Metric appendix

Appendix A The SI system Table I Base units of the SI system Quantity

Name of unit

Unit symbol

Length Mass Time Electric current Thermodynamic temperature Amount of substance Luminous intensity

metre kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela

m kg s A K mol cd

Supplementary units Plane angle Solid angle

radian steradian

rad sr

Table II Derived SI units Quantity

Name of unit

Symbol

Remarks

Frequency

hertz

Hz

1 Hz ¼ s 1

Force

newton

N

1 N ¼ 1 kg.m/s2

Pressure Stress

pascal

Pa

1 Pa ¼ 1 N/m2

Energy Work Quantity of heat

joule

J

1 J ¼ 1 N.m

Power Radiant flux

watt

W

1 W ¼ 1 J/s

Electric charge Quantity of electricity

coulomb

C

1 C ¼ 1 A.s

Electric potential Potential difference Tension Electromotive force

volt

V

1 V ¼ 1 W/A

Capacitance

farad

F

1 F ¼ 1 C/V

Electrical resistance

ohm

1 ¼ 1 V/A

Electrical conductance

siemens

S

1 S ¼ 1 1

Magnetic flux

weber

Wb

1 Wb ¼ 1 V.s

Magnetic flux density

tesla

T

1 T ¼ 1 Wb/m2

Inductance

henry

H

1 H ¼ 1 Wb/A

Celsius temperature

degree Celsius

1 C ¼ 1 K

Luminous flux

lumen

lm

1 lm ¼ 1 cdsr

Illuminance

lux

lx

1 lx ¼ 1 lm/m2

C

Table III Multiples and submultiples of SI units Power of 10

Prefix

Symbol

24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 2 1 1 2 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

yetta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m m n p f a z y A-1

A-2

Appendix A

The SI system

Table IV Approved SI units, multiples and submultiples together with other units commonly in use. Based on BS 5555:1981 An asterisk indicates a unit outside the SI system currently recognised by the CIPM for a specific use Item no in ISO 31:1992

Quantity

SI unit

Recommended multiples and sub-multiples

Other units which may be used

Remarks

1 Space and time 1–1 Plane angle

rad (radian)

mrad mrad

degree ( ) ¼ p/180 rad minute (0) ¼ (1/60) second (0) ¼ (1/60)9 grade (G) ¼ p/200 rad

Radians are principally used in purely mathematical situations. In practice, degrees and its subdivisions are normally used in the UK. The

symbols , 9 and 0 are exceptions in that there is no space between the value and the symbol. Decimal subdivisions of the degree are preferred to minutes and seconds; this facilitates the using of pocket calculators. On continental Europe, the grade (or its alternative name, the gon) is often used, always decimally subdivided.

1–2

Solid angle

sr (steradian)

1–3

Length

m (metre)

km, cm, mm, mm, nm, pm, fm

1–4

Area

m2

km2, dm2, cm2, mm2

hectare (ha), are (a) 1 ha ¼ 104 m2 1 a ¼ 102 m2

1–5

Volume

m3

dm3, cm3, mm3

litre (l), hl, cl, ml 1 hl ¼ 10 1m3 11¼ 10 3 m3 ¼ 1 dm3 1 cl ¼ 10 5 m3 1 ml ¼ 10 6 m3 ¼ 1 cm3

1–6.1

Time

s (second)

ks, ms, ms, ns

minute (min) 1 min ¼ 60s exactly hour (h) 1 h ¼ 60 min exactly day (d) d ¼ 24 h exactly

1–8.1

Angular velocity

rad/s

1–10.1

m/s

m/h kilometre per hour (km/h) 1 km/h ¼ (1/3.6) m/s

1–11.1

m/s2

2 Periodic and related phenomena 2–3.1 Frequency

Hz (hertz)

2–3.2

Rotational frequency

s–1

2–4

Angular frequency

rad/s

3 Mechanics 3–1

Mass

kg (kilogram)

3–2

Volumic mass Density Mass density

3–5

nautical mile 1 n mile ¼ 1852 m exactly

The statute mile is currently intended to stay for the moment on road signs in the UK 1 mile ¼ 1.609 344 km exactly.

On road signs the mile is confusingly abbreviated m, ml is preferred.

The square foot is still used by commercial estate agents in the UK 1 sq ft ¼ 0.092 290 304 m2 exactly.

The acre is also commonly found in the UK 1 acre ¼ 0.404 685 6422 ha exactly The abbreviations I and L may each be used for litre; the full name is often used to avoid confusion.

The imperial pint (pt) has been approved for continuing use in the UK, but only for draught beer and for milk in bottles (not cartons!).

1 pt ¼ 0.568 2451 Other units such as week, month and year (a) are in common use; definitions of month and year often need to be specified

1 knot ¼ 1.852 km/h exactly (no abbreviation approved) Miles per hour (mph) are continuing on UK road signs 1 mph ¼ 1.609 344 km/h exactly

THz, GHz, MHz, kHz min–1

revs per min (r/min) and revs per sec (r/s) are also used

Mg, g, mg, mg

tonne (t) unified atomic mass unit (u)

1 t ¼ 103 kg tonne in the UK also called metric ton 1 u approx ¼ 1.660 540 10 27 kg

kg/m3

Mg/m3 kg/dm3, g/cm3 (all the same)

t/m3, kg/l (kg/litre), g/ml, g/l

Lineic mass Linear density

kg/m

mg/m

3–7

Moment of inertia

kg.m2

3–8

Momentum

kg.m/s

3–9

Force

N (newton)

3–11

Moment of momentum Angular momentum

kg.m2

3–12.1

Moment of force

N.m

MN.m, kN.m, mN.m, mN.m

3–15.1

Pressure

Pa (pascal)

GPa, MPa, kPa, hPa, mPa, mPa

3–15.2

Normal stress

Pa

GPa, MPa, kPa

1 tex ¼ 10 6kg/m ¼ 1 g/km The tex is used for textile filaments

MN, kN, mN, mmUM

Moment of force is often called simply moment or bending moment

bar ¼ 100 kPa exactly 1 mbar ¼ 1 hPa bars are used only in fluid pressures

1 MPa ¼ 1 N/mm2

Appendix A The SI system

A-3

Table IV (Continued) Item no in ISO 31:1992

SI unit

Recommended multiples and sub-multiples

3 Mechanics, continued 3–23 Dynamic viscosity

Pa.s

mPa.s

poise (P) 1 cP ¼ 1 mPa.s The poise is only used in conjunction with CGS units

3–24

Kinematic viscosity

m2/s

mm2/s

stokes (St) 1 cSt ¼ 1 mm2/s The stokes is used only in conjunction with CGS units

3–25

Surface tension

N/m

mN/m

3–26.1

Energy

J (joule)

EJ, PJ, TJ, MJ, kJ, mJ

3–26.2

Work

3–27

Power

W (watt)

Thermodynamic temperature

K (kelvin)

4–2

Celsius temperature

4–3.1

Linear expansion coefficient

K–1

4–6

Heat, quantity of heat

J

EJ, PJ, TJ, GJ, MJ, kJ, mJ

4–7

Heat flow rate

W

kW

4–9

Thermal conductivity

W/(m.k)

4–10.1

Coefficient of heat transfer

W/(m.K)

4–11

Thermal insulance

m.k/W

4–15

Heat capacity

J/K

kJ/K

4–16.1

Massic heat capacity (was specific)

J/(kg.K)

kJ/(kg.K)

4–18

Entropy

J/K

kJ/K

4–19

Massic entropy

J/(kg.K)

kJ/(kg.K)

4–21.2

Massic thermodynamic energy (was specific energy)

J/kg

MJ/kg, kJ/kg

5 Electricity and magnetism 5–1 Electric current

A (ampere)

kA, mA, mA, nA, pA

5–2

Electric charge, quantity of electricity

C (coulomb)

kC, mC, nC, pC

5–3

Volumic charge, charge density

C/m3

C/mm3 or GC/m3, MC/m3 or C/cm3, kC/m3, mC/m3, mC/m3

5–4

Areic charge, surface density of charge

C/m3

MC/m2 or C/mm2, C/cm2, kC/m2, mC/m2, mC/m2

5–5

Electric field strength

V/m

MV/m, kV/m or V/mm, V/cm, mV/m, mV/m

5–6.1 5–6.2

V (volt)

MV, kV, mV, V

5–6.3

Electric potential Potential difference tension Electromotive force

5–7

Electrical flux density

C/m2

C/cm2, kC/m2, mC/m2, mC/m2

5–9

Capacitance

F (farad)

mF, mF, nF, pF

5–33

Resistance to direct current

(ohm)

G , M , k , m , m

5–34

Conductance of direct current

S (siemens)

kS, mS, mS

1 S ¼ 1/

5–36

Resistivity

m

G m, M m, k m, cm, m m, m m, n m

mm ¼ 10 2 m (mmUmm2)/m ¼ 10 6 m ¼ mmU m are also used

5–37

Conductivity

S/m

MS/m, kS/M

5–38

Reluctance

H–1

5–39

Permeance

H (henry)

4 Heat 4–1

Quantity

Other units which may be used

electronvolt (eV) 1 eV ¼ (1.602 10 0.000 07) 10 19 J eV, MeV and GeV are used in accelerator technology

GW, MW, kW, mW, mmUW

Remarks

kilowatt-hour (kW.h) 1 kWh ¼ 3.6 106 J ¼ 3.6 MJ W.h, kW.h, MW.h, GW.h and TW.h are used in the electrical power industry 1 W ¼ 1 J/s

1 C ¼ 1 K The temperature in C is the temperature expressed in kelvins minus exactly 273.15 K

C (no space beween value and symbol)

1 W ¼ 1 J/s

1 A.h ¼ 3.6 kC

A-4

Appendix A

The SI system

Table IV (Continued) Item no in ISO 31:1992

Quantity

SI unit

Recommended multiples and sub-multiples

5 Electricity and magnetism, continued 5–49 Active power

W

TW, GW, MW, kW, mW, mW, nW

In electric power technology active power is expressed in watts, apparent power in volt amperes V.A and reactive power in vars (var)

5–52

Active energy

J

TJ, GJ, MJ, KJ

1 W.h ¼ 3.6 kJ exactly TW.h, GW.h, MW.h, kW.h

6 Light 6–3

Wavelength

m

mmUm, nm, pm

6–7

Radiant energy

J

6–10

Radiant power energy flux

W

6–13

Radiant intensity

W/sr

6–15

Radiant exitance

w/m2

6–29

Luminous intensity

cd (candela)

6–30

Luminous flux

lm (lumen)

6–31

Quantity of light

6–32

Luminance

6–33

Luminous exitance

lx (lux)

6–35

Light exposure

lx.s

6–36.1

Luminous efficacy

lm/W

7 Acoustics 7–1

Period, periodic time

s

ms, ms

7–2

Frequency

Hz

MHz, kHz

7–5

Wavelength

m

mm

7–8

Volumic mass Mass density Density

kg/m3

Pa

nPa, mPa

mm/s

lm.h

Other units which may be used

˚) a˚ngstro¨m (A

1 lm.h ¼ 3600 lm.s exactly

cd/m2

7–9.1

Static pressure

7–9.2

(Instantaneous) sound pressure

7–11

(Instantaneous) sound particle velocity

m/s

7–13

(Instantaneous) volume flow rate

m3/s

7–14.1

Velocity of sound

m/s

7–16

Sound power

W

7–17

Sound intensity

W/m2

7–18

Acoustic impedance

Pa.s/m3

7–19

Mechanical impedance

N.s/m

7–20.1

Surface density of mechanical impedance

Pa.s/m

mW/m2, mW/m2, pW/m3

Mechanical impedance

7–21

Sound pressure level

bel (B), dB

7–28

Sound reduction index

B, dB

7–29

Equivalent absorption area of surface or object

m2

7–30

Reverberation time

s

1 dB ¼ 10 1 B

Remarks

˚ R ¼ 10 10m ¼ 10 4 mm 1A Um¼ 10 1 nm

Appendix B Conversion factors and tables

Table I Conversion factors Bold type indicates exact conversions. Otherwise four or five significant figures are given.

Quantity

Area

1 mile 1 chain 1 yard 1 foot 1 inch

¼ 1.609 km ¼ 20.1168 m ¼ 0.9144 m ¼ 0.3048 m ¼ 304.8 mm ¼ 25.4 mm ¼ 2.54 cm

1 square mile 1 hectare 1 acre

¼ 2.590 km2 ¼ 259.0 ha ¼ 10 000 m2 ¼ 4 046.9 m2 ¼ 0.40469 ha ¼ 4 840 yd2 ¼ 0.8361 m2 ¼ 0.09290 m2 ¼ 929.03 cm2 ¼ 645.2 mm2 ¼ 6.452 cm2

1 square yard 1 square foot 1 square inch Volume

1 cubic yard 1 litre 1 m3 1 millilitre 1 cubic foot 1 petrograd standard 1 cubic inch

¼ 0.7646 m3 ¼ 1 dm3 ¼ 1000 cm3 ¼ 1 000 litres ¼ 1 cm3 ¼ 1000 mm ¼ 0.02832 m3 ¼ 28.32 litre ¼ 4.672 m3 ¼ 16 387 mm3 ¼ 16.387 cm3 ¼ 16.387 ml ¼ 0.016387 litre

Capacity

1 UK gallon 1 UK quart 1 UK pint 1 UK fluid ounce 1 US barrel (for petroleum) 1 US gallon 1 US liquid quart 1 US dry quart 1 US liquid pint 1 US dry pint 1 US liquid ounce

¼ 4.546 litre ¼ 1.137 litre ¼ 0.5683 ¼ 28.413 cm3 ¼ 159.0 litre ¼ 3.785 litre ¼ 0.9464 litre ¼ 1.101 litre ¼ 0.4732 litre ¼ 0.5506 litre ¼ 29.574 cm3

Mass

1 UK ton ¼ 1.016 tonne ¼ 1016.05 kg 1 US (or short) ton ¼ 0.9072 tonne ¼ 907.2 kg 1 kip (1000 lb) ¼ 453.59 kg 1 UK hundredweight ¼ 50.80 kg 1 short (US) hundred–weight ¼ 100 lb ¼ 45.36 kg 1 pound ¼ 0.4536 kg 1 ounce avoirdupois ¼ 28.35 g 1 ounce troy ¼ 31.10 g 1 UK ton per mile 1 lb per yard 1 lb per foot 1 lb per inch 1 oz per inch

¼ 0.6313 kg/m ¼ 0.6313 t/km ¼ 0.4961 kg/m ¼ 1.4882 kg/m ¼ 17.86 kg/m ¼ 1.1161 kg/m

Length per unit mass

1 yd per lb

¼ 2.016 m/kg

Mass per unit area

1 ton per square mile 1 ton per acre 1 hundred weight per acre 1 lb per square foot 1 lb per square inch 1 oz per square yard 1 oz per square foot 1 kg/cm2

¼ 392.3 kg/km2 ¼ 0.3923 g/m2 ¼ 3.923 kg/ha ¼ 0.2511 kg/m2 ¼ 0.01255 kg/m2 ¼ 4.882 kg/m2 ¼ 703.07 kg/m2 ¼ 33.91 g/m2 ¼ 305.15 g/m2 ¼ 10 t/m2

1 ton per cubic yard 1 lb per cubic yard 1 lb per cubic foot 1 lb per cubic inch

¼ 1329 kg/m3 ¼ 1.3289 t/m3 ¼ 0.5933 kg/m3 ¼ 16.02 kg/m3 ¼ 27.68 g/cm3 ¼ 27.68 t/m3

Mass per unit length

Mass density (mass per unit volume)

Quantity

Conversion factors

Area coverage

square yards per ton

¼

1 1215 kg/m2 x

square yards per gallon

¼

1 5.437 litre/m2 x

Conversion factors

General purposes Length

Table I (Continued)

Volume rate of flow

¼ 0.4719 litre/s ¼ 471.9 cm3/s ¼ 0.0004719 m3/s 1 cusec (cu ft per sec) ¼ 0.02832 m3/s (‘cumec’) 1 cu ft per thousand acres ¼ 0.06997 litre/ha ¼ 0.006997 m3/km2 ¼ 6997 cm3/km2 1 cubic inch per second ¼ 16.39 ml/s 1 gallon per year ¼ 4546 cm3/a ¼ 0.004546 m3/a 1 gallon per day ¼ 4546 cm3/d 1 litre/s ¼ 86.4 m3/d 1 million gallons per day ¼ 0.05262 m3/s 1 gallon per person per day ¼ 4.546 litre/(person day) 1 gallon per sq yd per day ¼ 0.005437 m3/(m2.d) ¼ 0.000062928 mm/s 1 gallon per cu yd per day ¼ 0.005946 m3/(m3.d) 1 gallon per hour ¼ 4.5461 litre/h 1 gallon per minute ¼ 0.07577 litre/s 1 gallon per second ¼ 4.5461 litre/s

Fuel consumption

1 gallon per mile 1 mile per gallon

1 cubic feet per minute

miles per gallon

¼ 2.825 litre/km ¼ 0.354 km/litre 1 ¼ 282.5 litre 100 km x

Velocity

1 mile per hour 1 foot per minute 1 foot per second 1 inch per second 1 UK knot

¼ 1.609 km/h ¼ 0.44704 m/s ¼ 0.3048 m/min ¼ 0.0051 m/s ¼ 0.3048 m/s ¼ 25.4 mm/s ¼ 0.5148 m/s ¼ 1.853 km/h ¼ 1.00064 international knot

Acceleration

1 foot per sec per sec 1 mile per hr per sec 1 g (standard gravity)

¼ 0.3048 m/s2 ¼ 0.44704 m/s2 ¼ 9.806 65 m/s2

Temperature

Fahrenheit

¼

Temperature interval

1 F

¼ 0.5556 K ¼ 0.5556 C

Energy (heat)

1 British thermal unit 1 Therm 1 calorie 1 kilowatt–hour 1 foot pound–force 1 kilogram force–metre

¼ 1055 J ¼ 1.055 kJ ¼ 105.5 MJ ¼ 4.1868 J ¼ 3.6 MJ ¼ 1.356 J ¼ 9.806 65 J

Power (also heat flow rate)

1 J/s 1 Btu per hour 1 horsepower 1 ft–lbf per second 1 kgf–metre per second 1 calorie per second 1 kilocalorie per hour 1 metric horsepower

¼ 1W ¼ 0.293 07 W ¼ 745.70 W ¼ 1.356 W ¼ 9.806 65 W ¼ 4.1868 W ¼ 1.163 W ¼ 735.5 W

Density of heat flow rate

1 Btu per square foot hour

¼ 3.155 W/m2

Heating

5 ( 32) Celsius 9

a (for annum) is the symbol for year.

B-1

B-2

Appendix B

Conversion factors and tables

Table I (Continued)

Table I (Continued)

Quantity

Conversion factors

Thermal conductivity k value

1 Btu inch per square foot hour degree Fahrenheit

¼ 0.1442 W/(m.K)

Thermal transmittance or coefficient of heat transfer or thermal conductance or U value

1 Btu per square foot hour degree Fahrenheit

¼ 5.678 W/(m2K)

Thermal resistivity 1/k value

1 sq ft hr F per Btu inch

Thermal or specific heat capacity

1 Btu per lb F 1 Btu per cu ft F

¼ 4.187 (kJ.K) ¼ 67.07 kJ/(m3.K)

Calorific value

1 Btu per pound 1 Btu per cubic foot 1 Btu per gallon

¼ 2.326 kJ/kg ¼ 37.26 kJ/m3 ¼ 37.26 J/litre ¼ 232.1 J/litre

Refrigeration

1 ton

¼ 3517 W

Lighting

1 foot–candle

¼ 10.76 1

Illumination

1 lumen per sq ft

¼ 10.76 1

Lumination

1 candela per square inch 1 candela per square foot

¼ 1550 cd/m2 ¼ 10.76 cd/m2 1 ¼ cd/m2 ¼ 0.3183 cd/m2

1 apostilb

Quantity

Conversion factors

Structural design (All tons are UK tons) Force

1 pound–force 1 kip–force 1 ton–force 1 kilogram–force 1 kilopond

¼ 4.448 N ¼ 4.448 kN ¼ 9.964 kN ¼ 9.807 N ¼ 9.807 N

Force per unit length

1 pound–force per foot 1 pound–force per inch 1 ton–force per foot 1 kilogram–force per metre 1 kilogram–force per centimetre

¼ 14.59 N/m ¼ 175.1 kN/m ¼ 175.1 N/mm ¼ 32.69 kN/m ¼ 9.807 N/m ¼ 0.9807 kN/m

Force per unit area or Stress or Pressure

1 lbf per square foot

¼ 47.88 N/m2 ¼ 47.88 Pa ¼ 0.04788 kN/m2 ¼ 6.895 kN/m2 ¼ 6.895 kPa ¼ 107.3 kN/m2 ¼ 107.3 kPa ¼ 15.44 MN/m2 ¼ 15.44 N/mm2 ¼ 15.44 MPa ¼ 9.807 N/m2 ¼ 9.807 Pa ¼ 98.07 kN/m2 ¼ 98.07 kPa ¼ 100 kN/m2 ¼ 100 kPa ¼ 100 N/m2 ¼ 100 Pa ¼ 101.325 kPa ¼ 3.386 kPa ¼ 2.989 kPa ¼ 300 mbar approx

¼ 6.933 m.K/W

1 lbf per square inch 1 tonf per square foot 1 tonf per square inch 1 kgf per square metre 1 kgf per sq centimetre 1 bar 1 millibar 1 standard atmosphere 1 inch of mercury 1 foot of water

¼ 1.356 Nm ¼ 0.1130 Nm ¼ 113.0 Nmm ¼ 1.356 kNm ¼ 0.1130 kNm ¼ 113.0 Nm ¼ 3.037 kNm ¼ 0.2531 kNm ¼ 253.1 Nm ¼ 9.807 Nm

1 pound–force foot 1 pound–force inch 1 kip–force foot 1 kip–force inch 1 ton–force foot 1 ton–force inch 1 kilogram–force metre

Bending moment of torque

Table II Inches and fractions of an inch to millimetres (1/16 in increments up to 11 15/16 in) Inches

