stakeholders. Humidity lower than 30% can cause electrostatic effects and relative humidity above 50% can augment oxidation and corrosion. Relative humidity is more difficult to regulate than temperature. Reducing the relative humidity as low as 40% is possible with standard cooling methods. Dehumidification below this level requires expensive desiccating equipment. Fluctuation ranges below 2% are difficult to achieve and maintain and are very expensive. Ventilation rates change rate: Typical air changes per hour (ac/h) for labora• Air tory and laboratory support spaces are 6–10 ac/h depending on the use and individual requirements.
loads: Heat loads from laboratory equipment for each • Heat space is calculated during the design stage for each project.
relative pressure to surroundings is typically negative, principally for the containment of hazards and smells. Lighting design: Lighting levels should not be less than CIBSE recommendations. The illumination levels recommended for general laboratories (performance of visual tasks of medium contrast or small size) are 350 lux generally, 500 lux on the working plane. Consider local task lighting to reduce overall illumination levels. Good to high colour rendering should be considered in laboratory areas. Emergency lighting needs to comply with BS6651. Acoustics: The recommendation for background noise levels in general laboratories is NR 45. Noise control methods include the use of acoustically lined enclosures and reduced sound level operating equipment. Silencers may be used in air distribution systems within the materials and constraints available. Duct liners should be avoided. Control and variation of environmental parameters: Where economically viable and without compromising the functionality of the research environment, stakeholders should be allowed limited control over their immediate environment including temperature and lighting. Consider natural ventilation to the offices and any atria/light-wells.
Laboratories 23-21
23.30 Microbiological safety cabinet planning arrangements for avoiding disturbances to the cabinet and its operator and from other personnel
23.31 Overhead services distribution (a) service wing; (b) service column
23-22
Laboratories
Table XXIII Connected electrical loads (indicative)
Table XXIV Basic laboratory piped services requirements (indicative – subject to confirmation with stakeholders) Load (W/m2) Service
Laboratories Equipment and instrument rooms Shared support rooms Glassware washing/autoclave rooms
325 650 430 540
Outlets/module
CW (for emergency eyewash and safety shower facilities) IHW ICW
1 1 2
Table XXV Indoor design conditions (temperature) for laboratory and laboratory support spaces Space
Typical summer room temperature (oC)
Typical winter room temperature (oC)
Laboratory
24 max (22 2oC)
20 min (22 2oC)
Laboratory Support
24 max (22 2oC)
20 min (22 2oC)
Specialist areas
(to user specification requirements)
Table XXVI Preliminary heat gain from laboratory equipment (indicative loads) Load (W/m2)
Space Research laboratory (wet, microbiological/clinical) Research laboratory (dry) Laboratory support (equipment rooms) Laboratory support (instrument rooms)
75 65 175 100
23.32 Perimeter services distribution through walls and trunking Table XXVII Preliminary extract requirements from equipment (indicative) Extract air flow (m3/sec)
Extract type Fume cupboard MSC Equipment vent Snorkel
0.30 0.15 0.02–0.04 0.07–0.1
4 BIBLIOGRAPHY
23.33 Distribution of services through floor mounted bollards
TITLE
4.01 Legislation and standards Any design shall be formulated acknowledging as relevant all design and codes, regulations, standards and statutory requirements. The examples listed below should not be regarded either as prescriptive or inclusive. These generally state minimum requirements though there is nothing to prevent a designer from exceeding the applicable requirement especially once a risk assessment has been undertaken by the stakeholder on the space’s operational requirements.
