Metric 46 service distribution by đình trung Phan

46 Service distribution CI/Sfb (28.8) UDC: 696, 697 Uniclass: L782

KEY POINT: The space required by services is often under-estimated in sketch designs

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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Service entries/exits and distribution 3 Plant rooms and distribution zones 4 Domestic heating and hot water 5 Mobile telecommunications installations 6 Bibliography

1 INTRODUCTION It is said that many modern buildings are in effect enclosures for the building services. Even in modest houses the space needed to provide those services now considered essential has become a significant quantity. The methods to be used in distributing services needs to be considered in the early design stage, as this may well control the final concept.

2 SERVICE ENTRIES/EXITS AND DISTRIBUTION Table I lists the services that are to be provided with entries or exits into different types of buildings. Table II lists those that will be distributed around the building.

3 PLANT ROOMS AND DISTRIBUTION ZONES 3.01 Plant to service the building itself can be a major space-user. Some equipment can be accommodated within general areas; but some, for one reason or another, requires dedicated and segregated space. The main plant areas which may be needed in all kinds of buildings are: rooms, for water, gas, electricity, communications • Intake Transformer and switch rooms • Tank rooms forchambers water and • Standby generator rooms oil • Boiler and calorifier rooms • Sewage pump rooms • Lift motor rooms • Air handling and conditioning plant rooms and • Building management system control rooms • 3.02 The relationships of plant rooms and risers to the forms of particular building types are summarized in Table III.

3.05 Boiler and calorifier plant 46.9 illustrates a boiler room and the dimensions are given in Table VI. 46.10 shows a calorifier installation with dimensions in Tables VII and VIII. 3.06 Air handling and conditioning plant Table IX summarises the different possible arrangements for air handling units. 46.11 shows an air handling plant room. 46.12 is a full air air-conditioning plant with dimensions in Table X. 3.07 Fan coils Fan coil units are approximately 250 mm deep. Their lengths depend on their ratings as follows: 1.0–1.2 kW sensible cooling, 820 mm 1.2–2.4 kW, 1135 mm 2.4–3.0 kW, 1335 mm 3.0–4.4 kW, 1925 mm 3.08 Electrical equipment Table XI gives information enabling the allocation of space required for general electrical services, while Table XII covers the provision of stand-by plant that might be required in buildings such as hospitals. The space required for the electrical risers is given in Table XIII. A transformer and associated switchgear chamber is shown in 46.13, the dimensions for which are given in Tables XIV, XV and XVI. 3.09 Suspended ceilings and raised floors 46.14 to 46.18 show spaces required for horizontal distribution with explanation in Table XVII.

4 DOMESTIC HEATING AND HOT WATER 46.19 is a diagrammatic representation of a traditional domestic water-borne heating and stored hot water system. A diagram of the workings of this gas-fired boiler is shown in 46.20. A more modern system using a combination boiler, which generates the hot water on demand, is shown in 46.21, and the boiler in 46.22. A domestic electric hot water storage heater is shown in 46.23. Water storage in various building types is shown in Table XVIII.

5 MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION INSTALLATIONS 5.01 One of the phenomena of recent time has been the growth of mobile communication systems. The original analogue network has been superseded by a more sophisticated array of phone, televisual, fax and internet systems using digital technology. 5.02 Digital (GSM) networks These have a number of advantages over analogue systems:

3.03 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning Figures for estimating the amount of space to be allocated to HVAC plant are given in Table IV. The graphs in 46.1 to 46.5 indicate the space needed for HVAC risers.

can ‘roam’ across different countries, • they can cope with many more users, • they can offer a greater number of services including e-mail, • they text messaging (sms), fax, internet access and Wireless

3.04 Air ducts and plenums Table V summarizes the factors to be taken in account 46.6 to 46.8 illustrate the importance of good early planning.

offer greater call clarity, • they can provide greater protection against eavesdropping and • they fraud.