1

/16

1

3

/16

¼

/8

5

3

7

/16

½

/16

/8

9

5

11

3

13

7

/16

/8

/16

/4

/16

/8

15

/16

Millimeters 0 1 2 3

– 25.4 50.8 76.2

1.6 27.0 52.4 77.8

3.2 28.6 54.0 79.4

4.8 30.2 55.6 81.0

6.4 31.8 57.2 82.6

7.9 33.3 58.7 84.1

9.5 34.9 60.3 85.7

11.1 36.5 61.9 87.3

12.7 38.1 63.5 88.9

14.3 39.7 65.1 90.5

15.9 41.3 66.7 92.1

17.5 42.9 68.3 93.7

19.1 44.5 69.9 95.3

20.6 46.0 71.4 96.8

22.2 47.6 73.0 98.4

23.8 49.2 74.6 100.0

4 5 6 7

101.6 127.0 152.4 177.8

103.2 128.6 154.0 179.4

104.8 130.2 155.6 181.0

106.4 131.8 157.2 182.6

108.0 133.4 158.8 184.2

109.5 134.9 160.3 185.7

111.1 136.5 161.9 187.3

112.7 138.1 163.5 188.9

114.3 139.7 165.1 190.5

115.9 141.3 166.7 192.1

117.5 142.9 168.3 193.7

119.1 144.5 169.9 195.3

120.7 146.1 171.5 196.9

122.2 147.6 173.0 198.4

123.8 149.2 174.6 200.0

125.4 150.8 176.2 201.6

8 9 10 11

203.2 228.6 254.0 279.4

204.8 230.2 255.6 281.0

206.4 231.8 257.2 282.6

208.0 233.4 258.8 284.2

209.6 235.0 260.4 285.8

211.1 236.5 261.9 287.3

212.7 238.1 263.5 288.9

214.3 239.7 265.1 290.5

215.9 241.3 266.7 292.1

217.5 242.9 268.3 293.7

219.1 244.5 269.9 295.3

220.7 246.1 271.5 296.9

222.3 247.7 273.1 298.5

223.8 249.2 274.6 300.0

225.4 250.8 276.2 301.6

227.0 252.4 277.8 303.2

Appendix B

Conversion factors and tables

B-3

Table III Feet to millimetres (up to 200 ft) Feet

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Millimetres 0 10 20 30 40

– 3048.0 6096.0 9144.0 12192.0

304.8 3352.8 6400.8 9448.8 12496.8

609.6 3657.6 6705.6 9753.6 12801.6

914.4 3962.4 7010.4 10058.4 13106.4

1219.2 4267.2 7315.2 10363.2 13411.2

1524.0 4572.0 7620.0 10668.0 13716.0

1828.8 4876.8 7924.8 10972.8 14020.8

2133.6 5181.6 8229.6 11277.6 14325.6

2438.4 5486.4 8534.4 11582.4 14630.4

2743.2 5791.2 8839.2 11887.2 14935.2

50 60 70 80 90

15240.0 18288.0 21336.0 24384.0 27432.0

15544.8 18592.8 21640.8 24688.8 27736.8

15849.6 18897.6 21945.6 24993.6 28041.6

16154.4 19202.4 22250.4 25298.4 28346.4

16459.2 19507.2 22555.2 25603.2 28651.2

16764.0 19812.0 22860.0 25908.0 28956.0

17068.8 20116.8 23164.8 26212.8 29260.8

17373.6 20421.6 23469.6 26517.6 29565.6

17678.4 20726.4 23774.4 26822.4 29870.4

17983.2 21031.2 24079.2 27127.2 30175.2

100 110 120 130 140

30480.0 33528.0 36576.0 39624.0 42672.0

30784.8 33832.8 36880.8 39928.8 42976.8

31089.6 34137.6 37185.6 40233.6 43281.6

31394.4 34442.4 37490.4 40538.4 43586.4

31699.2 34747.2 37785.2 40843.2 43891.2

32004.0 35052.0 38100.0 41148.0 44196.0

32308.8 35356.8 38404.8 41452.8 44500.8

32613.6 35661.6 38709.6 41757.6 44805.6

32918.4 35966.4 39014.4 42062.4 45110.4

33223.2 36271.2 39319.2 42367.2 45415.2

150 160 170 180 190

45720.0 48768.0 51816.0 54864.0 57912.0

46024.8 49072.8 52120.8 55168.8 58216.8

46329.6 49377.6 52425.6 55473.6 58521.6

46634.4 49682.4 52730.4 55778.4 58826.4

46939.2 49987.2 53035.2 56083.2 59131.2

47244.0 50292.0 53340.0 56388.0 59436.0

47548.8 50596.8 53644.8 56692.8 59740.8

47853.6 50901.6 53949.6 56997.6 60045.6

48158.4 51206.4 54254.4 57302.4 60350.4

48463.2 51511.2 54559.2 57607.2 60655.2

200

60960.0

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Note: use Tables II and III together to obtain the metric equivalent of any dimension up to 200 ft. For example 56 ft 3¼ in: 56 ft ¼ 17068.8 3¼ in ¼ 95.3 TOTAL ¼ 17164.1 mm ¼ 17.164 m

Table IV Miles (up to 100 miles) to kilometres (to two places of decimals) may also be used to convert mph to kph Miles

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Kilometres 0 10 20 30 40

– 16.09 32.19 48.28 64.37

1.61 17.70 33.80 49.89 65.98

3.22 19.31 35.41 51.50 67.59

4.83 20.92 37.01 53.11 69.20

6.44 22.53 38.62 54.72 70.81

8.05 24.14 40.23 56.33 72.42

9.66 25.75 41.84 57.94 74.03

11.27 27.36 43.45 59.55 75.64

12.87 28.97 45.06 61.16 77.25

14.48 30.58 46.67 62.76 78.86

50 60 70 80 90

80.47 96.56 112.65 128.75 144.84

82.08 98.17 114.26 130.36 146.45

83.69 99.78 115.87 131.97 148.06

85.30 101.39 117.48 133.58 149.67

86.90 103.00 119.09 135.19 151.28

88.51 104.61 120.70 136.79 152.89

90.12 106.22 122.31 138.40 154.50

91.73 107.83 123.92 140.01 156.11

93.34 109.44 125.53 141.62 57.72

94.95 111.05 127.14 143.23 159.33

100

160.93

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Table V Square inches (up to 100 sq in) to square millimetres (to one place of decimals) Square inches

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Square millimetres (mm2) 0 10 20 30 40

– 6451.6 12903.2 19354.8 25806.4

645.2 7096.8 13548.4 20000.0 26451.6

1290.3 7741.9 14193.5 20645.1 27096.7

1935.5 8387.1 14838.7 21290.3 27741.9

2580.6 9032.2 15483.8 21935.4 28387.0

3225.8 9677.4 16129.0 22580.6 29032.2

3871.0 10322.6 16774.2 23225.8 29677.4

4516.1 10967.7 17419.3 23870.9 30322.5

5161.3 11612.9 18064.5 24516.1 30967.7

5806.4 12258.0 18709.6 25161.2 31612.8

50 60 70 80 90

32258.0 38709.6 45161.2 51612.8 58064.4

32903.2 39354.8 45806.4 52258.0 58709.6

33548.3 39999.9 46451.5 52903.1 59354.7

34193.5 40645.1 47096.7 53548.3 59999.9

34838.6 41290.2 47741.8 54193.4 60645.0

35483.8 41935.4 48387.0 54838.6 61290.2

36129.0 42580.6 49032.2 55483.8 61935.4

36774.1 43225.7 49677.3 56128.9 62580.5

37419.3 43870.9 50322.5 56774.1 63225.7

38064.4 44516.0 50967.6 57419.2 63870.8

100

64516.0

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

B-4

Appendix B

Conversion factors and tables

Table VI Square feet (up to 500 ft2) to square metres (to two places of decimals) Square feet

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Square metres (m2) 0 10 20 30 40

– 0.93 1.86 2.79 3.72

0.09 1.02 1.95 2.88 3.81

0.19 1.11 2.04 2.97 3.90

0.28 1.21 2.14 3.07 3.99

0.37 1.30 2.23 3.16 4.09

0.46 1.39 2.32 3.25 4.18

0.56 1.49 2.42 3.34 4.27

0.65 1.58 2.51 3.44 4.37

0.74 1.67 2.60 3.53 4.46

0.84 1.77 2.69 3.62 4.55

50 60 70 80 90

4.65 5.57 6.50 7.43 8.36

4.74 5.67 6.60 7.53 8.45

4.83 5.76 6.69 7.62 8.55

4.92 5.85 6.78 7.71 8.64

5.02 5.95 6.87 7.80 8.73

5.11 6.04 6.97 7.90 8.83

5.20 6.13 7.06 7.99 8.92

5.30 6.22 7.15 8.08 9.01

5.39 6.32 7.25 8.18 9.10

5.48 6.41 7.34 8.27 9.20

100 110 120 130 140

9.29 10.22 11.15 12.08 13.01

9.38 10.31 11.24 12.17 13.10

9.48 10.41 11.33 12.26 13.19

9.57 10.50 11.43 12.36 13.29

9.66 10.59 11.52 12.45 13.38

9.75 10.68 11.61 12.54 13.47

9.85 10.78 11.71 12.63 13.56

9.94 10.87 11.80 12.73 13.66

10.03 10.96 11.89 12.82 13.75

10.13 11.06 11.98 12.91 13.84

150 160 170 180 190

13.94 14.86 15.79 16.72 17.65

14.03 14.96 15.89 16.82 17.74

14.12 15.05 15.98 16.91 17.84

14.21 15.14 16.07 17.00 17.93

14.31 15.24 16.17 17.09 18.02

14.40 15.33 16.26 17.19 18.12

14.49 15.42 16.35 17.28 18.21

14.59 15.51 16.44 17.37 18.30

14.68 15.61 16.54 17.47 18.39

14.77 15.70 16.63 17.56 18.49

200 210 220 230 240

18.58 19.51 20.44 21.37 22.30

18.67 19.60 20.53 21.46 22.39

18.77 19.70 20.62 21.55 22.48

18.86 19.79 20.72 21.65 22.58

18.95 19.88 20.81 21.74 22.67

19.05 19.97 20.90 21.83 22.76

19.14 20.07 21.00 21.93 22.85

19.23 20.16 21.09 22.02 22.95

19.32 20.25 21.18 22.11 23.04

19.42 20.35 21.27 22.20 23.13

250 260 270 280 290

23.23 24.15 25.08 26.01 26.94

23.32 24.25 25.18 26.11 27.03

23.41 24.34 25.27 26.20 27.13

23.50 24.43 25.36 26.29 27.22

23.60 24.53 25.46 26.38 27.31

23.69 24.62 25.55 26.48 27.41

23.78 24.71 25.64 26.57 27.50

23.88 24.81 25.73 26.66 27.59

23.97 24.90 25.83 26.76 27.69

24.06 24.99 25.92 26.85 27.78

300 310 320 330 340

27.87 28.80 29.73 30.66 31.59

27.96 28.89 29.82 30.75 31.68

28.06 28.99 29.91 30.84 31.77

28.15 29.08 30.01 30.94 31.87

28.24 29.17 30.10 31.03 31.96

28.34 29.26 30.19 31.12 32.05

28.43 29.36 30.29 31.22 32.14

28.52 29.45 30.38 31.31 32.24

28.61 29.54 30.47 31.40 32.33

28.71 29.64 30.57 31.49 32.42

350 360 370 380 390

32.52 33.45 34.37 35.30 36.23

32.61 33.54 34.47 35.40 36.33

32.70 33.63 34.56 35.49 36.42

32.79 33.72 34.65 35.58 36.51

32.89 33.82 34.75 35.67 36.60

32.98 33.91 34.84 35.77 36.70

33.07 34.00 34.93 35.86 36.79

33.17 34.10 35.02 35.95 36.88

33.26 34.19 35.12 36.05 36.98

33.35 34.28 35.21 36.14 37.07

400 410 420 430 440

37.16 38.09 39.02 39.95 40.88

37.25 38.18 39.11 40.04 40.97

37.35 38.28 39.21 40.13 41.06

37.44 38.37 39.30 40.23 41.16

37.53 38.46 39.39 40.32 41.25

37.63 38.55 39.48 40.41 41.34

37.72 38.65 39.58 40.51 41.43

37.81 38.74 39.67 40.60 41.53

37.90 38.83 39.76 40.69 41.62

38.00 38.93 39.86 40.78 41.71

450 460 470 480 490

41.81 42.74 43.66 44.59 45.52

41.90 42.83 43.76 44.69 45.62

41.99 42.92 43.85 44.78 45.71

42.09 43.01 43.94 44.87 45.80

42.18 43.11 44.04 44.97 45.89

42.27 43.20 44.13 45.06 45.99

42.36 43.29 44.22 45.15 46.08

42.46 43.39 44.31 45.24 46.17

42.55 43.48 44.41 45.34 46.27

42.64 43.57 44.50 45.43 46.36

500

46.45

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Table VII Cubic feet (up to 100 ft3) to cubic metres (to two places of decimals) Cubic feet

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Cubic metres (m3) 0 10 20 30 40

– 0.28 0.57 0.85 1.13

0.03 0.31 0.59 0.88 1.16

0.06 0.34 0.62 0.91 1.19

0.08 0.37 0.65 0.93 1.22

0.11 0.40 0.68 0.96 1.25

0.14 0.42 0.71 0.99 1.27

0.17 0.45 0.73 1.02 1.30

0.20 0.48 0.76 1.05 1.33

0.23 0.51 0.79 1.08 1.36

0.25 0.54 0.82 1.10 1.39

50 60 70 80 90

1.42 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.55

1.44 1.73 2.01 2.29 2.58

1.47 1.76 2.04 2.32 2.61

1.50 1.78 2.07 2.35 2.63

1.53 1.81 2.10 2.38 2.66

1.56 1.84 2.12 2.41 2.69

1.59 1.87 2.15 2.44 2.72

1.61 1.90 2.18 2.46 2.75

1.64 1.93 2.21 2.49 2.78

1.67 1.95 2.24 2.52 2.80

100

2.83

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Appendix B

Conversion factors and tables

B-5

Table VIII Pounds (up to 500 lb) to kilograms (to two places of decimals) Pounds

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Kilogrammes (kg) 0 10 20 30 40

– 4.54 9.07 13.61 18.14

0.45 4.99 9.53 14.06 18.60

0.91 5.44 9.98 14.52 19.05

1.36 5.90 10.43 14.97 19.50

1.81 6.35 10.89 15.42 19.96

2.27 6.80 11.34 15.88 20.41

2.72 7.26 11.79 16.33 20.87

3.18 7.71 12.25 16.78 21.32

3.63 8.16 12.70 17.24 21.77

4.08 8.62 13.15 17.69 22.23

50 60 70 80 90

22.68 27.22 31.75 36.29 40.82

23.13 27.67 32.21 36.74 41.28

23.59 28.12 32.66 37.19 41.73

24.04 28.58 33.11 37.65 42.18

24.49 29.03 33.57 38.10 42.64

24.95 29.48 34.02 38.56 43.09

25.40 29.94 34.47 39.01 43.54

25.85 30.39 34.93 39.46 44.00

26.31 30.84 35.38 39.92 44.45

26.76 31.30 35.83 40.37 44.91

100 110 120 130 140

45.36 49.90 54.43 58.97 63.50

45.81 50.35 54.88 59.42 63.96

46.27 50.80 55.34 59.87 64.41

46.72 51.26 55.79 60.33 64.86

47.17 51.71 56.25 60.78 65.32

47.63 52.16 56.70 61.24 65.77

48.08 52.62 57.15 61.69 66.22

48.53 53.07 57.61 62.14 66.68

48.99 53.52 58.06 62.60 67.13

49.44 53.98 58.51 63.05 67.59

150 160 170 180 190

68.04 72.57 77.11 81.65 86.18

68.49 73.03 77.56 82.10 86.64

68.95 73.48 78.02 82.55 87.09

69.40 73.94 78.47 83.01 87.54

69.85 74.39 78.93 83.46 88.00

70.31 74.84 79.38 83.91 88.45

70.76 75.30 79.83 84.37 88.90

71.21 75.75 80.29 84.82 89.36

71.67 76.20 80.74 85.28 89.81

72.12 76.66 81.19 85.73 90.26

200 210 220 230 240

90.72 95.25 99.79 104.33 108.86

91.17 95.71 100.24 104.78 109.32

91.63 96.16 100.70 105.23 109.77

92.08 96.62 101.15 105.69 110.22

92.53 97.07 101.61 106.14 110.68

92.99 97.52 102.06 106.59 111.13

93.44 97.98 102.51 107.05 111.58

93.89 98.43 102.97 107.50 112.04

94.35 98.88 103.42 107.96 112.49

94.80 99.34 103.87 108.41 112.95

250 260 270 280 290

113.40 117.93 122.47 127.01 131.54

113.85 118.39 122.92 127.46 132.00

114.31 118.84 123.38 127.91 132.45

114.76 119.30 123.83 128.37 132.90

115.21 119.75 124.28 128.82 133.36

115.67 120.20 124.74 129.27 133.81

116.12 120.66 125.19 129.73 134.26

116.57 121.11 125.65 130.18 134.72

117.03 121.56 126.10 130.64 135.17

117.48 122.02 126.55 131.09 135.62

300 310 320 330 340

136.08 140.61 145.15 149.69 154.22

136.53 141.07 145.60 150.14 154.68

136.99 141.52 146.06 150.59 155.13

137.44 141.97 146.51 151.05 155.58

137.89 142.43 146.96 151.50 156.04

138.35 142.88 147.42 151.95 156.49

138.80 143.34 147.87 152.41 156.94

139.25 143.79 148.33 152.86 157.40

139.71 144.24 148.78 153.31 157.85

140.16 144.70 149.23 153.77 158.30

350 360 370 380 390

158.76 163.29 167.83 172.37 176.90

159.21 163.75 168.28 172.82 177.36

159.67 164.20 168.74 173.27 177.81

160.12 164.65 169.10 173.73 178.26

160.57 165.11 169.64 174.18 178.72

161.03 165.56 170.10 174.63 179.17

161.48 166.02 170.55 175.09 179.62

161.93 166.47 171.00 175.54 180.08

162.39 166.92 171.46 175.99 180.53

162.84 167.38 171.91 176.45 180.98

400 410 420 430 440

181.44 185.97 190.51 195.05 199.58

181.89 186.43 190.96 195.50 200.03

183.34 186.88 191.42 195.95 200.49

182.80 187.33 191.87 196.41 200.94

183.25 187.79 192.32 196.86 201.40

183.71 188.24 192.78 197.31 201.85

184.16 188.69 193.23 197.77 202.30

184.61 189.15 193.68 198.22 202.76

185.07 189.60 194.14 198.67 203.21

185.52 190.06 194.59 199.13 203.66

450 460 470 480 490

204.12 208.65 213.19 217.72 222.26

204.57 209.11 213.64 218.18 222.71

205.02 209.56 214.10 218.63 223.17

205.48 210.01 214.55 219.09 223.62

205.93 210.47 215.00 219.54 224.08

206.39 210.92 215.46 219.99 224.53

206.84 211.37 215.91 220.45 224.98

207.29 211.83 216.36 220.90 225.44

207.75 212.28 216.82 221.35 225.89

208.20 212.74 217.27 221.81 226.34

500

226.80

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Table IX Pounds per cubic foot to kilogrammes per cubic metre (to one place of decimals) Pounds per cubic foot

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Kilogrammes per cubic metre (kg/m3) 0 10 20 30 40

– 160.2 320.4 480.6 640.7

16.0 176.2 336.4 496.6 656.8

32.0 192.2 352.4 512.6 672.8

48.1 208.2 368.4 528.6 688.8

64.1 224.3 384.4 544.6 704.8

80.1 240.3 400.5 560.6 720.8

96.1 256.3 416.5 576.7 736.8

112.1 272.3 432.5 592.7 752.9

128.1 288.3 448.5 608.7 768.9

144.2 304.4 464.5 624.7 784.9

50 60 70 80 90

800.9 961.1 1121.3 1281.5 1441.7

816.9 977.1 1137.3 1297.5 1457.7

833.0 993.1 1153.3 1313.5 1473.7

849.0 1009.2 1169.4 1329.5 1489.7

865.0 1025.2 1185.4 1345.6 1505.7

881.0 1041.2 1201.4 1361.6 1521.8

897.0 1057.2 1217.4 1377.6 1537.8

913.1 1073.2 1233.4 1393.6 1553.8

929.1 1089.3 1249.4 1409.6 1569.8

945.1 1105.3 1265.5 1425.6 1585.8

100

1601.9

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

B-6

Appendix B

Conversion factors and tables

Table X UK gallons (up to 100 galls) to litres (to two places of decimals) UK gallons

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Litres 0 10 20 30 40

– 45.46 90.92 136.38 181.84

4.55 50.01 95.47 140.93 186.38

9.09 54.55 100.01 145.47 190.93

13.64 59.10 104.56 150.02 195.48

18.18 63.64 109.10 154.56 200.02

22.73 68.19 113.65 159.11 204.57

27.28 72.74 118.20 163.66 209.11

31.82 77.28 122.74 168.20 213.66

36.37 81.83 127.29 172.75 218.21

40.91 86.37 131.83 177.29 222.75

50 60 70 80 90

227.30 272.76 318.22 363.68 409.14

231.84 277.30 322.76 368.22 413.68

236.39 281.85 327.31 372.77 418.23

240.94 286.40 331.86 377.32 422.77

245.48 290.94 336.40 381.86 427.32

250.03 295.49 340.95 386.41 431.87

254.57 300.03 345.49 390.95 436.41

259.12 304.58 350.04 395.50 440.96

263.67 309.13 354.59 400.04 445.50

268.21 313.67 359.13 404.59 450.05

100

454.60

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Table XI Acres (up to 1000 acres) to hectares (to two places of decimals) Acres

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

–

0.40

0.81

1.21

1.62

2.02

2.43

2.83

3.24

3.64

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Hectares

Acres

Hectares 0 100 200 300 400

– 40.47 80.94 121.41 161.87

4.05 44.52 84.98 125.45 165.92

8.09 48.56 89.03 129.50 169.97

12.14 52.61 93.08 133.55 174.02

16.19 56.66 97.12 137.59 178.06

20.23 60.70 101.17 141.64 182.11

24.28 64.75 105.22 145.69 186.16

28.33 68.80 109.27 149.73 190.20

32.37 72.84 113.31 153.78 194.25

36.42 76.89 117.36 157.83 198.30

500 600 700 800 900

202.34 242.81 283.28 323.75 364.22

206.39 246.86 287.33 327.80 368.26

210.44 250.91 291.37 331.84 372.31

214.48 254.95 295.42 335.89 376.36

218.53 259.00 299.47 339.94 380.41

222.58 263.05 303.51 343.98 384.45

226.62 267.09 307.56 348.03 388.50

230.67 271.14 311.61 352.08 392.55

234.72 275.19 315.66 356.12 396.59

238.77 279.23 319.70 360.17 400.64

1000

404.69

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Table XII Miles per hour (up to 100 mph) to metres per second (to two places of decimals) Miles per hour

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Metres per second 0 10 20 30 40