AUTHOR/PUBLISHER
BRIEF SUMMARY
BS EN 285:1997 Sterilization. Steam sterilizers. Large sterilizers
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on specification requirements and the relevant tests for large steam sterilizers
BS 2646-2:1990 Autoclaves for sterilization in laboratories
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on basic setting and associated services for autoclaves
BS 3202-2:1991 Laboratory furniture and fittings. Specification for performance
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on specification and testing procedures for different grades of laboratory furniture
BS 3202-3:1991 Laboratory furniture and fittings. Recommendation for design
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on space and dimensional information for different types of laboratory furniture
BS 3970-1:1990 Sterilizing and disinfecting equipment for medical products
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on specification requirements and the relevant tests for sterilizers and steam sterilizers
BENCH AND EQUIPMENT
BS 5726:2005 Microbiological safety cabinets
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on siting and use of cabinets
BS 7258-2:1994 Laboratory fume cupboards
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on siting and use of cabinets
BS EN 12347:1998 Biotechnology. Performance criteria for steam sterilizers and autoclaves
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on specification requirements and the relevant tests for sterilizers and autoclaves
BS EN 12469:2000 Biotechnology. Performance criteria for microbiological safety cabinets
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides the minimum performance criteria for safety cabinets, test procedures for microbiological safety cabinets
Laboratories 23-23
TITLE
AUTHOR/PUBLISHER
BRIEF SUMMARY
BS EN 13150:2001 Work benches for laboratories
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Specifies safety requirements, test methods and recommendations on sizes
BS EN 14056:2003 Laboratory furniture – Recommendations for design and installation
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides basic information on furniture types and services provision
BS EN 14175-1:2003 Fume cupboards. Vocabulary
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides basic information on terminology and testing with respect to fume cupboards
BS EN 14175-2:2003 Fume cupboards. Safety and performance requirements
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides basic information on terminology and components with respect to fume cupboards
BS EN ISO 15883-3:2006 Washer disinfectors Washerdisinfectors. Requirements and tests for washer-disinfectors employing thermal disinfection for human waste containers
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on basic setting and associated services for washer disinfectors
BS EN 61010-1 2001 safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on electrical equipment in laboratories
Energy efficiency in buildings. 2nd edition. (Including corrigenda 2004)
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)
Provides information on both the energy requirements committed by the design and the energy costs in use
Electricity at work regulations 1989. Statutory Instrument SI 1989/635
Legislation UK
Provides legal requirements for electrical works and their isolation
BS 7671:2001, Requirements for electrical installations. IEE Wiring Regulations. Sixteenth edition
The Institution of Electrical Engineers
All electrical wiring works must the Wiring Regulations to ensure a safe and efficient electrical installation
Health & Safety Executive (HSE)
Provides guidance on the safe installation, maintenance and use of gas
Institute of Gas Engineers & Managers (IGEM) British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA)
Provides a variety of technical advice information
SERVICES: ELECTRICAL
SERVICES: GAS Safety in the installation and use of gas systems and appliances: Gas safety (installation and use) regulations 1998. 2nd edition IGEM Technical Publications Industrial gas cylinder manifolds and distribution pipework/ pipelines (excluding acetylene) Code of Practice CP4: Revision3: 2005 Code of Practice for the Storage of Medical, Pathology and Industrial Gas Cylinders. Safety of pressure systems. Pressure systems safety regulations 2000. ACOP (SI 2000 No 128) Guidance Notes for Siting Gas Manifolds
Department of Health (DH)
Guidance Note GN2: Guidance For The Storage Of Transportable Gas Cylinders For Industrial Use Guidance Note GN2: The Safe Use of Individual Portable or Mobile Cylinder Gas Supply Equipment Guidance Note GN11: The management of risks associated with reduced oxygen atmosphere HSG71 Chemical warehousing – The storage of packaged dangerous substances
British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA) British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA) British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA) Health & Safety Executive (HSE)
The safe use of gas cylinders
Health & Safety Executive (HSE)
Health & Safety Executive (HSE) BOC Gases
Provides guidance on the minimum safety standards for the design, installation, operation, and maintenance of industrial gas supply manifolds and associated narrow pipework Provides advice on design, installation and testing of gas systems Provides guidance on pressure systems including gas cylinders Provides general guidance on the siting of gas manifolds and storage of cylinders Provides basic design information on storage compounds and proximity of different types of cylinders Provides guidance on the safe use of individual cylinder gas supplies provided from a single cylinder regulator Provides information on the risks of utilising gases which when accumulated can become hazardous Provides guidance on the hazards associated with the storage of packaged dangerous substances includes safety; fire, emergency aspects Provides simple advice on eliminating or reducing risks