Application Protocol,

46-1

Table I Service entries and exits Services

Industrial transport

Offices, shops, administration

Health

Catering

Recreation

Religious

Education, laboratories, art galleries, museums

Houses

Flats

Hostels, hotels

Electricity

High voltage Medium voltage Low voltage three-phase

Low voltage three-phase

Medium voltage Low voltage three-phase

Low voltage three-phase

Low voltage single-phase

Low voltage three-phase for lifts

Low voltage three-phase

Gas

Yes

Possibly

Yes

Heating oil

Possibly

Hot water or steam for heating Fresh water

Yes

High pressure water for sprinklers etc

Yes

Probably

Possibly

Sewerage

Yes

Separate rainwater

Possibly

Flue or flues

Yes

Only crematoria

Yes

Possibly

Telephone

Many lines

Possibly many lines

Yes

Cable

Possibly

Unlikely

Possibly

Yes

Possibly

Yes

TV aerial feed

Table II Services to be distributed in buildings Services

Industrial, transport

Offices, shops, administration

Health

Catering

Recreation

Religious

Education, laboratories, art galleries, museums

Houses

Flats

Hostels, hotels

Electricity

Medium voltage Low voltage three-phase Low voltage single-phase for power Low voltage single-phase for lighting

Low voltage three-phase Low voltage singlephase for power Low voltage single-phase for lighting Uninterruptible and protected power supply (UPS)

Low voltage three-phase Low voltage single-phase for power Low voltage single-phase for lighting Possibly UPS

Low voltage three-phase Low voltage single-phase for power Low voltage single-phase for lighting

Low voltage single-phase for power Low voltage single-phase for lighting

Low voltage three-phase Low voltage single-phase for power Ultra-low voltages (12 V DC, 6 V DC etc) UPS

Low voltage single-phase for power Low voltage single-phase for lighting

Low voltage three-phase Low voltage single-phase for power Low voltage single-phase for lighting

Low voltage three-phase Low voltage single-phase for power Low voltage single-phase for lighting Possibly UPS

Gas (for heating etc)

Yes

Probably

Yes

Probably

Possibly

Yes

Probably (depending on construction)

Probably

Fresh water from mains

Yes

Water from tank

Yes

Possibly

Yes

Yes, as long as regulations insist

Yes

Hot water for washing etc

Yes, or may be locally heated

Yes

Yes, or may be locally heated

Not likely

Yes, or may be locally heated

Yes

Dry riser

Possibly

Yes

Possibly

Sewerage

Yes

Rainwater drainage

Yes

Special drainage for contaminated water

Probably

Possibly

Hot water/steam for heating

Possibly

Probably

Possibly

Probably

Possibly

Probably

Most probably

Fresh air/exhaust (ventilation)

Yes

Limited to bathrooms and kitchens

Possibly

Conditioned air

Possibly

Probably

Possibly

Unlikely

Possibly

Compressed air

Possibly

Gases such as oxygen, nitrous oxide etc

Possibly

Yes

Possibly

Telephone

Yes

Cable

Possibly

Yes

Possibly

Yes

Possibly

Yes

TV aerial

Yes

Possibly

Yes

Computer network

Yes

Possibly

Yes

Possibly

Other communications

Public address Fire alarms Intruder alarms

Fire alarms Possible intruder alarms

Fire alarms Intruder alarms

Public address Fire alarms Intruder alarms

Fire alarms

Public address Fire alarms Intruder alarms

Intruder alarms

Intruder alarms Entry phone systems

Public address Fire alarms Intruder alarms

Lamson tubes

Possibly

46-4

Service distribution

Table III Relationship of plant rooms and risers to building form Plan Key to table:

Elevation

Comments

plant room

Small building: up to 4 storeys up to 2500 m2

One plant room, one riser. Location of riser not important due to small building size, although central location preferred. Plant room must relate to riser.

Large single storey building: min 4000 m2

Several plant rooms, no risers. Plant adjacent to areas served. Some central plant, e.g. for gas intake, electrical intake and boilers may be required.

Large tall building: min 15 storeys

Plant room floors at basement and/or roof levels. Intermediate plant rooms may be required. Vertical distribution within the central core.

L-shaped building 1000â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3000 m2 3 to 10 storeys

Several plant rooms, several risers. Risers and air conditioning plant rooms related to vertical circulation routes. Separate energy plant room located at ground/basement level. Riser spacing related to economic horizontal length.

Atrium building: typically 2000 m2 per floor 5 to 10 storeys

Four roof air-conditioning plant rooms on roof, one basement energy plant room. Four risers related to vertical circulation routes. Basement plant room below atrium gives best connection to risers.

Specialised

Generally air-conditioning plant room on roof, energy plant in the basement. Several local plant rooms and distribution may be appropriate where areas have different services requirements.