– 4.47 8.94 13.41 17.88

0.45 4.92 9.39 13.86 18.33

0.89 5.36 9.83 14.31 18.78

1.34 5.81 10.28 14.75 19.22

1.79 6.26 10.73 15.20 19.67

2.24 6.71 11.18 15.65 20.12

2.68 7.15 11.62 16.09 20.56

3.13 7.60 12.07 16.54 21.01

3.58 8.05 12.52 16.99 21.46

4.02 8.49 12.96 17.43 21.91

50 60 70 80 90

22.35 26.82 31.29 35.76 40.23

22.80 27.27 31.74 36.21 40.68

23.25 27.72 32.19 36.66 41.13

23.69 28.16 32.63 37.10 41.57

24.14 28.61 33.08 37.55 42.02

24.59 29.06 33.53 38.00 42.47

25.03 29.50 33.98 38.45 42.92

25.48 29.95 34.42 38.89 43.36

25.93 30.40 34.87 39.34 43.81

26.38 30.85 35.32 39.79 44.26

100

44.70

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Appendix B

Conversion factors and tables

B-7

Table XIII Pressure and stress. Pounds–force per square inch to kilonewtons per square metre (to two places of decimals) Ibf per sq In

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

kN/m2 or kPa 0 10 20 30 40

– 68.95 137.90 206.85 275.80

6.90 75.84 144.80 213.64 282.70

13.79 82.74 151.69 220.64 289.59

20.68 89.64 158.58 227.54 296.48

27.58 96.53 165.48 234.43 303.38

34.48 103.42 172.38 241.32 310.28

41.37 110.32 179.27 248.22 317.17

48.26 117.22 186.16 255.12 324.06

55.16 124.11 193.06 262.01 330.96

62.06 131.00 199.96 268.90 337.86

50 60 70 80 90

344.75 413.70 482.65 551.60 620.55

351.64 420.60 489.54 558.50 627.44

358.54 427.49 496.44 565.39 634.34

365.44 434.38 503.34 572.28 641.24

372.33 441.28 510.23 579.18 648.13

379.22 448.18 517.12 586.08 655.02

386.12 455.07 524.02 592.97 661.92

393.02 461.96 530.92 599.86 668.82

399.91 468.86 537.81 606.76 675.71

406.80 475.76 544.70 613.66 682.60

100

689.50

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

2

Note: the same table will convert kipf per.sq in to MN/m or MPa

Table XIV British thermal units per hour to watts Btu per hr

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

W 0 10 20 30 40

– 2.93 5.86 8.79 11.72

0.29 3.22 6.16 9.09 12.02

0.59 3.52 6.45 9.38 12.31

0.88 3.81 6.74 9.67 12.60

1.17 4.10 7.03 9.97 12.90

1.47 4.40 7.33 10.26 13.19

1.76 4.69 7.62 10.55 13.48

2.05 4.98 7.91 10.84 13.78

2.34 5.28 8.21 11.14 14.07

2.64 5.57 8.50 11.43 14.36

50 60 70 80 90

14.66 17.59 20.52 23.45 26.38

14.95 17.88 20.81 23.74 26.67

15.24 18.17 21.10 24.03 26.97

15.53 18.47 21.40 24.33 27.26

15.83 18.76 21.69 24.62 27.55

16.12 19.05 21.98 24.91 27.84

16.41 19.34 22.28 25.21 28.14

16.71 19.64 22.57 25.50 28.43

17.00 19.93 22.86 25.79 28.72

17.29 20.22 23.15 26.09 29.02

100

29.31

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Table XV U value: British thermal units per square foot per hour per degree Fahrenheit to watts per square metre per kelvin Btu per sq ft hr F

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

W/(m2K) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

– 0.568 1.136 1.703 2.271

0.057 0.624 1.192 1.760 2.328

0.114 0.681 1.249 1.817 2.385

0.170 0.738 1.306 1.874 2.442

0.227 0.795 1.363 1.931 2.498

0.284 0.852 1.420 1.987 2.555

0.341 0.908 1.476 2.044 2.612

0.397 0.965 1.533 2.101 2.669

0.454 1.022 1.590 2.158 2.725

0.511 1.079 1.647 2.214 2.782

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

2.839 3.407 3.975 4.542 5.110

2.896 3.464 4.031 4.599 5.167

2.953 3.520 4.088 4.656 5.224

3.009 3.577 4.145 4.713 5.281

3.066 3.634 4.202 4.770 5.337

3.123 3.691 4.258 4.826 5.394

3.180 3.747 4.315 4.883 5.451

3.236 3.804 4.372 4.940 5.508

3.293 3.861 4.429 4.997 5.564

3.350 3.918 4.486 5.053 5.621

1.0

5.678

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

B-8

Appendix B

Conversion factors and tables

Table XVI Feet and inches (up to 100 ft) to metres and millimetres (to nearest millimetre) Feet

Inches 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Metres and millimetres 0 1 2 3 4

– 0.305 0.610 0.914 1.219

0.025 0.330 0.635 0.940 1.245

0.051 0.356 0.660 0.965 1.270

0.076 0.381 0.686 0.991 1.295

0.102 0.406 0.711 1.016 1.321

0.127 0.432 0.737 1.041 1.346

0.152 0.457 0.762 1.067 1.372

0.178 0.483 0.787 1.092 1.397

0.203 0.508 0.813 1.118 1.422

0.229 0.533 0.838 1.143 1.448

0.254 0.559 0.864 1.168 1.473

0.279 0.584 0.889 1.194 1.499

5 6 7 8 9

1.524 1.829 2.134 2.438 2.743

1.549 1.854 2.159 2.464 2.769

1.575 1.880 2.184 2.489 2.794

1.600 1.905 2.210 2.515 2.819

1.626 1.930 2.235 2.540 2.845

1.651 1.956 2.261 2.565 2.870

1.676 1.981 2.286 2.591 2.896

1.702 2.007 2.311 2.616 2.921

1.727 2.032 2.337 2.642 2.946

1.753 2.057 2.362 2.667 2.972

1.778 2.083 2.388 2.692 2.997

1.803 2.108 2.413 2.718 3.023

10 11 12 13 14

3.048 3.353 3.658 3.962 4.267

3.073 3.378 3.683 3.988 4.293

3.099 3.404 3.708 4.013 4.318

3.124 3.429 3.734 4.039 4.343

3.150 3.454 3.759 4.064 4.369

3.175 3.480 3.785 4.089 4.394

3.200 3.505 3.810 4.115 4.420

3.226 3.531 3.835 4.140 4.445

3.251 3.556 3.861 4.166 4.470

3.277 3.581 3.886 4.191 4.496

3.302 3.607 3.912 4.216 4.521

3.327 3.632 3.937 4.242 4.547

15 16 17 18 19

4.572 4.877 5.182 5.486 5.791

4.597 4.902 5.207 5.512 5.817

4.623 4.928 5.232 5.537 5.842

4.648 4.953 5.258 5.563 5.867

4.674 4.978 5.283 5.588 5.893

4.699 5.004 5.309 5.613 5.918

4.724 5.029 5.334 5.639 5.944

4.750 5.055 5.359 5.664 5.969

4.775 5.080 5.385 5.690 5.994

4.801 5.105 5.410 5.715 6.020

4.826 5.131 5.436 5.740 6.045

4.851 5.156 5.461 5.766 6.071

20 21 22 23 24

6.096 6.401 6.706 7.010 7.315

6.121 6.426 6.731 7.036 7.341

6.147 6.452 6.756 7.061 7.366

6.172 6.477 6.782 7.087 7.391

6.198 6.502 6.807 7.112 7.417

6.223 6.528 6.833 7.137 7.442

6.248 6.553 6.858 7.163 7.468

6.274 6.579 6.883 7.188 7.493

6.299 6.604 6.909 7.214 7.518

6.325 6.629 6.934 7.239 7.544

6.350 6.655 6.960 7.264 7.569

6.375 6.680 6.985 7.290 7.595

25 26 27 28 29

7.620 7.925 8.230 8.534 8.839

7.645 7.950 8.255 8.560 8.865

7.671 7.976 8.280 8.585 8.890

7.696 8.001 8.306 8.611 8.915

7.722 8.026 8.331 8.636 8.941

7.747 8.052 8.357 8.661 8.966

7.772 8.077 8.382 8.687 8.992

7.798 8.103 8.407 8.712 9.017

7.823 8.128 8.433 8.738 9.042

7.849 8.153 8.458 8.763 9.068

7.874 8.179 8.484 8.788 9.093

7.899 8.204 8.509 8.814 9.119

30 31 32 33 34

9.144 9.449 9.754 10.058 10.363

9.169 9.474 9.779 10.084 10.389

9.195 9.500 9.804 10.109 10.414

9.220 9.525 9.830 10.135 10.439

9.246 9.550 9.855 10.160 10.465

9.271 9.576 9.881 10.185 10.490

9.296 9.601 9.906 10.211 10.516

9.322 9.627 9.931 10.236 10.541

9.347 9.652 9.957 10.262 10.566

9.373 9.677 9.982 10.287 10.592

9.398 9.703 10.008 10.312 10.617

9.423 9.728 10.033 10.338 10.643

35 36 37 38 39

10.668 10.973 11.278 11.582 11.887

10.693 10.998 11.303 11.608 11.913

10.719 11.024 11.328 11.633 11.938

10.744 11.049 11.354 11.659 11.963

10.770 11.074 11.379 11.684 11.989

10.795 11.100 11.405 11.709 12.014

10.820 11.125 11.430 11.735 12.040

10.846 11.151 11.455 11.760 12.065

10.871 11.176 11.481 11.786 12.090

10.897 11.201 11.506 11.811 12.116

10.922 11.227 11.532 11.836 12.141

10.947 11.252 11.557 11.862 12.167

40 41 42 43 44

12.192 12.497 12.802 13.106 13.411

12.217 12.522 12.827 13.132 13.437

12.243 12.548 12.852 13.157 13.462

12.268 12.573 12.878 13.183 13.487

12.294 12.598 12.903 13.208 13.513

12.319 12.624 12.929 13.233 13.538

12.344 12.649 12.954 13.259 13.564

12.370 12.675 12.979 13.284 13.589

12.395 12.700 13.005 13.310 13.614

12.421 12.725 13.030 13.335 13.640

12.446 12.751 13.056 13.360 13.665

12.471 12.776 13.081 13.386 13.691

45 46 47 48 49

13.716 14.021 14.326 14.630 14.935

13.741 14.046 14.351 14.656 14.961

13.767 14.072 14.376 14.681 14.986

13.792 14.097 14.402 14.707 15.011

13.818 14.122 14.427 14.732 15.037

13.843 14.148 14.453 14.757 15.062

13.868 14.173 14.478 14.783 15.088

13.894 14.199 14.503 14.808 15.113

13.919 14.224 14.529 14.834 15.138

13.945 14.249 14.554 14.859 15.164

13.970 14.275 14.580 14.884 15.189

13.995 14.300 14.605 14.910 15.215

50 51 52 53 54

15.240 15.545 15.850 16.154 16.459

15.265 15.570 15.875 16.180 16.485

15.291 15.596 15.900 16.205 16.510

15.316 15.621 15.926 16.231 16.535

15.342 15.646 15.951 16.256 16.561

15.367 15.672 15.977 16.281 16.586

15.392 15.697 16.002 16.307 16.612

15.418 15.723 16.027 16.332 16.637

18.443 15.748 16.053 16.358 16.662

15.469 15.773 16.078 16.383 16.688

15.494 15.799 16.104 16.408 16.713

15.519 15.824 16.129 16.434 16.739

55 56 57 58 59

16.764 17.069 17.374 17.678 17.983

16.789 17.094 17.399 17.704 18.009

16.815 17.120 17.424 17.729 18.034

16.840 17.145 17.450 17.755 18.059

16.866 17.170 17.475 17.780 18.085

16.891 17.196 17.501 17.805 18.110

16.916 17.221 17.526 17.830 18.136

16.942 17.247 17.551 17.856 18.161

16.967 17.272 17.577 17.882 18.186

16.993 17.297 17.602 17.907 18.212

17.018 17.323 17.628 17.932 18.237

17.043 17.248 17.653 17.958 18.263

60 61 62 63 64

18.288 18.593 18.898 19.202 19.507

18.313 18.618 18.923 19.228 19.533

18.339 18.644 18.948 19.253 19.558

18.364 18.669 18.974 19.279 19.583

18.390 18.694 18.999 19.304 19.609

18.415 18.720 19.025 19.329 19.634

18.440 18.745 19.050 19.355 19.660

18.466 18.771 19.075 19.380 19.685

18.491 18.796 19.101 19.406 19.710

18.517 18.821 19.126 19.431 19.736

18.542 18.847 19.152 19.456 19.761

18.567 18.872 19.177 19.482 19.787

65 66 67 68 69

19.812 20.117 20.422 20.726 21.031

19.837 20.142 20.447 20.752 21.057

19.863 20.168 20.472 20.777 21.082

19.888 20.193 20.498 20.803 21.107

19.914 20.218 20.523 20.828 21.133

19.939 20.244 20.549 20.853 21.158

19.964 20.269 20.574 20.879 21.184

19.990 20.295 20.599 20.904 21.209

20.015 20.320 20.625 20.930 21.234

20.041 20.345 20.650 20.955 21.260

20.066 20.371 20.676 20.980 21.285

20.091 20.396 20.701 21.006 21.311

Index

Chapter numbers are given in bold followed by page numbers. A denotes Appendix A. B denotes Appendix B. 3D see Three-dimensionality 24 hour bank lobbies, 26.6–7 A&E see Accident & Emergency A-series paper, 1.2 Ablutions, 34.19 see also Sanitary installations/ appliances Absorptance, 39.5 Absorption coefficients, 41.2 Absorption cooling systems, 39.31, 39.32 Abutments, steps, 7.4 Academic laboratories, 23.1, 23.10–11 Academic libraries, 29.1–2, 29.3–6, 29.10–13 Access: auditoria, 33.19, 33.41 balconies, 8.14 cinemas, 33.33–5 doorways, 38.1 emergency care facilities, 25.7–8 fire safety, 42.5–7, 42.23 foodservice facilities, 17.6, 17.9 hotels, 11.12–13 Housing Corporation standards, 8.5 inclusive design, 44.1–7 library design, 29.4, 29.5 maintenance, 2.6, 2.7–8, 45.1–8 offices, 12.7 schools, 21.8, 21.12 services, 2.7–8, 5.16 shopping centres, 13.11 storage, 2.6–7 student housing, 9.8, 9.11 studio theatres, 33.24 tropical design, 35.8–9, 35.11 windows, 38.1 see also Disabled facilities Access roads, 31.6 Accident & Emergency (A&E), 25.7–9, 25.10, 25.15 Accommodation see Housing ACDP see Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens Acoustics, 41.1–2 auditoria, 33.2, 33.13, 33.33 industrial facilities, 14.9 laboratories, 23.20 law courts, 27.5 models, 41.2–3 museums/art galleries, 28.6 SI units, A.4 studios, 32.3–5 test data, 41.6 see also Noise; Sound Acre conversion table, B.6 Active design, 35.15, 35.21, 35.26, 35.30–1, 39.1 Activity energy, 39.2–3 Activity spaces, 5.7, 5.16–18, 5.21–7, 5.29–31, 18.2, 18.8–10 Acute hospitals, 25.5–6, 25.13–15 Adaptability: auditorium seats, 33.11–12 hospitals, 25.4, 25.6

industrial facilities, 14.2–5, 14.7 schools, 21.2 thermal comfort, 39.7 see also Expansion methods; Extension requirements Adjacencies, 29.4 Adjustable furniture, 21.4 Administration spaces, 3.1, 11.9, 21.17, 22.6, 24.6 Adolescents, 2.3, 44.2 see also Children; Young people Adult acute wards, 25.13–14 see also Acute hospitals Adult-changing facilities, 44.7 see also Changing facilities Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP), 23.2 Advocates’ areas, courts, 27.6 AEDET hospital design, 25.3 Aerial ladder platforms (ALPs), 27.7, 27.11 Aerofoils, 35.20, 35.25 Agency staff recruitment, 3.1 Agricultural buildings, 7.14, 16.1–21 AHUs see Air handling units Aid agency funding, 35.8 Aikido spaces, 18.10 Air change rate, 23.20 Air conditioning, 39.30–1, 46.1, 46.12–13 auditorium seats, 33.12 offices, 12.7–8 studios, 32.3 tropical design, 35.30–1 see also Heating, ventilation and air conditioning Air cooling systems, 39.29–30 Air distribution, heating systems, 39.28 Air ducts, 46.1, 46.9 see also Ducts Air handling units (AHUs), 46.1, 46.11–12 Air infiltration, 39.22–3 Air leakage measurements, 39.34, 39.35 Air pollution, 28.5 Air quality, 39.9, 39.10, 39.23 Air speed, 39.7, 39.9 Air supply rates, 39.28 Air temperature, 39.6–7, 39.9, 39.11–12, 39.19–20 see also Sol-air temperature Airborne sound insulation, 32.3 Aircraft, 30.6, 30.11–13, 41.4 see also Airports Airflow models, 39.33–4 Airports, 17.2, 17.3, 30.2–11 Aisle widths: churches, 34.14 cinemas, 33.33 laboratories, 23.12, 23.13–14 Albedo, 35.35–6 All-weather surfacings, 19.4, 19.7 ALPs see Aerial ladder platforms Altars, 34.2, 34.5, 34.7–12

Altitude of sun, 40.3, 40.13 Aluminium, 36.35, 37.10–11, 42.20 Ambulance stations, 27.12–13 Ambulant disabled people, 5.19, 5.20–1 Amenity areas see Sanitary installations/appliances American football, 19.9 Amplitude, sound, 41.1 Ancillary spaces: crematoria, 34.22–3 means of escape, 42.19–20 museums/art galleries, 28.4 offices, 12.5 sports halls, 18.2, 18.10–11 Angles, steel, 37.5–6 Anglican Church see Church of England Animal stock, 16.1–20 see also Fauna Annealed float glass, 36.23–4 Annotation of drawings, 1.6, 1.7 Announcers’ studios, 32.1 Antennas, 46.17 Anthropometrics, 2.1–5, 34.11, 34.13, 34.15, 35.11 Appliance bays, fire stations, 27.7–8 Apron servicing, 30.11, 30.13 Archaeological sites, 35.8 Archery ranges, 18.13, 19.8–9 Ardhamandapa, 34.21 Arid climates, 35.12–14, 35.16 Ark see Holy Ark Art and design teaching, 21.14 Art galleries, 28.1–6, 33.39 Articulated vehicles, 30.14, 30.15, 31.4 Artificial lighting, 29.13, 29.15, 40.7–12 see also Lighting ASA standards see FINA/ASA standards Asbestos, 42.21 ASPECT hospital design, 25.3 Assembly detail drawings, 1.6, 1.11 Assembly halls/spaces, 27.3, 27.14, 34.4–5, 42.13–14, 46.5 see also Auditoria Assembly lines, 14.1–3, 14.5, 15.9 Association football, 19.9 Athletics tracks, 18.12, 18.13, 19.3–8 ATMs see Automatic teller machines Atria, 35.16, 35.19, 35.24 Attendants’ seating, auditoria, 33.11 Audience participation studios, 32.1 Audiovisual facilities, 33.30–2 Auditoria, 33.1–41, 41.2–3 design considerations, 33.3–13, 33.32 multi-purpose, 33.37–8 seating, 33.1–3, 33.33

support facilities, 33.38–41 Aural limits, auditoria, 33.1, 33.4 Aurally impaired people, 33.35 Australian climate, 35.5–6 Australian football, 19.9 Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks, 37.9–10 Automatic fire detectors, 42.22–3 Automatic sprinklers, 42.22 Automatic teller machines (ATMs), 26.1, 26.6–7, 26.9 Average see Mean average Awnings, 35.17 Axial control, grids, 1.11–12 Azimuth, 40.3, 40.13 Bab Al-Sadir, 34.19 Baby changing facilities, 5.25–6 Background noise levels, 32.3, 32.4 Backstage lighting, 33.12 Backstroke turn indicators, 18.23 Badminton courts, 18.8 Baggage handling, airports, 30.6–11 Baker’s shops, 13.6 Balance areas: laboratories, 23.9–10 universities, 22.4, 22.6–7 Balconies: auditoria, 33.6–7, 33.10 cleaning access, 45.5 flats, 8.14, 8.15 hotels, 11.7 means of escape, 42.12–13 tropical design, 35.15–16 Bale storage, 16.14 Balustrades, 2.18–19 Banks, 26.1–4, 26.6–7, 26.9 Banquet layouts, 17.5, 17.7 Baptisms, 34.2–6 see also Fonts Baptist Church, 34.5–6 Baptisteries, 34.6 Bar areas, 11.10, 17.26, 17.28–9 see also Public houses Barriers: fire safety, 42.22 landscape design, 7.8–12, 7.15 sound insulation, 41.6 sports grounds, 19.1 wind, 39.13, 39.14 Bars (metal), 37.1, 37.2–3, 37.10 Baseball pitches, 19.9 Basement escape routes, 42.16 Basketball courts, 18.8 Baskets, supermarkets, 13.7–8 Batch production, 14.2–3 Bathrooms, 5.23–4 elderly people’s housing, 10.3–4 furniture standards, 8.7 hotels, 11.6 sheltered housing, 8.18 single-family houses, 8.12 student housing, 9.2, 9.8, 9.9–10 washbasins, 5.22 I-1

I-2

Index

Baths, 5.23–4, 8.17, 9.5, 10.3 Battery houses for poultry, 16.11–12 BBs see Building Bulletins Beams, 36.6, 36.36 concrete, 36.32 standard conditions, 36.7–10 steel, 36.39–40, 36.42–3, 37.3, 37.5–6 timber, 36.16, 36.18–19 Bearing pressure, foundations, 36.27, 36.47 Bedrooms, 5.29–32, 8.3, 8.6–7, 11.1–2, 11.4–9, 11.11 see also Study bedrooms Beds, 11.8, 24.8, 25.7, 25.9, 25.11 Bedsitting rooms, 8.16 see also Flats Beef cattle housing, 16.2, 16.4, 16.6–7 Behavioural difficulties, 21.19 Bench marks, 1.3 Benches, 7.7, 19.3, 21.5, 23.15–17, 33.29 Bending moments, 36.5, 36.6 Bending stresses, 36.6, 36.11–12 BER see Building Emission Rate Bespoke industrial facilities, 14.1, 14.4 Beverage services, 17.7, 17.20–1, 17.26–8, 17.30, 33.39 see also Foodservice facilities Bicycle polo, 19.9 Bicycles, 5.34, 31.1, 31.11–14 see also Cycle . . . ; Cycling tracks Bidets, 5.16 ‘Big box’ warehousing, 15.4 Bikeways, 31.11–14 Billiards areas, 18.13 Bima, 34.15–16, 34.17 Bioclimatic design, 35.12 Biohazards, 35.10–11 Biopharma/Biotech processes, 14.4 Bitumen roofing membranes, 37.13–14 Blast proofing, 27.16, 30.11 Bleacher seating, 33.11 Blinds, 35.18, 39.18–19 see also Curtains Block stacking methods, 15.2, 15.6 Blocks, 37.9–10, 39.16 see also Glass blocks; Street blocks Bluewater Park, Kent, 13.14, 35.20, 35.25 Boat parks, 19.21 Boathouses, 19.15–16 Boating facilities, 19.6, 19.8, 19.12–21 Boats, types, 19.13–16 Body clearance for maintenance, 2.7 Body-tinted glass, 35.38 Boilers, 39.25–6, 46.1, 46.9–10, 46.16 Bollards, 7.8 Bolton Market Place, 13.13 Book collections, 29.6, 29.11 Bookrests, 34.17 Bookshops, 13.4 Bookstacks, 29.9, 29.10 Booths for foodservice, 17.8 Border controls, terminals, 30.1 Bosun’s chair, 45.6, 45.7 Boundary conditions, 1.14 Boundary layers, wind speed, 39.12, 39.13 Boundary lines, sports, 19.1 Bowling rinks, 18.13, 19.11 Box offices, 33.39 Boxes (electrical), 38.5 Boxes (horses), 16.12, 16.18, 16.20