SERVICES: WATER Water supply (water quality) regulations 2001 SI 3911
Legislation UK
Plumbing engineering services design guide. 2002 edition Part 2 – Hot and cold water supplies The Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999
Institute of Plumbing
L8 Legionnaires’ disease: The control of legionella bacteria in water systems. Approved Code of Practice and guidance. TM13 Minimising the risk of Legionnaire’s disease
Department of Health (DH) Health & Safety Executive (HSE) The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)
Office of Government Commerce (OGC)
Provides legal standards for water to be used within a building Provides information and guidance on current technologies and practices These Regulations replace the Water Bylaws in England and Wales only Provides the approved code of practice for preventing or controlling the risk from exposure to legionella bacteria Provides advice on the design necessary to minimise the risk of infection from Legionella bacteria
SERVICES: ENVIRONMENT/VENTILATION/ENERGY BS 5720:1979 Code of practice for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning in buildings
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Guide A Environmental Design
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Carbon Trust
TM32 Guidance on the use of the carbon emissions calculation method The Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme Conservation of fuel and power in new buildings other than dwellings (2006 edition) Building Regulations 2000: Approved Documents L2A or L2B
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (OPDM)
This standard has been withdrawn as the code of practice as it is now out of date, but still referred in the Building Regulations Provides information on the design of low energy sustainable buildings Provides the basis of a procedure for applying the carbon emissions calculation method (CECM). Provides guidance and forms for making an ECA claim depends on the purchase energy-saving equipment Provides building control advice for England and Wales on environmental and energy issues
HEALTH AND SAFETY The United Kingdom Good Laboratory Practice Monitoring Authority. Guide to UK GLP Regulations 1999 Various Guidance & advice notes
Legislation UK
The Workplace [Health Safety and Welfare] Regulations 1992 The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
Legislation UK
The Control of substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002
Legislation UK
Health & Safety Executive (HSE)
Legislation UK
Sets out the organisational processes and conditions under which certain laboratory studies are undertaken HSE provide numerous useful guidance sheets which are relevant to different type of laboratories such as in sections on Biotechnology, Dangerous Pathogens, Health and Safety Regulations, Nanotechnology Sets out legislation with respect to most workplaces Sets out legislation with respect to occupational health and safety at work Sets out legislation with respect to the requirement on employers to control exposure to hazardous substances to prevent ill health (Continued)
23-24
Laboratories
TITLE
AUTHOR/PUBLISHER
BRIEF SUMMARY
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Specifies minimum physical requirements for the four levels of containment for biological safety in laboratories
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Specifies minimum physical requirements for the four levels of containment for biological safety in laboratories
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides information on different types of waste produced by different containment level laboratories and methods for their disposal Provides information on basic protocols within different hazard level laboratories
MICROBIOLOGICAL PROTECTION BS EN 12128:1998 Biotechnology. Laboratories for research, development and analysis. Containment levels of microbiology laboratories, areas of risk, localities and physical safety requirements BS EN 12738:1999 Biotechnology. Laboratories for research, development and analysis. Guidance for containment of animals inoculated with micro organisms in experiments BS EN 12740:1999 Biotechnology. Laboratories for research, development and analysis. Guidance for handling, inactivating and testing of waste BS EN 12741:1999 Biotechnology. Laboratories for research, development and analysis BS EN 13441:2002 Biotechnology. Laboratories for research, development and analysis. Guidance on containment of genetically modified plants Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ADCP) The management, design and operation of microbiological containment laboratories 2001 The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 CR 12739:1998 – Biotechnology. Laboratories for research, development and analysis. Guidance on the selection of equipment needed for biotechnology laboratories according to the degree of hazard NHS Estates Health Building Note 15, Accommodation for Pathology Services
British Standards Institution (BSI) British Standards Institution (BSI)
Health & Safety Executive (HSE)
Provides guidance on the management and operation of Containment Level 2 and 3 microbiological labs
Legislation UK
Specifies minimum physical requirements for the four levels of containment for GM work in laboratories
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Department of Health (DH)
Provides guidance on facilities for pathology services provided within acute general hospitals
Department of Health (DH)
Provides design and specification information for MRI areas. Provides information on legislation, regulations, guidance and other standards. Provides design and specification information for imaging and associated areas
RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION HBN 6 Vol. 3 2002 Accommodation for magnetic resonance imaging BS 4094-1:1966 Recommendation for data on shielding from ionizing radiation. Shielding from gamma radiation HBN 6 Vol. 1 2002 Facilities for Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, HBN 6 2002
British Standards Institution (BSI) Department of Health (DH)
FIRE PROTECTION Conservation of fuel and power in new buildings other than dwellings (2007 edition) Building Regulations 2000: Approved Documents B Vol. 2 BS 5588-0:1996 Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings. Guide to fire safety codes of practice for particular premises/applications BS 5588-5:2004 Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings. Access and facilities for fire-fighting
Communities & Local Government
Provides building control advice for England and Wales on fire issues
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides information on types of premises and relevant codes of practice
British Standards Institution (BSI)
BS 5588-8:1999 Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings. Code of practice for means of escape for disabled people BS 5588-9:1999 Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings. Code of practice for ventilation and air conditioning ductwork BS 5588-12:2004 Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings. Managing fire safety
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides information on access and facilities for fire-fighting and covers vehicle access, water supply, control systems, heat and smoke control and electrical services Provides information on measures that enable disabled people to be assisted to safety in the event of a fire
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides information on fire protection of services
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides information on fire safety systems
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides guidance on definitions and classifications of clean rooms Provides guidance on design and servicing of clean rooms
CLEANROOMS BS EN 14644-1:1999 Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments. Classification of air cleanliness BS EN 14644-4:1999 Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments. Classification of air cleanliness
British Standards Institution (BSI)
SCHOOLS Building Bulletin 80: Science accommodation in Secondary SchoolBuilding Bulletin 88: Fume cupboards in Schools
Department for Education & Skills (DFES) Department for Education & Employment
Building Bulletin 98: Briefing Framework for Secondary School Projects Building Bulletin 99: Briefing Framework for Primary School Projects Designing & Planning Laboratories L14-
Department for Education & Skills (DFES) Department for Education & Skills (DFES) CLEAPPS School Science Service
Provides design information on laboratories in secondary schools Provides design information on fume cupboards in secondary schools Provides general spatial for secondary schools Provides general spatial for primary schools Provides design and planning information on laboratories in secondary schools
OTHER The BRE Green Guide to Specification
British Research Establishment
BCO Guide 2005 – Best Practice in the Specification of Offices
British Council for Offices (BCO)
Provides guidance on the relative environmental impacts of elemental specifications Provides advice on future design and construction of office buildings, including sustainability, business performance and cost and value
Laboratories 23-25
4.02 Web sites SITE ADDRESS
ORGANISATION
BRIEF SUMMARY
www.hse.gov.uk
Health & Safety Executive (HSE)
Provide numerous useful guidance sheets which are relevant to laboratory working environmental and safety requirements for the UK
www.cibse.org
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)
Provides numerous publications relevant to various service disciplines and environmental requirements for the UK
www.dh.gov.uk
Department of Health (DH)
Provides statistical reports, surveys, press releases, circulars and legislation with respect to health care facilities in the UK
www.wbdg.org
Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)
Provide information on various laboratory types based mainly on US projects
www.dfes.gov.uk
Department for Education & Skills (DFES)
Provides information of school planning and spatial requirements in the UK
www.cleapss.org.uk
CLEAPPS School Science Service
Provides an advisory service for subscribers, supporting practical science and technology in schools in the UK
www.phac-aspc.gc.ca
Health Canada
Provides considerable data on microbiological labs produced by Government of Canada
www.bco.org.uk
British Council for Offices (BCO)
Provides research data on best practice in all aspects of the office sector in the UK
www.carbontrust.co.uk
Carbon Trust
Provides information on grants and technologies funded by the UK Government to help promote low carbon technologies
www.bcga.co.uk
British Compressed Gases Association BCGA)
Provides information on gases supplied to manufacturing industry, laboratories, and the medical sector for the UK
www.igem.org.uk
Institute of Gas Engineers & Managers (IGEM)
Provides a variety of technical advice information
www.bsistandards.co.uk
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Provides opportunity to purchase UK and European standards
4.03 Acknowledgements Particular thanks are due to the late Gordon Kirtley for his architectural input on the documenting of laboratory space standards and working dimensions as set out in the Wellcome Trust’s ‘Guidance on space standards, layout and specification for biomedical buildings’ 1999.
Sincere thanks are also due to Andrew Bowles, Partner at Sheppard Robson Architects, for his helpful assistance and to Patrick Ng, Architectural Assistant, for producing the graphics.