Service distribution

46-5

Table IV Floor area percentages occupied by HVAC plant Building size (m2)

System type

OFFICES Heating only, natural ventilation: Central plant Terminals: radiators Heating only, mechanical ventilation: Central plant Air handling plant Terminals: radiators Four-pipe fan coil system (3 ac/h primary air): Central plant Air handling plant Heat rejection cooling towers Variations: Floor by floor AHU 5-storey Floor by floor AHU 10-storey Heat rejection by air-cooled condenser Floor-mounted terminals VAV and perimeter heating: Central plant Air handling plant Heat rejection cooling towers Terminals: radiators Variations: Floor by floor AHU 5-storey Floor by floor AHU 10-storey Heat rejection by air-cooled condensers RETAIL Four-pipe fan coil system: Central plant Air handling plant Heat rejection cooling towers Variations: Floor by floor AHU 2-storey Floor by floor AHU 5-storey Heat rejection by air-cooled condenser VAV and terminal reheat: Central plant Air handling plant Heat rejection cooling towers Variations: Floor by floor AHU 2-storey Floor by floor AHU 5-storey Heat rejection by air-cooled condenser HOTELS Heated only, mechanical ventilation: Central plant Air handling plant Terminals: radiators Four-pipe fan coil system: Central plant Air handling plant Heat rejection cooling towers Variations: Floor by floor AHU 2-storey Floor by floor AHU 5-storey Heat rejection by air-cooled condenser VAV and perimeter heating: Central plant Air handling plant Heat rejection cooling towers Variations: Floor by floor AHU 2-storey Floor by floor AHU 5-storey Heat rejection by air-cooled condensers Two pipe fan coils to bedrooms, VAV and terminal reheat to public rooms: Central plant Air handling plant Heat rejection cooling towers Variations: Floor by floor AHU 2-storey Floor by floor AHU 5-storey Heat rejection by air-cooled condenser PLACES OF ASSEMBLY VAV and terminal reheat: Central plant Air handling plant Heat rejection cooling towers Variation: Heat rejection by air-cooled condenser