Boxing rings, 18.11 Brand value, 4.1 BRE see Building Research Establishment Brewer’s drays, 31.3 Bricks, 7.10, 7.12, 37.9–10, 42.20 Bridges (auditoria), 33.17, 33.19, 33.20 Briefings: community centres, 20.1 primary health care, 24.3 school buildings, 21.2 Brightness aspects, 40.12 Brighton Public Library, 29.2, 29.15 British Telecom Training Centre, 22.5 Broadcasting studios, 32.1–5 Buckling, 36.5 Buggies see Pushchair facilities Building Bulletins (BBs), 21.2 Building elements, 4.3 Building Emission Rate (BER), 37.15 Building energy models, 39.32–3 Building envelope, 39.1–2 Building fabric, 39.14–19 Building measurement standards, 12.3–5 Building Regulations: agricultural buildings, 16.20–1 electric lamps, 40.7–8 fire safety, 42.3, 42.23–4 flat conversions, 8.15 space standards, 8.6–7, 8.10 staircases, 2.17–18 student housing, 9.5, 9.8 WCs for wheelchair users, 5.19 Building Research Establishment (BRE), 40.2–4, 40.7 Building services, 12.5, 12.7–8, 23.6–8, 24.8, 34.18 see also Services Building shell, 12.5, 12.7 see also Shell design Building skin, 12.7 Building societies, 26.1, 26.3–4, 26.7, 26.9 Building studies, 6.11 Burial sites, 35.8 Bu¨rolandschaft offices, 12.1 Bus stations, 30.11, 30.13–19 Business practices, tropics, 35.8 Business studies teaching, 21.14 Butcher’s shop, 13.6 Buttermarket shopping centre, Ipswich, 13.14 C. Difficile infections, 25.7 Cables: cleaning access, 45.5 electricity supply, 38.4–5 CAD see Computer Assisted Design Cafeteria cages (poultry), 16.12 Cafeterias, 17.17–20 Calf housing, 16.2, 16.7 Calorifier installations, 46.1, 46.10–11 Camogie pitches, 19.9 Campus types, 22.1–3 Canadian football, 19.10 Candela see Iso-candela diagrams; Luminous intensity Candles, altars, 34.7, 34.9 Cane users, 44.5 see also Visually impaired people Canoes, 19.13, 19.14 Canteen facilities, 14.10

Cantilevers, 36.6, 36.7, 36.10, 36.33 Capital costs, 4.1–6 Car dimensions, 31.1–2 Car parks, 8.7–8, 31.14–18 gates, 7.15 health care services, 24.5 hotels, 11.12–13 industrial facilities, 14.5 schools, 21.12 shopping centres, 13.12–13 swimming pools, 18.25 urban tropics, 35.26 see also Parking facilities Carbon dioxide, 39.23, 39.27, 42.22 Carriageway widths, 31.5–6, 31.7 Cash facilities, 27.3 see also Automatic teller machines Cast iron pipes, 38.3–4 Catamarans, 19.13, 19.14 Catering facilities: hotels, 11.11 industry, 14.10 law courts, 27.7 police stations, 27.16–17 student housing, 9.2 universities, 22.4, 22.6 see also Foodservice facilities; Kitchens Cathode ray tube (CRT) desks, 12.16–18 Catholic churches, 34.2, 34.7–12 Cattle housing, 16.2, 16.4–7 Catwalks, 2.7, 45.5, 45.6 CAV see Constant air volume Cavity barriers, 42.22 Cavity insulation, 39.15, 39.17 C/E rooms see Consult/ Examination rooms Ceiling fans, 35.30 Ceilings, 8.8–9, 27.19, 33.13, 36.22, 46.1, 46.15–16 Cellar storage, 17.27–8 Cells (police stations), 27.17, 27.18–19 Cellular building design, 12.9, 12.11, 23.9 Cement-bonded particleboard, 37.8 Cemeteries, 34.17, 34.18 Centimetres, 1.3 Central heating systems, 39.24, 39.25, 46.1, 46.16 Central processing units (CPUs), 12.16–17 Centralization: airport terminals, 30.4–6 food production, 17.3, 17.14 Ceremonial spaces, 34.4, 34.5, 34.6–7 CET see Corrected effective temperature CFD see Computational fluid dynamics Chain barriers, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10 Chain measures, 1.9 Chairs: cleaning access, 45.6, 45.7 elderly people’s housing, 10.4 schools, 21.4 see also Seating Change of use, 1.15 see also Adaptability Changing facilities: Baptist Church, 34.6 concert halls, 33.25 inclusive design, 44.7 police stations, 27.14 schools, 21.10–11, 21.17 swimming pools, 18.23–5 see also Dressing rooms Channels (steel), 36.37, 37.5

Chapels, 34.22 CHC see Community Health Council Checking-in areas, airports, 30.7–8 Checkouts, supermarkets, 13.8 Chicane slowing devices, 31.7, 31.9 Children: anthropometrics, 2.3 care facilities, 20.1, 20.3 disabilities, 44.2 handrails/balustrades, 2.19 health services, 25.14, 25.17–18 libraries, 29.3 play equipment, 7.14–17 sanitary facilities, 5.22, 5.25–6 swimming pools, 18.16, 18.17 wards, 25.14, 25.17–18 WCs, 44.7 see also Adolescents; Schools; Young people Chilled surface cooling systems, 39.30–1 Chiropody treatment rooms, 24.6, 24.8 Choir position in churches, 34.14–16 Christian places of worship, 34.1–16 Church of England, 34.1–2, 34.7–8, 34.10–11 Churches, 20.2, 34.1–16 CID see Criminal Investigation Department Cinemas, 33.32–8 Circuit-Watts, 40.7, 40.13 Circulation spaces, 2.13–19 auditorium seating, 33.9 churches, 34.13, 34.14 crematoria, 34.22 domestic activities, 5.31 elderly people’s housing, 10.2 fire stations, 27.11 foodservice facilities, 17.6 health care services, 24.4 hotels, 11.1–3 laboratories, 23.12–15 offices, 12.12 public cloakrooms, 5.29 sanitary installations, 5.22, 5.24–5 shopping centres, 13.12 sports centres, 18.1 student housing, 9.11 Cisterns, 5.11, 5.16 Cities see Urban design Civic suites, town halls, 27.1 Civic value of buildings, 4.1, 29.4–5 Cladding, 37.10–15, 42.7 Class rooms/bases, 21.9, 21.10–11 Classical music concert halls, 33.24–6 Clay bricks, 37.9, 42.20 Clay pipes, 38.4 Cleaning: cinema lighting, 33.35 community centres, 20.2 frequency, 45.1 hospitals, 25.7 methods, 45.1 sanitary installations, 5.27 student housing, 9.11 windows, 45.1–7 see also Hygiene Cleanrooms in laboratories, 23.2–3 Climate, 28.5, 35.3–6, 35.12–26, 39.1–2, 39.9–14 Climate change, 35.5–6 see also Global warming Clinical laboratories, 23.1–2 Clinics, 24.2, 24.3

Index

Cloakrooms, 5.27–30, 11.12, 34.5 see also WCs Clothing, 2.3, 2.4, 39.6, 39.7 Clothing shops, 13.3 Cloths for altars, 34.7, 34.8 Cloud cover effect, 39.10–11 Clout archery, 19.8 Club-standard water polo, 18.16, 18.21 Clubhouses, yachts, 19.16 Clubs, foodservice, 17.26, 17.29 Cluster flats, 8.16–17 Coach stations, 30.11, 30.13–19 Coanda effect, 39.29 Coat storage, 21.6, 21.10–11 Coated glass, 35.38 Coated steels, 37.2 Coffee bars, 17.17 see also Cafeterias Coffin circulation, crematoria, 34.22 Coffin-format concert halls, 33.24, 33.25 Coincidence effect, 41.5 Cold sawing machines, 14.9 Collaborative learning, 29.7–8 Collections: libraries, 29.6, 29.11 museums, 28.1, 28.2–3, 28.5–6 Colleges, 22.8, 29.11, 29.12 see also Further education establishments; Higher education establishments Colombo, 35.3 Colonnade design, 35.15–16, 35.22 Colourations, sound, 41.2 Columns, 36.5, 36.13, 36.32–3, 36.37, 36.42, 37.3 Combi-offices, 12.2, 12.11 Combination boilers, 46.1, 46.16 Combine harvesters, 16.3 Combustibility of buildings, 42.3 Combustion triangle, 42.1 Comfort, 35.4, 35.9, 39.1–2, 39.6–10 Commissioning studies, 6.6, 6.9–10 Committee rooms, 27.1 Communal spaces: auditoria, 33.41 flats, 8.14–15 master planning, 6.11 sheltered housing, 8.18 single-person accommodation, 8.16–17 student housing, 9.11 Communications: hotels, 11.4 master planning, 6.5 museums/art galleries, 28.3–4 offices, 12.7, 12.15–16 police stations, 27.15 student housing, 9.9 Communion tables, 34.2–3, 34.5, 34.7, 34.10 Community centres, 20.1–4 Community Health Council (CHC) offices, 26.1–2, 26.4–6, 26.9 Community services: health care, 24.3, 25.1–2, 26.1–2, 26.4–6, 26.9 libraries, 29.3–4 schools, 21.2, 21.8, 21.12–13, 21.15 see also Primary health care Compartments: fire compartments, 42.4, 42.7, 42.10 hospital buildings, 25.7 WCs, 5.10–11, 5.13, 5.17–21, 5.23, 5.26 Compensation, thermal comfort, 39.7

Competition pools, 18.12, 18.15, 18.22–4 Competitions for master plans, 6.2 Component drawings, 1.4, 1.11–12 Composite climates, 35.3, 35.14, 35.15 Composite sound insulation, 41.4 Compression members, 36.5 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, 39.33 Computer Assisted Design (CAD) standards, 1.5–8, 3.1–2 Computer systems, 2.6, 11.4, 29.7, 29.8 see also Information technology Computerised tomography (CT), 25.9–10 Concert halls, 33.24–6, 33.38, 41.2 Concessions, 13.2 Concourses, 30.7, 30.9 Concrete, 36.16–20, 36.25–35 blocks, 37.9–10, 39.16 fire resistance, 42.20 precast, 37.10 steel reinforcement, 37.3 stress/strain relationship, 36.3, 36.5 tropical design, 35.31, 35.34 walls, 7.11, 7.12 Condensation, 39.5, 39.19–22 Conduction, 39.3–4, 42.1 Conduit cable systems, 38.5 Conferences: conference halls, 33.3, 33.7, 33.26–32, 33.38 seating layouts, 17.5, 17.7, 33.3, 33.7 student housing, 9.2, 9.12 Confessionals, 34.14, 34.15 Confidentiality see Privacy Conservation activities, 28.4–6 Conservation areas, 1.15, 6.10 Constant air volume (CAV) air conditioning, 39.30 Constant illuminance control, 40.13 Construction: costs, 4.1–6, 35.9 risks, 4.2 Consult/Examination (C/E) rooms, 25.14 Consultants: cost consultants, 4.3–4 master planning, 6.2–5 recruitment, 3.1 territories, 6.3–5 Consulting rooms, 24.6, 24.7, 25.14, 25.16 Container vehicles, 31.1, 31.5 Continuous beams, 36.6, 36.33, 36.43 Continuous counter design, 26.7–8 Contractor recruitment, 3.1 Control panels, 33.28–9 Control rooms: conference halls, 33.31 police stations, 27.15 studios, 32.2 theatres, 33.21–2 Controlling lines, grids, 1.11–12 Convection, 39.4, 42.1 Convenient reach, 23.16, 23.17 Conversion factors/tables, B.1–8 Converting houses to flats, 8.15–16 Conveyors, passengers, 5.7, 5.11 Cooking equipment, 17.10–13 Cooling systems, 39.6, 39.24–32 Cooperative societies, 13.2 Coordinating sizes, 1.14 Copper: pipes, 38.3 roofing, 37.11–12

Copthall Sports Centre, London, 19.4 Core/satellite storage, 28.2, 28.3 Corners, road design, 31.8–9, 31.11 Corporate laboratories, 23.1, 23.10 Corrected effective temperature (CET), 39.7, 39.9 Corridors: flats, 8.14 hotel bedrooms, 11.5 laboratories, 23.12–14 means of escape, 42.17–18 offices, 12.4–5 police cells, 27.17 student housing, 9.2–5 wheelchairs, 2.8, 2.10–11 widths, 2.8, 2.10–11, 2.13–16, 8.14, 11.5, 23.12–14 Cosine cubed law, 40.9 Costs, 4.1–6, 8.1–2 checking, 4.4–5 estimating, 4.2–4, 4.5 planning process, 4.1, 4.3–4 sound insulation, 41.6 tropical design, 35.8–9 Couches, 24.6, 24.7, 25.17 Council chambers, 27.1–3 Counsel benches, 27.4 Counselling offices, 26.1–9 Counters: foodservice, 17.2–3, 17.5, 17.8, 17.14–15, 17.17–23 payment/counselling offices, 26.2–4, 26.7–9 serveries, 2.5 Counterweight systems: cleaning access, 45.5, 45.6 theatres, 33.17 Court markings, 19.1 see also Individual sports Courtrooms, 27.3–7 Courtyards, 35.3, 35.16, 35.19, 35.21, 35.23–4 Covered loading docks, 31.20 Covered markets, 13.2 CPUs see Central processing units Cradles for cleaning access, 45.6, 45.7 Craft-based manufacture, 14.1 Credence tables, 34.9 Crematoria, 34.21–3 Crib walls, 7.12–13 Cricket facilities, 18.13, 19.11 Crime prevention, 43.1, 43.2 see also Security Criminal Investigation Department (CID), 27.15 Crop storage, 16.7, 16.13–15 Croquet, 19.12 Cross-gangways, 33.8 Cross-slope walkways, 7.3 Cross-ventilation, 39.13, 39.14, 39.23–4 Crosses, altars, 34.7, 34.9 Crown bowls, 19.11 Crown Courts, 27.3–7 Crown Prosecution Service, 27.7 CRT desks see Cathode ray tube desks Cruciform-plan shopping centres, 13.9, 13.10 Cruise ship foodservice, 17.28–9 Cruisers, 19.16, 19.21 Crutches users, 2.12–13, 2.18, 5.21, 44.5 CT see Computerised tomography Cubic feet conversion table, B.4–5 Cubicles: cattle housing, 16.2, 16.4

I-3

swimming pool changing, 18.24–5 WCs, 5.10, 5.11, 5.13, 5.16–20 Cupboards, 10.4, 23.16–17 see also Storage Curling, 19.12 Curtain lights, 33.35 Curtains, 35.18 see also Blinds Curves, roads, 31.8, 31.10 Cushion humps, 31.8 Custody areas, 27.5–6, 27.16–19 Customs clearance areas, 30.10 Cutoff line, lighting, 40.12, 40.13 Cutting machines, 14.9 Cycle lanes, 31.6, 31.11–12 Cycle parking, 31.11–14 Cycle paths, 31.6, 31.11–12 Cycle . . . : see also Bicycles Cycling tracks, 18.14, 19.12 ‘D’ wheels, ladders, 45.4 Dairy cattle housing, 16.2, 16.4–6 Dance teaching, 21.14–15 Darent Valley Hospital, 25.5 Darts-playing areas, 17.29 Data projection facilities, 33.31–2 Database management, 3.1 Day patient services, 25.15–16 Daylight, 40.1–2, 40.5–7, 40.13 see also Sunlight Daylight factor, 40.5–6, 40.13 Daylight linking, 40.13 DC see Dimensional coordination DCSF see Department for Children, Schools and Families De Mirandabad leisure pool, Amsterdam, 18.22 Dead load definition, 36.1 Debating-format conference halls, 33.27 Decentralised airport terminals, 30.4–6 Decibels, 41.1 Decimal marker, 1.1 Deck-level pools, 18.23, 18.24 Decks, 36.18, 36.39 Defendants’ areas, courts, 27.4, 27.5–6 Deflection, 36.12, 36.20, 36.26 Delivered energy, 39.2 Delivery phase of planning, 6.6, 6.11 Demand/supply factors, 12.3 Demonstration benches, 33.29 Dental services, 24.3, 24.6, 24.9 Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF), 21.1, 21.2 Department stores, 13.5–6 Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) offices, 26.1, 26.2 DER see Dwelling Emission Rate Deserts see Hot dry climates Design heat loss, 39.26 Design maintained illuminance, 40.10, 40.11, 40.13–14 Design risks, 4.2 Design teams, 6.2, 6.5–7, 6.9–11 Design and technology teaching, 21.14 Desire lines, walkways, 7.1 Desks: libraries, 29.5–6 office design, 12.11–14 trading floors, 12.16–18 Detention suites, 27.16, 27.17–19 Devising phase of planning, 6.6 Dewpoint temperature, 39.19, 39.22

I-4

Index

Diagnostic facilities, 24.7, 25.9–13 Diffuse radiation, 39.10–11 Digital projection systems, 33.37 Digital telecommunication networks, 46.1, 46.17 Dimensional coordination (DC), 1.10–14 Dimensions: anthropometrics, 2.1–5 auditorium seats, 33.1–2, 33.4 competition pools, 18.15 diving boards, 18.18 drawing, 1.11 elderly people, 44.2 gates, 7.14 horses, 16.16–20 landscape design, 7.1, 7.14 passenger lifts, 5.4 pushchairs, 44.3, 44.4 rail standards, 30.17, 30.19–20 saunas, 5.27 vehicles, 31.1–4 wheelchairs, 2.9–10, 44.2–3 see also Space standards Dimmer rooms, theatres, 33.21–2 Dinghy sailing, 19.13, 19.14–16 Dining areas: elderly people’s housing, 10.4 furniture, 5.29, 5.32, 8.6 hotels, 11.10 schools, 21.17 single-family houses, 8.12 space standards, 8.3 student housing, 9.10–11 Dipping tanks, sheep, 16.7, 16.8 Direct-indirect lighting, 40.14 Direct radiation, 39.10–11 Disabled facilities, 2.8–13, 44.1–3, 44.5–6 auditoria, 33.41 baths, 5.23–4 car parks, 31.18 cinemas, 33.34–5 community centres, 20.3 doorways, 38.1 elderly people’s housing, 10.4 handrails/balustrades, 2.18–19 housing, 8.1, 8.8–9 landscape design, 7.3–4, 7.7–8, 7.13 lifts, 5.6–7 means of escape, 42.19 payment/counselling offices, 26.9 schools, 21.5–6, 21.17–19 showers, 5.24 space standards, 8.8–9 statistics, 44.1 steps, 2.16 student housing, 9.8, 9.10–11 swimming pools, 18.24–5 tropical design, 35.11 WC compartments, 5.13, 5.17, 5.19–21 windows, 38.1 see also Access; Wheelchairs Discount stores, 13.9 Discounting costs, 4.5–6 Discus circles, 19.5, 19.8 Diseases, tropical, 35.10 Dishwashing, 5.26, 17.10, 17.16–17 Displacement air cooling systems, 39.29–30, 39.31 Display areas: lighting, 40.11–12 museums/art galleries, 28.3–4 shops/stores, 13.3–5 Distribution heat losses, 39.25–6 Distribution of services, 46.1–17 see also Services

Distribution warehouses, 15.1, 15.2 Diving board dimensions, 18.18 Diving pools, 18.16, 18.18–21 DLOR see Downward light output ratio Dog-leg staircases, 2.18 Dome design, 34.18, 34.19, 35.15, 35.22 Domestic airport terminals, 30.4 Domestic facilities: activity spaces, 5.29–31 furniture, 5.29–36 sanitary installations, 5.7, 5.11, 5.14–15, 5.20–4 storage, 5.31, 5.33–6 see also Housing Doorways, 38.1 auditoria, 33.38 bathrooms, 5.23 fire resistance, 42.21–2 flats, 5.6 horses, 16.18, 16.20 laboratories, 23.12, 23.13 landscape design, 7.13–15 means of escape, 42.18–19 police cells, 27.19 security, 43.1 sound insulation, 41.5 studios, 32.3, 32.4–5 WCs, 5.13, 5.16–18 wheelchairs, 2.11–12 see also Entrances Double-decker buses, 30.14 Double-wall sound insulation, 41.5 Downward light output ratio (DLOR), 40.8 Drafting machines, 1.3 Drainage: Baptist churches, 34.6 bikeways, 31.12 pipes, 38.1, 38.3–4 ramps, 7.6 stabling horses, 16.20 steps, 7.5 tropical design, 35.35 Drama productions, 33.15 see also Theatres Drama teaching, 21.15–16 Drawing boards, 1.2–3, 12.14 Drawings, 1.3–5 dimensional coordination, 1.11–12 standards, 1.3, 1.5–8 types, 1.4–5 Dressage arenas, 16.19 Dressing rooms, 32.2, 33.22–3 see also Changing facilities Drill towers, 27.11–12 Drill yards, 27.10, 27.11 Drilling machines, 14.6 Drinking facilities see Beverage services Drive-in racking, 15.2, 15.6 Drive-in restaurants, 17.25 Drive-through bus bays, 30.16, 30.17 Driving rain index, 39.12 Dry-berthing, 19.21 Dry climates see Hot dry climates Dry laboratories, 23.1 Dry powder installations, 42.22 Dry sports, 18.1–2 see also Sports facilities Drying facilities, 5.25, 27.14 see also Changing facilities Drying out buildings, 39.20 Dryside area of pools, 18.12, 18.19 Drystone walls, 7.9, 7.10 Dual carriageways, 31.6 Ducts: heat losses, 39.25, 39.26 office servicing, 12.15, 12.16

sanitary installations, 5.10, 5.16 service distribution, 46.1, 46.9 Dung passages, pig housing, 16.8–9 Dunstable leisure centre, 18.1 Dustcart dimensions, 31.2 Duty rooms, ambulance stations, 27.12 DVD projection systems, 33.31–2 Dwelling Emission Rate (DER), 37.15, 40.7 Dwellings see Domestic facilities; Housing DWP see Department for Work and Pensions Dynamic load definition, 36.2 Dynamic wind pressures, 39.12, 39.13 Early-years schools, 21.6–7 see also Nursery classes Earthquakes, 35.8, 35.31, 35.33–4 East Riding Crematorium, 34.23 Easy chair design, 10.4 Eating facilities see Foodservice facilities Echelon parking, 31.17–18 Ecological master planning, 6.2, 6.8, 6.9 Economic factors: master planning, 6.6, 6.8, 6.10 tropical design, 35.8 see also Funding Edge channels, pools, 18.23 Educational facilities, 24.3, 24.8, 32.1 see also Further education establishments; Higher education establishments; Schools EE/SS see Emergency eyewash and safety shower facilities Efficacy of lighting, 40.14 Effluent production systems, 16.7, 16.13–15 ‘Egg crate’ design, 35.18, 35.21 Egg houses for poultry, 16.7 Elastic zones, 36.3 Elderly people: anthropometrics, 2.3 dimensions, 44.2 disabilities, 44.1–2 health services, 25.14, 25.18 housing, 8.17–20, 10.1–5 landscape design, 7.7 lifts, 5.6–7 sanitary facilities, 5.15 showers, 5.24 steps, 2.16 storage area access, 2.7 wards, 25.14, 25.18 Elected members’ areas, town halls, 27.1, 27.2 Electric lamps, 40.7–8 Electric traction, lifts, 5.1 Electrical fires, 42.2–3 Electricity supply: cables, 38.4–5 laboratories, 23.18, 23.22 Parker Morris standards, 8.3 police stations, 27.16 service distribution, 46.1, 46.13–15 sheltered housing, 8.18 SI units, A.3–4 student housing, 9.9, 9.10 Electronic media, libraries, 29.9–10, 29.11 Elevation levels, 1.3 Elevators see Lifts Elliptical-format concert halls, 33.24, 33.25