2000

5000

10000

20000

1.1–1.4 0.6–0.7

0.7–0.8 0.6–0.7

– –

1.1–1.4 4.6–6.4 0.4–0.5

0.7–0.8 3.6–5.1 0.4–0.5

– – –

3.8–4.2 4.6 1.2–1.4

2.0–2.3 2.7 0.6–0.8

1.1–1.5 1.6 0.4–0.6

0.8–1.2 1.6 0.3–0.5

– – 3.2–4.3 1.0

3.6 5.4 1.8–2.8 1.0

2.7 3.5 1.2–2.4 0.5

2.6 2.6 0.7–2.4 0.4

3.8–4.2 7.5–10.8 1.2–1.4 0.4–0.5

2.0–2.3 6.0–9.0 0.6–0.8 0.4–0.5

1.1–1.5 4.0–8.7 0.4–0.6 0.4–0.5

0.8–1.2 2.3–7.7 0.3–0.5 0.4–0.5

– – 3.2–4.3

6.0–12.0 7.8–15.6 1.8–2.8

4.8–10.4 7.8–10.4 1.2–2.4

3.7–9.2 3.7–9.0 0.7–2.4

– – –

2.5–2.8 3.4–3.5 0.8–1.0

1.5–2.1 3.2–3.3 0.5–0.7

1.0–1.3 3.1–3.2 0.5–0.7

– – 3.2–4.3

6.0–12.0 7.8–15.6 1.8–2.8

3.1 3.9 2.0–3.7

3.0 3.0 1.9–3.3

– – –

2.5–2.8 6.7–12.9 0.8–1.0

1.5–2.1 6.4–11.1 0.5–0.7

1.0–1.3 5.5–9.9 0.5–0.7

– – –

6.5–12.2 7.8–13.8 2.5–3.7

6.1–12.0 7.1–11.8 2.0–3.7

5.9–11.8 5.9–11.8 1.9–3.3

– – –

2.5–3.0 5.0 0.4

1.6–2.1 4.8 0.4

1.2–1.3 4.7 0.3

– – –

2.5–3.0 2.7 2.0–2.6

1.6–2.1 2.7 1.5–2.0

1.2–1.3 2.6 1.5–2.0

– – –

3.3 3.3 1.5–2.0

2.8 2.6 1.5–2.0

2.6 2.6 1.5–2.0

– – –

2.5–3.0 6.0–7.0 0.6–0.7

1.6–2.1 4.4–6.0 0.4–0.5

1.2–1.3 4.7–5.9 0.3–0.4

– – – –

4.7–7.5 5.0–8.4 2.0–2.6 –

4.7–7.4 5.0–7.2 1.5–2.0 –

4.7–6.8 4.6–6.5 1.5–2.0 –

– – –

2.5–3.0 5.8–6.6 0.6–0.7

1.6–2.1 3.9–4.5 0.4–0.5

1.2–1.3 3.2–4.2 0.3–0.4

– – –

4.7–5.7 5.7–6.7 2.0–2.6

4.2–5.2 4.4–5.4 1.5–2.0

4.0–4.9 4.2–5.1 1.5–2.0

5.3–6.1 7.8–11.4 1.3–1.8

2.7–3.4 6.5–3.4 0.8–1.2

– – –

4.2–5.9

2.7–3.7

–

46-6

Service distribution

46.1 HVAC riser space for VAV plus perimeter heating in two-storey buildings

46.2 HVAC riser space for VAV plus perimeter heating in buildings of five and more storeys

Service distribution

46.3 HVAC riser space for four-pipe fan coil systems (primary air 3 ac/h)

46.4 HVAC riser space for heating only and 3 ac/h mechanical ventilation

46-7

46-8

Service distribution

46.5 HVAC riser space for heating only and 6 ac/h mechanical ventilation

46.6 Examples of showing good connection of plant areas to vertical risers. a Section. b Plan. c Section. d Plan

46.7 Examples of poor distribution efficiency: avoid these

Service distribution

46-9

Table V Builder’s work air ducts and plenums Notes on Use 1 The use of builder’s work enclosures as air ducts and plenums should be very carefully evaluated at the early stages of design. In many cases, they do not represent a cheaper solution in terms of overall building costs. Sheet metal and building materials should be compared in terms of costs, performance and construction aspects. 2 The use of builder’s work supply ducts should be generally avoided. Filtered and thermally treated air requires careful handling. If such ducts are used, the expected standards of air tightness, insulation and moisture control are difficult and costly to achieve. Standards of workmanship should be very high and require great care to enforce in practice. Summary of technical considerations Increased fan power; friction coefficient increases for brick/ Energy implications block/concrete ducts when compared to sheet steel: 1.4 for fair-faced brickwork 2.0 for rough-finished brickwork Fan power is directly proportional to friction coefficient. Thermal losses/ gains

Thermal losses increase; greater absorption of heating or cooling energy by thermally heavy containing walls. System time constants increase, can impose control problems. Duct lining to reduce losses, must be considered with care to avoid introducing fine fibres into the air stream. Regular inspection and maintenance is required.

Leakage and filtration

Brick and blockwork is porous; settlement, expansion and contraction will result in significant leakage, particularly through mortar joints; not recommended without a generous allowance for leakage. Brick or blockwork must be rendered or plastered, preferably both sides. Access for personnel is required to allow for resealing of the duct. Adverse effect on the standard of filtration. Full consideration should be given to differential pressures across containing walls; if supply and extract ducts run adjacent, pressure differentials can be appreciable.

Construction constraints

Branches leaving large vertical risers can be problematic: (a) Detail of sheet steel duct connections is crucial. (b) Structurally, passing the branch through a highly stressed element of the building.

Specification

Involvement in the design of builders work ducts maybe outside the scope of the standard HVAC services, eg defined by ACE agreements. It is important to establish early in the design who will take responsibility for design and site supervision.

46.9 Plant room space using oil-fired, three boiler installation

46.8 Effects of riser location on duct depths. a A building 40 m square with air duct located at the corner. The longer the duct, the deeper it must be where it joins the riser. This increases the size of the suspended ceiling or raised floor zone. b With the riser located centrally the duct runs are shorter and their depths are reduced

46-10

Service distribution

Table VI Boiler and boiler room sizes Total installed Boiler power kW

9000 7500 6000 4500 3600 3000 2400 1950 1500 1200 900 750 600 450

Clear dimensions of boiler room (mm)

Boiler dimensions (mm)

Length L

Width W

Height H

Length l

Width w

Height H

19500 19200 17400 16800 16200 15600 15300 15000 14400 14400 14400 14100 14100 12900