Embedded service risers, 23.6, 23.7 Embodied energy, 39.2 Emergency eyewash and safety shower facilities (EE/SS), 23.17 Emergency lighting, 33.35, 42.18 Emergency services: ambulances, 27.12–13 fire, 27.7–12 hospital care, 25.7–10 Emissivity, 39.5, 39.18, 39.25, 39.26 Emotional and behavioural difficulties, 21.19 En-suite facilities, 9.2, 9.8, 9.9–10 see also WCs Encastre´ beams see Fixed end beams Enclosures: external escape stairs, 42.17 sound insulation, 41.6 End-bearing piles, 36.39, 36.48 End-stage auditoria, 33.6, 33.15, 33.18 Energy efficiency standards, 8.5 Energy inputs, 39.1, 39.2–3, 39.32–3 see also Power sources Energy management systems, 13.4 Engineering services, 13.12 English teaching, 21.14 Entrances: auditoria, 33.9–10, 33.38–9 churches, 34.13 community centres, 20.3 health care services, 24.5 hotels, 11.1, 11.9 libraries, 29.5 mosques, 34.19 service distribution, 46.1, 46.2 see also Doorways; Lobbies Environmental area definition, 31.6 Environmental impact assessments, 35.7 Environmental standards: horse stabling, 16.17 industrial facilities, 14.7, 14.8–9 laboratories, 23.1–3, 23.19–20, 23.22 law courts, 27.4 libraries, 29.13–15 master planning, 6.2–4, 6.6, 6.7–10 museums/art galleries, 28.4–6 primary health care, 24.4 retail trading, 13.3–4 schools, 21.6 tropical design, 35.9–10, 35.14–26, 35.30–5 Environmental temperature, 39.26–7 Equestrian design, 16.12, 16.16–20 Ergonomics, 2.4–8, 21.3–5, 35.11, 45.2–4 Escalators, 5.7, 5.11 Escape routes, 42.7, 42.9–20 hospitals, 25.7 laboratories, 23.12, 23.14–15 numbers, 42.10, 42.13–14 shopping centres, 13.11 widths, 42.13, 42.14–15 see also Exit routes; Means of escape Essex University, 22.3 Estate modernisation, 8.20–1 Esteem value, 4.1–2 Estimating costs, 4.2–4, 4.5 Ethical tropical design, 35.8 Ethnic restaurants, 17.16–19, 17.20 Evacuation procedures, 42.15–17 see also Means of escape

Index

Evaporation, 39.5 Examination rooms, 24.6–7, 25.14, 25.17–18, 27.14 Exchange value, 4.1 Excluded costs, 4.4, 4.6 Exercise yards, 27.18 Exhibition spaces, 28.1–6, 33.39 Exit routes: auditoria, 33.9 door fastenings, 42.18–19 number requirements, 42.10, 42.13–14 service distribution, 46.1, 46.2 sports grounds, 19.3 widths, 42.13, 42.14–15 see also Escape routes Expansion methods, 28.2, 28.3 see also Adaptability; Extension requirements Extended schools, 21.2, 21.8, 21.12–13, 21.15 Extension requirements: industrial facilities, 14.5 libraries, 29.4 schools, 21.10, 21.14, 21.16 universities, 22.1–3 see also Adaptability; Expansion methods External access, 45.1, 45.2–5 External air: moisture content, 39.20 temperature, 39.11, 39.12 External relative humidity, 39.11, 39.12 External sheltered areas, 39.13, 39.14 External stairs, 42.17 Extract fans, 35.30–1 Extract rates, laboratories, 23.20, 23.22 Fabrics, 36.26, 36.46, 37.14 Facial control, grids, 1.12 Factories, 14.1–2, 14.5, 14.7–9 see also Industrial facilities Family houses see Housing; Single-family houses Fan coil systems, 39.30–1, 46.1, 46.7 Fan-powered heating systems, 39.28 Fan-shaped auditoria, 33.15, 33.19, 33.24–5 Fans, 35.30–1 Farm buildings, 7.14, 16.1–21 Farrowing houses, 16.7, 16.10 Fast-food facilities, 17.3, 17.19–20, 17.25 Fastenings, exit doors, 42.18–19 Fattening houses, 16.7, 16.8–9, 16.13 Fauna, 35.10–11 see also Animal stock FCs see Fume cupboards Feasibility estimates, 4.3 Fee structures, 3.1–2 FEEs see Further Education Establishments Feet conversion tables, B.3–5, B.7–8 Female sanitary installations, 5.12–13, 5.16, 5.26 Fences, 7.2, 7.9–10, 43.1 Fencing pistes, 18.11 FFR see Flux fraction ratio Fibreboards, 37.8–9, 42.21 Field event stadia, 19.5, 19.7–8 Figure-of-eight plan shopping centres, 13.9, 13.10 Filing units, offices, 12.12–14 Film projection systems, 33.32–7

FINA/ASA standards, 18.16, 18.19–20, 18.23–4 Financing see Funding Finger docks, 31.20 Fire alarms, 42.23 Fire appliances, 27.7–8, 31.2, 42.5–6, 42.22–3 Fire compartments, 42.4, 42.7, 42.10 Fire doors, 42.21–2 Fire load, 42.2–3 Fire prevention office (FPO), 27.9 Fire resistance: Building Regulations, 42.3 cables, 38.5 materials, 42.19–22 means of escape, 42.10–14 staircases, 42.17 Fire safety, 42.1–24 auditorium seating, 33.9, 33.12–13 community centres, 20.2 department stores, 13.5 door locks, 43.1 equestrian design, 16.20 glass types, 37.17 hospitals, 25.6–7 hotels, 11.3–4 industrial facilities, 14.9 laboratories, 23.12, 23.14–15 management, 42.19 principles, 42.1–7 schools, 21.6 shopping centres, 13.11 stadia seating, 19.2 storage buildings, 15.11 student housing, 9.5, 9.10 studios, 32.5 Fire stations, 27.7–12 Firefighting shafts, 42.5, 42.7 Fishmonger’s shop, 13.6 Fit factor, 1.14, 12.5 Fittings: elderly people’s housing, 10.3–4 electric lamps, 40.7 hotel bedrooms, 11.7–9 laboratories, 23.17 shops/stores, 13.3–5 stabling horses, 16.20 Five-a-side football, 18.8 Fixed davit cleaning systems, 45.5, 45.6 Fixed end beams, 36.6, 36.8–10 Fixed finger piers, 19.20 Fixed furniture, 19.3, 21.4–5, 33.2–4 see also Furniture Flame spread see Spread of fire Flange channels, 36.37, 37.5 Flanking transmission, 41.4, 41.5 Flat bars, 37.1, 37.2, 37.10 Flat management structure, 3.2 Flat panel displays (FPDs), 12.16–18 Flat-top road humps, 31.8, 31.9 Flats, 8.1–2, 8.10 conversions, 8.15–16 elderly people, 10.1–5 estate modernisation, 8.20–1 height of blocks, 8.14 lifts, 5.3, 5.5–6 means of escape, 42.10–12 purpose-built, 8.13–15 sheltered housing, 8.17–20 single-person accommodation, 8.16–17 student housing, 9.2, 9.6–7 Flexible electric cords, 38.4, 38.5 Flipcharts, 33.30 Floating piers, 19.19 Flood areas, 35.8

Floor areas: building measurement standards, 12.3–5 community centres, 20.3 electrical equipment, 46.13–14 housing, 8.2 HVAC, 46.5 means of escape, 42.13 retail trading, 13.1 schools, 21.10, 21.12, 21.14, 21.16 see also Space standards Floor depth definition, 12.6 Floor loading definition, 12.7 Floor space see Floor areas Floor-to-floor heights, 12.6, 23.4–6 Floors/flooring: auditoria, 33.11, 33.12 Baptist churches, 34.6 concrete, 36.28–9 imposed loads, 36.4 joists, 36.16–17, 36.24 masonry, 36.14 service distribution, 46.1, 46.15–16 softwood, 37.6, 37.7 sound insulation, 41.5 steel, 36.38 U-values, 39.17 Flora, 35.10–11 see also Landscape design Fluorescent lamps, 40.8 Flux fraction ratio (FFR), 40.8, 40.10 Flux . . . : see also Luminous flux Flying insects, 35.10–11, 35.35 Flytowers, 33.15–18, 33.37–8 Foam fire installations, 42.22 Folding rules/rods, 1.9 Follow spot lighting, 33.20–1 Fonts, 34.3, 34.11–12 Food courts, 17.20, 17.25 Food halls, 17.17–20 Food outlets see Foodservice facilities Food production, 17.2–3, 17.9–17, 17.24 Food storage, 5.33, 9.5, 16.7, 16.13–15 Foodservice facilities, 5.12, 13.11, 17.1–30, 33.39 see also Catering facilities; Kitchens; Retail trading Football facilities, 18.8, 19.9–10 Footprint of buildings, 42.6 Footways see Walkways Force units, 36.2 Fork-lift operations, 15.6, 15.7, 15.9 Forward planning/management, 6.2 Found property areas, 27.14 Foundations, 36.26–7, 36.34, 36.39, 36.44, 36.47–8 Foyers, 8.17 see also Entrances FPDs see Flat panel displays FPO see Fire prevention office Franchises, 13.2 ‘Free addressing’, 12.6 Freight rail terminals, 30.17, 30.20 Frequency, sound, 41.1, 41.2 Friction piles, 36.39, 36.44, 36.48 Front door security, 43.1 Front-of-house lighting, 33.12 Frontage widths of houses, 8.11 Fuel: combustion triangle, 42.1 storage, 5.35–6, 8.2 Full size detail drawings, 1.7 Fume cupboards (FCs), 23.17, 23.18–19

I-5

Fun pools, 18.12, 18.19 Function spaces, 11.10, 17.5, 17.7 Funding: libraries, 29.13, 29.15 school building, 21.2 tropical design, 35.8 Furnace rooms, 34.22 Furniture: church sanctuaries, 34.7, 34.9–11 community centres, 20.4 domestic activity spaces, 5.29–36 elderly people’s housing, 10.4–5 foodservice facilities, 17.5–8 hotel bedrooms, 11.7–9 Housing Corporation standards, 8.6–7 laboratories, 23.15–16 libraries, 29.9–11 offices, 12.9, 12.11–16 Parker Morris standards, 8.3 police cells, 27.19 public houses, 17.29 schools, 21.3–5 sheltered housing, 8.18 street furniture, 7.2, 7.7–8 student housing, 9.9 Further Education Establishments (FEEs), 21.12, 22.8 G-value of glass, 39.18, 39.19 Gabion walls, 7.13 Gaelic football, 19.10 Gallery spaces, 28.1–6, 33.39 Gallon conversion table, B.6 Games courts see Sports facilities Gangways, auditoria, 33.4, 33.8, 33.10–11 Garages, 31.12, 31.16–17 Garbagriha, 34.21 Gardens, 8.10–11, 8.13, 8.15–16 see also Landscape design Gas storage, 5.35, 23.16–17 Gaseous fire installations, 42.22 Gastronorm containers, 17.19, 17.23 Gate holding areas, airports, 30.9 Gates, 7.13–15 Gatwick Airport, 30.2, 30.3 GEA see Gross External Area Gear cutting machines, 14.9 General practice (GP) premises, 24.2, 24.3, 24.5–6 General storage space definition, 8.2 Geometry: auditoria, 33.4, 33.5–6 solar, 40.3, 40.13 Geotechnical design, 35.7–8 GIA see Gross Internal Area GLA see Gross Leasable Area Glare index, 40.10, 40.11, 40.14 Glass, 36.23–4, 36.44, 37.15–17 depths, 12.6 fire resistance, 42.21 passive shading devices, 35.18 solar control, 35.37–8, 39.4–5, 39.18–19 thermal performance, 39.18 tropical design, 35.38 types, 36.23–4, 37.16–17 see also Windows Glass blocks, 35.38 Glassware, public houses, 17.28 Glazing see Glass Glebe House, Southbourne, 10.2 Global warming, 39.4–5 see also Climate change Globe temperature see Resultant temperature

I-6

Index

Golf practice areas, 18.13 Goods access, 12.7, 17.9 Goods lifts, 5.7, 5.9 Government laboratories, 23.1, 23.10, 23.11 GP premises see General practice premises Gradients: bikeways, 31.11 road design, 31.9 walking distances, 44.6–7 see also Slopes Grain storage, 16.13, 16.15 Grass storage, 16.13 Gravity fed heating systems, 39.24, 39.25 Green roofs, 37.14–15 Greengrocer’s shop, 13.7 Greenhouse effect, 39.4–5 Grids in dimensional coordination, 1.10–12 Grinding machines, 14.6 Gross External Area (GEA), 12.3, 12.4 Gross Internal Area (GIA), 12.3, 12.4, 12.7, 23.9 Gross Leasable Area (GLA), 13.1 Ground cooling systems, 39.31 Ground floor design, 35.11 see also Floors/flooring Ground reflectance see Albedo Group-space office design, 12.10 Growth of fire see Spread of fire Guardrail design, 7.9, 7.16 Gurdwaras, 34.21 Gutters, steps, 7.5 Gymnastics spaces, 18.9, 18.14, 21.14–15 Ha-has, 7.11, 7.12 Habitable room definition, 8.7 Habitat surveys, 6.6 HAIs see Hospital associated infections Halls: community centres, 20.3 of residence, 9.2–4, 22.3–4 schools, 21.10, 21.16 see also Assembly halls/spaces; Sports halls Hammer circles, 19.5, 19.8 Hammersmith Town Hall, 27.2 Hand dryers, 5.25 Hand fire appliances, 42.22 Hand-rinse basins, 5.13, 5.17–19, 5.22, 23.17 see also Sink heights/space; Washbasins Handball facilities, 18.9, 19.10 Handing, windows, 38.2 Handrails, 2.18–19, 7.6–7, 33.10–11 Hangers/hanging spaces, 5.29, 5.33, 21.6, 33.23 Hardwood, 37.6, 37.7 Harpenden sports centre, 18.2 HAs see Housing Associations Hazard groups (HGs), 23.2 HC see Housing Corporation Head-on parking, 31.17–19 Health centres, 24.2 Health services, 22.7, 24.1–9, 25.1–19, 26.1–2, 26.4–6, 26.9 Hearse dimensions, 31.2 Heat detectors, 42.23 Heat emitters, 39.25, 39.26 see also Trombe walls Heat gains, 39.18–19, 39.26, 39.27, 39.29 Heat loads, laboratories, 23.20, 23.22

Heat pump circuits, 39.31, 39.32 Heat recovery systems, 39.28–9 Heat sinks, 35.6, 35.7 Heat transfer mechanisms, 39.3–6, 42.1 see also Trombe walls Heathrow Airport, 30.2, 30.5 Heating: auditoria, 33.2, 33.12 condensation, 39.20–1 police cells, 27.19 sheltered housing, 8.18 SI units, A.3 space standards, 8.3 student housing, 9.10 synagogues, 34.18 systems, 39.24–32, 46.1, 46.16–17 tropical design, 35.34 ventilation heat loss, 39.23 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), 46.1, 46.5–8 Heavy industries, 14.1, 14.2, 14.4 Hedges, 7.2, 7.11 HEEs see Higher education establishments Heliodons, 40.3, 40.4 Herringbone milking parlour system, 16.2, 16.5–6 Hexagon bars, 37.1, 37.3 HGs see Hazard groups Hi-tech speciality hospitals, 25.19 Hierarchy in practice management, 3.2 High dependency units, 25.14 High jump areas, 19.7 Higher education establishments (HEEs), 9.1, 9.3, 22.1–8, 23.15–16 Hindu temples, 34.20–1 HMOs see Houses in Multiple Occupation Hockey pitches, 18.9, 19.10 see also Ice hockey rinks; Roller hockey Hoists, 5.7 Hollow steel sections, 37.1, 37.4–6 Holy Ark, 34.15–16, 34.17, 34.18 Homerton College, Cambridge, 22.8 Hooke’s Law, 36.3, 36.5 Hooks, cloakrooms, 5.28–9 Horizontal service distribution, 46.1, 46.15–16 Horizontal sightlines, 33.8 Horses, 16.12, 16.16–20 Hose reels, 42.22 Hospital associated infections (HAIs), 24.4, 25.11 see also Infection control Hospital Street designations, 25.7 Hospitals, 24.1, 24.3, 25.1–19 Hostels, 5.7 Hot dry climates, 35.3, 35.12–14, 35.16, 35.34 Hot humid climates, 35.14, 35.16, 35.23 Hot rolled steel, 37.1, 37.2, 37.3 Hot springs, 35.8 Hot water systems, 46.1, 46.16–17 see also Heating Hotels, 11.1–13 classification, 11.1 electrical equipment floor area, 46.13–14 foodservice facilities, 17.2, 17.7, 17.14, 17.18, 17.28–30 HVAC floor area, 46.5 lifts, 5.7 sanitary facilities, 5.15 House lighting, 33.12, 33.35

Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs), 9.3, 9.5 Housing, 8.1–21 conversion to flats, 8.15–16 elderly people, 10.1–5 estate modernisation, 8.20–1 feasibility cost estimate, 4.3 fire safety, 42.7, 42.10–13 garages, 31.12, 31.16–17 heating systems, 46.1, 46.16–17 layouts, 8.8 lifts, 5.3, 5.5–7 lighting, 40.7 marinas, 19.20–1 sanitary facilities, 5.15 sheltered housing, 5.15, 8.17–20 single-family houses, 8.10–13 single-person accommodation, 8.16–17 sound legislation, 41.6–7 standards, 8.1–10, 8.12–13 students, 9.1–12, 22.3–4, 22.7 timber frame, 36.16, 36.17–21 see also Animal stock; Domestic facilities Housing Act 2004, 9.3, 9.5 Housing Associations (HAs), 8.1 Housing Corporation (HC), 8.1 floor area bands, 8.2 furniture requirements, 8.6–7 sheltered housing, 8.17 space standards, 8.3–6 Housing offices, 26.1–2 Hub terminals, 30.6 Human dimensions see Dimensions Humanities teaching, 21.13, 21.14 Humid climates, 35.3, 35.13–14, 35.16, 35.23, 35.38–9 see also Relative humidity Hump arrangements, roads, 31.7, 31.8–9 Hurling pitches, 19.10 Hurricanes, 35.38–9 HVAC see Heating, ventilation and air conditioning Hybrid cooling systems, 39.31 Hybrid pools, 18.15, 18.16, 18.19, 18.22 Hydrant systems, 42.22 Hydraulic systems: auditorium seats, 33.11, 33.12 fire appliances, 27.7–8, 42.6 flytowers, 33.17–18 industrial, 14.10 lifts, 5.1–2 Hydrotherapy facilities, 5.27, 18.16, 18.17 Hygiene, 11.4 see also Cleaning; Sanitary installations/appliances Hypermarkets, 13.8–9 Ice hockey rinks, 18.14 ICT see Information technology Identification parade facilities, 27.15–16 Ignitability, 42.2–3 Illuminance, 40.5, 40.12, 40.14 see also Lighting Illumination vectors, 40.12, 40.14 Imaging see Diagnostic facilities Immersion heaters, 46.17 Immigration checking areas, 30.8–9 Impact-absorbing surfaces, 7.14–16 Imperial College, London, 22.5 Imperial sizes: conversion factors/tables, B.1–8 paper, 1.2, 1.3 Imposed loads, 36.1, 36.4

In-line parking, 31.17–18 Inbound customs clearance, 30.10 Inch conversion tables, B.2–3, B.7–8 Incident sunlight, 40.1 Inclusive design, 44.1–7 see also Access Income, practices, 3.1–2 Independent Sector Treatment Centres (ISTCs), 25.15–16 Indoor air quality, 39.9, 39.10 Indoor sports facilities, 18.1–25, 20.1, 20.3 Indoor . . . : see also Internal . . .

Industrial facilities, 14.1–10, 15.1–12, 31.7 Industrial park roads, 31.7 Industrial storage buildings, 15.1–12 Infant schools see Primary schools Infection control, 24.4, 25.7–9, 25.11, 35.10 Infiltration, 39.9, 39.10, 39.22–4 Information centres, 29.1–15 Information technology (IT): hospitals, 25.1 libraries, 29.9–10 office design, 12.2, 12.8 practice management, 3.1 schools, 21.5, 21.14 see also Computer systems Ingress Protection (IP) system, 40.8, 40.9, 40.14 Initial lumens definition, 40.14 Inpatient nursing care, 25.11, 25.13–14 see also Hospitals Insects, 35.10–11, 35.35 Institutional foodservices, 17.2 Institutional industry standards, 14.2–4 Insulation, 39.15–16 cables, 38.4–5 installation, 39.17–18 pipes, 38.3 sound, 41.4–6 Intensity distribution, light, 40.8–9, 40.10, 40.14 Intensive Therapy Units (ITUs), 25.7–8, 25.9, 25.14 Interchanges, transport, 30.1–21 Interdisciplinary communication, 6.5 Interior design, 17.8, 29.8–10, 33.35–6, 35.19, 35.22 Internal access, 45.1, 45.2, 45.3–4 Internal stairs, 2.13, 2.17–18 Internal . . . : see also Indoor . . .

International terminals, 30.4 Internet services, 9.9 Interpretation activities, 28.2, 28.3–4 Interstitial condensation, 39.21 Interstitial floor service zone, 23.6, 23.8 Interview rooms, 24.7, 26.5, 27.14, 32.1 Intumescent coatings, 42.22 Invasive medicine, 25.8–9 ‘Invisibles’ in master planning, 6.2, 6.5 IP see Ingress Protection Iron pipes, 38.3–4 Irrigation water supply, 35.34 Island-style check-in areas, 30.8 Iso-candela diagrams, 40.8–9 ISTCs see Independent Sector Treatment Centres IT see Information technology ITUs see Intensive Therapy Units

Index

Javelin runway, 19.5, 19.8 Jo Richardson Community School, 21.15 Jobcentre Plus offices, 26.1, 26.2, 26.5–6, 26.8–9 Joints, pipes, 38.3 Joists, 36.16–17, 36.24, 36.36, 37.4 Judaism, 34.15–18 Judiciary areas, 27.4, 27.5 Judo spaces, 18.11 Jump areas, athletics stadia, 19.7–8 Junctions, roads, 31.10–11 Junior schools see Primary schools Jurors’ areas, 27.4, 27.5 K-values, 39.3 Karate combat areas, 18.11 Kayaks, 19.13, 19.14 Keg storage, 17.27 Kendo spaces, 18.11 Kennels, cattle housing, 16.2, 16.4 Key-worker housing, 9.5 Keys, hotels, 11.6 King’s Fund beds, 25.9 Kissing gates, 7.14 Kitchens, 17.9–15, 17.24 community centres, 20.4 furniture, 5.27, 5.29, 5.32, 8.8 hotels, 11.11 layouts, 17.10, 17.14–17, 17.24 schools, 21.17 sheltered housing, 8.18 single-family houses, 8.12 space standards, 8.2–3 student housing, 9.9–11 see also Catering facilities; Foodservice facilities Korfball courts, 18.9, 19.10 L-shaped design: counters, 26.7–8 shopping centres, 13.9 Laboratories, 23.1–25 design criteria, 23.20, 23.22 equipment, 23.17–21 layout guidance, 23.3–19 planning modules, 23.3–5 schools, 21.13, 21.14, 23.1, 23.10–11, 23.15 types, 23.1 Labour factors, tropics, 35.8 Labyrinthine storage systems, 28.2, 28.3 Lacrosse courts, 18.10, 19.11 Ladders, 2.8, 42.6, 45.2, 45.4–6 Lag see Time lag Laminated glass, 36.24 Laminated timber, 36.16, 37.8 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL), 37.8 Lamp flux components, 40.11 Lamp life survival factor (LSF), 40.14 Lamp luminous flux maintenance factor (LLMF), 40.14 Lamps, 32.3, 40.7–8, 40.11, 40.14 see also Lighting Land chains, 1.9 Landings: auditoria, 33.10–11 ramps, 7.5 steps, 7.4–5 walking distances, 44.7 widths, 7.5 Landlocked marinas, 19.17–18 Landlord efficiency, 12.7 Landscape design, 7.1–16 flats, 8.15 master planning, 6.11–12 schools, 21.8, 21.12, 21.13

tropics, 35.10–11, 35.16–17, 35.23–4, 35.26–9 see also Gardens Landside functions, airports, 30.6–8 Lane markings, pools, 18.23–4 Languages teaching, 21.13, 21.14 Lanterns Children’s Centre, Winchester, 21.18 Large people, 2.13, 44.2 Large-scale foodservices, 17.3–4, 17.24–5 LAs see Local Authorities Laser beam detectors, 42.23 Lathes, 14.6 Laths for measurement, 1.9 Launching facilities, 19.6, 19.8, 19.13 Laundry facilities, 9.11 Lavatories see WCs Law Centres, 26.1–2 Law courts, 27.3–7 Lawn tennis, 19.12 Lay-by bus stops, 30.11, 30.15 Lay-over parking, 30.11, 30.17 Layering, 1.5, 1.8, 6.11 Layout plans, 1.5 LCA see Life cycle analysis Lead roofing, 37.12, 37.13 Learner pools, 18.15, 18.16, 18.17 Leases, 13.1 Lecterns, 33.28, 34.3, 34.7, 34.10 Lecture theatres, 22.7–8, 33.26–8 Ledge access, cleaning, 45.5 Legislation: agricultural buildings, 16.20–1 auditoria, 33.9, 33.11, 33.41 community centres, 20.3 foodservice facilities, 17.3 laboratories, 23.22–4 sound, 41.6–7 staff management, 3.1 terminals, 30.1 Leisure pools, 18.15–16, 18.19, 18.22 LEPs see Local Ecumenical Projects Letter boxes, 43.1 Levelling staffs, 1.9 Levels: airport organisation, 30.4, 30.5 drawings, 1.3 Libraries, 21.9, 21.16, 22.6, 22.8, 29.1–15 Licensing community centres, 20.3 Life cycle analysis (LCA), 4.5, 17.8–9 Lifelong learning, 29.3 Lifetime Homes, 8.9–10 Lift cars, 5.2–4, 5.6 LIFT see Local investments finance trust Lifts, 5.1–8 firefighting shafts, 42.5, 42.7 flats, 8.14 goods, 5.7, 5.9 hotels, 11.2 laboratories, 23.15 orchestra pits, 33.18 service lifts, 5.7, 5.10 Light gauge steel pipes, 38.3 Light industries, 14.1, 14.2 Light output ratio (LOR), 40.8, 40.10 Light pipes, 35.15, 35.22 Light rail systems, 30.20 Lighting, 40.1–16 auditorium seats, 33.12, 33.13 cinemas, 33.35

conference halls, 33.31 controls, 33.20–1, 40.13 elderly people’s housing, 10.2 glass types, 37.16 hotels, 11.2, 11.12 laboratories, 23.9, 23.20 law courts, 27.4 libraries, 29.13–15 means of escape, 42.18 museums/art galleries, 28.5–6 police cells, 27.19 roofs, 42.7, 42.9 shops/stores, 13.3 SI units, A.4 student housing, 9.9, 9.10 studios, 32.2–3 synagogues, 34.18 systems planning, 40.10–11 theatres, 33.19–22, 33.24 tropical design, 35.15, 35.19, 35.22, 35.37 Limit states, 36.1 Linear design: airport configuration, 30.6, 30.8 assembly systems, 14.5 campus design, 22.2, 22.3 storage systems, 28.2, 28.3 Lintols, 36.6 Liquid nitrogen storage, 23.17 Listed buildings, 1.15, 8.15 Literacy skills, 29.9 Litter bins, 7.8 see also Refuse storage Littering penalties, 35.26 Live racking, 15.2, 15.5, 15.6 Living rooms, 5.29–31, 8.2–3, 8.6, 8.11–12, 11.10 LLMF see Lamp luminous flux maintenance factor LMF see Luminaire maintenance factor Loadbearing capacity, 42.20 see also Loads Loading bays, 15.9–10, 31.14–16, 31.18–20 Loading bridges, 30.5, 30.11, 30.12–13 Loads: assessment, 36.2–4 concrete, 36.32–5 definitions, 36.1–2 foundations, 36.26, 36.47 laboratories, 23.4, 23.18, 23.20, 23.22 masonry, 36.13, 36.14–15 mounting, 15.5 steel structures, 36.42–4 see also Loadbearing capacity; Vertical loadbearing elements Lobbies, 5.2, 26.6–7, 33.38–9, 42.7, 42.17–19 see also Entrances Local Authorities (LAs), 9.5, 21.1, 21.2 Local Ecumenical Projects (LEPs), 34.1 Local investments finance trust (LIFT), 24.2 Location drawings, 1.4–5, 1.6, 1.11–12 Lockers, 5.29–30, 18.25, 21.17, 27.9, 27.14 Locks, doors, 43.1 Loft conversions, 8.15 see also Roof rooms London universities, 22.1 Long-course pools, 18.15 Long jump areas, 19.7–8 Long strip copper roofing, 37.11, 37.12 Longitudinal slopes, 7.3

I-7

Loop handrails, 33.11 Loop storage systems, 28.2, 28.3 Loose furniture, 21.4–5, 33.11, 33.12 see also Furniture LOR see Light output ratio Lorries, 31.3, 31.19 Lounges, 11.10 see also Living rooms Louvres, 35.18 Low-emissivity glass, 39.18 LSF see Lamp life survival factor Lumen method, 40.10–11 see also Luminous flux Luminaire maintenance factor (LMF), 40.10, 40.14 Luminaires, 13.4, 40.8–12, 40.14 Luminous flux, 40.14 Luminous intensity, 40.8–9, 40.10, 40.14 Lux see Illuminance LVL see Laminated veneer lumber Machine rooms, lifts, 5.1–2, 5.3–4, 5.9 Machinery: agricultural, 16.2, 16.3 industrial, 14.5–6, 14.9–10 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 25.9 Magnetism units, A.3–4 Maidment Court, Dorset, 10.2 Maintained schools, 21.1–2 Maintenance: access, 2.6, 2.7–8, 45.1–8 buses/coaches, 30.13 costs, 4.5 foodservice facilities, 17.8–9 glass types, 37.17 Housing Corporation standards, 8.5 industrial storage buildings, 15.10 lighting, 40.6, 40.10–11, 40.14 police cells, 27.19 Maintenance factor (MF), 40.6, 40.10–11, 40.14 Maisonettes see Flats Major incident rooms, 27.15 Malawi, 35.2, 35.15 Male sanitary installations, 5.12–13, 5.16, 5.20–2 Malls see Shopping centres Mammals, 35.10 see also Animal stock Management: master planning, 6.2 practice management, 3.1–2 spaces in auditoria, 33.39 Mandapa, 34.21 Manoel theatre, Malta, 35.21 Manual systems: cleaning, 45.2, 45.4–5 industrial storage handling, 15.5, 15.11 lighting controls, 40.13 Manufacturing facilities see Industrial facilities Manure, 16.7 see also Effluent production Maps, 1.3 Marinas, 19.17–21 Marketing master plans, 6.1–4 Markets, 13.2, 17.1, 17.4 Masking cinema screens, 33.36–7 Masonry, 7.11–12, 36.12–15, 42.20 see also Stone walls Mass definition, 36.2–3 Mass law, 41.4–5

I-8

Index

Mass production facilities, 14.3, 14.5 Massing concepts, museums, 28.2, 28.3 Master planning, 6.1–12 Mastic asphalt roofing, 37.14 Masts, telecommunications, 46.17 Matchbox sundials, 40.4, 40.5 Materials, 37.1–19 bending, 36.5 densities, 36.2 electricity supply/distribution, 38.4–5 fire resistance, 42.19–22 pipes, 38.3 structural, 36.12–13, 36.24, 36.26, 36.45–6 thermal capacity, 39.5–6 see also Individual materials Maternity services, 25.18–19 Maths teaching, 21.14 Matrix glazing systems, 39.18–19 MDF see Medium density fibreboard Meadowhall Centre, Sheffield, 13.15 Mean average definition, 2.1–3 Mean radiant temperature, 39.7 Means of escape, 42.7, 42.9–20 alternatives, 42.14–15 auditoria, 33.9 Building Regulations, 42.23 community centres, 20.2 hospitals, 25.7 hotels, 11.3–4 laboratories, 23.12, 23.14–15 schools, 21.6 shopping centres, 13.11 see also Fire safety Measurement: instruments, 1.9 standards, 12.3–5 thermal design, 39.32–5 Mechanical systems: extract, 39.28 fire precautions, 42.4–5, 42.19 industrial storage handling, 15.5–6, 15.10, 15.11–12 service distribution, 46.7–8 SI units, A.2–3 thermal environment, 39.2, 39.10, 39.22–3, 39.27–8 ventilation, 39.10, 39.22–3, 39.27–8, 42.4–5, 42.19, 46.7–8 Medical inspections (MIs), 21.12 Medium density fibreboard (MDF), 37.8–9 Medium industries, 14.1, 14.2 Meeting spaces, 12.8, 12.14–15, 20.1, 20.4, 29.12, 33.39 Mental health services, 25.19 Mercy seats, 34.4 Mesh-reinforced concrete, 36.18–19, 36.26 Mess facilities, 27.16 see also Foodservice facilities; Recreation facilities Metabolic activity, 39.6–7 Metabolic carbon dioxide, 39.23 Metals, 36.20, 36.23, 36.35–44, 37.1–3, 37.10–13, 42.20 see also Iron pipes; Steel Meteorological data, 35.4–6 see also Climate Methodist Church, 34.5, 34.11 Metric size specification, 1.3 MF see Maintenance factor Micro cellular technology, 46.17 Microbiological laboratories, 23.1–2

Microbiological safety cabinets (MSCs), 23.17, 23.20–1 Microclimate, tropics, 35.3–5 Middens, 16.20 Middle schools, 21.12 Mihrab, 34.18–19 Mile conversion table, B.3 Miles per hour conversion table, B.6 Milking parlour systems, 16.2, 16.5–6 Millimeters, 1.3 Minarets, 34.18, 34.19 Minbar, 34.19 Mineral fibre, 39.15, 42.21 Minor surgery facilities, 24.6 MIs see Medical inspections MLD see Moderate learning difficulties Mobile racking, 15.6 Mobile telecommunications, 46.1, 46.17 Mobility equipment, 44.2–5 see also Wheelchairs Mobility impairments, 2.8–13 see also Disabled facilities Mobility ranges, 44.6 Moderate learning difficulties (MLD), 21.17 Modular furniture, 12.15 Modular plan laboratories, 23.3–5 Modular sound absorbers, 32.3, 32.4 Modular tiles, 5.10 Module definition, 11.6 Moisture content of air, 39.20 Molecular university campus, 22.2 Monsoon climates, 35.3, 35.14 Moorings, 19.16–17 Mosques, 34.18–20 Mosquitoes, 35.10, 35.35 Motorbike dimensions, 31.1 Mould growth, 39.20 Movable floor pools, 18.22 Movement, 5.1–37 domestic facilities, 5.29–36 industrial facilities, 14.8 lifts, 5.1–10 museums/art galleries, 28.2 sanitary installations, 5.7–27 MRI see Magnetic resonance imaging MRSA infections, 25.7 MSCs see Microbiological safety cabinets Mullion guides, 45.7 Multi-purpose buildings: auditoria, 33.37–8 factories, 14.7–9 health care rooms, 24.6 libraries, 29.4 studios, 32.1 Multi-storey buildings, 42.4, 46.6 see also Flats; Offices Multi-storey car parks, 31.14, 31.18 Multiple retail companies, 13.1 Museums, 28.1–6 Music: churches, 34.14–16 concert halls, 33.24–6, 33.38 teaching spaces, 21.15–16 Musicians’ facilities, 33.24, 33.25 Muslim worship, 34.18–20 Narrow-aisle truck operations, 15.7, 15.8, 15.9 National anthropometric variations, 2.3, 2.4 National Curriculum stages, 21.1–2, 21.6–8, 21.12

National Health Service (NHS): general practice premises, 24.2 guidance publications, 24.1, 25.19 hospital design, 25.3–4 National House Building Council (NHBC), 8.6, 8.7 National libraries, 29.1, 29.6, 29.14 Natural light, 29.13, 29.14 see also Daylight; Lighting Natural ventilation, 12.7–8, 39.22, 39.23–5, 42.5 see also Ventilation NC curves see Noise Criteria curves NCs see Network computers NEAT hospital design, 25.3–4 Net Internal Area (NIA), 12.4, 12.7 Net Office Area (NOA), 12.4–5 Net present cost definition, 4.5, 4.6 Net Sales Area (NSA), 13.1 Net space definition, 8.2 Net Useable Area (NUA), 23.9 Netball courts, 18.9, 19.11 Network airflow models, 39.33 Network computers (NCs), 12.17 Neural impairments, 21.19 Neutral plane, stack effect, 39.23, 39.24 Neutral zones, grids, 1.12 NHBC see National House Building Council NHS see National Health Service NIA see Net Internal Area No-sky line, 35.19, 35.24, 40.1–2, 40.5–6, 40.14 NOA see Net Office Area Noise, 41.3–4 auditoria, 33.12 community centres, 20.3 definition, 41.1 external sources, 41.4 flats, 8.14 glass types, 37.16 horse stabling, 16.17 hotels, 11.2–3 Housing Corporation standards, 8.5 internal sources, 41.3–4 libraries, 29.9, 29.11 sanitary installations, 5.8 student housing, 9.5, 9.8 studios, 32.3, 32.4 see also Acoustics; Sound Noise Criteria (NC) curves, 41.3 Noise Rating (NR) curves, 41.3 Non-financial values, 4.1–2 Normal distribution curve, 2.1–3 Norris-Eyring formula, 41.2 Norwich Public Library, 29.10 Nosings for steps, 7.4 Notation, 1.1–2 NR curves see Noise Rating curves NSA see Net Sales Area NUA see Net Useable Area Nursery classes, 21.9 see also Early-years schools Nursing homes, 5.15 Oar storage, 19.16 Obesity, 2.13, 44.2 Objects, standards, 1.8 Observation windows, 32.3, 32.4, 33.22 Obstructions, corridors, 2.16 Occupancy factor, escape routes, 42.10, 42.13 Occupancy-linked switching, 40.13 Occupation costs, 4.1 Occupational therapy, 25.16

Octave-band centre frequencies, 41.2 Odour, sanitary installations, 5.10 Off-shore marinas, 19.17–18 Offices, 12.1–18 auditoria, 33.32, 33.39–40 conference organisation, 33.32 Crown Courts, 27.6 electrical equipment area, 46.13–14 feasibility cost estimate, 4.3 fire stations, 27.9 health care services, 24.6 hotels, 11.11–12 HVAC floor area, 46.5 industrial facilities, 14.3, 14.5, 14.9 laboratories, 23.9 lifts, 5.3 means of escape, 42.17 payment and counselling, 26.1–9 police stations, 27.15 schools, 21.11–12, 21.17 storage buildings, 15.10 town halls, 27.3 WC provisions, 5.12 Oil storage, 5.35 Older people see Elderly people Olympic standards: competition pools, 18.15, 18.24 diving pools, 18.18 water polo, 18.16, 18.21 Onion storage, 16.15 Open markets, 13.2 Open plan design, 12.2, 12.9–10, 23.9 Open-screen walls, 7.9 Open-stage auditoria, 33.5, 33.10, 33.15, 33.18–19 Openings, 41.4, 41.5 see also Doorways Opera productions, 33.15 see also Theatres Operating Departments, 25.8, 25.11 see also Surgical facilities Operational costs, 4.1, 4.5–6 Operational value, 4.1 Option studies, 4.4, 4.5 Orchestra pits, 33.18 Orchestral-format concert halls, 33.24–6 Order pickers, 15.8, 15.9 Ordnance Survey maps, 1.3 Organs (churches), 34.14–16 Orientation: athletics stadia, 19.4 hotels, 11.1, 11.5 single-family houses, 8.10–11 solar lighting, 40.1 tropical design, 35.23 Out-of-town retail developments, 13.2–3 Out-patient consulting, 24.7, 25.10–11, 25.14–15 Outdoor design: early-years play areas, 21.6 sports, 19.1–21 see also Landscape design; Playing field sports; Recreation facilities Overhangs, 35.17 Overhead projectors, 33.30 Overshadowing effects, 39.10–11 Oxbridge universities, 22.1 Pace measurements, 2.14 PACS see Picture Archiving and Communication Systems Pad and strip foundations, 36.27, 36.34, 36.39, 36.47

Index

Pallets: racking, 15.2, 15.5–7 trucks, 15.11 types, 15.12 Panel tables, conferences, 33.29 Pantechnicon dimensions, 31.3 Paper sizes, 1.2–3, 1.11 Parallel flange channels, 36.37, 37.5 Paramedic equipment, 27.13 Pareto rule, 4.3–4 Park benches, 7.7 Parker Morris (PM) standards, 8.1–3, 8.12–13 Parking facilities, 9.11, 30.11, 30.16–17, 31.11–20 see also Car parks Part-time students, 22.4, 22.6–8 Particleboards, 37.8 Partition grids, 12.7 Partitions, fire resistance, 42.10–11 Passenger conveyors, 5.7, 5.11 Passenger lifts, 5.2–7, 5.8, 42.5, 42.7 Passenger terminals see Terminals Passive design, 35.14–26, 39.1–2, 39.4, 39.30–1, 40.1–6 Passive stack ventilation (PSV), 39.24, 39.25 Pastoral centres, 34.7 Paths see Walkways Patient facilities, 24.7, 25.1–3, 25.15–16 see also Out-patient consulting Patios, 35.16, 35.19, 35.23–4 Paving flags, 37.10 Payment offices, 26.1–9 PCLs see Physical containment levels PCS see Presbyterian Church of Scotland PCTs see Primary Care Trusts PE see Physical education Peckham Public Library, 29.1, 29.8–9 Pedestrian routes, 7.1–4, 7.5 see also Corridors Percentage people dissatisfied (PPD), 39.7, 39.9 Performance cones, 40.12, 40.14 Performance lighting, 33.12 Performers’ facilities, 33.10, 33.22–5 Pergolas, 35.15–16, 35.17, 35.22 Perimeter of buildings, 42.6 Perimeter ducts, 12.15, 12.16 Permitted development rights, 1.15 Perrons, 7.6 Petanque courts, 19.11 Pharmacy services, 25.14–15 Phased evacuation procedure, 42.15, 42.17 Photovoltaics, 35.26 Physical containment levels (PCLs), 23.2 Physical education (PE), 21.14–15 Physical impairments, 21.19 see also Disabled facilities Physiotherapy services, 25.16 Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS), 25.10, 25.12 Picture lighting, 40.12 Pier-configuration airport terminals, 30.5, 30.6 Piers: marinas, 19.19–20 structure, 36.5, 36.13, 36.34, 36.39, 36.47 Pig housing, 16.7, 16.8–10