12000 11100 10300 10200 9300 9300 9000 8400 7800 7800 7800 7200 7200 6000

5400 5100 5100 5100 4500 4500 4500 4200 4200 4200 3900 3900 3900 3900

6325 5850 6000 5075 4475 5050 4425 4000 3525 3900 3750 2825 3075 2675

3175 3125 2700 2650 2450 2375 2300 2275 2000 1950 1950 1800 1950 1500

3475 3175 3150 3150 2475 2350 2275 2150 1950 2075 1975 1750 1975 1725

Boiler masses t

22 19 16 14 11 9 8 7 5 5 4 3 3 2

Minimum dimensions of door openings, (mm) Width A

Width B

Height

4200 4200 3600 3600 3300 3300 3300 3300 3000 3000 3000 2700 3000 2400

3900 3900 3300 3300 3000 3000 3000 3000 2700 2700 2700 2400 2700 2100

4200 3900 3900 3900 3000 3000 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700 2400 2700 2400

A nominal 2100 mm has been allowed between walkway and ceiling. This dimension may be reduced to 1500 mm locally under beams Location depends on building design Some boilers require additional space, e.g. rear access doors, tube cleaning and withdrawal

Table VII Calorifier capacity and dimensions

Capacity litres

500 650 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000 6500

Dimensions including insulation, mm

Diameter d

Height h

700 800 850 950 1000 1150 1150 1300 1350 1450 1600 1700

1800 1800 1900 1900 2100 2100 2500 2600 2700 3100 3100 3400

Heater battery withdrawal (max) 8 mm

800 1000 1000 1150 1150 1300 1300 1450 1500 1600 1750 1850

Dimensions Z mm

750 750 750 750 750 850 850 950 1050 1050 1150 1300

Dimension Z has been determined on the basis of angled withdrawal of the heater battery. If battery withdrawal normal to the wall is required, dimension W should be increased by Bâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Z. Inspection holes should be easily accessible. Vertical spindle glandless in-line pumps can be accommodated within the overall space. When horizontal direct-driven pumps are required, dimension W should be increased by 300 to 600 mm depending on the make of pump. Dimensions are based on conventional storage calorifiers. Key to symbols used in Figure 46.10 X

46.10 Vertical storage calorifier space requirements. a Section. b Plan. See Tables VI and VII and key

Space at sides and rear of calorifiers, nominal allowance 750 mm with a minimum of 700 mm. Y Space between adjacent calorifiers, nominal allowance 600 mm with a minimum of 550 mm. Z Space for withdrawal of heater battery. R Minimum space above calorifiers, dimensions allowed: up to 1000 litres 750 mm 1200 to 3000 litres 1050 mm 4000 to 6500 litres 1350 mm S Space for supporting feet or plinth, 100â&#x20AC;&#x201C;300 mm depending on method of support.

Service distribution

46-11

Table VIII Spaces for multiple calorifiers Total storage capacity and dimensions of spaces for two calorifiers Capacity litres

L mm

W mm

H (min) mm

1000 1300 1600 2000 2400 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000 13000

3600 3600 3900 3900 4200 4500 4500 4800 4800 5100 5400 5700

2400 2400 2400 2700 2700 2700 2700 3000 3300 3300 3600 3900

3000 3000 3000 3000 3600 3600 3900 3900 4200 4800 4800 5100

For each additional calorifier add L mm

Minimum width of door opening mm

1500 1500 1500 1500 1800 1800 1800 2100 2100 2100 2400 2400

800 900 900 1200 1200 1200 1200 1600 1600 1600 1800 1800

Table IX Floor-by-floor AHU arrangements Configuration

Comments Central fans serving main outdoor air and exhaust air risers. Size of risers can be minimised if only minimum fresh air supplied. Effectiveness of free cooling reduced.

Outdoor air and exhaust air shafts, no rooftop air handling plant

Floor by floor air and exhaust air. No rooftop air handling plant required and avoidance of risers within the building. Improves nett to gross floor area ratio. Problems could be experienced in siting outdoor air and exhaust air louvers on the building elevation.