Piles: foundations, 36.39, 36.44, 36.47–8 steel, 37.4 Pin-jointed frames, 36.5 Pinwheel plan shopping centres, 13.9, 13.10 Pipes, 38.1, 38.3–4 heat losses, 39.25, 39.26 hotel services, 11.4 joints, 38.3 laboratory services, 23.19, 23.22 materials, 38.3 Piston and cylinder principle, 1.10 Places of worship, 34.1–24 Christian denominations, 34.1–16 design data, 34.7–15 non-Christian, 34.15–21 Planning/planning permission, 1.14–15 agricultural buildings, 16.20–1 master planning, 6.1–12 schools, 21.2 student housing, 9.3 tropical design, 35.9 Planning Authority space standards, 8.7, 8.9 Planning grids, 1.12 Planning use classes, 1.13–14, 1.15 Plant rooms, 46.1, 46.4, 46.8–9, 46.12 Plasterboard, 42.21 Plastics, 36.24, 36.45, 38.4, 42.7, 42.9, 42.21 Plates, steel, 37.1, 37.2 Platform design, 33.24–6, 33.28–9, 33.32, 33.37, 34.5 Play facilities, 7.14–17, 21.6 see also Recreation facilities Playing field sports, 19.5, 19.8–11, 21.3, 21.8, 21.12–13 Plenums, 46.1, 46.9 Plumbing, 38.1, 38.3–4 Plywood, 37.6, 37.8 PM see Parker Morris standards PMV see Predicted mean vote Pocket tape rules, 1.9 ‘Pods’: counselling, 26.9 libraries, 29.8, 29.9 Polar curves, 40.8–9, 40.10 Polarisation of retail business, 13.1, 13.3 Pole barns, 16.7, 16.13 Police areas, courts, 27.7 Police stations, 27.13–19 Political factors: master planning, 6.6, 6.8, 6.10 tropical design, 35.8 Pollution, 28.5, 35.7 Polo facilities, 16.20, 18.16, 18.21–2, 19.9 Polyclinics, 24.3 Polypropylene pipes, 38.4 Ponds Forge, Sheffield, 18.21 Pontoons, 19.16, 19.17 Pool tables, 17.29 Pools see Swimming pools Pop lacrosse courts, 18.10 Porches, 35.15–16 Portcullis House, London, 35.2 Post House Hotel, Sevenoaks, 17.14 Post offices, 26.1, 26.4–5, 26.7 Posts in landscape design, 7.8 Potato storage, 16.14 Poultry housing, 16.7, 16.11–13 Pound conversion tables, B.5, B.7 Power-assisted manufacture, 14.1

Power boats, 19.13–14, 19.15, 19.16, 19.21 Power sources: laboratories, 23.18 offices, 12.15–16 tropical design, 35.9, 35.26, 35.30–1, 35.34 Powered handling see Mechanical systems PPD see Percentage people dissatisfied Practice management, 3.1–2 Prams: corridor width, 2.15 storage, 5.35 walkway widths, 7.1–2 Prayer halls, 34.17, 34.18, 34.19 Pre-metric paper sizes, 1.2, 1.3 Precast concrete, 37.10 Predicted mean vote (PMV), 39.7, 39.9 Prediction techniques, 39.32–5 Preparation areas, foodservice, 17.9–10, 17.14–15 Presbyterian Church of Scotland (PCS), 34.3 Presbyterian churches, 34.2–3, 34.10–12 President’s seat, Catholic churches, 34.9–10, 34.11 Press facilities, 19.3, 33.32 Pressure coefficients, 39.13, 39.14, 39.23–4 Pressure conversion tables, B.7 Pressurisation: heating systems, 39.24–5 laboratories, 23.20 Primary Care Trusts (PCTs), 24.1–3 Primary health care, 24.1–9 Primary schools, 21.3, 21.6–12, 23.10–11, 23.15, 29.12 Primary space, laboratories, 23.8–10 Prisoners’ vehicle docks, 27.15, 27.16 Privacy issues, 24.4, 26.9 Private laboratories, 23.1, 23.10, 23.12 Private sector housing, 5.7, 8.1, 8.7, 8.19–20 see also Housing Private stables, 16.12, 16.16 Probable sunlight hours, 40.15 Probation Service, 27.7 Processions, synagogues, 34.17 Product development, foodservices, 17.1 Production buildings, 14.1–3 see also Industrial facilities Productivity factors, 4.5 Project evolution, 6.5–6 Project forms, 6.1–2 Projectile halls, 18.2, 18.11–13 Projection facilities, 33.27, 33.30–7 Propped cantilevers, 36.10 Proscenium stages, 33.5–6, 33.14–17, 33.37–8 Protective boards, fire safety, 42.21 Provincial universities, 22.1 PSV see Passive stack ventilation ‘Psychological’ staff contract, 3.1 Psychrometric charts, 39.7, 39.8–9, 39.21 Public address systems, 11.4 Public areas: airport terminals, 30.7, 30.9 foodservice facilities, 17.3–9 hotels, 11.1–2, 11.9–10 law courts, 27.4, 27.6 master planning, 6.11

I-9

museums/art galleries, 28.1–3 police stations, 27.13–14 town halls, 27.3 Public cloakrooms, 5.27–30 Public conveniences, 5.7, 5.11, 5.17, 5.25–6 see also Sanitary installations/ appliances Public houses, 5.12, 17.2, 17.20–1, 17.26–8 Public libraries, 29.1–5, 29.7–8, 29.10–12, 29.14–15 Public offices, 26.1 Public sector housing, 8.1 see also Social housing Public service buildings, 27.1–19 Pulpits, 34.3, 34.7, 34.10–11, 34.16 Pump ladder turning circle, 27.8 Pumping appliance access, 42.6 Purpose-built flats, 8.13–15 see also Flats Pushchair facilities, 2.15, 44.3, 44.4 PVC double-insulated cables, 38.4–5 Pyramid-structure practice management, 3.2 Quakers, 34.6–7 Quantity factors, airports, 30.7–10 Racing-boat facilities, 19.15–16 Rackets (racquets), 18.14 Racking for storage, 15.2, 15.5, 15.6–7 Radial university campus, 22.3 Radiant temperature, 39.7 Radiation, 39.4–5, 42.1, 42.23 see also Solar radiation Radiation detectors, 42.23 Radio base stations, 46.17 Radio services, hotels, 11.4 Raft foundations, 36.39, 36.48 Rafter members, 36.22–3 see also Roofing Rails, 34.9, 34.10, 34.11 see also Guardrail design; Handrails Railway stations, 30.17, 30.19–20 Rainfall factors, 39.12 Rainwater dispersal, 35.11 Raised borders, tracks, 19.5, 19.6 Raised ends, pools, 18.23 Raised floor service distribution, 12.8, 12.15, 46.1, 46.15–16 Raised stages, 33.16 Rakes, spectator tiers, 19.2 Ramps: auditoria, 33.9 handrails, 7.6–7 horses, 16.20 landscape design, 7.5–7 roads, 31.7, 31.8–9, 31.20 service access, 2.8 walking distances, 44.7 wheelchairs, 2.8, 2.10, 7.5–6 widths, 7.5 Ranging rods, 1.9 Rapid Diagnostic and Treatment Centres (RDTC), 25.14 Reach ranges, 23.16–17, 44.5–6, 45.2–4 Reach truck operations, 15.7, 15.8–9 Real tennis, 18.14 Rear stages, 33.16, 33.18 Rearing houses, poultry, 16.7, 16.11 Rebound walls, 18.8 Recall facilities, pools, 18.23

I-10

Index

Reception areas, 11.9–10, 24.5, 27.3 Reception classes, 21.6, 21.7–8 Record storage, health care, 24.5 Recording studios, 33.41 see also Sound studios Recreation facilities: fire stations, 27.9 police stations, 27.16 rowing, 19.15 schools, 21.3, 21.6, 21.8, 21.12, 21.13 see also Sports facilities Recruitment of staff, 3.1 Recycled paper insulation, 39.15 Recycling bins, 9.10, 9.11 Redbrook Hayes school, Staffordshire, 21.9 Reference lines, 1.11–12 Reference plane see Working plane Reflectance: brightness, 40.12 daylight, 40.5 definition, 40.15 solar radiation, 39.10 Refrigerated cooling systems, 39.31, 39.32 Refuse storage, 5.36, 8.13–15, 9.10–11, 11.13, 27.13, 35.35 see also Litter Regional shopping centres, 13.12, 13.14–15 Rehabilitation services, 25.16–17 Rehearsal spaces, 32.2, 33.40 Reinforced bitumen membranes, 37.13–14 Reinforced concrete, 36.16–20, 36.25–35, 37.3 Reinforced-earth retaining walls, 7.12 Relationships, definition, 29.4 Relative humidity (RH), 23.20, 28.4–5, 39.7–9, 39.11–12, 39.19–21 Religion, 35.8 see also Places of worship Remodelling schools, 21.10, 21.14, 21.16 Rents, retail trading, 13.1 Report-writing rooms, 27.15 see also Write-up spaces Repository warehouses, 15.1, 15.2 Research laboratories, 23.1–2, 23.10, 23.12, 23.15–16 Reservation of the sacrament, 34.11–12 Residential accommodation see Housing Residential roads, 31.6–9 Resistance: thermal, 39.3–4, 39.6–7, 39.14–15, 39.17 vapour, 39.21–2 see also Fire resistance Resorts, 17.2, 17.7, 17.28–30 Resource areas: primary health care, 24.3 schools, 21.16 Responses, thermal, 39.6 Rest ledges, pools, 18.23 Restaurants, 17.1–2, 17.15–19 layouts, 17.23–5 public areas, 17.3–9 takeaway facilities, 17.20 see also Catering facilities; Foodservice facilities Resultant temperature, 39.7, 39.26–7 Retail parks, 13.12 Retail trading, 13.1–15 electrical equipment floor area, 46.13

HVAC floor area, 46.5 regional centres, 13.12, 13.14–15 terminology, 13.1–2 Retaining walls, 7.12–13 Retirement homes, 8.19–20 Reverberation time, 32.3, 41.2 Revolving stages, 33.17 RH see Relative humidity Riding schools, 16.12, 16.16–20 Rifle shooting, 18.13 Rigid board insulation, 39.15 Riser height calculation, 19.2 Riser/tread ratio, 7.4, 7.5 Risers, service distribution, 46.1, 46.4, 46.6–9, 46.14 Risks, 4.2 Roads, 31.5–6 cycle lanes, 31.6, 31.11–12 design details, 31.7–11 safety, 21.8, 21.12 vehicle provisions, 31.1–20 Rocking horses, 7.16 Roll-through racking, 15.2, 15.5, 15.6 Roller hockey, 19.12 Roman Catholic churches, 34.2, 34.7–12 Roof rooms, 8.8–9 see also Loft conversions Roofing, 37.10–15 concrete, 36.29–30 coverings, 42.7–9 fabrics, 36.46 masonry, 36.14–15 plastic, 36.45 steel, 36.39–40 suspension systems, 45.5–7 trusses, 36.16, 36.18–19, 36.22–3 Room area standards, 8.2–3, 9.8, 10.3, 11.5, 25.3, 29.9–11 see also Space standards Room index, 40.15 Room shape, sound quality, 41.2–3 Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF), 40.15 Rostra, 33.11 Round steel bars, 37.1, 37.3 Roundabouts, 7.16 Rounders, 19.11 Row-to-row seat spacing, 33.4 Rowing boats/facilities, 19.13, 19.14, 19.15–16 Royal tennis courts, 18.14 RSMF see Room surface maintenance factor Rugby facilities, 18.14, 19.10 Rules (measuring), 1.9 Rung ladders, 2.8 Running tracks, 19.5–7 Runways, 30.3 Sabine’s formula, 41.2 Sacrament reservation, 34.11–12 Sacristies, 34.13–14 Safety: bus/coach stations, 30.17 community centres, 20.1–2 glass types, 37.16–17 Housing Corporation standards, 8.5 laboratories, 23.3, 23.9, 23.17 schools, 21.6, 21.8, 21.12 stadia, 19.2, 19.5 student housing, 9.5, 9.10, 9.11 windows, 38.1, 45.1, 45.2, 45.5 see also Fire safety Safety curtains, 33.16 Sailing boats, 19.13, 19.14–16 Sales outlets see Shops Salvation Army, 34.3–5

Sanctuaries, 34.7, 34.9–11, 34.15–17 Sandstorms, 35.39 Sanitary installations/appliances, 5.7–27 ambulance stations, 27.12 community centres, 20.4 elderly people’s housing, 10.3–4 fire stations, 27.9 hotels, 11.6, 11.12 Housing Corporation standards, 8.7 industrial facilities, 14.9 number required, 5.7–8 Parker Morris standards, 8.3 payment and counselling offices, 26.9 police stations, 27.16, 27.17 Salvation Army, 34.5 schools, 21.6, 21.10–11, 21.17 single-family houses, 8.12 storage buildings, 15.10–11 student housing, 9.2, 9.5, 9.8, 9.9–10, 9.11 tropical design, 35.35 Satellite-configuration airport terminals, 30.5, 30.6 Saturation point, 39.19 Saunas, 5.27, 18.24 ‘Saw tooth’ bus manoeuvre, 30.11, 30.16–17 Sawing machines, 14.9 SBR see Standard busy rate SBS see Sick building syndrome Scaffolding access, 45.4 Scaffolding-type auditorium seats, 33.11 Scales, 1.3–5, 1.11 Scenery, offices, 12.5–6, 12.8–15 Scenery doors, 32.5 Scenery workshops, 33.40–1 Schools, 21.1–20 building, 21.2–3, 21.6 design considerations, 21.3–6, 21.8–16 health services, 24.3 laboratories, 21.13, 21.14, 23.1, 23.10–11, 23.15 libraries, 29.10, 29.12 non-teaching areas, 21.11–12, 21.17 sanitary facilities, 5.14 sites, 21.2, 21.3, 21.8, 21.12 types, 21.1 Schooners, 19.13, 19.14 Science teaching, 21.13, 21.14 Scientific design data, tropics, 35.35–9 Screen walling, 7.10–11, 35.18, 35.20 Screens: office servicing, 12.9, 12.15, 12.16 payment offices, 26.2–3, 26.7 projection, 33.30, 33.31, 33.36–7 sanitary installations, 5.16 Screwed pipe joints, 38.3 SD see Standard deviation Sea boating facilities, 19.6, 19.8, 19.17–21 Seasonal energy use, 39.26, 39.27 Seating: auditoria, 33.1–3, 33.33 churches, 34.2, 34.9–10, 34.13, 34.14 cinemas, 33.33 Council chambers, 27.3 foodservice facilities, 17.4–7, 17.25 landscape design, 7.7 libraries, 29.11 stadia, 19.2–3

synagogues, 34.17 see also Chairs Secondary schools, 21.3, 21.12–17, 23.10–11, 23.15, 29.12 Secondary space, laboratories, 23.9–10 Sections: aluminium, 37.10, 37.11 drawing, 1.3, 1.4 properties, 36.6, 36.11–12 steel, 37.1, 37.3–6 Security, 43.1–2 community centres, 20.3 glass types, 37.16 health care services, 24.4 hotels, 11.3–4 Housing Corporation standards, 8.5 museums/art galleries, 28.6 schools, 21.6, 21.7, 21.13 screens, 26.2–3, 26.7 storage buildings, 15.10–11 student housing, 9.11 terminals, 30.1, 30.6, 30.7–11 tropical design, 35.11 Self-contained flats see Flats Self-propelled wheelchairs, 2.8–11 Self-regulatory offices, 12.2, 12.10 Self-service food facilities, 17.2–3, 17.5, 17.14–15, 17.17–23 Selling methods, retail trading, 13.1 Semi-detached houses, 8.8 Seminar rooms, 22.7–8 Sensory impairments see Aurally impaired people; Visually impaired people Separated lift selection table, 5.5 Serveries, 2.5, 17.10, 17.14–15, 17.20–1, 17.26, 17.28–9 Service ducts, 5.16 see also Ducts; Services Service lifts, 5.7, 5.10 Service yards, 15.3–4 Services: access, 2.7–8, 5.16 auditoria, 33.3, 33.39 delivery in hospitals, 25.1 distribution, 46.1–17 hotels, 11.4, 11.6, 11.9, 11.11–12 industrial facilities, 14.8, 15.3–4 laboratories, 23.17–22 museums/art galleries, 28.6 offices, 12.5, 12.7–8, 12.15–16 schools, 21.6, 21.17 shopping centres, 13.12 small shops, 13.4 space standards, 39.31 stabling horses, 16.20 student housing, 9.9–10 studios, 32.2–3 terminals, 30.1, 30.11, 30.13 thermal environment, 39.2, 39.31 tropical design, 35.9, 35.31–5 see also Building services; Foodservice facilities; Health services Setting, offices, 12.5–6, 12.8–15 Severe learning difficulties (SLD), 21.19 Sewerage, 35.35 Shading (drawings), 1.4, 1.6–7 Shading (tropical design), 35.15–23 Shadow lines, 7.4 Shafts see Firefighting shafts Sharing of Churches Act, 34.1 Shear force definition, 36.12 Sheep housing, 16.7–8 Sheets of metal, 37.1, 37.2–3, 37.11–12 Sheffield cycle stands, 31.12, 31.13 Sheffield University Library, 29.2

Index

Shell design offices, 12.2, 12.5, 12.6–7 Sheltered external areas, 39.13, 39.14 Sheltered housing, 5.15, 8.17–20, 10.1–2 Shelving design, 17.9, 21.5, 23.16, 29.9–11 Sheraton Muscat Hotel, 17.18 Shinty courts, 19.11 Shoeburyness High School, 21.16 Shooting ranges, 18.13 Shopping activity definition, 13.1 Shopping centres, 5.12, 13.9–15, 42.13–15 Shops, 13.2–4 auditoria, 33.39 means of escape, 42.17 sanitary facilities, 5.12 small shops, 13.4–5, 13.6 see also Retail trading Short-bored piles, 36.48 ‘Short-circuited’ air, 39.23 Short-course pools, 18.15 Shorthand writers’ facilities, 27.4, 27.7 Shot areas, 19.8 Showers, 5.24–5, 9.5, 10.4 SHR see Spacing-to-height ratio Shunting bus manoeuvre, 30.16 Shutters, 35.18, 42.21–2 SI units, A.1–4 Sick building syndrome (SBS), 39.8–9 Side stages, 33.16, 33.17–18 Sidestitial service zone, 23.6, 23.8 Sightlines: auditorium seats, 33.4–8 cinemas, 33.35–6 concert halls, 33.25 lighting control rooms, 33.21 open-stage auditoria, 33.15 sports grounds, 19.2 Signage, 11.12, 33.39, 42.18 Sikh gurdwaras, 34.21 Single-family houses, 8.10–13 Single-person accommodation, 8.16–17 Single-ply roofing systems, 37.14 Sink heights/space, 2.5, 5.27 see also Hand-rinse basins; Washbasins Sinusoidal acoustic variations, 41.1 Site analysis, 6.6, 6.9–11, 39.13, 39.15 Site plans, 1.5 Sitting dimensions, 2.3, 2.5 Sitting worktops, 2.5–6 Skin-friction piles, 36.39, 36.44, 36.48 Skin . . . : see also Building skin Skip lorries, 31.3 Sky factor, 40.15 Skylight indicator, 40.1–2, 40.6–7, 40.15, 40.16 Slatted yards, 16.2, 16.6 SLD see Severe learning difficulties Slide projection facilities, 33.31 Slides (play equipment), 7.16 Slipways, 19.6, 19.8, 19.13 SLM see Street Level Microcell Slopes, 7.3, 7.5, 44.7 see also Gradients Slowing devices, roads, 31.7–9 Slurry storage, 16.14 Small shops, 13.4–5, 13.6 Smoke control, 13.11, 42.1, 42.3, 42.19 Smoke detectors, 42.22–3 Smoking rooms, hotels, 11.8 Snack bars, 17.17, 17.20

Snakes, 35.10 Snooker areas, 18.13 Soccer see Football Social facilities: master planning, 6.6, 6.8, 6.10 schools, 21.16 tropical design, 35.8 Social housing, 5.3, 5.5–6, 8.1, 8.20–1 Social value of buildings, 4.1 Society of Friends, 34.6–7 Softwood, 36.21, 37.6, 37.7 Soils, 35.7, 36.27, 36.47 Sol-air temperature, 35.36–7, 39.11, 39.26–7 Solar dazzle, 35.7 Solar declinations, 40.4, 40.15 Solar flues, 35.20, 35.25 Solar gain indicators, 40.4, 40.15 Solar heating, 35.34, 35.36 Solar radiation, 35.36–8, 39.4–5, 39.10–11, 39.18–19 Solar reflectance see Albedo Solar . . . : see also Sunlight Sound, 41.1–7 churches, 34.13 control rooms, 33.22, 33.31 insulation, 33.12, 41.4–6 synagogues, 34.18 see also Acoustics; Noise Sound locks, 32.3, 32.4 Sound power level (SPL), 41.1, 41.3 Sound studios, 32.1–5, 33.41 Southampton International Boat Show, 19.21 Spa baths, 5.27 Space standards: colleges, 22.8 community centres, 20.1 disabled facilities, 8.8–9 elderly people’s housing, 10.3 foodservice facilities, 17.4, 17.6, 17.9 hospitals, 25.16–17 hotel bedroom furniture, 11.8 housing, 8.2–10 laboratories, 23.8–12 libraries, 29.10–12 marinas, 19.18 means of escape, 42.13 offices, 12.5, 12.11–15 primary health care, 24.4–9 schools, 21.5, 21.10, 21.12, 21.14, 21.16 services, 39.31, 46.1–17 SI units, A.2 student housing, 9.5 terminals, 30.1, 30.7–10 tropical design, 35.30 universities, 22.4, 22.6–7 see also Dimensions; Floor areas; Room area standards Spacing-to-height ratio (SHR), 40.9, 40.11, 40.15 Spatial master plan document, 6.2, 6.11 see also Master planning Speakers, cinemas, 33.37 Special needs education, 21.1, 21.17–19 Special schools, 21.1, 21.17, 21.18 Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLD), 21.17 Spectator tiers, 19.2 see also Auditoria; Stadia Speech therapy rooms, 24.6, 25.16 Speech . . . : see also Acoustics; Sound Spiders, 35.10 SPL see Sound power level