46-12

Service distribution

46.11 Plant room for floor-by-floor VAV AHU

46.12 Built-up single duct air-conditioning plant room. Space additional to this will be required for withdrawing the coils, depending on the size and position of the equipment. a Elevation. b Plan

Table X Air-conditioning plant sizes Air volume m3/s

9.438 14.157 18.875 23.595 28.314

Dimension (m)

% of Building at OA m3/min per m2

Plant room

Area m2

Minimum access m m

m2 per m3/s

9.40 10.20 10.60 10.90 11.20

3.12 4.10 4.10 5.00 5.00

2.55 2.55 3.20 3.20 3.80

2.85 3.75 1.90 2.30 2.30

1.15 1.15 1.40 1.40 1.70

3.50 3.80 4.20 4.60 5.10

49.60 63.75 68.80 80.70 86.20

2.00 2.00 2.30 2.30 2.60 2.60 2.75 2.75 3.10 3.10

5.25 4.50 3.65 3.32 3.05

3.50% 3.00% 2.40% 2.25% 2.00%

Service distribution

46-13

Table XI Percentage of gross floor area occupied by electrical plant Building size (m2)

Installation

GENERAL-PURPOSE OFFICE Electrical load (kVA) 1 Transformer Liquid 1 2 Cast resin 1 2 2 HV switchroom RMU 1 2 Panels 1 2 3 LV switchroom rear access front access 4 Packaged substation (1000 kVA)

2000

5000

10000

20000

40–110

100–280

200–560

400–1100

– – – –

0.25 – 0.22 –

0.12–0.15 0.25 0.10–0.14 0.17

– – – –

0.28 – 0.33 –

0.14 0.21 0.17 0.22

1.67 1.20 –

0.67 0.48 –

0.33 0.24 0.69

0.17–0.18 0.12–0.13 0.35–0.42

80–280

200–700

400–1400

830–2800

– – – –

0.50 – 0.44 –

0.24–0.33 0.50 0.20–0.27 0.34

0.14–0.17 0.22–0.30 0.12–0.15 0.14–0.21

– – – –

0.56 – 0.46 –

0.28 0.42 0.33 0.44

0.14 0.21 0.17 0.22

1.67 1.20 –

0.67 0.48 1.46

0.37 0.27 0.6–0.91

0.25 0.19 0.37–0.82 (2 no)

190–460

730–1600

1400–3300

2900–6500

– – – – – –

0.55–0.66 1.10 – 0.49–0.54 0.76 –

0.33 0.55–0.60 1.00 0.27–0.30 0.34–0.41 0.68

– 0.30 1.00–1.05 – 0.21–0.23 0.34–0.40

– – – – – –

0.56 – – 0.66 0.44 0.55

0.28 0.42 0.56 0.33 – –

0.14 0.21 0.28 0.17 0.22 0.28

1.65 1.20 –

0.74 0.54 1.46–1.61

0.51 0.38 0.80–1.64 (2 no)

0.46 0.32 0.82 (2 no)–1.48 (4 no)

400–650

1000–1700

2000–3200

4000–6500

1.40 – – 1.10 – –

0.61–0.66 1.10 – 0.54–0.60 0.67 –

0.33 0.44–0.60 1.00 0.30 0.38–0.41 0.68

– 0.30 0.50–0.52 – 0.45 0.36–0.41

1.40 – – 1.70 – –

0.56 – – 0.66 0.88 –

0.28 0.42 0.56 0.33 0.44 0.55

– 0.21 0.28 – 0.22 0.28

1.65 1.20 3.51

0.74 0.54 1.46–1.61

0.51 0.38 0.89–1.64 (2 no)

0.46 0.32 1.08 (4 no)–1.48 (6 no)

250

700

1500

3000

– – – –

0.55 – 0.49 –

0.33 – 0.27 –

0.17 0.30 0.15 0.19

GENERAL-PURPOSE OFFICE WITH AIR CONDITIONING Electrical load (kVA) 1 Transformer Liquid 1 2 Cast resin 1 2 2 HV switchroom RMU 1 2 Panels 1 2 3 LV switchroom rear access front access 4 Packaged substation(s) (1000kVA) HIGH-TECH OFFICE Electrical load (kVA) 1 Transformer Liquid 1 2 3 Cast resin 1 2 3 2 HV switchroom RMU 1 2 3 Panels 1 2 3 3 LV switchroom rear access front access 4 Packaged substation(s) (1000 kVA) RETAIL Electrical load (kVA) 1 Transformer Liquid 1 2 3 Cast resin 1 2 3 2 HV switchroom RMU 1 2 3 Panels 1 2 3 3 LV switchroom rear access front access 4 Packaged substation(s) (1000 kVA) HOTEL Electrical load (kVA) 1 Transformer Liquid 1 2 Cast resin 1 2

(Continued)

46-14

Service distribution

Table XI (Continued) Building size (m2)

Installation

2 HV switchroom RMU 1 2 Panels 1 2 3 LV switchroom rear access front access 4 Packaged substation(2) (1000kVA)

2000

5000

10000

20000

– – – –

0.56 – 0.66 –

0.28 0.42 0.33 0.44

0.14 0.21 0.17 0.22

1.67 1.20

0.73 0.53

0.51 0.38

0.46 0.32

–

1.46

0.91

0.82 (2 no)

Table XII Percentage of gross floor area occupied by standby electrical plant Space required (m2)

Electrical load (kVA)

1 Generator single machine, water cooled –15 dBA enclosure 2 UPS: (a) static (b) rotary (c) battery

200

500

1250

–

17 56 13

25 71 22

– – –

Table XIII Riser space for power distribution Building type

Allowance Comments

Speculative office

0.23–0.29

This includes provision for Landlord riser

High tech, dealing office

0.25–0.29

Applies where local PDUs are in use

0.50–0.55

Applies where duplicate UPS distribution system is installed alongside a normal power distribution system

Hotels

For prestige high star-rated hotels, it is recommended that each room has its own separate lighting and power circuits. This will influence distribution board sizes and consequently riser space. Two cable trays should be installed per riser: one to support sub-mains distribution and the other to carry the numerous telecommunications cable, video, PA and other services found in a modern hotel. The latter tray should be sized at 300 mm per 150 bedrooms

46.13 Electrical sub-station space requirements

Table XIV 116 V/433 V oil-filled transformer space requirements Transformer rating kVA

300 500 750 1000 1500

Dimensions (m) D1

3.35 3.50 3.55 3.80 4.00

2.90 3.00 3.05 3.20 3.50

3.10 3.30 3.25 3.45 3.70

Area m2

9.75 10.50 10.85 12.25 14.00

Table XV Switchgear, air circuit breaker, space requirements Weight kg

1439 2245 2910 3590 5180

Current rating A

600 800 1200 1600 2400

Dimensions (m) D2

3.65 3.65 3.85 3.85 3.85

0.65 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.95

2.25 2.25 2.30 2.30 2.30

Area m2

Weight kg

2.40 2.40 2.70 2.90 3.65

438 438 535 463 590

Service distribution

46-15

Table XVI HV switchgear, oil circuit breaker, space requirements Max s/c rating MVA

250/350

Current rating A

400 800 1200 1600 2000

Dimensions (m) D2

4.20 4.20 4.20 4.65 4.65

0.65 0.60 0.65 0.95 0.95

2.95 2.25 2.95 2.30 2.30

Area m2

Weight kg

2.75 2.55 2.75 4.45 4.45

680 680 680 1190 1220

Transformer height H1 includes necessary height clearance, H2 and H3 exclude clearances

46.14 Typical cross-section for structure and services Key for 46.14 to 46.18 is given in Table VII

46.16 Horizontal service distribution with tapered beams

46.17 Horizontal service distribution with haunched tapered beams

46.15 Horizontal service distribution with universal steel beams

46-16

Service distribution

46.21 Domestic central heating and hot water system using gas-fired combination boiler

46.18 Horizontal service distribution with floor supply system Table XVII Cross-sectional zones Zone

Letter

Comment

Structural Services

A B C D E F G H

Specified by structural engineer 50 mm deflection and tolerance Approximately 500 mm HVAC duct or terminal device 50 mm support and tolerance 50â&#x20AC;&#x201C;150 mm sprinkler sub-zone 150 mm lighting and ceiling sub-zone Specified by client and architect Data, communications, small power

Headroom Raised floor

46.19 Domestic central heating system using conventional gas boiler small bore pumped supply to radiators on two-pipe system, and gravity circulation to heat domestic hot water

46.20 Diagrammatic representation of a water boiler, in this case using gas

Key: 1 Gas inlet 2 Domestic hot water supply 3 Water inlet 4 Heating water flow 5 Heating water return 46.22 Combination boiler