SpLD see Specific Learning Difficulties Split air conditioning units, 35.31 Sports centres, 18.1–2, 18.7–8 Sports facilities: indoor, 18.1–25, 20.1, 20.3 outdoor, 19.1–21 schools, 21.3, 21.8, 21.12, 21.13, 21.14–15 special conditions/construction, 19.5, 19.11–12 universities, 22.6–7 Sports grounds, 19.1–3 see also Outdoor design Sports halls, 18.1–8, 20.3 Spotlights, 33.20–1, 40.12 Spread of fire, 42.2, 42.4–7, 42.20, 42.23 Sprinklers, 42.22 Square feet conversion tables, B.4, B.7 Square inches conversion tables, B.3, B.7 Square steel bars, 37.1, 37.3 Squash courts, 18.15 Squatting WCs, 5.13, 5.17 Sri Lanka, 35.2 Stabling horses, 16.12, 16.16–18, 16.20 Stack effect, 39.23, 39.24 Stacker cranes, 15.8, 15.9 Stacker trucks, 15.11 Stacking of rooms, 8.14 Stadia, 5.13, 19.1–8 see also Outdoor design Staff facilities: bus/coach stations, 30.11, 30.13 foodservices, 17.15, 17.24 hotels, 11.1, 11.4, 11.11 libraries, 29.12 primary health care services, 24.7 retail trading, 13.3, 13.7 schools, 21.6, 21.12, 21.17 Staff management, 3.1, 29.13, 29.15 Stages (auditoria), 33.22 basement space, 33.16 cinemas, 33.37 definition, 33.15 machinery, 33.17 see also Flytowers; Open-stage auditoria; Proscenium stages Stainless steel, 37.1–2, 37.6, 37.13, 38.3 Stair lifts, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 Staircases: auditoria, 33.9 configuration, 8.13 definition of terms, 2.16 flats, 8.14 handrails/balustrades, 2.18–19 hotels, 11.2 internal, 2.13, 2.17–18 lifts, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 loft conversions, 8.15 means of escape, 42.12, 42.15–17 regulations, 2.17–18 service access, 2.7 student housing, 9.2–3 walking distances, 44.7 widths, 8.8 see also Steps Stalls in auditoria, 33.6 Stanchions, 36.5 Standard busy rate (SBR), 30.3 Standard deviation (SD), 2.2–3 Standards: acoustics, 32.3 air leakage, 39.35

I-11

beam conditions, 36.7–10 building measurement, 12.3–5 CAD, 1.5–8, 3.1–2 competition pools, 18.15, 18.23, 18.24 container vehicles, 31.1, 31.5 diving pools, 18.16, 18.18–19, 18.20 drawings, 1.3, 1.5–8 housing, 8.1–10, 8.12–13 industrial facilities, 14.2–4, 14.7, 14.8–9 junction design, 31.10 laboratories, 23.22–4 library design, 29.4 maintained illuminance, 40.10, 40.11, 40.15 offices, 12.3–5, 12.11–15 pipes, 38.3–4 railway stations, 30.17, 30.19–20 room areas, 8.2–3 sanitary installations, 5.7 school building, 21.2–3, 21.6 sound, 41.6 steel sections, 37.3–4 student housing, 9.2–8 symbols, 1.3, 1.7–8 water polo, 18.16, 18.21 windows, 38.2 see also Environmental standards; Space standards Standing dimensions, 2.3, 2.5 Standing worktops, 2.5 Stands at sports grounds, 19.2 Start-recall facilities, pools, 18.23 Starter homes, 8.1 Static wind pressures, 39.12, 39.13 Station buildings, 27.7–19, 30.11, 30.13–20 Stationery shops, 13.4 Steam rooms, 18.24 Steel, 36.20, 36.23, 36.35–44, 37.1–6 alloys, 37.1–2 conduit systems, 38.5 fire resistance, 42.20 measuring tapes, 1.9 pipes, 38.3 properties, 36.35 roofing, 37.13 stress/strain relationship, 36.3, 36.5 tropical design, 35.31, 35.34 Stefan–Boltzmann law, 39.5 Step ladders, 2.8 Steps, 2.16–17, 7.4–7, 44.7 see also Staircases Stick users, 2.12–13 Stock: repository warehouses, 15.1, 15.2 retail trading, 13.1 Stock housing see Animal stock STOLports, 30.3 Stone hedges, 7.11 Stone walls, 7.9–12 Stopping distances, roads, 31.7–9 Storage: access, 2.6–7 agricultural buildings, 16.1, 16.7, 16.13–16 ambulance stations, 27.12–13 boats, 19.16 community centres, 20.4 domestic, 5.31, 5.33–6 flats, 8.14–15 foodservice facilities, 17.9 garages, 31.17 health care services, 24.5, 24.8 hotels, 11.13 industrial buildings, 15.1–12 laboratories, 23.16–17

I-12

Index

Storage: (Continued) methods, 15.2, 15.5–7 museum exhibitions/collections, 28.2–3 oars, 19.16 Parker Morris standards, 8.3, 8.12–13 public cloakrooms, 5.28 public houses, 17.26–8 Salvation Army, 34.5 schools, 21.6, 21.10–11 sheltered housing, 8.18 shops/stores, 13.3–4 space standards, 8.2 student housing, 9.5, 9.10, 9.11 Storage heaters, 46.1, 46.17 Stores see Shops Storey height definition, 12.6 Storm drainage, 35.35 Strain/stress relationship, 36.3, 36.5 Straw-covered systems, 16.2, 16.6–7, 16.9 Street blocks, 6.11 Street furniture, 7.2, 7.7–8 Street Level Microcell (SLM), 46.17 Street planning, 6.11, 35.25–6, 35.30 Stresses: bending, 36.6, 36.11–12 conversion tables, B.7 strain relationship, 36.3, 36.5 Stretcher recesses, 5.6 Strip foundations see Pad and strip foundations Structural fire protection, 11.3 Structural grids, 1.11–12, 11.6, 12.2, 23.3–6 Structure, 36.1–49 aluminium sections, 37.10, 37.11 materials, 36.12, 36.13, 36.24, 36.26, 36.45–6 open plan offices, 12.9–10 steel sections, 37.1, 37.3–6 tropical design, 35.31–5 Struts, 36.5 Student housing, 9.1–12, 22.3–4, 22.7 Studio theatres, 33.2, 33.24 Studios, 32.1–5, 33.41 Study bedrooms, 9.2, 9.8–10 Sub-aqua diving, 18.19, 18.21 Submission of master plans, 6.6 Suites, hotels, 11.6 Sun on ground indicator, 40.3, 40.16 Sun path, 39.10–11 diagrams, 35.35–6 indicator, 40.3, 40.16 Sunlight, 40.1–7, 40.13, 40.15–16 see also Solar . . .

Sunlight availability indicators, 40.2, 40.15–16 Superimposed loads, 23.4 Supermarkets, 13.4–5, 13.7–8 Superstores, 13.8–9 Supply/demand factors, 12.3 Support areas, offices, 12.5 Surface condensation, 39.19–21 Surface modified glass, 35.38 Surface spread of fire, 42.4 Surface temperature estimation, 39.20 Surface water drainage, 35.35 Surfacings: athletics stadia, 19.4, 19.5, 19.7 bikeways, 31.12 ramps, 7.5–6 steps, 7.4 walkways, 7.3 Surgical facilities, 24.6, 25.8–9, 25.11, 25.15–16

Surrey University, 22.2, 22.3 Suspended ceilings, 12.8, 12.15, 46.1, 46.15–16 Suspension cleaning systems, 45.5–7 Sustainability factors, 4.5, 8.5, 35.9 Swimming pools, 18.12, 18.15–21 capacity analysis, 18.25 changing facilities, 18.23–5 details, 18.23–4 disabled facilities, 18.24–5 sanitary facilities, 5.12 schools, 21.15 synchronised swimming, 18.19 see also Leisure pools; Water activities Swings, 7.15 Switchgear chambers, 46.14–15 Symbols, 1.1–3, 1.7–8 Synagogues, 34.15–18 Synchronised swimming, 18.19 T-shaped plan shopping centres, 13.10 Tabernacles, 34.7, 34.11, 34.12 Table tennis, 18.11–12 Tables: churches, 34.9 conference halls, 33.3, 33.29 elderly people’s housing, 10.4 libraries, 29.9, 29.11 offices, 12.13–14 restaurants, 17.5–8 schools, 21.4–5 see also Communion tables Tableware, 17.17 Tack rooms, 16.19 Tactile warning strips, 7.3–4 Takeaways, 17.1, 17.19–20, 17.25 Tamworth sports centre, 18.8 Tape measures, 1.9 Tapered flange channels, 37.5 Taps, 5.24, 10.3 Target archery, 19.9 TBM see Temporary bench mark TCDs see Teller cash dispensers TCI see Total Cost Indicators Teacher training institutions, 22.8 Teaching spaces: areas required, 22.5–6, 22.7 colleges, 22.8 density, 22.4, 22.7 laboratories, 23.1–2, 23.10–11, 23.15 numbers required, 22.5 universities, 22.4–8 see also Schools Team technology, 14.5 Technology: industrial facilities, 14.1, 14.4–5 master planning, 6.8, 6.10 teaching, 21.14 Telecine recording, 32.2 Telecommunications, 11.4, 46.1, 46.17 Television see TV . . .

Teller cash dispensers (TCDs), 26.4 Temperatures: calculating, 39.22 heating systems, 39.26–7 horse stabling, 16.17 industrial facilities, 14.9 laboratories, 23.20, 23.22 metabolic activity, 39.6–7 museums/art galleries, 28.4–5 shops/stores, 13.4 sol air, 35.36–7 urban tropics, 35.25–6 see also Air temperature; Thermal . . .

Temples, 34.20–1

Temporary bench mark (TBM), 1.3 Temporary cinema screens, 33.37 Temporary exhibition spaces, 28.1–6 Tenant efficiency, 12.7 Tennis courts, 18.10, 19.12 see also Real tennis; Table tennis Tensile roofing fabric, 37.14 Tension members, 36.5 Terminals, 30.1–21 Termites, 35.10–11 Terraced housing, 8.8, 8.11–13, 9.7 see also Housing Terraces: hotels, 11.7 sports grounds, 19.1–2 Tertiary space, laboratories, 23.9–10 Test data, acoustics, 41.6 Theatre-in-the-round, 33.5, 33.10, 33.15, 33.19–20 Theatres, 33.5, 33.10, 33.13–24 see also Lecture theatres Thermal bridging, 39.16–17, 39.20 Thermal comfort, 35.4, 39.1–2, 39.6–10 Thermal environment, 39.1–35 glass types, 37.16 material capacities, 39.5–6 unit conversion table, B.7 Thermal mass effect, 39.6 Thermographic surveys, 39.34–5 Thermoplastic materials, 42.21 Thousand marker, 1.1 Three-dimensionality: grids, 1.10 laboratory module, 23.3, 23.4 standards, 1.8 Thrust stages, 33.15, 33.19–20 Tiers see Spectator tiers Ties: ceilings, 36.22 concrete, 36.32 definition, 36.5 steel, 36.42 Tiles, 5.10 TIM see Transparent insulation material Timber, 36.13, 36.16–21, 37.3, 37.6–9 fire resistance, 42.20 products, 37.6, 37.8 retaining walls, 7.12–13 tropical design, 35.31, 35.34 Time-based office environment, 12.5–6 Time lag, 35.39 Time switch lighting controls, 40.13 Time units, A.2 Tip-up auditorium seats, 33.2, 33.4 Titanium roofing, 37.13 Toddler pools, 18.16, 18.17 Toilets see WCs Tolerances: dimensional coordination, 1.14 paper sizes, 1.2 Torah scrolls, 34.15, 34.16 Tornadoes, 35.38–9 ‘Torrid Zone’, 35.1 Total cost definition, 4.5 Total Cost Indicators (TCI), 8.1, 8.2 Total evacuation procedure, 42.15–16 Touch pads, pools, 18.23 Toughened glass, 36.24 Tower silos, 16.13 Town and Country Planning Act 1990 , 16.20 Town and Country Planning Order 1987 , 1.13–14 Town halls, 27.1–3

Toy storage, 5.35 Track lighting, 40.11–12 Tracks see Athletics tracks; Cycling tracks Traction systems, lifts, 5.1–2 Tractors, 16.2, 16.3, 31.4 Trading floors, 12.15–18 Trailers, 16.3, 16.20 Training facilities: fire stations, 27.9–11 swimming pools, 18.16, 18.22 universities, 22.4, 22.5 Trampolines, 18.10 Tramway systems, 30.20 Transfer of risks, 4.2 Transferable technologies, 35.9 Transformers, 46.14–15 Transit warehouses, 15.1 Translators’ booths, 33.29–30 Transmittance of light, 40.5, 40.16 Transparent insulation material (TIM), 39.19 Transport: auditoria, 33.41 interchanges, 30.1–21 noise, 41.4 tropical design, 35.8–9 see also Bicycles; Vehicle . . .

Transverse gangways, 33.8 Transverse stages, 33.15 Travel distances, 25.7, 33.9, 42.10–15, 42.17, 42.19, 44.6 see also Walking distances Tread/riser ratio, 7.4, 7.5 Treatment rooms, 24.6, 24.7, 24.8 Trees, 35.23, 35.27–9 see also Landscape design Trimarans, 19.16 Trimmed sizes, paper, 1.2 Triple jump area, 19.8 Trolleys: cleaning access systems, 45.5, 45.6–7 hospitals, 25.7, 25.9 supermarkets, 13.7–8 Trombe walls, 35.23, 35.26 Tropical design, 35.1–40 scientific data, 35.35–9 site selection, 35.6–8 Truck dimensions, 31.3, 31.4 Trunking systems, 38.5 Trusses, roofs, 36.16, 36.18–19, 36.22–3 Tsunami, 35.38–9 Tug-of-war spaces, 18.10, 19.11 Turbines see Wind turbines Turning spaces: buses/coaches, 30.11, 30.14–15 fire appliances, 27.7–8, 42.5, 42.6 mobility equipment, 44.3, 44.5 police vehicles, 27.16 road design, 31.9, 31.10–11 storage buildings, 15.11 vehicle types, 31.1, 31.5 wheelchairs, 2.11, 5.19 Turntable ladders, 42.6 Tutorial spaces, 22.7–8 see also Teaching spaces TV studios, 32.1–5 TV viewing services, 11.4, 33.32 Two-directional laboratory module, 23.3, 23.4 Typhoons, 35.38–9 U-values, 39.14–17, 39.18–19, 39.20, 39.35, B.7 UF see Utilization factor UGR see Unified Glare Rating ULOR see Upward light output ratio

Index

Ultraviolet detectors, 42.23 Under-reamed piles, 36.47–8 Underbench storage, 23.16, 23.17 Underground Rooms Regulations, 8.7 Underwater windows, 18.23 Unified Glare Rating (UGR), 40.10 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS), 23.18 Unisex WCs, 5.17, 5.26 Unit air conditioners, 35.31 Unit construction of vehicles, 31.1, 31.5 United Reformed Church (URC), 34.2–3, 34.10–12 Universities, 22.1–8 campus types, 22.1–3 libraries, 29.1–2, 29.11 student housing, 9.1, 9.3, 9.12 Unloading/loading requirements, 31.14–16, 31.18–20 Unmasked cinema screens, 33.37 Unpowered boats, 19.13–15 Upholstery, 33.2 UPS see Uninterruptible power supply Upward light output ratio (ULOR), 40.8 Urban design, 6.11–12, 8.7–8, 29.4–5, 35.20, 35.25–6, 35.30 URC see United Reformed Church Urinals, 5.20–2 Utilities, 35.9 see also Services Utilization factor (UF), 40.9, 40.16 Value: cost relationship, 4.1 non-financial, 4.1–2 Vandalism, 5.10 Vans, 31.2 Vaporising liquid installations, 42.22 Vapour pressure/resistance, 39.21–2 Variable air volume (VAV) air conditioning, 39.30 Variety stores, 13.7 VAV see Variable air volume VC see Vibration criteria VDTs see Visual display terminals Vector radiant temperature, 39.7 Vehicle provisions, 31.1–20 ambulance stations, 27.12–13 auditoria, 33.41 bus/coach stations, 30.13 crematoria, 34.22 fire service, 42.5, 42.6 police stations, 27.15, 27.16 urban tropics, 35.26 see also Car parks; Parking facilities Vehicle types, 30.11, 30.14–15, 31.1–5 Ventilation, 39.9–10, 39.22–5 auditoria, 33.2, 33.12–13 condensation, 39.21 effectiveness/efficiency, 39.23 fire precautions, 42.4–5, 42.19 heat loss, 39.23 heating systems, 39.27–8 laboratories, 23.18, 23.20 law courts, 27.4 libraries, 29.13, 29.14 models, 39.33–4 offices, 12.7–8 police stations, 27.16, 27.19 riser space, 46.7–8 student housing, 9.8, 9.10–11 synagogues, 34.18 tropical design, 35.30–1, 35.39

see also Heating, ventilation and air conditioning Verandas, 35.15–16, 35.22–3 Verges, roads, 31.11 Vertical loadbearing elements, 36.13, 36.14, 36.17, 36.27, 36.38 Vertical segregation, airports, 30.4, 30.5 Vertical sightlines, 33.6–7, 33.15, 33.21, 33.25, 33.35–6 Vertical sky component, 40.1, 40.16 Vertical stacking, airports, 30.4 Very sheltered housing (VSH), 10.1–2 Vestries, 34.13–14 Vibration criteria (VC), 23.4–5, 23.7 Vibration isolation, 32.3 Victim examination suites, 27.14 Video projection facilities, 33.31–2 Video tape recording (VTR), 32.2 Viewing distance, VDTs, 2.6 Viewing slopes, stadia, 19.1 Viewpoint identification, 6.10 ‘Village’ changing facilities, 18.23–5 VIP rooms, 33.39 ‘Visibles’ in master planning, 6.2, 6.5 Vision/visibility: auditoria, 33.1, 33.4 industrial facilities, 14.8 laboratories, 23.9 road design, 31.7–9 sanitary installations, 5.8 studios, 32.1–5 see also Lighting Visitor attractions, 17.29 Visual display terminals (VDTs), 2.6, 40.12–13 Visually impaired people, 44.5 auditorium support facilities, 33.41 barriers, 7.9 cinemas, 33.35 street furniture, 7.7 swimming pools, 18.24, 18.25 walkways, 7.3–4 Vitrified clay pipes, 38.4 Volleyball courts, 18.10 Vomitories, 33.9–10 Voting panels, conferences, 33.32 VSH see Very sheltered housing VTR see Video tape recording Wagon stages, 33.17 Waiter-service facilities, 17.5, 17.10 Waiting areas, 24.6, 30.7, 33.11 Walking distances, 44.6–7 see also Travel distances Walking frame users, 2.12–13, 44.5 Walkways, 7.1–4 Walls: concrete, 36.30–1 cycle parking bars, 31.12, 31.13 fire safety, 42.8 landscape design, 7.2, 7.7, 7.9–13 masonry, 36.13, 36.15 seating, 7.7 solar radiation, 39.5 sound insulation, 41.5 space between, 2.14 temperature calculation, 39.22 timber, 36.20 U-values, 39.15–17 walkway widths, 7.2

Warden-assisted housing, 8.19 see also Sheltered housing Wardrobe department facilities, 33.41 Wards, hospitals, 25.2–3, 25.11, 25.13–15, 25.17–18 Warehouses, 15.1–2, 15.4, 15.7–8, 15.10–11 see also Industrial storage buildings Warm humid climates, 35.3, 35.13, 35.38–9 Warning strips, walkways, 7.3–4 Washbasins, 5.18–19, 5.22, 8.3, 10.3, 27.17 see also Hand-rinse basins; Sink heights/space Washing machine spaces, 5.26 Waste disposal, 35.35 see also Refuse storage Water activities, 18.16, 18.19, 18.21–2, 19.6, 19.8, 19.12–21 see also Swimming pools Water closets see WCs Water drenchers, 42.22 Water heating systems, 46.1, 46.16–17 Water polo, 18.16, 18.21, 18.22 Water spray projector systems, 42.22 Water supply: Baptist churches, 34.6 tropical design, 35.8, 35.34–5 Water vapour, 39.19–20 Waterbodies, 19.13–15 Wave-making machinery, 18.19, 18.22 WCs (water closets), 5.10–21 ambulance stations, 27.12 bathrooms, 5.23 community centres, 20.4 crematoria, 34.22 elderly people’s housing, 10.4 health care services, 24.7 height, 5.13 hotels, 11.12 Housing Corporation standards, 8.7 inclusive design, 44.7 industrial facilities, 14.9 mosques, 34.19 Parker Morris standards, 8.3 police stations, 27.16, 27.17 public conveniences, 5.26 Salvation Army, 34.5 schools, 21.6, 21.10–11, 21.17 single-family houses, 8.12 storage buildings, 15.10–11 student housing, 9.5 Weather data, 35.4–6 see also Climate Weather-resistant steel, 37.1 Weight definition, 36.2–3 Wet central heating systems, 39.24, 39.25 Wet laboratories, 23.1 Wet sports, 18.1 see also Swimming pools; Water activities Wheelchairs, 2.8–12 ATMs, 26.7, 26.9 auditorium seats, 33.8–9 cinemas, 33.34 dimensions, 2.9–10, 44.2–3 garages, 31.16 gates, 7.13, 7.14 hospital examination rooms, 25.17 housing space standards, 8.8–9 lifts, 5.3, 5.5, 5.7, 5.8 outdoor seating, 7.7

I-13

ramps, 2.8, 2.10, 7.5–6 reach ranges, 44.5–6 swimming pools, 18.24 tramway systems, 30.20 turning spaces, 2.11, 44.5 WC compartments, 5.13, 5.17, 5.19–21, 5.26 see also Disabled facilities Whole life costs, 4.5–6 Wilcove farm, 16.2 Wind: direction, 39.12, 39.13 pressures, 39.12, 39.13 speed, 39.12, 39.13, 39.14 thermal design, 39.12–15, 39.23–4 tropical design, 35.10, 35.38–9 ventilation effect, 39.23–4 Wind catchers, 35.20, 35.25 Wind roses, 39.12, 39.13 Wind scoops, 35.20, 35.25 Wind towers, 35.19–20, 35.25 Wind tunnel modelling, 39.33–4 Wind turbines, 35.26, 35.30–1 Windows, 38.1–2 cleaning, 45.1–7 design, 40.6–7 police cells, 27.19 security, 43.1 shaping, 40.6 sound insulation, 41.5, 41.6 stabling horses, 16.20 studios, 32.3, 32.4 theatres, 33.22 tropical design, 35.37 underwater, 18.23 VDT operation, 40.13 see also Glass Wine bars, 17.26 Wiring/wired services, 32.3, 33.3 see also Electric . . .

Witness areas, courts, 27.4 Wood-boring insects, 35.10 Wood . . . : see also Timber Work size definition, 1.14 Working plane, 40.2, 40.16 Workshops, 27.12–13, 33.40–1 Workspace components: laboratories, 23.10–12 offices, 12.5 Worktop heights, 2.5–6, 8.8, 10.4–5 Worship see Places of worship Wrestling spaces, 18.11 Write-up spaces, 23.9 see also Report-writing rooms Writing boards/surfaces, 33.3, 33.30 Wycombe sports centre, 18.7 X-ray facilities, 25.9–10, 25.12, 30.8 Yachts, 19.16–17 York University, 22.2 Young people, 8.16–17, 9.1–12, 29.3 see also Adolescents; Children Young’s Modulus, 36.3 Zero carbon buildings, 39.31–2 Zinc roofing, 37.12–13 Zoning: health care services, 24.4 libraries, 29.6, 29.7, 29.11 museums, 28.2, 28.6 network airflow models, 39.33