6 7 8 9 10 11

Combination gas valve Heating circulating pump Heating element Hot water coil Balanced flue Expansion vessel

Service distribution

46.23 Diagram of electric immersion heater in hot water cylinder

46-17

5.04 Masts Originally with analogue technology sites were in high locations to serve the maximum area. Sites are now targetted to specific areas. High sites do not necessarily provide coverage into valleys or in building shadows. In many positions they can be unashamed, but in other cases have been disguised. Vodafone has a tree mast in the North Yorks National Park, and an antenna on a real tree in Scotland. They can often be shared by other telecommunication service providers in accordance with Government planning guidance. In all cases of masts space is required for equipment including a cabin. This would be ideally 10 m square or typically 7 m square.

Table XVIII Water storage in various building types (based largely on CIBSE Guide Volume G Section 2.4) Building type

Cold water storage (24 h supply) litre/person

Hot water storage (at 65 C) litre/person

Dwelling houses

22–300 litres per average accommodation unit more in luxury housing depending on facilities

227–300 litres per accommodation unit 227–300 litres per accommodation unit more depending on facilities

23 32

135/bed 135/bed 90/bed 120

45 36 32 45

90 15 20

23 4.5 4.5

90 7

40 6

Flats: social housing average standard luxury standard Hotels: five star two star Hostels Nurses’ homes Colleges and schools: boarding day, nursery and primary day, secondary and technical Sports pavilions Restaurants (per meal) Offices: with canteen without canteen Factories Hospitals: general maternity infectious mental Nursing and convalescent homes Children’s homes and residential nurseries

45 40 depends on process

4.5 4.5 4.5

160y 190 170 130 135

27 32 45 23 45

135

y Cold water storage for hospitals can vary widely, given figures are approximate averages.

However, there are two disadvantages: technology uses telephones with smaller battery packs • digital operating at lower power levels. This limits them to transmit

•

over shorter distances (this is called the phones ‘uplink’). the base stations themselves using digital technology also cover a smaller area than equivalent analogue stations.

5.05 Antennas on buildings This is the area in which architects are mostly concerned. The antenna will be approximately 2.4 m high, and the architect may incorporate some disguise. Because of the electro-magnetic force (EMF) there is an exclusion zone around the pole 2 m towards the outside and 1 m to the inside of the building. There will be also be need for rooftop space ideally 5 m square including a cabin typically 4.7 2.5 2.8 m high 5.06 Disguising techniques Normal building fabric such as stonework, brickwork, timber etc is opaque to the radio signals. However, grp (glass reinforced plastic) is transparent to them. Architects using this material can provide the necessary facility without radically affecting the building’s appearance. For example, a slated mansard roof can have a section of slate replaced by matching grp so that the antenna can be housed within the roof space. The timber louvres of a church belfry can similarly be substituted by grp and the antenna housed within. Vodafone also use a grp ‘chimney pot’. 5.07 Micro Cellular Technology A recent innovation is the development of the Street Level Microcell (SLM) which has been designed to supplement coverage in an area of high customer usage such as city centres. In terms of size, both the antenna and equipment are very small, with the former being similar in appearance to an alarm box. This is normally located externally on the building at first or second floor level. The plastic casing enables the antennas to be painted to match the background material of the building, thereby minimising their visibility. The control equipment, a small cabinet, can be easily located unobtrusively within a building. 5.08 Other factors In urban areas the connections between sites is usually via the fibre cabling already installed. This will require connection via a suitable route through the building. On existing buildings where no alternative exists, a false downpipe may be provided. Where there is no cabling available such as in rural areas, radio links through small dish aerials may be used.

A greater number of radio base stations is therefore needed to maintain the same level of service and quality. 5.03 Radio base stations There are three basic types of station: lattice masts, slimline poles, National Grid pylons, flagpoles, • macro: (also macro): buildings, e.g. churches, hotels, offices, • rooftop grain silos. See below on disguising techniques. microcells, street furniture, indoor schemes, small anten• micro: nas, CCTV, disguised as smoke alarms.

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY Design of Electrical Services for Buildings. F Porges and B Rigby, Spon Press 2005 Newnes Building Services Pocket Book. John Knight and WP Jones, Newnes, second edition 2003 Building Services Engineering. David V Chatterton, Taylor & Francis Ltd 2007 Building Services, Technology and Design. Roger Greeno, Longman 1997